1.
Atlanta, Georgia
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Atlanta is the capital of and the most populous city in the U. S. state of Georgia, with an estimated 2015 population of 463,878. Atlanta is the cultural and economic center of the Atlanta metropolitan area, home to 5,710,795 people, Atlanta is the county seat of Fulton County, and a small portion of the city extends eastward into DeKalb County. In 1837, Atlanta was founded at the intersection of two lines, and the city rose from the ashes of the American Civil War to become a national center of commerce. Atlantas economy is considered diverse, with dominant sectors that include logistics, professional and business services, media operations, Atlanta has topographic features that include rolling hills and dense tree coverage. Revitalization of Atlantas neighborhoods, initially spurred by the 1996 Olympics in Atlanta, has intensified in the 21st century, altering the demographics, politics. Prior to the arrival of European settlers in north Georgia, Creek Indians inhabited the area, standing Peachtree, a Creek village located where Peachtree Creek flows into the Chattahoochee River, was the closest Indian settlement to what is now Atlanta. As part of the removal of Native Americans from northern Georgia from 1802 to 1825, the Creek ceded the area in 1821. In 1836, the Georgia General Assembly voted to build the Western, the initial route was to run southward from Chattanooga to a terminus east of the Chattahoochee River, which would then be linked to Savannah. After engineers surveyed various possible locations for the terminus, the zero milepost was driven into the ground in what is now Five Points. A year later, the area around the milepost had developed into a settlement, first known as Terminus, and later as Thrasherville after a merchant who built homes. By 1842, the town had six buildings and 30 residents and was renamed Marthasville to honor the Governors daughter, later, J. Edgar Thomson, Chief Engineer of the Georgia Railroad, suggested the town be renamed Atlantica-Pacifica, which was shortened to Atlanta. The residents approved, and the town was incorporated as Atlanta on December 29,1847, by 1860, Atlantas population had grown to 9,554. During the American Civil War, the nexus of multiple railroads in Atlanta made the city a hub for the distribution of military supplies, in 1864, the Union Army moved southward following the capture of Chattanooga and began its invasion of north Georgia. On the next day, Mayor James Calhoun surrendered Atlanta to the Union Army, on November 11,1864, Sherman prepared for the Union Armys March to the Sea by ordering Atlanta to be burned to the ground, sparing only the citys churches and hospitals. After the Civil War ended in 1865, Atlanta was gradually rebuilt, due to the citys superior rail transportation network, the state capital was moved from Milledgeville to Atlanta in 1868. In the 1880 Census, Atlanta surpassed Savannah as Georgias largest city, by 1885, the founding of the Georgia School of Technology and the citys black colleges had established Atlanta as a center for higher education. In 1895, Atlanta hosted the Cotton States and International Exposition, during the first decades of the 20th century, Atlanta experienced a period of unprecedented growth. In three decades time, Atlantas population tripled as the city expanded to include nearby streetcar suburbs
Atlanta, Georgia
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From top to bottom left to right: Atlanta skyline seen from
Buckhead, the
Fox Theatre, the
Georgia State Capitol,
Centennial Olympic Park,
Millennium Gate, the
Canopy Walk, the
Georgia Aquarium,
The Phoenix statue, and the
Midtown skyline
Atlanta, Georgia
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Marietta Street, 1864
Atlanta, Georgia
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Atlanta in ruins during the Civil War, 1864
Atlanta, Georgia
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In 1907, Peachtree Street, the main street of Atlanta, was busy with streetcars and automobiles.
2.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
United States
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Native Americans meeting with Europeans, 1764
United States
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Flag
United States
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The signing of the
Mayflower Compact, 1620.
United States
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The
Declaration of Independence: the
Committee of Five presenting their draft to the
Second Continental Congress in 1776
3.
Vice President of the United States
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The executive power of both the vice president and the president is granted under Article Two, Section One of the Constitution. The vice president is elected, together with the president. The Office of the Vice President of the United States assists, as the president of the United States Senate, the vice president votes only when it is necessary to break a tie. Additionally, pursuant to the Twelfth Amendment, the president presides over the joint session of Congress when it convenes to count the vote of the Electoral College. Currently, the president is usually seen as an integral part of a presidents administration. The Constitution does not expressly assign the office to any one branch, causing a dispute among scholars whether it belongs to the executive branch, the legislative branch, or both. The modern view of the president as a member of the executive branch is due in part to the assignment of executive duties to the vice president by either the president or Congress. Mike Pence of Indiana is the 48th and current vice president and he assumed office on January 20,2017. The formation of the office of vice president resulted directly from the compromise reached at the Philadelphia Convention which created the Electoral College, the delegates at Philadelphia agreed that each state would receive a number of presidential electors equal to the sum of that states allocation of Representatives and Senators. The delegates assumed that electors would typically choose to favor any candidate from their state over candidates from other states, under a plurality election process, this would tend to result in electing candidates solely from the largest states. Consequently, the delegates agreed that presidents must be elected by a majority of the number of electors. To guard against such stratagems, the Philadelphia delegates specified that the first runner-up presidential candidate would become vice president, the process for selecting the vice president was later modified in the Twelfth Amendment. Each elector still receives two votes, but now one of those votes is for president, while the other is for vice president. The requirement that one of those votes be cast for a candidate not from the electors own state remains in effect. S, other statutorily granted roles include membership of both the National Security Council and the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution. As President of the Senate, the president has two primary duties, to cast a vote in the event of a Senate deadlock and to preside over. For example, in the first half of 2001, the Senators were divided 50-50 between Republicans and Democrats and Dick Cheneys tie-breaking vote gave the Republicans the Senate majority, as President of the Senate, the vice president oversees procedural matters and may cast a tie-breaking vote. As President of the Senate, John Adams cast 29 tie-breaking votes that was surpassed by John C. Calhoun with 31. Adamss votes protected the presidents sole authority over the removal of appointees, influenced the location of the national capital, on at least one occasion Adams persuaded senators to vote against legislation he opposed, and he frequently addressed the Senate on procedural and policy matters
Vice President of the United States
–
Incumbent
Joe Biden since January 20, 2009
Vice President of the United States
–
Vice Presidential seal
Vice President of the United States
–
John Tyler was the first vice president to assume the presidency following the death of his
predecessor. In doing so, he insisted that he was the president, not merely an acting president.
Vice President of the United States
–
President
Lyndon Johnson is sworn in, following the
assassination of President
John Kennedy.
4.
Al Gore
–
Albert Arnold Al Gore Jr. is an American politician and environmentalist who served as the 45th Vice President of the United States from 1993 to 2001 under President Bill Clinton. He was Clintons running mate in their campaign in 1992. At the end of Clintons second term, Gore was picked as the Democratic nominee for the 2000 presidential election, after leaving office, Gore remained prominent as an author and environmental activist, whose work in climate change activism earned him the Nobel Peace Prize in 2007. Gore was an official for 24 years. He was a Congressman from Tennessee and from 1985 to 1993 served as one of the states Senators and he served as Vice President during the Clinton administration from 1993 to 2001. In the 2000 presidential election, in what was one of the closest presidential races in history, Gore won the popular vote but lost in the Electoral College to Republican George W. Bush. A controversial election dispute over a vote recount in Florida was settled by the U. S. Supreme Court, and a senior adviser to Google. Gore is also a partner in the capital firm Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers. He has served as a professor at Middle Tennessee State University, Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism, Fisk University. He served on the Board of Directors of World Resources Institute, Gore was also the subject of the Academy Award-winning documentary An Inconvenient Truth in 2006. In 2007, he was named a runner-up for Times 2007 Person of the Year, Gore was born in Washington, D. C. the second of two children of Albert Gore Sr. a U. S. Representative who later served for 18 years as U. S, Senator from Tennessee, and Pauline Gore, one of the first women to graduate from Vanderbilt University Law School. Gore is partly descended from Scots-Irish immigrants who first settled in Virginia in the mid-17th-century and his older sister Nancy LaFon Gore, who was born in 1938, died of lung cancer in 1984. During the school year he lived with his family in The Fairfax Hotel in the Embassy Row section in Washington D. C, during the summer months, he worked on the family farm in Carthage, Tennessee, where the Gores grew tobacco and hay and raised cattle. Gore attended St. Albans School, an independent college preparatory day and boarding school for boys in Washington, D. C. from 1956 to 1965, a prestigious feeder school for the Ivy League. He was the captain of the team, threw discus for the track and field team, and participated in basketball, art. He graduated 25th in his class of 51, applied to one college, Harvard. Gore met Mary Elizabeth Tipper Aitcheson from the nearby St. Agnes School at his St. Albans senior prom in 1965
Al Gore
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Gore in 1994
Al Gore
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Al and Tipper Gore's wedding day, May 19, 1970 at the
Washington National Cathedral
Al Gore
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Gore during his congressional years
Al Gore
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The Clintons and the Gores, 1993
5.
