1.
Cannes
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Cannes is a city located on the French Riviera. It is a commune of France located in the Alpes-Maritimes department, and host city of the annual Cannes Film Festival, Midem, the city is known for its association with the rich and famous, its luxury hotels and restaurants, and for several conferences. On 3 November 2011 it also played host to the G20 organisation of industrialised nations, by the 2nd century BC, the Ligurian Oxybii established a settlement here known as Aegitna. Historians are unsure what the name means, the area was a fishing village used as a port of call between the Lérins Islands. In 69 AD, it became the scene of violent conflict between the troops of Otho and Vitellius, in the 10th century, the town was known as Canua. The name may derive from canna, a reed, Canua was probably the site of a small Ligurian port, and later a Roman outpost on Le Suquet hill, suggested by Roman tombs discovered here. Le Suquet housed an 11th-century tower which overlooked swamps where the city now stands, most of the ancient activity, especially protection, was on the Lérins Islands and the history of Cannes is closely tied to the history of the islands. An attack by the Saracens in 891, who remained until the end of the 10th century, the insecurity of the Lérins islands forced the monks to settle on the mainland, at the Suquet. Construction of a castle in 1035 fortified the city by then known as Cannes, one took a century to build. Around 1530, Cannes detached from the monks who had controlled the city for hundreds of years, during the 18th century, both the Spanish and British tried to gain control of the Lérins Islands but were chased away by the French. The islands were controlled by many, such as Jean-Honoré Alziary. They had many different purposes, at the end of the 19th century, henry Brougham, 1st Baron Brougham and Vaux bought land at the Croix des Gardes and constructed the villa Eleonore-Louise. His work to improve living conditions attracted the English aristocracy, who built winter residences. At the end of the 19th century, several railways were completed, in Cannes, projects such as the Boulevard Carnot and the rue dAntibes were carried out. After the closure of the Casino des Fleurs, an establishment was built for the rich winter clientele. This casino was demolished and replaced by the new Palace in 1979, in the 20th century, new luxury hotels such as the Carlton, Majestic, Martinez, and JW Marriott Cannes were built. The city was modernised with a centre, a post office. There were fewer British and German tourists after the First World War, winter tourism gave way to summer tourism and the summer casino at the Palm Beach was constructed
2.
Cannes Film Festival
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Founded in 1946, the invitation-only festival is held annually at the Palais des Festivals et des Congrès. On 1 July 2014, co-founder and former head of French pay-TV operator Canal+ Pierre Lescure took over as President of the festival, the Board of Directors also appointed Gilles Jacob as Honorary President of the festival. The 2016 Cannes Film Festival took place between 11 and 22 May 2016, australian film director George Miller was the President of the Jury. I, Daniel Blake, directed by British director Ken Loach, in 2017, The Festival de Cannes will celebrate its 70th anniversary edition from May 17 to 28. In 1947, the festival was held as the Festival du film de Cannes, at that time the principle of equality was introduced, with a jury made up of only one representative per country. The festival is now held at the Palais des Festivals, expressly constructed for the occasion, although for its 1949 inaugural the roof was unfinished, the festival was not held in 1948 and 1950 on account of budgetary problems. Although its origins may be attributed in part to the French desire to compete with Autumns Venice Film Festival, in 1955, the Palme dOr was created, replacing the Grand Prix du Festival which had been given until that year. In 1957, Dolores del Rio was the first female member of the jury as a Sélection officielle – Member, in 1959, the Marché du Film was founded, giving the festival a commercial character and facilitating exchanges between sellers and buyers in the film industry. Today it has become the first international platform for film commerce, in 1962, the International Critics Week was born, created by the French Union of Film Critics as the first parallel section of the Cannes Film Festival. Its goal was to showcase first and second works by directors all over the world. In 1965, an hommage was paid to Jean Cocteau after his death, the next year, Olivia de Havilland was named the first female president of the festival. The 1968 festival was halted on 19 May, some directors, such as Carlos Saura and Miloš Forman, had withdrawn their films from the competition. The filmmakers achieved the reinstatement of the President, and they founded the Film Directors Society that same year, during the 1970s, important changes occurred in the Festival. In 1972, Robert Favre Le Bret was named the new President and he immediately introduced an important change in the selection of the participating films. Until that date, the different countries chose which films would represent them in the festival, Bessy created one committee to select French films, and another for foreign films. In 1978, Gilles Jacob assumed the President position, introducing the Caméra dOr award, in 1983, a new, much bigger Palais des Festivals et des Congrès was built to host the Festival. It was nicknamed The Bunker and provoked many reactions against it, in 1984, Pierre Viot replaced Robert Favre Le Bret as President of the Festival. It was not until 1995 that Gilles Jacob created the last section of the Official Selection and its aim was to support the creation of works of cinema in the world and to contribute to the entry of the new scenario writers in the circle of the celebrities
3.
