1.
United Kingdom
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The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom or Britain, is a sovereign country in western Europe. Lying off the north-western coast of the European mainland, the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain, Northern Ireland is the only part of the United Kingdom that shares a land border with another sovereign state—the Republic of Ireland. The Irish Sea lies between Great Britain and Ireland, with an area of 242,500 square kilometres, the United Kingdom is the 78th-largest sovereign state in the world and the 11th-largest in Europe. It is also the 21st-most populous country, with an estimated 65.1 million inhabitants, together, this makes it the fourth-most densely populated country in the European Union. The United Kingdom is a monarchy with a parliamentary system of governance. The monarch is Queen Elizabeth II, who has reigned since 6 February 1952, other major urban areas in the United Kingdom include the regions of Birmingham, Leeds, Glasgow, Liverpool and Manchester. The United Kingdom consists of four countries—England, Scotland, Wales, the last three have devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in their capitals, Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast, respectively. The relationships among the countries of the UK have changed over time, Wales was annexed by the Kingdom of England under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542. A treaty between England and Scotland resulted in 1707 in a unified Kingdom of Great Britain, which merged in 1801 with the Kingdom of Ireland to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Five-sixths of Ireland seceded from the UK in 1922, leaving the present formulation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain, there are fourteen British Overseas Territories. These are the remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in the 1920s, British influence can be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former colonies. The United Kingdom is a country and has the worlds fifth-largest economy by nominal GDP. The UK is considered to have an economy and is categorised as very high in the Human Development Index. It was the worlds first industrialised country and the worlds foremost power during the 19th, the UK remains a great power with considerable economic, cultural, military, scientific and political influence internationally. It is a nuclear weapons state and its military expenditure ranks fourth or fifth in the world. The UK has been a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council since its first session in 1946 and it has been a leading member state of the EU and its predecessor, the European Economic Community, since 1973. However, on 23 June 2016, a referendum on the UKs membership of the EU resulted in a decision to leave. The Acts of Union 1800 united the Kingdom of Great Britain, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have devolved self-government
2.
1997 in the United Kingdom
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Events from the year 1997 in the United Kingdom. Monarch - Elizabeth II Prime Minister – John Major, Tony Blair 15 January Diana,16 January – The Conservative Party government loses its majority in the House of Commons after the death of Iain Mills, MP for Meriden. 17 January A jury at the Old Bailey rules that 86-year-old Szymon Serafinowicz is unfit to stand trial on charges of murdering Jews during the Holocaust, east 17 singer Brian Harvey is dismissed from the band after publicly commenting that the drug Ecstasy is safe. 20 January – Death of Labour Party MP Martin Redmond ends the governments minority, on the same day, the party vows not to raise income tax if, as seems likely, it wins the forthcoming general election. 4 February - Moors Murderer Myra Hindley is informed by Home Secretary Michael Howard that she never be released from prison. 6 February – The Court of Appeal rules that Mrs Diane Blood of Leeds can be inseminated with her husbands sperm. Mrs Blood had been challenging for the right to use the sperm of her husband Stephen since just after his two years ago. 22 February – Scientists at the Roslin Institute announce the birth of a sheep named Dolly seven months after the fact. 27 February – The government loses its Commons majority again after the Labour victory at the Wirral South by-election,10 March –160 vehicles are involved in a motorway pile up on the M42 motorway at Bromsgrove, Worcestershire. Three people are killed and 60 injured,17 March – John Major announces that the general election will be held on 1 May. 18 March – The Sun newspaper, a supporter of the Conservative Party, declares its support for Tony Blair. 23 March – Unemployed continues to fall and now stands at just over 1,800,000 – its lowest level since December 1990. 30 March – Channel 5, Britains fifth terrestrial television channel,31 March – BBC pre-school childrens television series Teletubbies first airs. April – Nursery Education Voucher Scheme introduced, guaranteeing a government-funded contribution to the cost of education for 4-year-olds. 8 April BBC journalist Martin Bell announces that he is to stand as a candidate against Neil Hamilton in the Tatton constituency on an anti-corruption platform. A MORI opinion poll shows Conservative support at a high of 34%. 29 April – The last MORI poll before the election tips Labour for a victory as they gain 48% of the vote. 1 May – General Election, The Labour Party under Tony Blair defeat the incumbent Conservatives under Prime Minister John Major to win the election in a landslide result, winning 418 seats
3.
1999 in England
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28 January - Steve McManaman, captain of Liverpool Football Club, agrees to sign for Real Madrid of Spain at the end of this football season. 2 February - The Football Association dismisses Glenn Hoddie as manager due to the controversy sparked by his comments about disabled people,12 February - A 15-mile extension to the M1 motorway north of Leeds is opened by John Prescott. 17 February - Kevin Keegan accepts a contract to manage the England football team for their four matches. 22 February - Harold Shipman, the Hyde GP accused of murdering eight female patients last September, is charged with a further seven murders,2 March - Singer Dusty Springfield, who received an OBE last month, dies aged 59 after a five-year battle against breast cancer. 11 March - Wembley Stadium is sold for £103million to a consortium backed by the Football Association, the stadium, which was opened in 1923, is set to be demolished by the end of next year and a new stadium opened in its place by August 2003. 20 March - Brian Jones and Swiss balloonist Bertrand Piccard complete the first non-stop hot air balloon circumnavigation of the world. 21 March - Comedian Ernie Wise, who formed one half of the Morecambe and Wise comedy double from 1941 to 1984,26 March Chelsea assistant manager Graham Rix,41, is sentenced to a year in prison for having sex with a 15-year-old girl. Paul Scholes, 24-year-old Manchester United midfielder, scores a hat-trick in a 3-1 Wembley win over Poland in Kevin Keegans first game as England manager. 14 April - Edgar Pearce, the so-called Mardi Gra bomber, convicted for a series of bombings,17 April - A bomb explodes in Brixton, South London, and injures 45 people. Their previous final appearance came in 1968 when they won the trophy,24 April - A second bomb explosion in Brick Lane, east London injures 13 people. 26 April - TV presenter Jill Dando,37, dies after being shot on the doorstep of her Fulham home. 28 April Kevin Keegan reveals that he is prepared to become England manager on a permanent basis, sir Alf Ramsey, manager of Englands 1966 World Cup winning team, dies of a stroke aged 79. 30 April - A third bomb in London explodes in the Admiral Duncan pub, in Old Compton Street, Soho, David Copeland, a 23-year-old Farnborough man, is arrested hours later in connection with the three explosions. 3 May - David Copeland appears in court charged with the recent bombings in London,16 May - Manchester United win the Premier League title by beating Tottenham Hotspur 2-1 at Old Trafford on the last day of the league season. They have been league champions five times in seven seasons, and are also in the finals of the FA Cup,21 May - Jill Dando is buried in her hometown of Weston-super-Mare. 22 May - Manchester United win the FA Cup for a record 10th time with a 2-0 win over Newcastle United at Wembley,24 May - England national rugby team captain Lawrence Dallaglio resigns after a tabloid newspaper accused him of having taken drugs. 26 May - Manchester United complete a treble of major trophies when they defeat Bayern Munich of Germany 2-1 in the European Cup final at Nou Camp stadium in Barcelona. 8 June - former cabinet minister Jonathan Aitken is sentenced to 18 months prison for perjury,12 June - The Queens Birthday Honours are announced
4.
1999 in Northern Ireland
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Monarch - Elizabeth II15 March - Rosemary Nelson, a Lurgan solicitor, is killed in a car bomb attack by loyalist paramilitary group the Red Hand Defenders. April - Senator George Mitchell Peace Bridge opened across the Border,14 May - The fully renovated St Georges Market in Belfast reopens its doors. 22 May - The electorate of the island of Ireland go to the polls to vote on the Good Friday Agreement. 23 May - People North and South give their support to the Good Friday Agreement. 21 October - Peter Mandelson arrives in Belfast as the new Secretary of State for Northern Ireland,29 November - Ten designated ministers are appointed to the power-sharing executive of the Northern Ireland Assembly. 2 December - The Irish Government ratifies changes to Articles 2 and 3 of the Constitution, direct rule from Westminster in Northern Ireland ends. 13 December - The first meeting of the North/South Ministerial Council takes place in Armagh, nuala OLoan is appointed as first Police Ombudsman for Northern Ireland. Ciaran Carson publishes The Ballad of HMS Belfast, A Compendium of Belfast Poems, seamus Heaney publishes a verse translation of Beowulf from the Old English. Glenn Patterson publishes his novel The International, the 27th IAAF World Cross Country Championships were held 27–28 March in Belfast. Irish League Winners, Glentoran Irish Cup Winners, Portadown The Amateur Championship is held at Royal County Down Golf Club,29 May - Feargal Mellon, Plumber 11 January - Brian Moore, novelist. 15 January - Robert Lowry, Baron Lowry, Lord Chief Justice of Northern Ireland,28 January - Markey Robinson, artist. 15 March - Rosemary Nelson, solicitor killed by loyalist paramilitary group,4 April - Sir James Flanagan, first and only Roman Catholic Chief Constable of the Royal Ulster Constabulary. 3 May - Paddy Kennedy, Republican Labour Party Councillor and MP.6 June - Billy Brown, musician,29 June - Declan Mulholland, actor. 1 July - William Whitelaw, 1st Viscount Whitelaw, first Secretary of State for Northern Ireland,15 August - Paddy Devlin, a founder of the SDLP, a member of the 1974 Power Sharing Executive and author. 21 August - Noel Larmour, cricketer and diplomat,23 August - James White, science fiction novelist. 15 October - Josef Locke, tenor, eamon Collins, Provisional Irish Republican Army activist and writer
5.