Centennial Olympic Stadium
–
Centennial Olympic Stadium was the 85, 000-seat main stadium of the 1996 Summer Olympic Games and the 1996 Summer Paralympic Games in Atlanta. Construction of the began in 1993, and it was complete and ready for the Opening Ceremony in July 1996, where it hosted track and field events. After the Olympics and Paralympics, it was reconstructed into the baseball-specific Turner Field, meanwhile, Carl Lewis won his fourth consecutive Olympic title in the long jump, becoming only the second person, after Al Oerter, to win the same athletics event at four consecutive Games. After the closing ceremony of the 1996 Paralympics, the stadium was leased by the Atlanta Braves. Private entities, including NBC and other Olympic sponsors, agreed to pay a sum of the cost to build Centennial Olympic Stadium. The Atlanta Committee for the Olympic Games sought to build the stadium in a way that it could be converted to a new baseball stadium, the Braves had already been exploring opportunities for a new venue to replace Atlanta-Fulton County Stadium. The Atlanta Fulton County Recreation Authority owned Turner Field, and the Atlanta Braves occupied the stadium from 1997 until 2016. The Braves vacated the facility at the end of their lease in 2016, the southwest corner of the Olympic Stadium was built to accommodate the future baseball infield and seating. This is easily seen in aerial views and diagrams of the stadium in its Olympic configuration, Reconstruction was complete in 1997, and the facility was renamed Turner Field. Afterward, the 1960s-era Atlanta–Fulton County Stadium, the Braves previous home, the Atlanta Track Clubs annual Fathers Day four-mile road race ends inside the stadium near the warning track where the finish line was located for the Olympics. Interactive diagram at Clems Baseball site showing both Olympic and Braves configurations Aerial View of Olympic Stadium Reconstruction into Baseball Stadium 1996 Summer Games
Centennial Olympic Stadium
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Centennial Olympic Stadium
6.
1992 Summer Paralympics
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The 1992 Summer Paralympics were the ninth Paralympic Games to be held. They were held in Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain, in addition, the 1992 Paralympic Games for Persons with mental handicap were held immediately after the regular Paralympics in the Spanish capital, Madrid. The games consisted of 560 events spread over fifteen sports, powerlifting and weightlifting were considered to be a single sport. Wheelchair tennis, a sport at the 1988 Summer Paralympics, was contested as an official medal sport for the first time. The United States topped the medal count with more medals, more silver medals. Germany took the most bronze medals, with 59, the Madrid medals are counted too and added in the table In the table below, the ranking sorts by the number of gold medals earned by a nation. Host country One hundred three delegations participated at the 1992 Summer Paralympics, south Africa returned to the Paralympics for the first time since being declared undesirable due to its policy of apartheid in 1980. The first Paralympic Games for Persons with mental handicap were held immediately after the regular Paralympic games in the Spanish capital of Madrid from September 15–22. The games featured a cultural group, a group of intellectually disabled men from Nagasaki who played taiko during the opening and closing ceremonies. 1992 Summer Olympics 1992 Winter Paralympics Cheating at the Paralympic Games
1992 Summer Paralympics
–
IX Paralympic Games
7.
2000 Summer Paralympics
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The 2000 Paralympic Games were held in Sydney, Australia, from 18 to 29 October. In September 1993, Sydney won the rights to host the 2000 Paralympic Games, to secure this right it was expected that the New South Wales Government would underwrite the budget for the games. The Sydney games were the eleventh Summer Paralympic Games, where an estimated 3800 athletes took part in the programme and they commenced with the opening ceremony on 18 October 2000. It was followed by the 11 days of international competition and was the second largest sporting event ever held in Australia. They were also the first Paralympic Games outside the Northern Hemisphere, the games was estimated to cost $157 million, with the NSW Government and Commonwealth Government contributing $25 million each. The Sydney Organising Committee for the Olympic Games contributed $18 million, the Sydney Paralympic Organising Committee entered into a Host City contract with the International Paralympic Committee, which outlines the SPOC’s obligations in hosting the Paralympic Games. To cover the costs, other revenue was raised via sponsorship, though there is no budgeted profit, if any profit is made though the games, repayment to the Federal and State Governments is the first priority. In October 1998, governing bodies of the Paralympics including the SOCOG, an estimated total of forty-one thousand Australians answered this call, non-including those sourced from specialist community groups. The major focus between 1999-2000 was completion of the first stage of the Millennium Parklands and this is composed of 450 hectares of landscape, with up to 40 kilometers of pedestrian and cycle trails. This major first stage included focus on the surrounding Olympic facilities, providing a landscape for recreational activities, conservation. During this time work on the Water Reclamation and Management Scheme will continue to progress, the WRAMS will be in use during the games with the first stage to be implemented. This system will continue after the games, and will be developed after the games has been completed. The WRAMS system is one of the many water saving management strategies to be used during the games period. Stormwater from the Stadium Australia roof is to be collected and used to irrigate the central stadium, the Paralympic Games are governed by the International Paralympic Committee. The Games were organised by the Sydney Paralyampic Organising Committee led by President Dr John Grant, the SOCOG was established at the same time as the Sydney Paralympic organising Committee on 12 November 1993 by the Office of Olympic Co-ordination. In January 1995, SPOC became a company controlled by the Government. A board of directors including the Premier, Minister for the Olympics, the Treasurer and the Minister for Sport, the Sydney Paralympic Organising Committee also regulated the use of Paralympic Games indicia and images. On 29 November, the Sydney Games Administration Act 2000 was passed, the legislation caused the Sydney Paralympic Organising Committee to dissolve from 1 January 2001, its assets and liabilities were transferred to the Olympic Coordination Authority
2000 Summer Paralympics
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XI Paralympic Games
2000 Summer Paralympics
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Daytime view of pond with waterlilies at Sydney Olympic Park during the 2000 Sydney Paralympic Games
2000 Summer Paralympics
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201000 - Opening Ceremony Yothu Yindi perform 3 - 3b - 2000 Sydney opening ceremony photo
2000 Summer Paralympics
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2000 Summer Paralympics mascot Lizzie the Lizard waves to the audience during the games. The character represents an Australian frilled-neck lizard.
8.
1994 Winter Paralympics
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The 1994 Winter Paralympics, the sixth Winter Paralympics, were held in Lillehammer, Norway, from 10–19 March 1994. Ice sledge hockey, which became a crowd favorite, was added to the program. The 1994 Winter Games were the first Paralympic Games organized by the International Paralympic Committee, the Games were represented by an emblem depicting the sun people. This image portrayed the ideas of power, vitality, strength and energy and these characteristics were also to be found in the mascot Sondre, the troll. Sondre, who was also an amputee, was the result of a school competition won by Janne Solem. The mascot was designed to its final appearance by Tor Lindrupsen. The name for the mascot was chosen in a separate competition, sports The 1994 Paralympics consisted of five disciplines in four sports. Ice sledge hockey made its Paralympic debut at these games, alpine skiing Sledge hockey Ice sledge racing Nordic skiing Biathlon Cross-country skiing The top 10 NPCs by number of gold medals are listed below. 1994 Winter Olympics 1994 Winter Paralympics medal table International Paralympic Committee The event at SVTs open archive
1994 Winter Paralympics
–
VI Paralympic Winter Games
9.
1998 Winter Paralympics
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The 1998 Winter Paralympics, the seventh Winter Paralympics, were held alongside the Winter Olympics in Nagano, Japan from March 5 to March 14,1998. They were the first Paralympic Winter Games to be held outside Europe,571 athletes competed in Nagano, it still remains the highest number of athletes competing at any Winter Paralympics. The games consisted of 34 events in four sports, alpine skiing, ice hockey, Ice sledge racing. The sport of Nordic skiing comprised two disciplines, the biathlon and cross-country skiing, alpine skiing Sledge hockey Ice sledge racing Nordic skiing Biathlon Cross-country skiing In total 7 venues were used at the 1998 Winter Olympics around 4 cities and towns. The theme of the Opening Ceremony was Hope, and inspired by a painting by George Frederic Watts, the theme also signifies it was the first Winter Paralympics held in Asia and the last Paralympics of the 20th century. 1998 Winter Olympics International Paralympic Committee The event at SVTs open archive The event at Nagano Shinano Mainich Shimbum
1998 Winter Paralympics
–
VII Paralympic Winter Games
10.