Francis Ford Coppola
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Francis Ford Coppola, also credited as Francis Coppola, is a semi-retired American film director, producer, and screenwriter. He is considered to have been a figure of the New Hollywood wave of filmmaking. After directing The Rain People, he co-wrote the 1970 film Patton and he followed with The Godfather Part II in 1974, which became the first sequel to win the Academy Award for Best Picture. The Conversation, which he directed, produced and wrote, was released same year. He next directed 1979s Apocalypse Now, while notorious for its lengthy and strenuous production, the film was widely acclaimed for its vivid and stark depiction of the Vietnam War, winning the Palme dOr at the 1979 Cannes Film Festival. Coppola is one of only eight filmmakers to win two Palme dOr awards, while a number of Coppolas ventures in the 1980s and 1990s were critically lauded, he has never quite achieved the same commercial success with films as in the 1970s. His most well-known films released since the start of the 1980s are the dramas The Outsiders and Rumble Fish, the crime-drama The Cotton Club, and his movies The Godfather, The Godfather Part II, and Apocalypse Now are often ranked among the greatest films of all time. Coppola was born in Detroit, Michigan, to father Carmine Coppola, a flautist with the Detroit Symphony Orchestra, Coppola is the second of three children, his older brother was August Coppola, his younger sister is actress Talia Shire. Born into a family of Italian immigrant ancestry, his grandparents came to the United States from Bernalda. His maternal grandfather, popular Italian composer Francesco Pennino, immigrated from Naples, Coppola received his middle name in honor of Henry Ford, not only because he was born in the Henry Ford Hospital but also because of his musician-fathers association with the automobile manufacturer. Contracting polio as a boy, Coppola was bedridden for periods of his childhood. Reading A Streetcar Named Desire at age 15 was instrumental in developing his interest in theater, eager to be involved in film-craft, he created 8mm features edited from home movies with such titles as The Rich Millionaire and The Lost Wallet. As a child, Coppola was a student, but he was so interested in technology. Trained initially for a career in music, he became proficient on the tuba, overall, Coppola attended 23 other schools before he eventually graduated from the Great Neck North High School. He entered Hofstra College in 1955 with a major in theater arts, there he was awarded a scholarship in playwriting. This furthered his interest in directing theater despite the disapproval of his father, Coppola was profoundly impressed after seeing Sergei Eisensteins October, Ten Days That Shook the World, especially with the movies quality of editing. It was at this time Coppola decided he would go into cinema rather than theater, Coppola also gives credit to the work of Elia Kazan and for its influence on him as a director. Amongst Coppolas classmates at Hofstra were James Caan, Lainie Kazan and he later cast Lainie Kazan in One from the Heart and Caan in The Rain People and The Godfather
4.