1999 British Grand Prix
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The 1999 British Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held on 11 July 1999 at the Silverstone Circuit near Silverstone, England. It was the race of the 1999 Formula One season. The 60-lap race was won by McLaren driver David Coulthard after he started from third position, eddie Irvine finished second for the Ferrari team and Williams driver Ralf Schumacher came in third. Jacques Villeneuve and Alessandro Zanardi both stalled on the grid causing a race restart, while the red flags were out, Michael Schumacher crashed at Stowe corner due to brake failure, breaking his leg. This would keep him out of Formula One until the Malaysian Grand Prix, following a difficult season Damon Hill performed well to finish 5th in his home race and seemed happy enough to carry on for the rest of the season. He had also led the race for a lap, which was the last time he would lead a Grand Prix. This was Toranosuke Takagis final classified Formula One race finish and he failed to finish each of his subsequent eight races. Note, Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings
6.
1999 in British music
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This is a summary of 1999 in music in the United Kingdom, including the official charts from that year. The most successful album, Come on Over by Shania Twain, spent a total of ten weeks at the top. This year also saw the return of American Rock/New Wave band Blondie, the teenage pop singer Britney Spears. Baby One More Time was the highest selling single of the year. One of the first number one singles of the came from music producer. January became a successful month for the DJ, real name Norman Cook. The album produced many hit singles, the followup to his chart topper Right Here Right Now peaking at number two, marking his third consecutive top three hit. 1999 emphasised the trend away from girl groups, with solo acts and boy bands dominating the charts. As for other groups, Cleopatra scored one Top 30 hit with A Touch Of Love, peaking at number 24. Hepburn and the Thunderbugs, both girl bands who played their own instruments, had lesser success, neither the Spice Girls nor All Saints, both popular in the previous year, released a single in 1999. Boyzone topped the charts twice, first with a remake of a Billy Ocean song, When the Going Gets Tough, made for Comic Relief, with six #1 singles to their name, they unofficially disbanded with both Ronan Keating and Stephen Gately going on to solo success. Keating reached #1 with his début single When You Say Nothing At All later in the year, 5ive scored their first number one single with Keep On Movin after numerous consecutive top ten hits. Their peak of popularity as a boy band was short-lived as many successful groups eclipsed them. A1 were another British boy band who joined the scene during the year. Their album fared well, only reaching number 20 on the charts. American boy bands were very successful in the UK during the course of the year. With seven consecutive top ten singles behind them, The Backstreet Boys made number one with I Want It That Way, the song was taken from their album, Millennium which sold millions worldwide and made number two in the UK. Despite these successes, all boy bands paled in comparison to Westlife and their first four singles all entered the charts at number one, equalling the record set by B*Witched earlier in the year. Flying Without Wings was voted The Record of the Year by the public in the annual ITV poll, two successful actresses launched successful singing careers
7.
1999
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1999 was designated as the International Year of Older Persons. January 1 – The euro is established, January 4 – Gunmen open fire on Shia Muslims worshiping in a mosque in Islamabad, Pakistan, killing 16 and injuring 25. January 10 Sanjeev Nanda kills 3 policemen in New Delhi with his car, January 20 – The China News Service announces new government restrictions on Internet use aimed especially at Internet cafés. January 21 – In one of the largest drug busts in American history, January 25 – The 6.2 Mw Armenia, Colombia earthquake hits western Colombia, killing at least 1,000. January 31 – Family Guy debuts on Fox, February 4 – Unarmed Guinean immigrant Amadou Diallo is shot dead by New York City police officers on an unrelated stake-out, inflaming race relations in the city. February 7 – King Hussein of Jordan dies from cancer, February 11 – Pluto moves along its eccentric orbit further from the Sun than Neptune. It had been nearer than Neptune since 1979, and will again in 2231. February 12 – U. S. President Bill Clinton is acquitted in impeachment proceedings in the United States Senate, February 16 In Uzbekistan, an apparent assassination attempt against President Islam Karimov takes place at government headquarters. Across Europe, Kurdish rebels take over embassies and hold hostages after Turkey arrests one of their rebel leaders, February 21 – Sanna Sillanpää shoots 4 men, killing 3 at a shooting range in Finland. February 22 – Moderate Iraqi Shiite cleric Mohammad Mohammad Sadeq al-Sadr is assassinated, February 23 Kurdish rebel leader Abdullah Öcalan is charged with treason in Ankara, Turkey. White supremacist John William King is found guilty of kidnapping and killing African American James Byrd Jr. by dragging him behind a truck for 2 miles, an avalanche destroys the village of Galtür, Austria, killing 31. February 24 – LaGrand case, The State of Arizona executes Karl LaGrand, karls brother Walter is executed a week later, in spite of Germanys legal action in the International Court of Justice to attempt to save him. February 27 – While trying to circumnavigate the world in a hot air balloon, Colin Prescot, march 1 One of 4 bombs detonated in Lusaka, Zambia, destroys the Angolan Embassy. Rwandan Hutu rebels kill and dismember 8 foreign tourists at the Buhoma homestead, the Convention on the Prohibition of Anti-Personnel Mines comes into force. March 2 – The brand new Mandalay Bay hotel and casino opens in Las Vegas, march 3 – Walter LaGrand is executed in the gas chamber in Arizona. March 12 – Former Warsaw Pact members Hungary, Poland and the Czech Republic join NATO, march 15 – In Brussels, Belgium, the Santer Commission resigns over allegations of corruption. March 21 Bertrand Piccard and Brian Jones become the first to circumnavigate the Earth in a hot air balloon, the 71st Academy Awards are held at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion in Los Angeles with Shakespeare in Love winning Best Picture. March 23 – Gunmen assassinate Paraguays Vice President Luis María Argaña, march 24 NATO launches air strikes against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, marking the first time NATO has attacked a sovereign country
8.
Scottish Parliament
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The Scottish Parliament, is the devolved national, unicameral legislature of Scotland. Located in the Holyrood area of the city, Edinburgh. The most recent general election to the Parliament was held on 5 May 2016, as a consequence, both the Parliament of Scotland and the Parliament of England ceased to exist, and the Parliament of Great Britain, which sat at Westminster in London was formed. The Act delineates the legislative competence of the Parliament – the areas in which it can make laws – by explicitly specifying powers that are reserved to the Parliament of the United Kingdom. The Scottish Parliament has the power to legislate in all areas that are not explicitly reserved to Westminster, the British Parliament retains the ability to amend the terms of reference of the Scottish Parliament, and can extend or reduce the areas in which it can make laws. The first meeting of the new Parliament took place on 12 May 1999, initial Scottish proposals in the negotiation over the Union suggested a devolved Parliament be retained in Scotland, but this was not accepted by the English negotiators. Suggestions for a devolved Parliament were made before 1914, but were shelved due to the outbreak of the First World War, one of the principal objectives of the commission was to examine ways of enabling more self-government for Scotland, within the unitary state of the United Kingdom. Kilbrandon published his report in 1973 recommending the establishment of a directly elected Scottish Assembly to legislate for the majority of domestic Scottish affairs, the party argued that the revenues from the oil were not benefitting Scotland as much as they should. The combined effect of events led to Prime Minister Wilson committing his government to some form of devolved legislature in 1974. However, it was not until 1978 that final legislative proposals for a Scottish Assembly were passed by the United Kingdom Parliament, publishing its blueprint for devolution in 1995, the Convention provided much of the basis for the structure of the Parliament. Devolution continued to be part of the platform of the Labour Party which, in May 1997, an election was held on 6 May 1999, and on 1 July of that year power was transferred from Westminster to the new Parliament. Since September 2004, the home of the Scottish Parliament has been a new Scottish Parliament Building. The Scottish Parliament building was designed by Spanish architect Enric Miralles in partnership with local Edinburgh Architecture firm RMJM which was led by Design Principal Tony Kettle. Some of the features of the complex include leaf-shaped buildings. Throughout the building there are many repeated motifs, such as based on Raeburns Skating Minister. Crow-stepped gables and the upturned boat skylights of the Garden Lobby, Queen Elizabeth II opened the new building on 9 October 2004. In March 2006, one of the Holyrood buildings roof beams slipped out of its support and was left dangling above the back benches during a debate, the debating chamber was subsequently closed, and MSPs moved to The Hub for one week, whilst inspections were carried out. During repairs, all business was conducted in the Parliaments committee room two
9.
National Assembly for Wales
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The National Assembly for Wales is a devolved assembly with power to make legislation in Wales. The Assembly comprises 60 members, who are known as Assembly Members, the Assembly was created by the Government of Wales Act 1998, which followed a referendum in 1997. The Assembly had no powers to initiate primary legislation until limited law-making powers were gained through the Government of Wales Act 2006, the council had 27 members nominated by local authorities in Wales, the University of Wales, National Eisteddfod Council and the Welsh Tourist Board. A post of Minister of Welsh Affairs was created in 1951 and the post of Secretary of State for Wales, the establishment of the Welsh Office effectively created the basis for the territorial governance of Wales. The Royal Commission on the Constitution was set up in 1969 by Harold Wilsons Labour Government to investigate the possibility of devolution for Scotland and Wales. Its recommendations formed the basis of the 1974 White Paper Democracy and Devolution, proposals for Scotland and Wales, however, voters rejected the proposals by a majority of four to one in a referendum held in 1979. After the 1997 general election, the new Labour Government argued that an Assembly would be more accountable than the Welsh Office. For eleven years prior to 1997 Wales had been represented in the Cabinet of the United Kingdom by a Secretary of State who did not represent a Welsh constituency at Westminster. A second referendum was held on 18 September 1997 in which approved the creation of the National Assembly for Wales by a majority of 559,419 votes. The following year the Government of Wales Act was passed by the United Kingdom parliament, the Richard Commission reported in March 2004. It recommended that the National Assembly should have powers to legislate in certain areas and it also recommended changing the electoral system to the single transferable vote which would produce greater proportionality. In so doing, the Government rejected many of the cross party Richard Commissions recommendations and this has attracted criticism from opposition parties and others. The Government of Wales Act 2006 received Royal Assent on 25 July 2006 and it conferred on the Assembly legislative powers similar to other devolved legislatures through the ability to pass Assembly Measures concerning matters that are devolved. Requests for further legislative powers made through legislative competence requests were subject to the veto of the Secretary of State for Wales, the Act reformed the assembly to a parliamentary-type structure, establishing the Welsh Government as an entity separate from, but accountable to the National Assembly. It enables the Assembly to legislate within its devolved fields, the Act also reforms the Assemblys electoral system. It prevents individuals from standing as candidates in both constituency and regional seats and this aspect of the act was subject to a great deal of criticism, most notably from the Electoral Commission. Plaid Cymru, the Official Opposition in the National Assembly from 1999–2007, many commentators have also criticised the Labour Partys allegedly partisan attempt to alter the electoral system. By preventing regional Assembly Members from standing in constituency seats the party has accused of changing the rules to protect constituency representatives
10.