1996 Summer Olympics
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A record 197 nations, all current IOC member nations, took part in the Games, comprising 10,318 athletes. The 1996 Summer Games were the first to be staged in a different year from the Winter Games, Atlanta became the fifth American city to host the Olympic Games and the third to hold a Summer Olympic Games. Atlanta was selected on September 18,1990, in Tokyo, Japan, over Athens, Belgrade, Manchester, Melbourne, and Toronto at the 96th IOC Session. Atlantas bid to host the Summer Games that began in 1987 was considered a long-shot and this would be Torontos fourth failed attempt since 1960. The Athens bid was based on the fact that 1996 marked 100 years since the first Summer Games in Greece in 1896, though Athens would eventually host the 2004 Summer Olympics. The Oxford Olympics Study 2016 estimates the outturn cost of the Atlanta 1996 Summer Olympics at USD4.1 billion in 2015-dollars and cost overrun at 151% in real terms. This includes sports-related costs only, that is, operational costs incurred by the committee for the purpose of staging the Games. The competition venues, the Olympic village, international broadcast center, and media and press center, which are required to host the Games. The cost and cost overrun for Atlanta 1996 compares with costs of USD4.6 billion, average cost for the Summer Games since 1960 is USD5.2 billion, average cost overrun is 176%. The 1996 Olympics was predicated on the model established by the 1984 Olympic Games in Los Angeles. The cost to stage the Games was US$1.8 billion, to pay for the games, Atlanta relied on commercial sponsorship and ticket sales, resulting in a profit of $10 million. Events of the 1996 Games were held in a variety of areas, a number were held within the Olympic Ring, a 3 mi circle from the center of Atlanta. Others were held at Stone Mountain, about 20 miles outside of the city, to broaden ticket sales, other events, such as soccer, occurred in various cities in the Southeast. The opening ceremony featured Céline Dion singing The Power of the Dream, the mascot for the Olympiad was an abstract, animated character named Izzy. In contrast to the tradition of mascots of national or regional significance in the city hosting the Olympiad, Izzy was an amorphous. The 1996 Olympics were the first to have two separate opening ceremony events, Savannah, because of its geographical separation from Atlanta, had its own opening ceremonies on July 18,1996. The event featured Worldwide Connection, a composed by Savannah native Jeffrey Reed and a concert by Trisha Yearwood. Atlantas Olympic slogan Come Celebrate Our Dream was written by Jack Arogeti, the slogan was selected from more than 5,000 submitted by the public to the Atlanta Convention and Visitors Bureau
1996 Summer Olympics
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Georgia Tech Aquatic Center
1996 Summer Olympics
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Games of the XXVI Olympiad
1996 Summer Olympics
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The Morris Brown College Stadium.
1996 Summer Olympics
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Boxing event at the 1996 games
11.
Bids for the 1996 Summer Olympics
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Six cities submitted bids to host the 1996 Summer Olympics, which were awarded to Atlanta, on September 18,1990. The other candidate cities were Athens, Toronto, Melbourne, Manchester, Atlanta was selected by the USOC over bids from Nashville, San Francisco and runner-up Minneapolis to be the U. S. representative in international bidding. The city entered the competition as a horse, being up against stiff competition. The US media also criticized it as a city and complained of Georgias Confederate history. Additionally, former US ambassador to the UN and Atlanta mayor Andrew Jackson Young touted Atlantas civil rights history, Young also wanted to showcase a reformed American South. The strong economy of Atlanta and improved relations in the South helped to impress the IOC officials. The Atlanta Committee for the Olympic Games also proposed a substantial revenue-sharing with the IOC, USOC, greece, the home of the ancient and first modern Olympics, was considered by many observers the natural choice for the Centennial Games. However, Athens bid chairman Spyros Metaxa demanded that it be named as the site of the Olympics because of its historical right due to its history, which may have caused resentment among delegates. Furthermore, the Athens bid was described as arrogant and poorly prepared, being regarded as not being up to the task of coping with the modern and risk-prone extravaganza of the current Games. An Athenian daily newspaper declared the Olympic flame will not be lit with oil, Coca-Cola executives, however, had feared that a successful Atlanta bid would hurt their business. Indeed, these practices were widespread among cities wishing to host an Olympics, the competing cities spent a total of over $100 million campaigning for the right to host the Summer Games, of which Atlanta spent $7.3 million
Bids for the 1996 Summer Olympics
–
Bids for the 1996 (1996) Summer Olympics and Paralympics
12.
Venues of the 1996 Summer Olympics
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For the 1996 Summer Olympics, a total of twenty-nine sports venues were used. Several sports venues for the 1996 Olympics were built before the 1960s as college venues, the first professional teams in Atlanta came in 1966, when Major League Baseballs Atlanta Braves moved from Milwaukee and the NFL added the Atlanta Falcons as an expansion team. In 1968, the NBA came to the city when the Atlanta Hawks arrived from St. Louis, the Braves and Falcons shared Atlanta–Fulton County Stadium from 1966 through 1991, after which the Falcons moved into the then-newly built Georgia Dome. The Braves would remain at the stadium through the 1996 season. After the 1979–80 season, the Flames left for their current home of Calgary, bidding for the 1996 Games was held in 1990. Seventy-five percent of the used for the 1996 Games were owned by the state of Georgia. The Georgia World Congress Center hosted the dramatic weightlifting 64 kg event that involved national tensions between Greece and Turkey, after the Olympics, the Olympic Stadium, as intended from its construction, was converted into a baseball park known as Turner Field, which opened in 1997. That same year, both Atlanta–Fulton County Stadium and the Omni Coliseum were imploded, Philips Arena was built upon the former Omnis footprint and opened in 1999, while the area where Atlanta–Fulton County Stadium stood is now a parking lot near Turner Field. Legion Field hosted the SEC Championship Game for the first two seasons of 1992 and 1993 before the venue moved to Atlanta and the Georgia Dome in 1994 where it has remained as of 2013. Three years after Legion Field was completed, Sanford Stadium opened on the University of Georgia campus in Athens and has undergone several expansions since its opening, the Citrus Bowl in Orlando, Florida opened in 1936 and has undergone several expansions of its own. In Miami the following year, the Orange Bowl opened, Alexander Memorial Coliseum on the Georgia Tech campus opened in 1956. In 1961, the District of Columbia Stadium opened in Washington, Atlanta–Fulton County Stadium opened on April 12,1966 with the Braves MLB franchise debuting following their move from Milwaukee after the 1965 season with a 3-2 loss to the Pittsburgh Pirates. That same year in the NFL, the expansion Atlanta Falcons debuted with a 19-14 loss to the Los Angeles Rams, Fulton County Stadium would serve as host to the Peach Bowl from 1971 to 1991 before moving to the Georgia Dome where it has remained to this day. In baseball, Fulton County Stadium hosted the 1972 MLB All-Star Game, the Stadium would host three World Series in the 1990s before the Olympics, losing twice and winning once. The Falcons would remain at Fulton County Stadium until the 1991 NFL season, then move to the Georgia Dome the following season, the Georgia Dome hosted Super Bowl XXVIII where the Buffalo Bills lost 30-13 to the Dallas Cowboys. It was the Bills second straight Super Bowl loss to the Cowboys, the same year that the Falcons debuted in the NFL, the Miami Dolphins made their debut in the American Football League at the Orange Bowl. The Dolphins would join the NFL in 1970 following the AFL–NFL merger and they would remain at the Orange Bowl until the 1987 NFL season when they moved to Joe Robbie Stadium the following year where they have remained to this day. Five of the first thirteen Super Bowls took place at the Orange Bowl, following the 1967–68 National Basketball Association season, the Hawks franchise moved from St. Louis, Missouri to Atlanta for the 1968–69 season
Venues of the 1996 Summer Olympics
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Georgia Dome in 2008. For the 1996 Summer Olympics, it hosted the artistic gymnastics, basketball, and the men's handball final.
Venues of the 1996 Summer Olympics
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Back of Stone Mountain from the Songbird Habitat and Trail in 2009. For the 1996 Summer Olympics, the venue hosted the archery and track cycling events.
Venues of the 1996 Summer Olympics
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View of Alexander Memorial Coliseum from the southeast in 2006. The Coliseum hosted the boxing competitions for the 1996 Summer Olympics.
Venues of the 1996 Summer Olympics
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Finish tower at Lake Lanier (2010), site of canoe sprint and rowing competitions in the 1996 Summer Olympics.
13.
Izzy (Mascot)
–
Izzy was the official mascot of the Atlanta 1996 Summer Olympics. In 1991, the Atlanta Committee for the Olympic Games began a search for a mascot with a competition of twenty design firms as well as suggestions from the general public, the selection, Whatizit, was designed by John Ryan, senior animation director of Atlanta-based design firm DESIGNefx. Whatizit originally appeared as a blue, tear-shaped blob with rings around his eyes and he wore high-top sneakers and had star-shaped pupils. His arms and legs were short with a toothy grin showing both rows of teeth. He was later modified to have longer limbs to give a more athletic look and his greatest change came about after he lost the bottom row of teeth and gained a nose. He was then referred to as Izzy, also, his tongue became visible, and his limbs became longer, skinnier, and more athletic in appearance. ACOG commissioned a television special entitled Izzys Quest For Olympic Gold to promote Izzy. Produced by Film Roman, the special aired only once on TNT on August 12,1995, despite continued efforts to evolve his look, Izzy proved very unpopular, a range of nicknames appeared in media outlets, such as The Sperm in Sneakers. Busch Gardens Williamsburg, a park in Williamsburg, Virginia, named a new Wild Mouse roller coaster after the mascot. A popular joke that circulated in Atlanta around the end of the 1996 games stated that the blue line painted on Peachtree Road was Izzys ass being dragged out of town. Izzy served as the character in a video game titled Izzys Quest for the Olympic Rings. Gold for the Super NES and Genesis platforms, an adventure game entitled Izzys Adventure was released for PC in 1996. Photograph of Izzy, on a mascot manufacturer website, izzypins a website devoted to Izzy the Whatizit
Izzy (Mascot)
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Mascot Izzy
Izzy (Mascot)
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Izzy mascot figurines
14.