Coen brothers
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Joel David Coen and Ethan Jesse Coen, collectively referred to as the Coen brothers, are American filmmakers. Their films span many genres and styles, which they frequently subvert or parody and their best-reviewed works include Fargo, The Big Lebowski, No Country for Old Men, A Serious Man, True Grit, and Inside Llewyn Davis. The brothers write, direct, and produce their films jointly, although until The Ladykillers, Joel received sole credit for directing and they often alternate top billing for their screenplays while sharing film credits for editor under the alias Roderick Jaynes. The duo also won the Palme dOr for Barton Fink, and were nominated for Fargo, the Coen brothers have written a number of films that neither of the two directed. Ethan is also a writer of stories, theater. Their films No Country for Old Men, A Serious Man, Joel and Ethan Coen were born and raised in St. Louis Park, Minnesota, a suburb of Minneapolis. Their mother, Rena, was an art historian at St. Cloud State University, when they were children, Joel saved money from mowing lawns to buy a Vivitar Super 8 camera. Together, the brothers remade movies they saw on television, with a kid, Mark Zimering. Their first attempt was a romp entitled Henry Kissinger, Man on the Go, cornel Wildes The Naked Prey became their Zeimers in Zambia, which also featured Ethan as a native with a spear. Joel Coen has said, in regards to whether our background influences our film making, theres no doubt that our Jewish heritage affects how we see things. Joel and Ethan graduated from St. Louis Park High School in 1973 and 1976 and they both also graduated from Bard College at Simons Rock in Great Barrington, Massachusetts. Joel then spent four years in the film program at New York University. Ethan went on to Princeton University and earned a degree in philosophy in 1979. His senior thesis was a 41-page essay, Two Views of Wittgensteins Later Philosophy, Joel has been married to actress Frances McDormand since 1984. They adopted a son from Paraguay, named Pedro McDormand Coen and she also did a voice-over in Barton Fink. Ethan married film editor Tricia Cooke in 1990 and they have two children, daughter Dusty and son Buster Jacob, who goes to Vassar College. Both couples live in New York, after graduating from New York University, Joel worked as a production assistant on a variety of industrial films and music videos. He developed a talent for film editing and met Sam Raimi while assisting Enda Ruth Paul in editing Raimis first feature film, in 1984, the brothers wrote and directed Blood Simple, their first commercial film together
5.
Robert Altman
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Robert Bernard Altman was an American film director, screenwriter, and film producer. He is consistently ranked as one of the greatest and most influential filmmakers in American cinema and his style of filmmaking was unique among directors, in that his subjects covered most genres, but with a subversive twist that typically relies on satire and humor to express his personal vision. Altman developed a reputation for being anti-Hollywood and non-conformist in both his themes and directing style, however, actors especially enjoyed working under his direction because he encouraged them to improvise, thereby inspiring their own creativity. He preferred large ensemble casts for his films, and developed a recording technique which produced overlapping dialogue from multiple actors. This produced a natural, more dynamic, and more complex experience for the viewer. He also used highly mobile camera work and zoom lenses to enhance the activity taking place on the screen, critic Pauline Kael, writing about his directing style, said that Altman could make film fireworks out of next to nothing. In 2006, the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences recognized Altmans body of work with an Academy Honorary Award and he never won a competitive Oscar despite five nominations. His films MASH, McCabe & Mrs. Miller, and Nashville have been selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry. Altman is one of the few filmmakers whose films have won the Golden Bear at Berlin, the Golden Lion at Venice, and the Golden Palm at Cannes. Altmans ancestry was German, English and Irish, his grandfather, Frank Altman. Altman had a Catholic upbringing, but he did not continue to follow or practice the religion as an adult, although he has referred to as a sort of Catholic. He was educated at Jesuit schools, including Rockhurst High School and he graduated from Wentworth Military Academy in Lexington, Missouri in 1943. In 1943 Altman joined the United States Army Air Forces at the age of 18, during World War II, Altman flew more than 50 bombing missions as a crewman on a B-24 Liberator with the 307th Bomb Group in Borneo and the Dutch East Indies. Upon his discharge in 1946, Altman moved to California and he worked in publicity for a company that had invented a tattooing machine to identify dogs. He entered filmmaking on a whim, selling a script to RKO for the 1948 picture Bodyguard, Altmans immediate success encouraged him to move to New York City, where he attempted to forge a career as a writer. Having enjoyed little success, in 1949 he returned to Kansas City, in February 2012, an early Calvin film directed by Altman, Modern Football, was found by filmmaker Gary Huggins. Altman directed some 65 industrial films and documentaries before being hired by a businessman in 1956 to write. The film, titled The Delinquents, made for $60,000, was purchased by United Artists for $150,000, while primitive, this teen exploitation film contained the foundations of Altmans later work in its use of casual, naturalistic dialogue
6.