Monarchy of the United Kingdom
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The monarchy of the United Kingdom, commonly referred to as the British monarchy, is the constitutional monarchy of the United Kingdom, its dependencies and its overseas territories. The monarchs title is King or Queen, the current monarch and head of state, Queen Elizabeth II, ascended the throne on the death of her father, King George VI, on 6 February 1952. The monarch and his or her immediate family undertake various official, ceremonial, diplomatic, as the monarchy is constitutional, the monarch is limited to non-partisan functions such as bestowing honours and appointing the Prime Minister. The monarch is, by tradition, commander-in-chief of the British Armed Forces, from 1603, when the Scottish monarch King James VI inherited the English throne as James I, both the English and Scottish kingdoms were ruled by a single sovereign. From 1649 to 1660, the tradition of monarchy was broken by the republican Commonwealth of England, the Act of Settlement 1701 excluded Roman Catholics, or those who married Catholics, from succession to the English throne. In 1707, the kingdoms of England and Scotland were merged to create the Kingdom of Great Britain, and in 1801, the British monarch became nominal head of the vast British Empire, which covered a quarter of the worlds surface at its greatest extent in 1921. After the Second World War, the vast majority of British colonies and territories became independent, George VI and his successor, Elizabeth II, adopted the title Head of the Commonwealth as a symbol of the free association of its independent member states. The United Kingdom and fifteen other Commonwealth monarchies that share the person as their monarch are called Commonwealth realms. In the uncodified Constitution of the United Kingdom, the Monarch is the Head of State, oaths of allegiance are made to the Queen and her lawful successors. God Save the Queen is the British national anthem, and the monarch appears on postage stamps, coins, the Monarch takes little direct part in Government. Executive power is exercised by Her Majestys Government, which comprises Ministers, primarily the Prime Minister and the Cabinet and they have the direction of the Armed Forces of the Crown, the Civil Service and other Crown Servants such as the Diplomatic and Secret Services. Judicial power is vested in the Judiciary, who by constitution, the Church of England, of which the Monarch is the head, has its own legislative, judicial and executive structures. Powers independent of government are legally granted to public bodies by statute or Statutory Instrument such as an Order in Council. The Sovereigns role as a monarch is largely limited to non-partisan functions. This role has been recognised since the 19th century, the constitutional writer Walter Bagehot identified the monarchy in 1867 as the dignified part rather than the efficient part of government. Whenever necessary, the Monarch is responsible for appointing a new Prime Minister, the Prime Minister takes office by attending the Monarch in private audience, and after kissing hands that appointment is immediately effective without any other formality or instrument. Since 1945, there have only been two hung parliaments, the first followed the February 1974 general election when Harold Wilson was appointed Prime Minister after Edward Heath resigned following his failure to form a coalition. Although Wilsons Labour Party did not have a majority, they were the largest party, the second followed the May 2010 general election, in which the Conservatives and Liberal Democrats agreed to form the first coalition government since World War II
11.
Elizabeth II
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Elizabeth II has been Queen of the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand since 6 February 1952. Elizabeth was born in London as the eldest child of the Duke and Duchess of York, later King George VI and Queen Elizabeth and her father acceded to the throne on the abdication of his brother Edward VIII in 1936, from which time she was the heir presumptive. She began to undertake duties during the Second World War. Elizabeths many historic visits and meetings include a visit to the Republic of Ireland. She has seen major changes, such as devolution in the United Kingdom, Canadian patriation. She has reigned through various wars and conflicts involving many of her realms and she is the worlds oldest reigning monarch as well as Britains longest-lived. In October 2016, she became the longest currently reigning monarch, in 2017 she became the first British monarch to commemorate a Sapphire Jubilee. Elizabeth has occasionally faced republican sentiments and press criticism of the family, however, support for the monarchy remains high. Elizabeth was born at 02,40 on 21 April 1926, during the reign of her paternal grandfather and her father, Prince Albert, Duke of York, was the second son of the King. Her mother, Elizabeth, Duchess of York, was the youngest daughter of Scottish aristocrat Claude Bowes-Lyon, 14th Earl of Strathmore and she was delivered by Caesarean section at her maternal grandfathers London house,17 Bruton Street, Mayfair. Elizabeths only sibling, Princess Margaret, was born in 1930, the two princesses were educated at home under the supervision of their mother and their governess, Marion Crawford, who was casually known as Crawfie. Lessons concentrated on history, language, literature and music, Crawford published a biography of Elizabeth and Margarets childhood years entitled The Little Princesses in 1950, much to the dismay of the royal family. The book describes Elizabeths love of horses and dogs, her orderliness, others echoed such observations, Winston Churchill described Elizabeth when she was two as a character. She has an air of authority and reflectiveness astonishing in an infant and her cousin Margaret Rhodes described her as a jolly little girl, but fundamentally sensible and well-behaved. During her grandfathers reign, Elizabeth was third in the line of succession to the throne, behind her uncle Edward, Prince of Wales, and her father, the Duke of York. Although her birth generated public interest, she was not expected to become queen, many people believed that he would marry and have children of his own. When her grandfather died in 1936 and her uncle succeeded as Edward VIII, she became second-in-line to the throne, later that year, Edward abdicated, after his proposed marriage to divorced socialite Wallis Simpson provoked a constitutional crisis. Consequently, Elizabeths father became king, and she became heir presumptive, if her parents had had a later son, she would have lost her position as first-in-line, as her brother would have been heir apparent and above her in the line of succession
12.
Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
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The Prime Minister of the United Kingdom is the head of Her Majestys Government in the United Kingdom. The prime minister and Cabinet are collectively accountable for their policies and actions to the Monarch, to Parliament, to their political party, the office is one of the Great Offices of State. The current prime minister, Theresa May, leader of the Conservative Party, was appointed by the Queen on 13 July 2016. The position of Prime Minister was not created, it evolved slowly and erratically over three hundred years due to acts of Parliament, political developments, and accidents of history. The office is therefore best understood from a historical perspective, the origins of the position are found in constitutional changes that occurred during the Revolutionary Settlement and the resulting shift of political power from the Sovereign to Parliament. The political position of Prime Minister was enhanced by the development of political parties, the introduction of mass communication. By the start of the 20th century the modern premiership had emerged, prior to 1902, the prime minister sometimes came from the House of Lords, provided that his government could form a majority in the Commons. However as the power of the aristocracy waned during the 19th century the convention developed that the Prime Minister should always sit in the lower house. As leader of the House of Commons, the Prime Ministers authority was further enhanced by the Parliament Act of 1911 which marginalised the influence of the House of Lords in the law-making process. The Prime Minister is ex officio also First Lord of the Treasury, certain privileges, such as residency of 10 Downing Street, are accorded to Prime Ministers by virtue of their position as First Lord of the Treasury. As the Head of Her Majestys Government the modern Prime Minister leads the Cabinet, in addition the Prime Minister leads a major political party and generally commands a majority in the House of Commons. As such the incumbent wields both legislative and executive powers, under the British system there is a unity of powers rather than separation. In the House of Commons, the Prime Minister guides the process with the goal of enacting the legislative agenda of their political party. The Prime Minister also acts as the face and voice of Her Majestys Government. The British system of government is based on an uncodified constitution, in 1928, Prime Minister H. H. Asquith described this characteristic of the British constitution in his memoirs, In this country we live. Our constitutional practices do not derive their validity and sanction from any Bill which has received the assent of the King, Lords. They rest on usage, custom, convention, often of slow growth in their early stages, not always uniform, the relationships between the Prime Minister and the Sovereign, Parliament and Cabinet are defined largely by these unwritten conventions of the constitution. Many of the Prime Ministers executive and legislative powers are actually royal prerogatives which are still vested in the Sovereign
13.