1996 Summer Olympics torch relay
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The 1996 Summer Olympics torch relay was run from April 27,1996, until July 19,1996, prior to the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta. The route covered 26,875 kilometres across the United States and included a trek on the Pony Express, a ride on the Union Pacific Railroad, and a torch was taken into space for the first time. The torch was designed by Malcolm Grear and featured 22 aluminum reeds intended to represent the number of times that the Games had been held. A gold-plated band towards the base of the features the names of all 20 host cities up to. The handle, made of Georgia hardwood by Hillerich & Bradsby Co, in total it weighed 1,600 grams. Torchbearers were allowed to purchase for $275 the torch that they had carried, the initial journey of the Olympic flame always begins in Olympia. Over 800 people carried the torch a distance of 2,141 kilometres across Greece, the flame then landed at Los Angeles International Airport on April 27,1996, and was met with a welcome ceremony. The first torchbearer of the American part of the relay, Rafer Johnson, was the final torchbearer at the 1984 Summer Olympics held in Los Angeles and it went on to visit 42 states and 29 state capitols along a journey of 26,875 kilometres. The route was designed to take in as many historically and culturally significant locations as possible, the torch was first carried to Santa Monica Pier and was greeted at the first of hundreds of celebratory events. It then proceeded along the coast and up to Kingman, Arizona, at which point it joined the famous Route 66, passing close to the Grand Canyon and it was carried across by Martha Watson and the worlds largest US flag was unfurled across the wall of the dam. The route featured a variety in the methods of transport used, including bicycles, boats. From Las Vegas the flame was passed onto a special car on a Union Pacific train. The National Pony Express Association participated in the journey with riders carrying the torch for over 56 continuous hours, on June 12 the torch was taken on board a replica of a 19th-century packet boat and pulled for 3.2 kilometres along Erie Canal by mule. The torch was carried into space for the first time. This was replicated during the 2000 Summer Olympics torch relay and as part of the 2014 Winter Olympics torch relay, the relay was sponsored by Coca-Cola with accompanying cars, vans, and trucks emblazoned with the logo. Revenue from the drinks sold from the party were donated to charity. As part of the deal Coca-Cola were allowed to choose a quarter of the relay runners and they gave nomination forms away as part of a promotional deal with 12-packs of their cans with the entries largely being selected at random. The end of the relay took place on July 19,1996, four-time gold medal-winning discus thrower Al Oerter carried the torch to the stadium, passing it to Evander Holyfield
1996 Summer Olympics torch relay
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Top section of a torch showing the logo of the 1996 Games
1996 Summer Olympics torch relay
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A runner carrying the torch during the relay
1996 Summer Olympics torch relay
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Muhammad Ali, the surprise final torchbearer, pictured in 2004
15.
1996 Summer Olympics opening ceremony
–
The opening ceremony of the 1996 Summer Olympics took place in the evening on Friday 19 July in the Centennial Olympic Stadium, Atlanta, United States. The ceremony features Award-winning and Grammy Award-time nominated film composer, John Williams, French Canadian singer Celine Dion, the ceremony began with a countdown at the screen coming from 60 to 1. At the length of 26, symbolizing as Games of the XXVI Olympiad, the segment began with a colorful long papers of the Olympic symbol, the papers fell into the stadium. Spirits rose in the northwest corner of the stadium, each representing one of the colors in the Olympic rings and they called the tribes of the world which after mixed percussion formed the Olympic rings while the youth of Atlanta formed the number 100 and the shape of a dove. Famed film composer John Williams featuring the Atlanta Symphony Orchestra composed the overture for the 1996 Olympics, Summon the Heroes. The tribes formed a sun filled with long colored papers, a presentation of the United States Colors arrives center of the stadium. The colors are joined by Billy Paine President of the Atlanta OOC, Juan Antonio Samaranch, the Star-Spangled Banner is sung by the Centennial Olympic choir while the Atlanta Symphony Orchestra played and the American flag raised. The United States Air Force Thunderbirds squadron do a fly by over the stadium, the segment ends with a fireworks display. Gladys Knight sang Georgia on My Mind, Georgias official state song, at the opening ceremony. A showcase entitled Summertime, The Beauty of the South focused on Atlanta and the Old South with a placement on its beauty, spirit, music, history, culture, during the segment, James Earl Jones quotes famous American writers William Faulkner and Thomas Rorke. The segment began with two persons each dressed in large butterfly type wingspans, one butterfly as the Moon and the other as the Sun on opposite ends of the stadium. They meet in the center and create the American Southern Spirit and she appears after the sun and the moon meet. The southern spirit butterfly along with performers dressed as butterflies and fireflies danced to southern music welcoming the spring with Jazz. Songs include Ol Man River, Skip to My Lou and When the Saints Go Marching In and this was meant to represent the American south during the antebellum period of American history. During the celebration a large mechanical thunderbird appears from the end of the stadium. The large creature represent the American civil war and the damage caused to the city, the American south, the performers and the southern spirit butterfly are left ravaged, in shock and saddened. The southern spirit butterfly is devastated but she brings the other butterflies and creatures back to life with her operatic voice. She re-awakens the creatures and fifty other southern sprit dressed butterflies re-appears all dressed in multi colored wingspan and they representing a new and reborn south
1996 Summer Olympics opening ceremony
16.
1996 Summer Olympics medal table
–
The 1996 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XXVI Olympiad, were a summer multi-sport event held in Atlanta, Georgia, United States from 19 July to 4 August 1996. A total of 10,318 athletes from 197 National Olympic Committees, athletes from 79 NOCs won at least one medal, leaving 118 countries without a medal. The United States won the most gold medals, as well as the most medals overall and it also won its first medal in a womens team sport, the victorious gymnastics team later being referred to as the Magnificent Seven. Donovan Bailey of Canada set a record in the mens 100m race. Michael Johnson of the United States also set a record in the 200m race. Armenia, Belarus, The Czech Republic, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Slovakia, Ukraine, Czech Republic and Slovakia had competed previously as Czechoslovakia, and the other nations were formerly part of Soviet Union. Of these, only Kyrgyzstan did not receive any medals, the medal table is based on information provided by the International Olympic Committee and is consistent with IOC convention in its published medal tables. By default, the table is ordered by the number of medals won by a NOC. The number of medals is taken into consideration next and then the number of bronze medals. If nations are tied, equal ranking is given and they are listed alphabetically by IOC country code. Medals won in team competitions are counted once, no matter how many athletes won medals as part of the team. Key * Host nation 1996 Summer Olympics International Olympic Committee 1996 Summer Paralympics medal table
1996 Summer Olympics medal table
–
Andre Agassi represented the United States in the games.
17.
International Olympic Committee
–
The International Olympic Committee is the supreme authority of the worldwide Olympic movement. It is an international, non-profit, non-governmental organization based in Lausanne and its mission is enshrined in the Olympic Charter, to support the development of competitive sport by ethical and environmentally sustainable means. The IOC was created by Pierre de Coubertin, on 23 June 1894 with Demetrios Vikelas as its first president, today its membership consists of 100 active members,32 honorary members, and 1 honour member. The IOC is the authority of the worldwide modern Olympic movement. The IOC organises the modern Olympic Games and Youth Olympic Games, held in summer and winter, the first Summer Olympics organised by the IOC was held in Athens, Greece, in 1896, the first Winter Olympics was in Chamonix, France, in 1924. Until 1992, both Summer and Winter Olympics were held in the same year, the first Summer Youth Olympics were in Singapore in 2010 and the first Winter Youth Olympics were held in Innsbruck in 2012. In 2009, the UN General Assembly granted the IOC Permanent Observer status and this decision enables the IOC to be directly involved in the UN Agenda and to attend UN General Assembly meetings where it can take the floor. This has provided the possibility to promote sport at a new level, during each proclamation at the Olympics, announcers speak in different languages, French is always spoken first followed by an English translation and the dominant language of the host nation. The stated mission of the International Olympic Committee is to promote Olympic throughout the world and it is the IOC’s supreme organ and its decisions are final. Extraordinary Sessions may be convened by the President or upon the written request of at least one third of the members, among others, the powers of the Session are, To adopt or amend the Olympic Charter. To elect the members of the IOC, the Honorary President, to elect the President, the Vice-Presidents and all other members of the IOC Executive Board. To elect the host city of the Olympic Games, the Olympic Laurel is awarded to individuals for promoting education, culture, development, and peace through sport. For most of its existence, the IOC was controlled by members who were selected by other members, countries that had hosted the Games were allowed two members. When named, they did not become the representatives of their countries to the IOC. The membership of IOC members ceases in the circumstances, Resignation. Non re-election, any IOC member ceases to be a member without further formality if they are not re-elected, age limit, any IOC member ceases to be a member at the end of the calendar year during which they reach the age of 80. Failure to attend Sessions or take part in IOC work for two consecutive years. Transfer of domicile or of main center of interests to an other than the country which was theirs at the time of their election
International Olympic Committee
–
The headquarters of the International Olympic Committee in
Lausanne,
Switzerland.