Jaco Van Dormael
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Jaco Van Dormael is a Belgian film director, screenwriter and playwright. His complex and critically acclaimed films are noted for their respectful. Van Dormaels feature debut, Toto le héros, was an immediate hit and his third feature film, Mr. Nobody, received further critical acclaim and many accolades, winning six Magritte Awards, including Best Film and Best Director. Jaco Van Dormael was born in Ixelles, Belgium, on 9 February 1957 to a Belgian couple. Van Dormael was raised in Germany until age seven, when his family returned to Belgium, at his birth, he had nearly been strangled by the umbilical cord and received an insufficient supply of oxygen. It was feared that he may end up mentally impaired and this trauma accounts for the recurring themes in his films, which explore the worlds of people with mental and physical disabilities. He delighted in working with children and for a while pursued a career as a circus clown and he became a producer of childrens entertainment with the Theatre de Galafronie, Theatre Isocele and Theatre de la Guimbarde. After developing an interest in filmmaking, he enrolled at the INSAS in Brussels, as a childrens entertainer, childhood and innocence would become strong themes throughout his work. In the 1980s, Van Dormael produced a number of films that aroused considerable critical interest. While he was a student at the INSAS, he wrote, the short film was praised by critics and received the Honorary Foreign Film Award at the 1981 Student Academy Awards presented by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. The following year Van Dormael directed Stade 81, a short film about the Paralympic Games. He later directed the short films Les voisins, Limitateur, Sortie de secours. His most famous short of the period is È pericoloso sporgersi which won the Grand Prix in international competition at the Clermont-Ferrand International Short Film Festival, Toto le héros was ten years in the making as Van Dormael rewrote the script at least eight times. Van Dormael premiered Toto le héros at the 1991 Cannes Film Festival, the film was released to the public later that year to critical acclaim and was a financial success. It won five Joseph Plateau Awards, the César Award for Best Foreign Film, four European Film Awards, the André Cavens Award, and received a BAFTA nomination. Pierre Van Dormaels soundtrack for the film was also well-regarded, and since their first collaboration in 1980, Toto le héros propelled Van Dormael into the international spotlight as both a writer and director. In the wake of success, Van Dormael participated in the 1995 critically acclaimed project Lumière et compagnie. This work is actually an anthology of short works contributed by international film directors in which each used the original Auguste
7.
Nathalie Baye
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Nathalie Marie Andrée Baye is a French film, television and stage actress. She began her career in 1970 and has appeared in more than 80 films, a ten-time César Award nominee, her four wins were for Every Man for Himself, Strange Affair, La Balance, and The Young Lieutenant. In 2009, she was made a Chevalier of the Legion of Honour and her other films include Day for Night, Catch Me If You Can, Tell No One and The Assistant. Baye was born in Mainneville, Eure, Normandy to Claude Baye and Denise Coustet, at 14 she joined a school of dance in Monaco. Three years later she went to the United States and her second cinema appearance was in Two People directed by Robert Wise. She became more known as the script girl in La Nuit américaine by François Truffaut. Throughout the 1970s she played the girlfriend or nice provincial girl in film. In 1981, she won her first César, for best supporting artist in Sauve qui peut by Jean-Luc Godard, there then followed Le Retour de Martin Guerre and La Balance. Her four-year relationship with Johnny Hallyday made them a celebrity couple, after changing her image by playing a streetwalker in La Balance, she widened her scope with more obscure characters in Jai épousé une ombre and En toute innocence. In 1986, she returned to the theatre with an interpretation of Adriana Monti, Nathalie Baye at the Internet Movie Database Nathalie Baye at AllMovie Nathalie Baye at AlloCiné
8.
Greta Scacchi