Tony Blair
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Anthony Charles Lynton Blair is a British politician who served as the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1997 to 2007 and the Leader of the Labour Party from 1994 to 2007. From 1983 to 2007, Blair was the MP for Sedgefield, under Blairs leadership, the party used the phrase New Labour, to distance it from previous Labour policies and the traditional conception of socialism. Critics of Blair denounced him for having the Labour Party abandon genuine socialism, in May 1997, the Labour Party won a landslide general election victory, the largest in its history, allowing Blair, at 43 years old, to become the youngest Prime Minister since 1812. In September 1997, Blair attained early personal popularity, receiving a 93% public approval rating, the Labour Party went on to win two more elections under his leadership, in 2001, in which it won another landslide victory, and in 2005, with a reduced majority. In the first years of the New Labour government, Blairs government introduced the National Minimum Wage Act, Human Rights Act, Blairs government also devolved power, establishing the Scottish Parliament, the National Assembly for Wales, and the Northern Ireland Assembly. In Northern Ireland, Blair was involved in the 1998 Good Friday Agreement, Blair has faced strong criticism for his role in the invasion of Iraq, including calls for having him tried for war crimes and waging a war of aggression. In 2016, the Iraq Inquiry strongly criticised his actions and described the invasion of Iraq as unjustified, Blair also intervened militarily in Kosovo and Sierra Leone. Blair was succeeded as the leader of the Labour Party and as Prime Minister by Gordon Brown in June 2007. On the day that Blair resigned as Prime Minister, he was appointed the official Special Envoy of the Quartet on the Middle East and he now runs a consultancy business and has set up various foundations in his own name, including the Tony Blair Faith Foundation. Anthony Charles Lynton Blair was born in Edinburgh, Scotland, on 6 May 1953 and he was the second son of Leo and Hazel Blair. Leo Blair was the son of two entertainers and adopted as a baby by Glasgow shipyard worker James Blair and his wife. Hazel Corscadden was the daughter of George Corscadden, a butcher, in 1923 he returned to Ballyshannon, County Donegal. In Ballyshannon Corscaddens wife, Sarah Margaret, gave birth above the grocery shop to Blairs mother. Blair has one brother, Sir William Blair, a High Court judge. Blairs first home was with his family at Paisley Terrace in the Willowbrae area of Edinburgh, during this period, his father worked as a junior tax inspector whilst also studying for a law degree from the University of Edinburgh. Blairs first relocation was when he was 19 months old, at the end of 1954 Blairs parents and their two sons moved from Paisley Terrace to Adelaide, South Australia. His father lectured in law at the University of Adelaide and it was when in Australia that Blairs sister Sarah was born. The Blairs lived in the suburb of Dulwich close to the university, the family returned to the UK in summer 1958
14.
Labour Party (UK)
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The Labour Party is a centre-left political party in the United Kingdom. Labour later served in the coalition from 1940 to 1945. Labour was also in government from 1964 to 1970 under Harold Wilson and from 1974 to 1979, first under Wilson and then James Callaghan. The Labour Party was last in government from 1997 to 2010 under Tony Blair and Gordon Brown, beginning with a majority of 179. Having won 232 seats in the 2015 general election, the party is the Official Opposition in the Parliament of the United Kingdom, the party also organises in Northern Ireland, but does not contest elections to the Northern Ireland Assembly. The Labour Party is a member of the Party of European Socialists and Progressive Alliance. In September 2015, Jeremy Corbyn was elected Leader of the Labour Party, the first Lib–Lab candidate to stand was George Odger in the Southwark by-election of 1870. In addition, several small socialist groups had formed around this time, among these were the Independent Labour Party, the intellectual and largely middle-class Fabian Society, the Marxist Social Democratic Federation and the Scottish Labour Party. In the 1895 general election, the Independent Labour Party put up 28 candidates, Keir Hardie, the leader of the party, believed that to obtain success in parliamentary elections, it would be necessary to join with other left-wing groups. Hardies roots as a lay preacher contributed to an ethos in the party led to the comment by 1950s General Secretary Morgan Phillips that Socialism in Britain owed more to Methodism than Marx. The motion was passed at all stages by the TUC, the meeting was attended by a broad spectrum of working-class and left-wing organisations—trades unions represented about one third of the membership of the TUC delegates. This created an association called the Labour Representation Committee, meant to coordinate attempts to support MPs sponsored by trade unions and it had no single leader, and in the absence of one, the Independent Labour Party nominee Ramsay MacDonald was elected as Secretary. He had the task of keeping the various strands of opinions in the LRC united. The October 1900 Khaki election came too soon for the new party to campaign effectively, only 15 candidatures were sponsored, but two were successful, Keir Hardie in Merthyr Tydfil and Richard Bell in Derby. Support for the LRC was boosted by the 1901 Taff Vale Case, the judgement effectively made strikes illegal since employers could recoup the cost of lost business from the unions. In their first meeting after the election the groups Members of Parliament decided to adopt the name The Labour Party formally, the Fabian Society provided much of the intellectual stimulus for the party. One of the first acts of the new Liberal Government was to reverse the Taff Vale judgement, the Peoples History Museum in Manchester holds the minutes of the first Labour Party meeting in 1906 and has them on display in the Main Galleries. Also within the museum is the Labour History Archive and Study Centre, the governing Liberals were unwilling to repeal this judicial decision with primary legislation
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Parliament of the United Kingdom
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It alone possesses legislative supremacy and thereby ultimate power over all other political bodies in the UK and its territories. Its head is the Sovereign of the United Kingdom and its seat is the Palace of Westminster in the City of Westminster, one of the boroughs of the British capital, the parliament is bicameral, consisting of an upper house and a lower house. The Sovereign forms the third component of the legislature, prior to the opening of the Supreme Court in October 2009, the House of Lords also performed a judicial role through the Law Lords. The House of Commons is an elected chamber with elections held at least every five years. The two Houses meet in separate chambers in the Palace of Westminster in London, most cabinet ministers are from the Commons, whilst junior ministers can be from either House. The Parliament of Great Britain was formed in 1707 following the ratification of the Treaty of Union by Acts of Union passed by the Parliament of England and the Parliament of Scotland. The UK parliament and its institutions have set the pattern for many throughout the world. However, John Bright – who coined the epithet – used it with reference to a rather than a parliament. In theory, the UKs supreme legislative power is vested in the Crown-in-Parliament. However, the Crown normally acts on the advice of the Prime Minister, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was created in 1801, by the merger of the Kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland under the Acts of Union. The principle of responsibility to the lower House did not develop until the 19th century—the House of Lords was superior to the House of Commons both in theory and in practice. Members of the House of Commons were elected in an electoral system. Thus, the borough of Old Sarum, with seven voters, many small constituencies, known as pocket or rotten boroughs, were controlled by members of the House of Lords, who could ensure the election of their relatives or supporters. During the reforms of the 19th century, beginning with the Reform Act 1832, No longer dependent on the Lords for their seats, MPs grew more assertive. The supremacy of the British House of Commons was established in the early 20th century, in 1909, the Commons passed the so-called Peoples Budget, which made numerous changes to the taxation system which were detrimental to wealthy landowners. The House of Lords, which consisted mostly of powerful landowners, on the basis of the Budgets popularity and the Lords consequent unpopularity, the Liberal Party narrowly won two general elections in 1910. Using the result as a mandate, the Liberal Prime Minister, Herbert Henry Asquith, introduced the Parliament Bill, in the face of such a threat, the House of Lords narrowly passed the bill. However, regardless of the Parliament Acts of 1911 and 1949, the Government of Ireland Act 1920 created the parliaments of Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland and reduced the representation of both parts at Westminster
16.
Vauxhall Motors
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Vauxhall Motors is one of the oldest established vehicle manufacturers and distribution companies in Great Britain and has its headquarters in Luton, Bedfordshire, England. It is a subsidiary of the German company Adam Opel AG which is due to part of PSA Peugeot-Citroën. Until the sale, agreed to in March 2017, takes place, in March 2017 GM agreed to sell its interests in Vauxhall and Opel to the French automotive giant PSA Peugeot-Citroën, ending a 90-year association with the company. Vauxhall sells passenger cars and light commercial vehicles under the Vauxhall marque, in the past it has also sold buses, Vauxhall has been the second-largest-selling car brand in the UK for more than two decades. Vauxhall was founded by Alexander Wilson in 1857 as a pump and it was bought in 1863 by Andrew Betts Brown who began producing travelling cranes. It was he who named it Vauxhall Iron Works and it began manufacturing cars in 1903. It was acquired by GM in 1925, Bedford Vehicles was established as a subsidiary of Vauxhall in 1930 to manufacture commercial vehicles. Having previously been a car brand, after the Second World War Vauxhall became increasingly mass-market. Since 1980, Vauxhall products have been identical to those of Opel, GMs former German subsidiary. During the 1980s the Vauxhall brand was withdrawn from sale in all countries apart from the UK, the Channel Islands, at various times during its history, Vauxhall has been active in motorsports, including rallying and the British Touring Car Championship. Vauxhall has major manufacturing facilities in Luton and Ellesmere Port, UK, the Luton plant currently employs around 900 staff and has a capacity of approximately 100,000 units. The Ellesmere Port plant currently employs around 1,880 staff and has a capacity of approximately 187,000 units, notable former Vauxhall production cars include the Viva, Victor, Chevette and Cavalier. The current Vauxhall car range includes the Adam, Viva, Ampera, Astra, Cascada, Corsa, Insignia, Meriva, Mokka, Vauxhall sells high-performance versions of some of its models under the VXR sub-brand. Scottish marine engineer Alexander Wilson founded the company at 90–92 Wandsworth Road, Vauxhall, London, originally named Alex Wilson and Company, then Vauxhall Iron Works from 1897, the company built pumps and marine engines. In 1903 the company built its first car, a five-horsepower single-cylinder model steered using a tiller, about 70 were made in the first year, before the car was improved with wheel steering and a reverse gear in 1904. A single survivor could still be seen at the London Science Museum in 1968, to expand, the company moved the majority of its production to Luton in 1905. The company continued to trade under the name Vauxhall Iron Works until 1907, the company was characterised by its sporting models, but after World War I the companys designs were more austere. Much of Vauxhalls success during the years of Vauxhall Motors was attributable to Laurence Pomeroy
17.