International Olympic Committee
–
The first IOC, at the
1896 Athens Games
International Olympic Committee
–
1985
German Democratic Republic stamp
18.
United States Olympic Committee
–
Founded in 1894 and headquartered in Colorado Springs, the United States Olympic Committee is the National Olympic Committee for the United States. In addition, the USOC is one of only four NOCs in the world that serve as the National Paralympic Committee for their country. The USOC is responsible for supporting, entering and overseeing U. S, the Olympic Movement is overseen by the International Olympic Committee. Similarly, the National Paralympic Committee is the governing body responsible for the selection. The USOC is one of 204 NOCs and 174 NPCs within the international Olympic and Paralympic Movements, forty-seven NGBs are members of the USOC. Unlike most other nations, the United States does not have a sports ministry, the USOC was reorganized by the Ted Stevens Olympic and Amateur Sports Act, originally enacted in 1978. It is a federally chartered nonprofit corporation and does not receive financial support. Pursuant to the Act, the USOC has the right to use and authorize the use of Olympic-related marks, images. The USOC licenses that right to sponsors as a means of generating revenue in support of its mission, in 1921, the committee adopted a constitution and bylaws to formally organize the American Olympic Association. From 1928 to 1953, its president was Avery Brundage, who went on to become the president of the IOC. In 1940, the AOA changed its name to the United States of America Sports Federation and, in 1945, in 1950, federal mandate allowed the USOA to solicit tax-deductible contributions as a private, non-profit corporation. After several constitutional revisions were made to the charter in 1961. The Amateur Sports Act of 1978 established the USOC as the body for all Olympic-related athletic activity in the United States. The provisions protect individual athletes, and provide the USOC’s counsel, virgin Islands, which fall under the authority of separate NOCs and NPCs. U. S. Paralympics, a division of the USOC, was founded in 2001, in 2006, the USOC created the Paralympic Military Program with the goal of providing Paralympic sports as a part of the rehabilitation process for injured soldiers. The USOC moved its headquarters from New York City to Colorado Springs on July 1,1978. S, in October 2007, the ARCO Training Center in Chula Vista, California was closed temporarily due to the Harris Fire, one of many that ravaged southern California. Several national law firms were enlisted to aid, Free of charge, in responding to claims of misconduct in sport. In February 2011 the USOC launched a campaign in conjunction with the Ad Council called Play Asterisk Free aimed at teens
United States Olympic Committee
–
U.S. Olympic Committee headquarters in
Colorado Springs, Colorado
United States Olympic Committee
–
United States Olympic Committee logo
19.
Atlanta Committee for the Olympic Games
–
A record 197 nations, all current IOC member nations, took part in the Games, comprising 10,318 athletes. The 1996 Summer Games were the first to be staged in a different year from the Winter Games, Atlanta became the fifth American city to host the Olympic Games and the third to hold a Summer Olympic Games. Atlanta was selected on September 18,1990, in Tokyo, Japan, over Athens, Belgrade, Manchester, Melbourne, and Toronto at the 96th IOC Session. Atlantas bid to host the Summer Games that began in 1987 was considered a long-shot and this would be Torontos fourth failed attempt since 1960. The Athens bid was based on the fact that 1996 marked 100 years since the first Summer Games in Greece in 1896, though Athens would eventually host the 2004 Summer Olympics. The Oxford Olympics Study 2016 estimates the outturn cost of the Atlanta 1996 Summer Olympics at USD4.1 billion in 2015-dollars and cost overrun at 151% in real terms. This includes sports-related costs only, that is, operational costs incurred by the committee for the purpose of staging the Games. The competition venues, the Olympic village, international broadcast center, and media and press center, which are required to host the Games. The cost and cost overrun for Atlanta 1996 compares with costs of USD4.6 billion, average cost for the Summer Games since 1960 is USD5.2 billion, average cost overrun is 176%. The 1996 Olympics was predicated on the model established by the 1984 Olympic Games in Los Angeles. The cost to stage the Games was US$1.8 billion, to pay for the games, Atlanta relied on commercial sponsorship and ticket sales, resulting in a profit of $10 million. Events of the 1996 Games were held in a variety of areas, a number were held within the Olympic Ring, a 3 mi circle from the center of Atlanta. Others were held at Stone Mountain, about 20 miles outside of the city, to broaden ticket sales, other events, such as soccer, occurred in various cities in the Southeast. The opening ceremony featured Céline Dion singing The Power of the Dream, the mascot for the Olympiad was an abstract, animated character named Izzy. In contrast to the tradition of mascots of national or regional significance in the city hosting the Olympiad, Izzy was an amorphous. The 1996 Olympics were the first to have two separate opening ceremony events, Savannah, because of its geographical separation from Atlanta, had its own opening ceremonies on July 18,1996. The event featured Worldwide Connection, a composed by Savannah native Jeffrey Reed and a concert by Trisha Yearwood. Atlantas Olympic slogan Come Celebrate Our Dream was written by Jack Arogeti, the slogan was selected from more than 5,000 submitted by the public to the Atlanta Convention and Visitors Bureau
Atlanta Committee for the Olympic Games
–
Georgia Tech Aquatic Center
Atlanta Committee for the Olympic Games
–
Games of the XXVI Olympiad
Atlanta Committee for the Olympic Games
–
The Morris Brown College Stadium.
Atlanta Committee for the Olympic Games
–
Boxing event at the 1996 games
20.
Atlanta
–
Atlanta is the capital of and the most populous city in the U. S. state of Georgia, with an estimated 2015 population of 463,878. Atlanta is the cultural and economic center of the Atlanta metropolitan area, home to 5,710,795 people, Atlanta is the county seat of Fulton County, and a small portion of the city extends eastward into DeKalb County. In 1837, Atlanta was founded at the intersection of two lines, and the city rose from the ashes of the American Civil War to become a national center of commerce. Atlantas economy is considered diverse, with dominant sectors that include logistics, professional and business services, media operations, Atlanta has topographic features that include rolling hills and dense tree coverage. Revitalization of Atlantas neighborhoods, initially spurred by the 1996 Olympics in Atlanta, has intensified in the 21st century, altering the demographics, politics. Prior to the arrival of European settlers in north Georgia, Creek Indians inhabited the area, standing Peachtree, a Creek village located where Peachtree Creek flows into the Chattahoochee River, was the closest Indian settlement to what is now Atlanta. As part of the removal of Native Americans from northern Georgia from 1802 to 1825, the Creek ceded the area in 1821. In 1836, the Georgia General Assembly voted to build the Western, the initial route was to run southward from Chattanooga to a terminus east of the Chattahoochee River, which would then be linked to Savannah. After engineers surveyed various possible locations for the terminus, the zero milepost was driven into the ground in what is now Five Points. A year later, the area around the milepost had developed into a settlement, first known as Terminus, and later as Thrasherville after a merchant who built homes. By 1842, the town had six buildings and 30 residents and was renamed Marthasville to honor the Governors daughter, later, J. Edgar Thomson, Chief Engineer of the Georgia Railroad, suggested the town be renamed Atlantica-Pacifica, which was shortened to Atlanta. The residents approved, and the town was incorporated as Atlanta on December 29,1847, by 1860, Atlantas population had grown to 9,554. During the American Civil War, the nexus of multiple railroads in Atlanta made the city a hub for the distribution of military supplies, in 1864, the Union Army moved southward following the capture of Chattanooga and began its invasion of north Georgia. On the next day, Mayor James Calhoun surrendered Atlanta to the Union Army, on November 11,1864, Sherman prepared for the Union Armys March to the Sea by ordering Atlanta to be burned to the ground, sparing only the citys churches and hospitals. After the Civil War ended in 1865, Atlanta was gradually rebuilt, due to the citys superior rail transportation network, the state capital was moved from Milledgeville to Atlanta in 1868. In the 1880 Census, Atlanta surpassed Savannah as Georgias largest city, by 1885, the founding of the Georgia School of Technology and the citys black colleges had established Atlanta as a center for higher education. In 1895, Atlanta hosted the Cotton States and International Exposition, during the first decades of the 20th century, Atlanta experienced a period of unprecedented growth. In three decades time, Atlantas population tripled as the city expanded to include nearby streetcar suburbs
Atlanta
–
From top to bottom left to right: Atlanta skyline seen from
Buckhead, the
Fox Theatre, the
Georgia State Capitol,
Centennial Olympic Park,
Millennium Gate, the
Canopy Walk, the
Georgia Aquarium,
The Phoenix statue, and the
Midtown skyline
Atlanta
–
Marietta Street, 1864
Atlanta
–
Atlanta in ruins during the Civil War, 1864
Atlanta
–
In 1907, Peachtree Street, the main street of Atlanta, was busy with streetcars and automobiles.
21.