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Greta Scacchi is an Italian-Australian actress known for her roles in the films White Mischief, Presumed Innocent, The Player and Looking for Alibrandi. She won an Emmy Award in 1996 for her portrayal of Empress Alexandra Fyodorovna of Russia in the film, Rasputin. Scacchi was born in Milan, Italy, on 18 February 1960, the daughter of Luca Scacchi, an Italian art dealer and painter, and Pamela, an English dancer and antiques dealer. Scacchis parents divorced when she was four, and her returned to her native England with Greta. In 1977, Scacchi returned to England to study at the Bristol Old Vic Theatre School and she turned down the role of Catherine Trammell in Basic Instinct. In 1999, she had a role as an Italian-Australian single mother in the Australian film Looking for Alibrandi, in 2007, she received an Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Miniseries or a Movie for Broken Trail. Scacchi is fluent in English, French, German and Italian and she has performed in a wide range of parts in theatre. She appeared In Times Like These and Cider With Rosie before her career took off. After making four films in 15 months, in 1985 she appeared with Mark Rylance, in Uncle Vanya at the Vaudeville Theatre, London, in 1987, she played opposite Michael Gambon and Jonathan Pryce. In 1991 she played Nora in Chekhovs A Dolls House in the Festival of Perth, a year later she played the lead role in Strindbergs Miss Julie for the Sydney Theatre Company. She returned to Sydney in 1996 to play Cecilia in Sam Shepards Simpatico In 1999 she took the lead in Easy Virtue in Chichester, in 2001 she returned to Sydney for Harold Pinters Old Times, directed by Aarne Neeme, playing Kate. In 2004 she toured Italy with an Italian production Vecchi Tempi of the same play, in 2005, she performed at the Theatre Royal, Bath, in Thea Sharrocks production of Noël Cowards Private Lives. Back in Australia in 2008, she was nominated for a Sydney Theatre Best Actress Award for playing Queen Elizabeth in Schillers Mary Stuart in Sydney. In that year she performed in Terence Rattigans The Deep Blue Sea at the Theatre Royal, Bath, on tour. In 2010, she replaced an injured Kristin Scott Thomas in the Chatelet Theatre, as Desiree she sang Send In The Clowns. In September 2013 Sir Jonathan Miller directed a performance of William Shakespeares King Lear at The Old Vic in London. In 2014 she played Arkadina in Chekovs The Seagull in Perth, in 2015 she joined the Headlong theatre company to star on a UK tour in Tennessee Williams The Glass Menagerie as Amanda. Between 20 August and 12 November 2016 she played Phoebe Rice opposite Kenneth Branaghs Archie Rice in a revival of John Osbornes The Entertainer at the Garrick Theatre in Londons West End, the play received mixed reviews but hers were uniformly positive
9.
Atom Egoyan
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Atom Egoyan, CC is a Canadian director, writer, producer and former actor. Egoyan made his breakthrough with Exotica, a film set primarily in. Egoyans most critically acclaimed film is the drama The Sweet Hereafter and his work often explores themes of alienation and isolation, featuring characters whose interactions are mediated through technology, bureaucracy or other power structures. Egoyans films often follow non-linear plot structures, in events are placed out of sequence in order to elicit specific emotional reactions from the audience by withholding key information. In 2008, Egoyan received the Dan David Prize for Creative Rendering of the Past, Egoyan later received the Governor Generals Performing Arts Award, Canadas highest royal honour in the performing arts, in 2015. Egoyan was born Atom Yeghoyan in Cairo, Egypt, the son of Shushan and Joseph Yeghoyan and his parents were Armenian-Egyptians, and he was named Atom to mark the completion of Egypts first nuclear reactor. In 1962, however, his parents left Egypt for Canada, Atom and his sister, Eve, now a concert pianist based in Toronto, were raised by their parents in British Columbia. As a boy, Egoyan wished for assimilation into Canadian society, however, years later, when he attended the University of Toronto, he began to study Armenian history. As a teenager, he interested in reading and writing plays. Significant influences included Samuel Beckett and Harold Pinter, in that interview, he said, It gave me an incredible respect for the medium and its possibilities. To me, Persona marries a pure form and a profound vision with absolute conviction. I felt that it was able to open a door that wasn’t there before and he graduated from Trinity College at the University of Toronto. It was at Trinity College that Egoyan came into contact with Harold Nahabedian, in interviews Egoyan credited Nahabedian for introducing him to the language and history of his ethnic heritage. Egoyan also wrote for the University of Torontos independent weekly, The Newspaper, Egoyan has directed 15 full-length films, several television episodes, and a few shorter pieces. His early work was based on his own material, in 1984, his debut film Next of Kin world-premiered at the International Filmfestival Mannheim-Heidelberg and won a major prize. His commercial breakthrough came with the film Exotica and he received the Grand Prix in Brussels. The film Ararat generated much publicity for Egoyan, after Henri Verneuils French-language film Mayrig, it was the first major motion picture to deal directly with the Armenian Genocide. Ararat later won the Best Picture prize at the Genie Awards, in 2004, Egoyan opened Camera Bar, a 50-seat cinema-lounge on Queen Street West in Toronto
10.