Opel Vectra
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The Opel Vectra is a large family car that was engineered and produced by the German automaker Opel. In the United Kingdom, the car was sold under the Vauxhall marque as the Vauxhall Cavalier and later as the Vauxhall Vectra and it has also been sold by Holden in Australasia as Holden Vectra, and by Chevrolet in Latin America as the Chevrolet Vectra. The first generation Vectra, known as the Vectra A, was introduced in October 1988, as a notchback saloon. A coupé based on the Vectra, called the Calibra, was introduced the following year, both cars were designed by the Opel design chief at the time, Wayne Cherry. Vauxhall Motors, the British GM subsidiary that shared most of its models with Opel, the 1989 Vectra came in Base, LS, GL, GLS, CD, and GT models, its sister model was the third generation Cavalier. Engines ranged initially from a 75 PS1.4 L to a 130 PS2.0 L Family II, four-wheel drive versions were added to the lineup in 1990, and in 1993, the car received a limited edition turbocharged version, with 204 PS. The 1. 4-litre engine was not available in all markets, a 2.5 L V6 engine appeared towards the later stages of the Vectras life, developing 170 PS, turning the car into a relaxed motorway cruiser rather than giving it sporty pretensions. The front suspension was independent, with MacPherson struts, pressed steel lower control arms. The front suspension, together with the major mechanicals is remotely mounted on a front subframe, steering gear is a rack and pinion type, mounted on the bulkhead, with a telescopically deformable steering column. The Vectra also received a refresh in September 1992, the range received new front grilles and a black plastic strip above the rear tail lights, along with an upgrade to the structure for improved crashworthiness. Airbags became available from 1993 onward, the Vectra gave birth to a coupé version, the Opel Calibra, which shared the Vectras platform, gearbox and several engines. In New Zealand, the Vectra A was offered initially as an Opel between 1989 and 1994, but it wore Holden badges between 1994 and 1996 until the introduction of the Vectra B. It was not sold in Australia, where Holden instead offered a rebadged Toyota Camry called Apollo until 1997, in Brazil, the Chevrolet-badged Vectra A was not introduced until 1993, when it replaced the Chevrolet Monza, a restyled version of the Ascona C. This was similar to the Opel Kadett In 1994, the European Turbo 4x4 version of the Vectra was used in Formula One as its Safety Car, most notably, it was deployed at the San Marino Grand Prix. The second model, the Vectra B, was introduced in October 1995, at the Frankfurt Motor Show, and this model replaced the Vauxhall Cavalier in the United Kingdom. In March 2004, car production at the finished, although production of commercial vehicles continued. In September 1996, the estate version premiered. In September 2002, the Vectra B was succeeded with the Vectra C, the model was badged as the Holden Vectra in Australia and New Zealand
18.
Euro
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Outside of Europe, a number of overseas territories of EU members also use the euro as their currency. Additionally,210 million people worldwide as of 2013 use currencies pegged to the euro, the euro is the second largest reserve currency as well as the second most traded currency in the world after the United States dollar. The name euro was adopted on 16 December 1995 in Madrid. The euro was introduced to world markets as an accounting currency on 1 January 1999. While the euro dropped subsequently to US$0.8252 within two years, it has traded above the U. S. dollar since the end of 2002, peaking at US$1.6038 on 18 July 2008. In July 2012, the euro fell below US$1.21 for the first time in two years, following concerns raised over Greek debt and Spains troubled banking sector, as of 26 March 2017, the euro–dollar exchange rate stands at ~ US$1.07. The euro is managed and administered by the Frankfurt-based European Central Bank, as an independent central bank, the ECB has sole authority to set monetary policy. The Eurosystem participates in the printing, minting and distribution of notes and coins in all states. The 1992 Maastricht Treaty obliges most EU member states to adopt the euro upon meeting certain monetary and budgetary convergence criteria, all nations that have joined the EU since 1993 have pledged to adopt the euro in due course. Since 5 January 2002, the central banks and the ECB have issued euro banknotes on a joint basis. Euro banknotes do not show which central bank issued them, Eurosystem NCBs are required to accept euro banknotes put into circulation by other Eurosystem members and these banknotes are not repatriated. The ECB issues 8% of the value of banknotes issued by the Eurosystem. In practice, the ECBs banknotes are put into circulation by the NCBs and these liabilities carry interest at the main refinancing rate of the ECB. The euro is divided into 100 cents, in Community legislative acts the plural forms of euro and cent are spelled without the s, notwithstanding normal English usage. Otherwise, normal English plurals are used, with many local variations such as centime in France. All circulating coins have a side showing the denomination or value. Due to the plurality in the European Union, the Latin alphabet version of euro is used. For the denominations except the 1-, 2- and 5-cent coins, beginning in 2007 or 2008 the old map is being replaced by a map of Europe also showing countries outside the Union like Norway
19.
Pound sterling
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It is subdivided into 100 pence. A number of nations that do not use sterling also have called the pound. At various times, the sterling was commodity money or bank notes backed by silver or gold. The pound sterling is the worlds oldest currency still in use, the British Crown dependencies of Guernsey and Jersey produce their own local issues of sterling, the Guernsey pound and the Jersey pound. The pound sterling is also used in the Isle of Man, Gibraltar, the Bank of England is the central bank for the pound sterling, issuing its own coins and banknotes, and regulating issuance of banknotes by private banks in Scotland and Northern Ireland. Sterling is the fourth most-traded currency in the exchange market, after the United States dollar, the euro. Together with those three currencies it forms the basket of currencies which calculate the value of IMF special drawing rights, Sterling is also the third most-held reserve currency in global reserves. The full, official name, pound sterling, is used mainly in formal contexts, otherwise the term pound is normally used. The abbreviations ster. or stg. are sometimes used, the term British pound is commonly used in less formal contexts, although it is not an official name of the currency. The pound sterling is also referred to as cable amongst forex traders, the origins of this term are attributed to the fact that in the 1800s, the dollar/pound sterling exchange rate was transmitted via transatlantic cable. Forex brokers are sometimes referred to as cable dealers, as another established source notes, the compound expression was then derived, silver coins known as sterlings were issued in the Saxon kingdoms,240 of them being minted from a pound of silver. Hence, large payments came to be reckoned in pounds of sterlings, in 1260, Henry III granted them a charter of protection. And because the Leagues money was not frequently debased like that of England, English traders stipulated to be paid in pounds of the Easterlings, and land for their Kontor, the Steelyard of London, which by the 1340s was also called Easterlings Hall, or Esterlingeshalle. For further discussion of the etymology of sterling, see sterling silver, the currency sign for the pound sign is £, which is usually written with a single cross-bar, though a version with a double cross-bar is also sometimes seen. The ISO4217 currency code is GBP, occasionally, the abbreviation UKP is used but this is non-standard because the ISO3166 country code for the United Kingdom is GB. The Crown dependencies use their own codes, GGP, JEP, stocks are often traded in pence, so traders may refer to pence sterling, GBX, when listing stock prices. A common slang term for the pound sterling or pound is quid, since decimalisation in 1971, the pound has been divided into 100 pence. The symbol for the penny is p, hence an amount such as 50p properly pronounced fifty pence is more colloquially, quite often, pronounced fifty pee /fɪfti, pi and this also helped to distinguish between new and old pence amounts during the changeover to the decimal system
20.
England national football team
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The England national football team represents England in international football and is controlled by The Football Association, the governing body for football in England. England are one of the two oldest national teams in football, alongside Scotland, whom played in the worlds first international football match in 1872. Englands home ground is Wembley Stadium, London, and the current manager is Gareth Southgate, England contest the FIFA World Cup and UEFA European Championship, which alternate biennially. In contesting for the World Cup seventeen times over the past sixty four years, England won the 1966 World Cup, when they hosted the finals, the England national football team is the joint-oldest in the world, it was formed at the same time as Scotland. A representative match between England and Scotland was played on 5 March 1870, having been organised by the Football Association, a return fixture was organised by representatives of Scottish football teams on 30 November 1872. Over the next forty years, England played exclusively with the other three Home Nations—Scotland, Wales and Ireland—in the British Home Championship, to begin with, England had no permanent home stadium. They joined FIFA in 1906 and played their first ever games against countries other than the Home Nations on a tour of Central Europe in 1908, Wembley Stadium was opened in 1923 and became their home ground. The relationship between England and FIFA became strained, and this resulted in their departure from FIFA in 1928 and their first ever defeat on home soil to a foreign team was a 0–2 loss to the Republic of Ireland, on 21 September 1949 at Goodison Park. A 6–3 loss in 1953 to Hungary, was their defeat by a foreign team at Wembley. In the return match in Budapest, Hungary won 7–1 and this still stands as Englands worst ever defeat. After the game, a bewildered Syd Owen said, it was like playing men from outer space, in the 1954 FIFA World Cup, England reached the quarter-finals for the first time, and lost 4–2 to reigning champions Uruguay. Although Walter Winterbottom was appointed as Englands first ever manager in 1946. In UEFA Euro 1968, the reached the semi-finals for the first time. England qualified for the 1970 FIFA World Cup in Mexico as reigning champions, and reached the quarter-finals, England had been 2–0 up, but were eventually beaten 3–2 after extra time. They failed in qualification for the 1974, leading to Ramseys dismissal, under Ron Greenwood, they managed to qualify for the 1982 FIFA World Cup in Spain, despite not losing a game, they were eliminated in the second group stage. Despite losing to Italy in the third place play-off, the members of the England team were given bronze medals identical to the Italians’, the England team of 1990 were welcomed home as heroes and thousands of people lined the streets, for a spectacular open-top bus parade. However, the team did not win any matches in UEFA Euro 1992, drawing with tournament winners Denmark, the 1990s saw four England managers, each in the role for a relatively brief period. Graham Taylor was Robsons successor, but resigned after England failed to qualify for the 1994 FIFA World Cup, at UEFA Euro 1996, held in England, Terry Venables led England, equalling their best performance at a European Championship, reaching the semi-finals as they did in 1968
21.