Paralympics
–
There are Winter and Summer Paralympic Games, which since the 1988 Summer Games in Seoul, South Korea, are held almost immediately following the respective Olympic Games. All Paralympic Games are governed by the International Paralympic Committee, the Paralympics has grown from a small gathering of British World War II veterans in 1948 to become one of the largest international sporting events by the early 21st century. Paralympians strive for equal treatment with non-disabled Olympic athletes, but there is a funding gap between Olympic and Paralympic athletes. Given the wide variety of disabilities that Paralympic athletes have, there are categories in which the athletes compete. The allowable disabilities are broken down into ten eligible impairment types and these categories are further broken down into classifications, which vary from sport to sport. The first athlete to do so was German American gymnast George Eyser in 1904, hungarian Karoly Takacs competed in shooting events in both the 1948 and 1952 Summer Olympics. He was an amputee and could shoot left-handed. The first organized athletic day for disabled athletes that coincided with the Olympic Games took place on the day of the opening of the 1948 Summer Olympics in London, the first games were called the 1948 International Wheelchair Games, and were intended to coincide with the 1948 Olympics. Dr. Guttmans aim was to create a sports competition for people with disabilities that would be equivalent to the Olympic Games. The games were again at the same location in 1952. These early competitions, also known as the Stoke Mandeville Games, have described as the precursors of the Paralympic Games. There have been milestones in the Paralympic movement. The first official Paralympic Games, no longer open solely to war veterans, was held in Rome in 1960,400 athletes from 23 countries competed at the 1960 Games. Since 1960, the Paralympic Games have taken place in the year as the Olympic Games. The Games were initially only to athletes in wheelchairs, at the 1976 Summer Games, athletes with different disabilities were included for the first time at a Summer Paralympics. With the inclusion of more disability classifications the 1976 Summer Games expanded to 1,600 athletes from 40 countries, the 1988 Summer Paralympics in Seoul, South Korea, was another milestone for the Paralympic movement. It was in Seoul that the Paralympic Summer Games were held directly after the Olympic Summer Games, in the same host city and this set a precedent that was followed in 1992,1996 and 2000. It was eventually formalized in an agreement between the International Paralympic Committee and the International Olympic Committee in 2001, and was extended through 2020
Paralympics
–
Sir
Ludwig Guttmann
Paralympics
–
IPC headquarters in
Bonn
Paralympics
–
The
Paralympic flag
Paralympics
–
Opening ceremony of the
2004 Summer Paralympics in
Athens
22.
USD
–
The United States dollar is the official currency of the United States and its insular territories per the United States Constitution. It is divided into 100 smaller cent units, the circulating paper money consists of Federal Reserve Notes that are denominated in United States dollars. The U. S. dollar was originally commodity money of silver as enacted by the Coinage Act of 1792 which determined the dollar to be 371 4/16 grain pure or 416 grain standard silver, the currency most used in international transactions, it is the worlds primary reserve currency. Several countries use it as their currency, and in many others it is the de facto currency. Besides the United States, it is used as the sole currency in two British Overseas Territories in the Caribbean, the British Virgin Islands and Turks and Caicos Islands. A few countries use the Federal Reserve Notes for paper money, while the country mints its own coins, or also accepts U. S. coins that can be used as payment in U. S. dollars. After Nixon shock of 1971, USD became fiat currency, Article I, Section 8 of the U. S. Constitution provides that the Congress has the power To coin money, laws implementing this power are currently codified at 31 U. S. C. Section 5112 prescribes the forms in which the United States dollars should be issued and these coins are both designated in Section 5112 as legal tender in payment of debts. The Sacagawea dollar is one example of the copper alloy dollar, the pure silver dollar is known as the American Silver Eagle. Section 5112 also provides for the minting and issuance of other coins and these other coins are more fully described in Coins of the United States dollar. The Constitution provides that a regular Statement and Account of the Receipts and that provision of the Constitution is made specific by Section 331 of Title 31 of the United States Code. The sums of money reported in the Statements are currently being expressed in U. S. dollars, the U. S. dollar may therefore be described as the unit of account of the United States. The word dollar is one of the words in the first paragraph of Section 9 of Article I of the Constitution, there, dollars is a reference to the Spanish milled dollar, a coin that had a monetary value of 8 Spanish units of currency, or reales. In 1792 the U. S. Congress passed a Coinage Act, Section 20 of the act provided, That the money of account of the United States shall be expressed in dollars, or units. And that all accounts in the offices and all proceedings in the courts of the United States shall be kept and had in conformity to this regulation. In other words, this act designated the United States dollar as the unit of currency of the United States, unlike the Spanish milled dollar the U. S. dollar is based upon a decimal system of values. Both one-dollar coins and notes are produced today, although the form is significantly more common
USD
–
Series of 1917
$1 United States bill
USD
–
Federal Reserve Notes
USD
–
Spanish silver real or
peso of 1768
USD
–
Obverse of rare 1934 $500 Federal Reserve Note, featuring a portrait of President
William McKinley.
23.
Mascot
–
Mascots are also used as fictional, representative spokespeople for consumer products, such as the rabbit used in advertising and marketing for the General Mills brand of breakfast cereal, Trix. In the world of sports, mascots are used for merchandising. Team mascots are often confused with team nicknames, while the two can be interchangeable, they are not always the same. For example, the teams of the University of Alabama are nicknamed the Crimson Tide. Costumed mascots are commonplace, and are used as goodwill ambassadors in the community for their team, company. It was originally sporting organisations that first thought of using animals as a form of mascot to bring entertainment and excitement for their spectators, before mascots were fictional icons or people in suits. Animals were mostly used in order to bring a different feel to the game. The event that prompted these changes was the invention of the Muppets in the late 1960s, the puppets offered something different to what everyone was used too. It allowed to people to not only have visual enjoyment but also allowed them to interact physically with the mascots, marketers quickly realized the great potential in three-dimensional mascot and took on board the Muppet-like idea. This change encouraged other companies to start creating their own mascots, resulting in mascots being a necessity amongst not only the sporting industry, the word mascot originates from the French term mascotte which means lucky charm. This was used to describe anything that brought luck to a household, the word was first recorded in 1867 and popularised by a French composer Edmond Audran who wrote the opera La Mascotte, performed in December 1880. But didnt enter into the English language until the year after in 1881, however, before this, the terms were familiar to the people of France as a slang word used by gamblers. The term is a derivative of the word masco meaning sorceress or witch, before the 19th century, the word mascot was associated with inanimate objects that would be commonly seen such as a lock of hair or a figurehead on a sailing ship. But from then on until the present day, the term was seen to be associated with good luck animals. Often the choice of mascot reflects a desired quality, an example of this is the fighting spirit. In the United States, controversy surrounds some mascot choices, especially those using human likenesses, Mascots based on Native American tribes are particularly contentious, as many argue that they constitute offensive exploitations of an oppressed culture. However several Indian tribes have come out in support of keeping the names. For example, the Utah Utes and the Central Michigan Chippewas are sanctioned by local tribes, similarly, the Florida State Seminoles are supported by the Seminole Tribe of Florida in their use of Osceola and Renegade as symbols
Mascot
–
"Millie," costumed character mascot of the
Brampton Arts Council
Mascot
–
Boomer Beaver, mascot of the American Minor League Baseball team the
Portland Beavers, pointing at the camera.
Mascot
–
Osceola and Renegade the official symbols of
Florida State University.
Mascot
–
Mascot of the
Borregos Salvajes and student at the
Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education, Mexico City.
24.
Phoenix (mythology)
–
In Greek mythology, a phoenix is a long-lived bird that is cyclically regenerated or reborn. Associated with the Sun, a phoenix obtains new life by arising from the ashes of its predecessor. According to some sources, the dies in a show of flames and combustion, although there are other sources that claim that the legendary bird dies. According to some texts, the phoenix could live over 1,400 years before rebirth. Herodotus, Lucan, Pliny the Elder, Pope Clement I, Lactantius, Ovid, the modern English noun phoenix derives from Middle English phenix, itself from Old English fēnix. Old English fēnix was borrowed from Medieval Latin phenix, which is derived from Classical Latin phoenīx, the Classical Latin phoenīx represents Greek φοῖνιξ phoinīx. In ancient Greece and Rome, the bird, φοῖνιξ, was associated with the similar-sounding Phoenicia. A late antique etymology offered by the 6th- and 7th-century CE archbishop Isidore of Seville accordingly derives the name of the phoenix from its allegedly purple-red hue. Because the costly purple dye from Phoenicia was associated with the classes in antiquity and, later, with royalty. Classical discourse on the subject of the points to a potential origin of the phoenix in Ancient Egypt. However, the Egyptian sources regarding the bennu are often problematic, some of these sources may have actually been influenced by Greek notions of the phoenix, rather than the other way around. Herodotus, writing in the 5th century BC, gives a somewhat skeptical account of the phoenix, have another sacred bird called the phoenix which I myself have never seen. Indeed it is a rarity, even in Egypt, only coming there once in five hundred years. Its size and appearance, if it is like the pictures, are as follow, - The plumage is partly red, partly golden, while the general make, such is the story they tell of the doings of this bird. The phoenix is sometimes pictured in ancient and medieval literature and medieval art as endowed with a nimbus, in the oldest images of phoenixes on record these nimbuses often have seven rays, like Helios. Pliny the Elder also describes the bird as having a crest of feathers on its head, although the phoenix was generally believed to be colorful and vibrant, there is no clear consensus about its coloration. Tacitus claims that its made it stand out from all other birds. Some thought that the bird had peacock-like coloring, and Herodotuss claim of red, scholars have observed analogues to the phoenix in a variety of cultures
Phoenix (mythology)
–
A phoenix depicted in a book of legendary creatures by
FJ Bertuch (1747–1822).