Lars von Trier
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Lars von Trier is a Danish film director and screenwriter. He has a prolific and controversial career spanning almost four decades and his work is known for its genre and technical innovation, confrontational examination of existential, social, and political issues, and treatment of subjects like mercy, sacrifice and mental health. His political and humanitarian work was honored in 2004 with the Cinema for Peace awareness award. Among more than 100 awards and over 200 nominations in festivals worldwide, he has received the Palme dOr, the Grand Prix, the Prix du Jury, in March 2017, Trier began filming The House that Jack Built, an English-language serial killer thriller. Trier was born in Kongens Lyngby, north of Copenhagen, the son of Inger Høst and he received his surname from Høsts husband Ulf Trier, whom he considered his biological father until 1989. The director would later become famous for his honesty to journalists about his family and upbringing, as well as the impact it had on his identity, beliefs. Trier studied film theory at the University of Copenhagen and film direction at the National Film School of Denmark. In 1984, The Element of Crime, Triers breakthrough film, received awards in seven international festivals including the Technical Grand Prize at Cannes. His next film, Epidemic, was shown at Cannes in the Un Certain Regard section. Trier has occasionally referred to his films as falling into thematic and stylistic trilogies and this pattern began with The Element of Crime, the first of the Europa trilogy, which illuminated the traumas of Europe both in the past and the future. It includes The Element of Crime, Epidemic and Europa, Von Trier directed Medea for television, which won him the Jean dArcy prize in France. It is based on a screenplay by Carl Th. Dreyer, Trier completed the Europa trilogy in 1991 with Europa, which won the Prix du Jury at the 1991 Cannes Film Festival and picked up awards at other major festivals. In 1990 he also directed the video for Bakerman by Laid Back. This video was reused in 2006 by the English DJ and artist Shaun Baker in a remake of Bakerman, seeking both financial independence and total creative control over their projects, von Trier and producer Peter Aalbæk Jensen founded the film production company Zentropa Entertainment in 1992. Named after a railway company in Europa, their most recent film at the time, Zentropa has produced many movies other than Triers own. It has also produced hardcore sex films, Constance, Pink Prison, HotMen CoolBoyz, in 1995, von Trier and Thomas Vinterberg presented their manifesto for a new cinematic movement, which they called Dogme 95. The Dogme 95 concept, which led to international interest in Danish film, in 2008, together with their fellow Dogme directors Kristian Levring and Søren Kragh-Jacobsen, von Trier and Thomas Vinterberg received the European Film Award European Achievement in World Cinema. In 1996, von Trier conducted an unusual experiment in Copenhagen involving 53 actors
11.
David Cronenberg
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David Paul Cronenberg, CC OOnt FRSC is a Canadian filmmaker, actor and author. Cronenberg is one of the originators of what is commonly known as the body horror or visceral horror genre. This style of filmmaking explores peoples fears of bodily transformation and infection, in his films, the psychological is typically intertwined with the physical. In the first half of his career, he explored these themes mostly through horror and science fiction and his films have won numerous awards, including the Jury Prize at the Cannes Film Festival for his film Crash. The Village Voice called him the most audacious and challenging narrative director in the English-speaking world, born in Toronto, Ontario, Cronenberg is the son of Esther, a musician, and Milton Cronenberg, a writer and editor. He was raised in a middle-class progressive Jewish family and his father was born in Baltimore, Maryland, and his mother was born in Toronto, all of his grandparents were from Lithuania. He began writing as a child and wrote constantly and he attended high school at Harbord Collegiate Institute and North Toronto Collegiate Institute. Cronenbergs fascination with the film Winter Kept Us Warm, by classmate David Secter and he began frequenting film camera rental houses, learning the art of filmmaking, and made two 16mm films. Inspired by the New York underground film scene, he founded the Toronto Film Co-op with Iain Ewing, after taking a year off to travel in Europe, he returned to Canada in 1967 and graduated from University College at the top of his class. After two short films and two short art-house features Cronenberg went into partnership with Ivan Reitman. The Canadian government provided financing for his films throughout the 1970s and he alternated his signature body horror films such as Shivers with projects reflecting his interest in car racing and bike gangs. Rabid exploited the unexpected acting talents of pornographic actress Marilyn Chambers, Rabid was a breakthrough with international distributors and his next two horror features gained stronger support. Cronenbergs films follow a progression, a movement from the social world to the inner life. In his early films, scientists modify human bodies, which results in the breakdown of social order, in his middle period, the chaos wrought by the scientist is more personal. In the later period, the scientist himself is altered by his experiment and this trajectory culminates in Dead Ringers in which a twin pair of gynecologists spiral into codependency and drug addiction. His later films tend more to the psychological, often contrasting subjective and objective realities, Cronenberg has cited William S. Burroughs and Vladimir Nabokov as influences. The novel was considered unfilmable, and Cronenberg acknowledged that a translation into film would cost 400 million dollars. Some of the moments are presented in this manner within the film
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