Glenn Hoddle
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Glenn Hoddle is an English former footballer and manager who played as a midfielder for Tottenham Hotspur, AS Monaco, Chelsea and Swindon Town and at international level for England. He was most recently first team coach at Queens Park Rangers having been appointed, on a part-time basis, however, following Redknapps resignation in February 2015, Hoddle also left the club. He has been manager of Swindon Town, Chelsea, Southampton, Tottenham Hotspur, as a manager, he took England to the second round of the 1998 FIFA World Cup, where they lost to Argentina on penalties. Hoddle is currently part of ITVs coverage of England Internationals as well as contributing to The Mail on Sunday, Hoddle was born in Hayes, Middlesex. He started his career at Watford, having been a product of their youth academy, Hoddle also played over 45 matches for his secondary school before being spotted at a school football game by a passing scout who was apparently walking his dog at the time. Hoddle joined the club as an apprentice in April 1974 following the recommendation of another Tottenham legend. He successfully overcame knee problems in his teens and collected England Youth caps prior to making his first-team debut as a 17-year-old substitute against Norwich City in August 1975. Hoddle was forced to wait until February 1976 to start a First Division match and immediately announced his arrival with a strike past Stoke City. As Tottenhams transitional phase continued, Hoddles enigmatic and often controversial international career began in December 1976 against Wales in an Under-21 fixture. He would collect another seven caps at that level and play twice for the England B team prior to scoring on his international debut against Bulgaria in November 1979. In October 1983, he helped Spurs win 6–2 on aggregate against a Feyenoord Rotterdam side containing Johan Cruyff, such was the quality of his performance in both matches, the Dutch legend entered the Tottenham dressing room and offered Hoddle his shirt as a sign of respect. The unexpected loss to the Midlands side was Hoddles last match for Spurs as newly appointed AS Monaco manager Arsène Wenger brought him to the principality for a fee of £750,000. Between 1975 and 1987, the gifted playmaker scored 110 goals in 490 first-team matches in all competitions, at international level, Hoddle won 44 caps for England during his Tottenham career. In 1987, Hoddle also found himself in the pop charts, with the single Diamond Lights making the UK Top 20 in a duet with Spurs and England team-mate Chris Waddle. He joined AS Monaco alongside George Weah and fellow Englishman Mark Hateley and immediately inspired the club to the 1988 Ligue 1 championship, Hoddle was voted the Best Foreign Player in French football and helped to guide the team to the quarter-finals of the European Cup in the 1988–89 campaign. Arsène Wenger was the coach who brought him to Monaco and ironically Hoddle would go on to face his former manager in the heated North London Derby as manager of Tottenham Hotspur. During his three and a spell in France, Hoddle represented England nine times, making his international farewell against the Soviet Union in June 1988. Hoddle made his debut in Englands Euro 80 qualifying tie against Bulgaria on 22 November 1979 and he scored in his third appearance against Australia on 31 May 1980 in a friendly in Sydney
22.
The Times
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The Times is a British daily national newspaper based in London, England. It began in 1785 under the title The Daily Universal Register, the Times and its sister paper The Sunday Times are published by Times Newspapers, since 1981 a subsidiary of News UK, itself wholly owned by News Corp. The Times and The Sunday Times do not share editorial staff, were founded independently and have only had common ownership since 1967 and its news and its editorial comment have in general been carefully coordinated, and have at most times been handled with an earnest sense of responsibility. While the paper has admitted some trivia to its columns, its emphasis has been on important public affairs treated with an eye to the best interests of Britain. To guide this treatment, the editors have for long periods been in touch with 10 Downing Street. In these countries, the newspaper is often referred to as The London Times or The Times of London, although the newspaper is of national scope, in November 2006 The Times began printing headlines in a new font, Times Modern. The Times was printed in broadsheet format for 219 years, the Sunday Times remains a broadsheet. The Times had a daily circulation of 446,164 in December 2016, in the same period. An American edition of The Times has been published since 6 June 2006 and it has been heavily used by scholars and researchers because of its widespread availability in libraries and its detailed index. A complete historical file of the paper, up to 2010, is online from Gale Cengage Learning. The Times was founded by publisher John Walter on 1 January 1785 as The Daily Universal Register, Walter had lost his job by the end of 1784 after the insurance company where he was working went bankrupt because of the complaints of a Jamaican hurricane. Being unemployed, Walter decided to set a new business up and it was in that time when Henry Johnson invented the logography, a new typography that was faster and more precise. Walter bought the patent and to use it, he decided to open a printing house. The first publication of the newspaper The Daily Universal Register in Great Britain was 1 January 1785, unhappy because people always omitted the word Universal, Ellias changed the title after 940 editions on 1 January 1788 to The Times. In 1803, Walter handed ownership and editorship to his son of the same name, the Times used contributions from significant figures in the fields of politics, science, literature, and the arts to build its reputation. For much of its life, the profits of The Times were very large. Beginning in 1814, the paper was printed on the new steam-driven cylinder press developed by Friedrich Koenig, in 1815, The Times had a circulation of 5,000. Thomas Barnes was appointed editor in 1817
23.
The Football Association
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The Football Association, also known simply as the FA, is the governing body of association football in England, and the Crown dependencies of Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man. Formed in 1863, it is the oldest football association in the world and is responsible for overseeing all aspects of the amateur, the FA sanctions all competitive football matches within its remit at national level, and indirectly at local level through the County Football Associations. It runs numerous competitions, the most famous of which is the FA Cup, the FA is a member of both UEFA and FIFA and holds a permanent seat on the International Football Association Board which is responsible for the laws of the game. As the first football association, it not use the national name English in its title. The FA is based at Wembley Stadium, London, the FA is a member of the British Olympic Association, meaning that the FA has control over the mens and womens Great Britain Olympic football team. All of Englands professional football teams are members of the Football Association, although it does not run the day-to-day operations of the Premier League, it has veto power over the appointment of the League Chairman and Chief Executive and over any changes to league rules. The English Football League, made up of the three professional divisions below the Premier League, is self-governing, subject to the FAs sanctions. Another set of rules, the Sheffield Rules, was used by a number of clubs in the North of England from the 1850s, eleven London football clubs and schools representatives met on 26 October 1863 to agree on common rules. The founding clubs present at the first meeting were Barnes, Civil Service, Crusaders, Forest of Leytonstone, many of these clubs are now defunct or play rugby union. Civil Service FC, who now plays in the Southern Amateur League, is the one of the original eleven football clubs still in existence. There are only three institutions which have been members of the F. A. since 1863, those being Civil Service, Forest School and Kings College. Central to the creation of the Football Association and modern football was Ebenezer Cobb Morley and he was a founding member of the Football Association in 1863. In 1862, as captain of Barnes, he wrote to Bells Life newspaper proposing a governing body for the sport led to the first meeting at The Freemasons Tavern that created the FA. He was the FAs first secretary and its president and drafted the Laws of the Game generally called the London Rules at his home in Barnes. As a player, he played in the first ever match in 1863, the first version of the rules for the modern game was drawn up over a series of six meetings held in The Freemasons Tavern from October till December. Of the clubs at the first meeting, Crusaders, Surbiton and Charterhouse did not attend the subsequent meetings, replaced instead by the Royal Navy School, Wimbledon School, at the final meeting, F. M. Other English rugby clubs followed this lead and did not join the FA, the term soccer dates back to this split to refer to football played under the association rules. The Richmond side were obviously unimpressed by the new rules in practice because they helped form the Rugby Football Union in 1871
24.
Rowett Research Institute
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The Rowett Institute for Nutrition and Health is a research centre for studies into food and nutrition, located in Aberdeen, Scotland. The first director was John Boyd Orr, later to become Lord Boyd Orr, Orr drew up some plans for a nutrition research institute. Orr also donated £5000 for the building of a laboratory building at Craibstone. At the breakout of the Great War, Orr left the Institute, Orr continued to push for a new research institute and finally the Government agreed to pay half the costs but stipulated that the other half was to be found from other sources. The extra money was donated by Dr John Quiller Rowett, a businessman and director of a wine, rowetts donation allowed the purchase of 41 acres of land for the Institute to be built on. Rowett also contributed £10,000 towards the cost of the buildings, the Institute was formally opened in 1922 by Queen Mary. On 1 July 2008 the Institute merged with the University of Aberdeen to become the Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, College of Life Sciences, in March 2016 the Rowett Institute relocated to a purpose-built building at the Universitys Medical School campus at Foresterhill, Aberdeen. Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health Celebrating 100 years of the Rowett
25.