25.
Folklore
–
Folklore is the body of expressive culture shared by a particular group of people, it encompasses the traditions common to that culture, subculture or group. These include oral traditions such as tales, proverbs and jokes and they include material culture, ranging from traditional building styles to handmade toys common to the group. Folklore also includes customary lore, the forms and rituals of celebrations like Christmas and weddings, folk dances, each one of these, either singly or in combination, is considered a folklore artifact. Just as essential as the form, folklore also encompasses the transmission of these artifacts from one region to another or from one generation to the next, for folklore is not taught in a formal school curriculum or studied in the fine arts. Instead these traditions are passed along informally from one individual to another either through verbal instruction or demonstration, the academic study of folklore is called folkloristics. To fully understand folklore, it is helpful to clarify its component parts and it is well-documented that the term was coined in 1846 by the Englishman William Thoms. He fabricated it to replace the contemporary terminology of popular antiquities or popular literature, the second half of the compound word, lore, proves easier to define as its meaning has stayed relatively stable over the last two centuries. Coming from Old English lār instruction, and with German and Dutch cognates, it is the knowledge and traditions of a particular group, the concept of folk proves somewhat more elusive. When Thoms first created this term, folk applied only to rural, frequently poor, a more modern definition of folk is a social group which includes two or more persons with common traits, who express their shared identity through distinctive traditions. Folk is a concept which can refer to a nation as in American folklore or to a single family. This expanded social definition of folk supports a view of the material, i. e. the lore. These now include all things people make with words, things they make with their hands, Folklore is no longer circumscribed as being chronologically old or obsolete. The folklorist studies the traditional artifacts of a group and how they are transmitted. Transmission is a part of the folklore process. Without communicating these beliefs and customs within the group over space and time, for folklore is also a verb. These folk artifacts continue to be passed along informally, as a rule anonymously, the folk group is not individualistic, it is community-based and nurtures its lore in community. As new groups emerge, new folklore is created… surfers, motorcyclists, in direct contrast to high culture, where any single work of a named artist is protected by copyright law, folklore is a function of shared identity within the social group. Having identified folk artifacts, the professional folklorist strives to understand the significance of these beliefs, customs, for these cultural units would not be passed along unless they had some continued relevance within the group
Folklore
–
Horse and Sulky weathervane, Smithsonian American Art Museum
Folklore
–
Hansel and Gretel,
Arthur Rackham, 1909
Folklore
–
The story of
Jahangir and
Anarkali is popular folklore in the former territories of the
Mughal Empire.
26.
American Civil War
–
The American Civil War was an internal conflict fought in the United States from 1861 to 1865. The Union faced secessionists in eleven Southern states grouped together as the Confederate States of America, the Union won the war, which remains the bloodiest in U. S. history. Among the 34 U. S. states in February 1861, War broke out in April 1861 when Confederates attacked the U. S. fortress of Fort Sumter. The Confederacy grew to eleven states, it claimed two more states, the Indian Territory, and the southern portions of the western territories of Arizona. The Confederacy was never recognized by the United States government nor by any foreign country. The states that remained loyal, including border states where slavery was legal, were known as the Union or the North, the war ended with the surrender of all the Confederate armies and the dissolution of the Confederate government in the spring of 1865. The war had its origin in the issue of slavery. The Confederacy collapsed and 4 million slaves were freed, but before his inauguration, seven slave states with cotton-based economies formed the Confederacy. The first six to declare secession had the highest proportions of slaves in their populations, the first seven with state legislatures to resolve for secession included split majorities for unionists Douglas and Bell in Georgia with 51% and Louisiana with 55%. Alabama had voted 46% for those unionists, Mississippi with 40%, Florida with 38%, Texas with 25%, of these, only Texas held a referendum on secession. Eight remaining slave states continued to reject calls for secession, outgoing Democratic President James Buchanan and the incoming Republicans rejected secession as illegal. Lincolns March 4,1861 inaugural address declared that his administration would not initiate a civil war, speaking directly to the Southern States, he reaffirmed, I have no purpose, directly or indirectly to interfere with the institution of slavery in the United States where it exists. I believe I have no right to do so, and I have no inclination to do so. After Confederate forces seized numerous federal forts within territory claimed by the Confederacy, efforts at compromise failed, the Confederates assumed that European countries were so dependent on King Cotton that they would intervene, but none did, and none recognized the new Confederate States of America. Hostilities began on April 12,1861, when Confederate forces fired upon Fort Sumter, while in the Western Theater the Union made significant permanent gains, in the Eastern Theater, the battle was inconclusive in 1861–62. The autumn 1862 Confederate campaigns into Maryland and Kentucky failed, dissuading British intervention, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which made ending slavery a war goal. To the west, by summer 1862 the Union destroyed the Confederate river navy, then much of their western armies, the 1863 Union siege of Vicksburg split the Confederacy in two at the Mississippi River. In 1863, Robert E. Lees Confederate incursion north ended at the Battle of Gettysburg, Western successes led to Ulysses S. Grants command of all Union armies in 1864
American Civil War
–
New Orleans the largest cotton exporting port for New England and Great Britain textile mills, shipping Mississippi River Valley goods from North, South and Border states.
American Civil War
–
Clockwise from top:
Battle of Gettysburg,
Union Captain John Tidball's artillery,
Confederate prisoners,
ironclad USS Atlanta, ruins of
Richmond, Virginia,
Battle of Franklin
American Civil War
–
Sen. Stephen Douglas, author of the
Kansas–Nebraska Act of 1854
American Civil War
–
Sen. John J. Crittenden, of the 1860
Crittenden Compromise
27.
Janice Burton
–
Janice Burton MBE is a retired British Paralympic swimmer. Burton competed in B1 events having completely lost sight in both of her eyes and she won a total of 23a Paralympic medals during a career that spanned four Games. Burton competed in individual and relay races. In the individual events she won five medals with three coming in the 1992 Games in Barcelona. As well as achieving Paralympic success she also triumphed in European and World competitions, Burton was awarded an MBE in the 1999 New Year Honours list. Since retiring from swimming she has taken up public speaking and skiing. She has also taken part in the events at the Horse of the Year Show. ^a The British Paralympic Association states that Burton has won 23 medals and this is possibly due to Burtons participation in relay races where the competitors names are not listed in the database. Addendum 1984 USA there are in addition to those listed a further 2 Bronze Medals hanging on our wall,1988 Seoul there are in addition to those listed a further 1 Bronze medal hanging on our wall
Janice Burton
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Janice Burton
MBE
28.
Tracey Cross
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Tracey Nicole Cross, OAM is an Australian visually impaired swimmer. She won ten medals at three Paralympics, from 1992 to 2000, Cross was born in the Western Australian city of Bunbury on 4 December 1972. She has been blind since birth, in a 2000 interview and she was left out of sporting activities at school, and started swimming at the age of 15. She took the sport casually at first, but took it more seriously when she found that she had an aptitude for swimming. In 1994, she obtained a law degree from Murdoch University, after working in that field for some years, she became a massage therapist, she works in a natural health clinic in West Perth. Cross won her first international medal in the womens 400 m Freestyle B1 at the 1990 World Championships and Games for the Disabled in Assen. In 1993, she received the Western Australian Citizen of the Year Award in the Youth category and she spoke the Paralympic oath at the opening ceremony of the 2000 Sydney Paralympics. On 14 November 2000, she received an Australian Sports Medal For Service to Sport as a gold Medallist at the Paralympic Games and she received a Centenary Medal on 1 January 2001 For service to the community through Paralympic swimming
Tracey Cross
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Cross takes the official Athletes Oath at the 2000 Summer Paralympics Opening Ceremony
Tracey Cross
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Action shot of Cross in the pool during competition at the 2000 Summer Paralympics
29.
Boccia at the 1996 Summer Paralympics
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Boccia at the 1996 Summer Paralympics consisted of five events. All events were mixed, meaning that men and women competed together, the following countries also competed, Austria Canada New Zealand Norway Sweden 1996 Atlanta - Boccia
Boccia at the 1996 Summer Paralympics
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Boccia view of venue at the 1996 Paralympic Games
30.
Swimming at the 1996 Summer Paralympics
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Swimming at the 1996 Summer Paralympics consisted of 168 events,87 for men and 81 for women. Because of a tie in the mens 100 m freestyle S4 event, countries no longer had multiple national swimming teams based on disability type but instead had one mixed disability national team. Forty other countries participated in this sport. Swimming at the 1996 Summer Paralympics from the International Paralympic Committee
Swimming at the 1996 Summer Paralympics
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Australian gold medalist
Priya Cooper after presentation ceremony
Swimming at the 1996 Summer Paralympics
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An unidentified Australian swimmer at the 1996 Atlanta Paralympic Games
Swimming at the 1996 Summer Paralympics
31.
Wheelchair rugby at the 1996 Summer Paralympics
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Wheelchair rugby at the 1996 Summer Paralympics consisted of a mixed team event. Wheelchair rugby was being contested as a sport, and not an official part of the Paralympic program. Six teams took part in the sport, Sweden and Australia were eliminated after the preliminary round, Wheelchair rugby players were given a classification based on their upper body function. A committee gave each athlete a 7-level score ranging from 0.5 to 3.5, during the game, the total score of all players on the court for a team cannot exceed 8 points. However, for each player on court, their team gets an extra 0.5 points over the 8 point limit. Six teams took part in this sport, each team could have up to 12 athletes, but no more than 11 of the team members could be male. Listed below are the six qualified for the Atlanta Paralympics. The six teams participated in a round robin tournament. The top four went on to compete for 1st through 4th place. Qualified for quarterfinals Eliminated Source, Paralympic. org Source, Paralympic. org International Wheelchair Rugby Federation
Wheelchair rugby at the 1996 Summer Paralympics
32.
Alexander Memorial Coliseum
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McCamish Pavilion, nicknamed The Thrillerdome and originally known as Alexander Memorial Coliseum, is an indoor arena located on the campus of the Georgia Institute of Technology in Atlanta, Georgia. It is the home of the Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets mens basketball, the venue previously hosted the Atlanta Hawks of the National Basketball Association from 1968 to 1972 and again from 1997 to 1999. Techs womens volleyball team uses the facility as well, primarily for NCAA tournament games. The 270-foot-diameter Alexander Coliseum opened in 1956 at the intersection of 10th Street, the building was named for William A. Alexander, Georgia Techs football coach from 1920 to 1944 and the third athletic director, his tenure as coach included the 1928 Rose Bowl team. The huge dome was constructed in a way in there are no support pillars to obstruct the view of any fans during games. It served as a replacement for the Third Street Gymnasium on the campus of Georgia Tech, the arenas original capacity was 6,996 seats, though crowds larger than that sometimes assembled for big games. Between 1956 and 1996, the Coliseum had undergone three major renovations, in 1986,2,150 seats were added in what was previously an upper walkway around the rim of the arena. In 1989–1990,750 seats were added in the end zone areas, the last major renovation was during 1995–1996, prior to the 1996 Summer Olympics. The floor was lowered 4 feet to increase seating,12 luxury suites were added, sightlines were also improved for those sitting in the first few rows of the side of the court opposite the benches. Connected to the end of the Coliseum are the Luck Building. During the latter period, the Hawks played most of their games at the Georgia Dome with the remainder at the Coliseum. During the 1996 Summer Olympics, the hosted the Olympic boxing tournament. For most of its life, the Coliseum has hosted rounds of the Georgia High School Association mens and womens state tournament games. The first integrated high school tournament in Georgia history was played there before record overflow crowds in 1967. The arena received its nickname, The Thrillerdome, from former Tech color radio announcer and former ESPN broadcaster Brad Nessler, in 2003, the playing surface was renamed Cremins Court in honor of Bobby Cremins, Georgia Techs head coach from 1979 to 2000. The decision to cancel the game was based on the fact that officials at the game could not find where the water was coming through, the game was delayed for about a half-hour, and then ultimately postponed until March 3,2008. On March 14,2008, a tornado ripped through downtown Atlanta, causing damage to the CNN Center, Philips Arena, during the weekend, the SEC was set to play at the Georgia Dome on Thursday through Sunday. The tornado struck while the third of four games was in overtime
Alexander Memorial Coliseum
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The Alexander Memorial Coliseum in July 2010
Alexander Memorial Coliseum
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View of Alexander Memorial Coliseum from the southeast
Alexander Memorial Coliseum
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Alexander Memorial Coliseum from the Southwest.
Alexander Memorial Coliseum
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North entrance of the pavilion on 10th Street
33.
Georgia Tech Aquatic Center
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The Georgia Tech Campus Recreation Center is part of the Georgia Tech campus. Georgia Techs athletic center began at its current location in 1977 as the Student Athletic Center, later, Georgia Tech was chosen as the site of the 1996 Summer Olympics aquatic venue, and the Aquatic Center was constructed next to the SAC. The Aquatic Center cost $16,800,000, and featured competitions in swimming, synchronized swimming, diving, water polo, the stadium had a capacity of 14,600 at the time. It also had a pool for the water polo competitions seating 4,000. After the games, it has used as a recreational facility for Georgia Tech students. Initially an outdoor stadium with a roof to protect spectators and competitors from rain, the seating capacity was reduced to 1,950. Above the Olympic pool, a floor of multi-purpose courts was added by suspending it from the roof. At this point it was renamed to the Campus Recreation Center, the SAC also had a smaller recreational pool outdoors, which was contained in a pressurized bubble. During the conversion to the CRC, the pool was redesigned to be larger, the Campus Recreation Center is a very modern building in many ways. The pool is configurable for any event, with a bulkhead in the middle of the pool. In addition to the pool, the CRCs recreational pool has six recreational lap lanes. Georgia Tech Campus Recreation Center website Project Construction Website
Georgia Tech Aquatic Center
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The front of Georgia Tech's Campus Recreation Center
Georgia Tech Aquatic Center
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Georgia Tech Aquatic Center during the
1996 Summer Olympics
Georgia Tech Aquatic Center
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Georgia Tech-designed solar panels cover the roof of the building and supply a significant percentage of its energy.
Georgia Tech Aquatic Center
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Colleges
34.
Metro Atlanta
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Its economic, cultural and demographic center is Atlanta, and it had a 2015 estimated population of 5.7 million people according to the U. S. Census Bureau. The metro area forms the core of a trading area. The Combined Statistical Area spans up to 39 counties in north Georgia and had an estimated 2015 population of 6.3 million people, Atlanta is considered an alpha world city. It is the third largest metropolitan region in the Census Bureaus Southeast region behind Greater Washington and South Florida. By U. S. Census Bureau standards, the population of the Atlanta region spreads across an area of 8,376 square miles – a land area comparable to that of Massachusetts. Because Georgia contains more counties than any state except Texas. As of the 2000 census, fewer than one in ten residents of the area lived inside Atlanta city limits. A2006 survey by the Metro Atlanta Chamber of Commerce counted 140 cities, six cities – Johns Creek, Milton, Chattahoochee Hills, Dunwoody, Peachtree Corners, and Brookhaven – have incorporated since then, following the lead of Sandy Springs in 2005. The Atlanta metropolitan area was first defined in 1950 as Fulton, DeKalb, Gwinnett, Cobb, the CSA also abuts the Macon and Columbus MSAs. The region is one of the metropolises of the Southeastern United States, the above-listed counties are included in the Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Gainesville CSA. However, most other entities define a much smaller metropolitan area by including only the counties which have the densest suburban development. Fulton, DeKalb, Gwinnett, Cobb, and Clayton were the five original counties when the Atlanta metropolitan area was first defined in 1950, and continue to be the core of the metro area. These five counties along with five more are members of the Atlanta Regional Commission, the ten ARC counties and five more are part of the Metropolitan North Georgia Water Planning District, created in 2001. The 14 counties listed above with under 60,000 residents are not included in any other metropolitan definition except the OMB/Census Bureaus CSA. Hall County was originally the Gainesville, GA Metropolitan Statistical Area, Cumberland Perimeter Center Hartsfield-Jackson area More than one half of metro Atlantas population is in unincorporated areas or areas considered a census-designated-place by the census bureau. Metro Atlanta includes the incorporated and unincorporated suburbs, exurbs. 420,003 Places with 75,000 to 99,999 inhabitants Sandy Springs pop,76,728 Places with 50,000 to 74,999 inhabitants Alpharetta pop. 51,271 Places with 25,000 to 49,999 inhabitants Dunwoody pop,25,636 Places with 24, 999- inhabitants The area sprawls across the low foothills of the Appalachian Mountains to the north and the Piedmont to the south
Metro Atlanta
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Midtown and
Downtown Atlanta as seen from
Vinings,
Cobb County Cumberland Area skyline The
Perimeter Center skyline
Metro Atlanta
Metro Atlanta
Metro Atlanta
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Map of Metro Atlanta
35.
Atlanta Metro College
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Atlanta Metropolitan State College is a state college in the University System of Georgia, United States. Its educational programs are for students interested in earning a degree or preparing to move on to a four-year institution. Founded in 1974 as part of the University System of Georgia, Atlanta Junior College was renamed Atlanta Metropolitan College in 1988, with an enrollment of 3,200, women are in the majority, as are African-American students, and 93 percent are Georgia residents. But the college students from foreign countries. More than half of the students attend classes full-time, AMSC offers online courses via the Desire2Learn program. The campus is nestled on 79 acres, six buildings house classrooms, administrative offices and student common areas. The college offers 60 courses of study in the fields of business, humanities and fine arts, natural science and mathematics, students also may pursue an Associate of Applied Science degree through the institutions career program track
Atlanta Metro College
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Atlanta Metropolitan College
United States (USA)
Australia (AUS)
Germany (GER)
Great Britain (GBR)
Spain (ESP)
France (FRA)
Canada (CAN)
Netherlands (NED)
China (CHN)
Japan (JPN)
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