Aberdeen
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Nicknames include the Granite City, the Grey City and the Silver City with the Golden Sands. During the mid-18th to mid-20th centuries, Aberdeens buildings incorporated locally quarried grey granite, since the discovery of North Sea oil in the 1970s, other nicknames have been the Oil Capital of the World or the Energy Capital of the World. The area around Aberdeen has been settled since at least 8,000 years ago, the city has a long, sandy coastline and a marine climate, the latter resulting in chilly summers and mild winters. Aberdeen received Royal Burgh status from David I of Scotland, transforming the city economically, the traditional industries of fishing, paper-making, shipbuilding, and textiles have been overtaken by the oil industry and Aberdeens seaport. Aberdeen Heliport is one of the busiest commercial heliports in the world, in 2015, Mercer named Aberdeen the 57th most liveable city in the world, as well as the fourth most liveable city in Britain. In 2012, HSBC named Aberdeen as a business hub and one of eight super cities spearheading the UKs economy. The Aberdeen area has seen human settlement for at least 8,000 years. The city began as two separate burghs, Old Aberdeen at the mouth of the river Don, and New Aberdeen, a fishing and trading settlement, the earliest charter was granted by William the Lion in 1179 and confirmed the corporate rights granted by David I. In 1319, the Great Charter of Robert the Bruce transformed Aberdeen into a property-owning, granted with it was the nearby Forest of Stocket, whose income formed the basis for the citys Common Good Fund which still benefits Aberdonians. The city was burned by Edward III of England in 1336, but was rebuilt and extended, the city was strongly fortified to prevent attacks by neighbouring lords, but the gates were removed by 1770. During the Wars of the Three Kingdoms of 1644–1647 the city was plundered by both sides, in 1644, it was taken and ransacked by Royalist troops after the Battle of Aberdeen and two years later it was stormed by a Royalist force under the command of Marquis of Huntly. In 1647 an outbreak of plague killed a quarter of the population. In the 18th century, a new Town Hall was built and the first social services appeared with the Infirmary at Woolmanhill in 1742 and the Lunatic Asylum in 1779. The council began major road improvements at the end of the 18th century with the main thoroughfares of George Street, King Street, gas street lighting arrived in 1824 and an enhanced water supply appeared in 1830 when water was pumped from the Dee to a reservoir in Union Place. An underground sewer system replaced open sewers in 1865, the city was incorporated in 1891. Although Old Aberdeen has a history and still holds its ancient charter. It is an part of the city, as is Woodside. Old Aberdeen is the location of Aberdon, the first settlement of Aberdeen
26.
Genetically modified food
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Genetic engineering techniques allow for the introduction of new traits as well as greater control over traits than previous methods such as selective breeding and mutation breeding. Commercial sale of genetically modified foods began in 1994, when Calgene first marketed its unsuccessful Flavr Savr delayed-ripening tomato, most food modifications have primarily focused on cash crops in high demand by farmers such as soybean, corn, canola, and cotton. Genetically modified crops have been engineered for resistance to pathogens and herbicides, GM livestock have been developed, although as of November 2013 none were on the market. Nonetheless, members of the public are much less likely than scientists to perceive GM foods as safe, the legal and regulatory status of GM foods varies by country, with some nations banning or restricting them, and others permitting them with widely differing degrees of regulation. The technology is called modern biotechnology or gene technology, sometimes also recombinant DNA technology or genetic engineering. Foods produced from or using GM organisms are referred to as GM foods. Human-directed genetic manipulation of food began with the domestication of plants, with the discovery of DNA in the early 1900s and various advancements in genetic techniques through the 1970s it became possible to directly alter the DNA and genes within food. The first genetically modified plant was produced in 1983, using an antibiotic-resistant tobacco plant, genetically modified microbial enzymes were the first application of genetically modified organisms in food production and were approved in 1988 by the US Food and Drug Administration. In the early 1990s, recombinant chymosin was approved for use in several countries, cheese had typically been made using the enzyme complex rennet that had been extracted from cows stomach lining. Scientists modified bacteria to produce chymosin, which was able to clot milk. The first genetically modified food approved for release was the Flavr Savr tomato in 1994, developed by Calgene, it was engineered to have a longer shelf life by inserting an antisense gene that delayed ripening. China was the first country to commercialize a transgenic crop in 1993 with the introduction of virus-resistant tobacco, in 1995, Bacillus thuringiensis Potato was approved for cultivation, making it the first pesticide producing crop to be approved in the USA. With the creation of golden rice in 2000, scientists had genetically modified food to increase its nutrient value for the first time, by 2010,29 countries had planted commercialized biotech crops and a further 31 countries had granted regulatory approval for transgenic crops to be imported. The US was the country in the production of GM foods in 2011. In 2015, 92% of corn, 94% of soybeans, the first genetically modified animal to be approved for food use was AquAdvantage salmon in 2015. The agency considers the mushroom exempt because the process did not involve the introduction of foreign DNA. The most widely planted GMOs are designed to tolerate herbicides, by 2006 some weed populations had evolved to tolerate some of the same herbicides. Palmer amaranth is a weed that competes with cotton, a native of the southwestern US, it traveled east and was first found resistant to glyphosate in 2006, less than 10 years after GM cotton was introduced
27.
Harold Shipman
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Harold Frederick Shipman was a British GP and one of the most prolific serial killers in recorded history. On 31 January 2000, a jury found Shipman guilty of 15 murders and he was sentenced to life imprisonment with the recommendation that he never be released. His youngest confirmed victim was a 41-year-old man, although significant suspicion arose concerning patients as young as 4, much of Britains legal structure concerning health care and medicine was reviewed and modified as a result of Shipmans crimes. He is the only British physician to have been guilty of murdering his patients. Shipman died on 13 January 2004, the day before his 58th birthday, Harold Frederick Shipman was born on the Bestwood council estate in Nottingham, England, the second of the four children of Harold Frederick Shipman, a lorry driver, and Vera Brittan. His working-class parents were devout Methodists, growing up, Shipman proved himself an accomplished rugby player in youth leagues. He excelled as a runner and in his final year at school was vice-captain of the athletics team. Shipman was particularly close to his mother, who died of cancer when he was 17. Her death came in a similar to what later became Shipmans own modus operandi, in the later stages of her disease. Shipman witnessed his mothers pain subside despite her condition, up until her death on 21 June 1963. On 5 November 1966, Shipman married Primrose May Oxtoby, Shipman studied medicine at Leeds School of Medicine and graduated in 1970. In 1975, he was caught forging prescriptions of pethidine for his own use and he was fined £600 and briefly attended a drug rehabilitation clinic in York. He became a GP at the Donneybrook Medical Centre in Hyde near Manchester, Shipman continued working as a GP in Hyde throughout the 1980s and began his own surgery at 21 Market Street in 1993, becoming a respected member of the community. In 1983, he was interviewed on the Granada Television documentary World in Action on how the mentally ill should be treated in the community, a year after his conviction, the interview was rebroadcast on Tonight with Trevor McDonald. In particular, she was concerned about the number of cremation forms for elderly women that he had needed countersigned. Between 17 April 1998, when the abandoned the investigation. His last victim was Kathleen Grundy, who was dead at her home on 24 June 1998. Shipman was the last person to see her alive, and later signed her death certificate, in August 1998 taxi driver John Shaw, from Hyde, contacted the police, informing them that he suspected Shipman of murdering 21 of his patients
28.
Hyde, Greater Manchester
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Hyde is a town in Greater Manchester, England. In 2011, it had a population of 34,003, historically in Cheshire, it is 5 miles northeast of Stockport,6 miles west of Glossop and 7 miles east of Manchester. Newton Hall was present in the 13th century, the area formed a township of the parish of St Mary, Stockport. Its name is derived from the Hide, a measure of land for taxation purposes, in later times it was taken to be equivalent to 120 acres. In the late 18th century the area that was to become the centre was no more than a cluster houses known as Red Pump Street. Gee Cross was much larger and Hyde was still used to refer to the estates of Hyde Hall on the banks of the River Tame. Altogether there were only 3,500 inhabitants in the district in 1801, the town is largely a creation of the 19th century and the Industrial Revolution. The population of Hyde increased due to the success of the mills during the Industrial Revolution of the late 18th and early 19th centuries. By 1872 only 27 remained, half of the mills closed between 1921 and 1939 and there is only one working mill in the town today. There were many mill owning families, including the Sidebotham, Hibbert, the main employers in the mills were the Ashton family who successfully ran a combined spinning and weaving company. Most mills concentrated on one process only, the Ashton family built Hyde Chapel on Stockport Road, Gee Cross. The Ashton Brothers Mill has recently been demolished to make way for a housing estate, St Georges Church was built in 1832 as a chapel of ease to St Marys, Stockport. It was built at the instigation of John Hyde Clarke of Hyde Hall and was the first Church of England place of worship in the town, St Georges became the parish church of part of Hyde township in 1842. Later additions include the lychgate, boathouse by the canal, hearse house, parish rooms, the church has a 110-foot tower housing eight bells and a clock. The Peak Forest Canal was constructed through Hyde from Ashton-under-Lyne to Woodley, Romiley, Captain Clarkes Bridge, originally named Wood End Canal Bridge is situated at the end of Woodend Lane. The bridge was erected before Captain Clarke rose to prominence and therefore became known as Captain Clarkes Bridge after he retired and resided there. There was also a mine, known as Hyde Colliery, in the town. There was a held the following month at the town hall
29.
Murder of Stephen Lawrence
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Stephen Lawrence was a Black British man from Plumstead, south east London, who was murdered in a racially motivated attack while waiting for a bus on the evening of 22 April 1993. After the initial investigation, five suspects were arrested but not convicted, a public inquiry was held in 1998, headed by Sir William Macpherson, that examined the original Metropolitan Police Service investigation and concluded that the force was institutionally racist. The publication in 1999 of the resulting Macpherson Report has been called one of the most important moments in the history of criminal justice in Britain. Jack Straw, Home Secretary from 1997 to 2001, commented in 2012 that ordering the inquiry was the single most important decision I made as Home Secretary, in 2010 the case was described as being one of the highest-profile unsolved racially-motivated murders. At the same time it was disclosed that Dobsons original acquittal had been quashed by the Court of Appeal, such an appeal had only become possible following the 2005 change in the law, although Dobson was not the first person to be retried for murder as a result. In the years after Dobson and Norris were sentenced, the case again regained prominence when concerns of police conduct during the original case handling surfaced in the media. An inquiry into whether members of the police force shielded the alleged killers was set up in October 2015, Stephen Lawrence was born on 13 September 1974 to Jamaican parents who had emigrated to the UK in the 1960s. His father was Neville Lawrence, a carpenter, and his mother was Doreen, brought up in Plumstead, South-East London, he was the eldest of three children, Stuart and Georgina. During his teenage years, Lawrence excelled in running, competing for the local Cambridge Harriers athletics club, and appeared as an extra in Denzel Washingtons film For Queen and Country. At the time of his death he was studying technology and physics at the Blackheath Bluecoat School and English language and literature at Woolwich College, Lawrence had spent the day of Thursday 22 April 1993 at Blackheath Bluecoat School. After school, he went to Lewisham to look around shops, after this, he travelled by bus to an uncles house in Grove Park. He was joined there by Duwayne Brooks, and they played video games until leaving at around 10,00 pm. After realising that the bus 286 on which they were travelling would get home late. Lawrence and Brooks arrived at the bus stop on Well Hall Road at 10,25 pm, Lawrence walked along Well Hall Road to the junction of Dickson Road to see if he could see a bus coming and then went back towards the bus stop. Brooks was still on Well Hall Road, part way between Dickson Road and the roundabout with Rochester Way and Westhorne Avenue. At this point, Brooks saw a group of five or six white youths crossing over Rochester Way on the side of the street near the area of the zebra crossing moving towards them. At or just after 10,38 pm, he called out to ask whether Lawrence saw the bus coming, Brooks claimed that he heard one of Lawrences assailants saying, What, what, nigger. Both of the stab wounds severed axillary arteries before penetrating a lung, as a result, Lawrence lost all feeling in his right arm and his breathing was constricted, while he was losing blood from four major blood vessels
30.
Dusty Springfield
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Mary Isobel Catherine Bernadette OBrien, OBE, better known as Dusty Springfield, was an English pop singer and record producer whose career extended from the late 1950s to the 1990s. She is a member of the US Rock and Roll and UK Music Halls of Fame, international polls have named Springfield among the best female rock artists of all time. Her image, supported by a peroxide blonde bouffant hairstyle, evening gowns, born in West Hampstead to a family that enjoyed music, Springfield learned to sing at home. In 1958 she joined her first professional group, The Lana Sisters and her solo career began in 1963 with the upbeat pop hit, I Only Want to Be with You. Among the hits that followed were Wishin and Hopin , I Just Dont Know What to Do with Myself, You Dont Have to Say You Love Me, and Son of a Preacher Man. Although she was never considered a Northern Soul artist in her own right and she was the first UK singer to top the New Musical Express readers poll for Female Singer. To boost her credibility as a soul artist, Springfield went to Memphis, Tennessee, to record Dusty in Memphis, an album of pop and soul music with the Atlantic Records main production team. Released in 1969, it has ranked among the greatest albums of all time by the US magazine Rolling Stone and in polls by VH1 artists, New Musical Express readers. The album was awarded a spot in the Grammy Hall of Fame. Despite its current recognition, the album did not sell well and after its release, however, in collaboration with Pet Shop Boys, she returned to the Top 10 of the UK and US charts in 1987 with What Have I Done to Deserve This. Two years later, she had two other UK hits on her own with Nothing Has Been Proved and In Private, subsequently, in the mid-1990s, owing to the inclusion of Son of a Preacher Man on the Pulp Fiction soundtrack, interest in her early output was revived. Springfield was born Mary Isobel Catherine Bernadette OBrien on 16 April 1939 in West Hampstead and her older brother, Dionysius P. A. OBrien, was later known as Tom Springfield. Springfields father, who had raised in British India, worked as a tax accountant and consultant. Her mother came from an Irish family, originally from Tralee, County Kerry, Springfield was brought up in High Wycombe, Buckinghamshire until the early 1950s, and later lived in Ealing. She attended St Annes Convent School, Northfields, a traditional all-girl school, Springfield and her brother were both prone to food-throwing as adults. She was given the nickname Dusty for playing football with boys in the street, Springfield was raised in a music-loving family. Her father would tap out rhythms on the back of her hand and she listened to a wide range of music, including George Gershwin, Rodgers and Hart, Rodgers and Hammerstein, Cole Porter, Count Basie, Duke Ellington, and Glenn Miller. A fan of American jazz and the vocalists Peggy Lee and Jo Stafford, at the age of twelve, she made a recording of herself performing the Irving Berlin song When the Midnight Choo Choo Leaves for Alabam at a local record shop in Ealing
31.
Order of the British Empire
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There is also the related British Empire Medal, whose recipients are affiliated with, but not members of, the order. Recommendations for appointments to the Order of the British Empire were at first made on the nomination of the United Kingdom, the self-governing Dominions of the Empire, nominations continue today from Commonwealth countries that participate in recommending British honours. Most members are citizens of the United Kingdom or the Commonwealth realms that use the Imperial system of honours and awards. Honorary knighthoods are appointed to citizens of nations where the Queen is not head of state, occasionally, honorary appointees are, incorrectly, referred to as Sir or Dame – Bill Gates or Bob Geldof, for example. In particular, King George V wished to create an Order to honour many thousands of those who had served in a variety of non-combatant roles during the First World War, when first established, the Order had only one division. However, in 1918, soon after its foundation, it was divided into Military. The Orders motto is For God and the Empire, at the foundation of the Order, the Medal of the Order of the British Empire was instituted, to serve as a lower award granting recipients affiliation but not membership. In 1922, this was renamed the British Empire Medal, in addition, the BEM is awarded by the Cook Islands and by some other Commonwealth nations. The British monarch is Sovereign of the Order, and appoints all members of the Order. The next most senior member is the Grand Master, of whom there have been three, Prince Edward, the Prince of Wales, Queen Mary, and the current Grand Master, the Duke of Edinburgh. The Order is limited to 300 Knights and Dames Grand Cross,845 Knights and Dames Commander, and 8,960 Commanders. There are no limits applied to the number of members of the fourth and fifth classes. Foreign recipients, as members, do not contribute to the numbers restricted to the Order as full members do. Though men can be knighted separately from an order of chivalry, women cannot, and so the rank of Knight/Dame Commander of the Order is the lowest rank of damehood, and second-lowest of knighthood. Because of this, Dame Commander is awarded in circumstances in which a man would be created a Knight Bachelor, for example, by convention, female judges of the High Court of Justice are created Dames Commander after appointment, while male judges become Knights Bachelor. The Order has six officials, the Prelate, the Dean, the Secretary, the Registrar, the King of Arms, the Bishop of London, a senior bishop in the Church of England, serves as the Orders Prelate. The Dean of St Pauls is ex officio the Dean of the Order, the Orders King of Arms is not a member of the College of Arms, as are many other heraldic officers. From time to time, individuals are appointed to a higher grade within the Order, thereby ceasing usage of the junior post-nominal letters
32.
Stanley Kubrick
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Stanley Kubrick was an American film director, screenwriter, producer, cinematographer, editor, and photographer. He is frequently cited as one of the greatest and most influential directors in cinematic history, Kubrick was born and raised in the Bronx, New York City, and attended William Howard Taft High School from 1941 to 1945. This was followed by two collaborations with Kirk Douglas, the war picture Paths of Glory and the historical epic Spartacus. His reputation as a filmmaker in Hollywood grew, and he was approached by Marlon Brando to film what would become One-Eyed Jacks, though Brando eventually decided to direct it himself. His home at Childwickbury Manor in Hertfordshire, which he shared with his wife Christiane, became his workplace, where he did his writing, research, editing, and management of production details. This allowed him to have almost complete control over his films. His first British productions were two films with Peter Sellers, Lolita and Dr. Strangelove and he often asked for several dozen retakes of the same scene in a movie, which resulted in many conflicts with his casts. Despite the resulting notoriety among actors, many of Kubricks films broke new ground in cinematography, Steven Spielberg has referred to the film as his generations big bang, and it is regarded as one of the greatest films ever made. For the 18th-century period film Barry Lyndon, Kubrick obtained lenses developed by Zeiss for NASA, with The Shining, he became one of the first directors to make use of a Steadicam for stabilized and fluid tracking shots. His last film, Eyes Wide Shut, was completed shortly before his death in 1999, Stanley Kubrick was born on July 26,1928, in the Lying-In Hospital at 307 Second Avenue in Manhattan, New York City. He was the first of two children of Jacob Leonard Kubrick, known as Jack or Jacques, and his wife Sadie Gertrude Kubrick, known as Gert and his sister, Barbara Mary Kubrick, was born in May 1934. At Stanleys birth, the Kubricks lived in an apartment at 2160 Clinton Avenue in the Bronx, although his parents had been married in a Jewish ceremony, Kubrick did not have a religious upbringing, and would later profess an atheistic view of the universe. By the district standards of the West Bronx, the family was fairly wealthy, soon after his sisters birth, Kubrick began schooling in Public School 3 in the Bronx, and moved to Public School 90 in June 1938. Although his IQ was discovered to be average, his attendance was poor. He displayed an interest in literature from an age, and began reading Greek and Roman myths. When Kubrick was 12, his father Jack taught him chess, the game remained a lifelong interest of Kubricks, appearing in many scenes of his films. Kubrick himself, who became a member of the United States Chess Federation, explained that chess helped him develop patience. At the age of 13, Kubricks father bought him a Graflex camera and he became friends with a neighbor, Marvin Traub, who shared his passion for photography
33.
St Albans
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St Albans /sənt ˈɔːlbənz/, /seɪn. / is a city in Hertfordshire, England, and the major urban area in the City and District of St Albans. It lies east of Hemel Hempstead and west of Hatfield, about 19 miles north-northwest of London,8 miles southwest of Welwyn Garden City and 11 miles south-southeast of Luton. St Albans was the first major town on the old Roman road of Watling Street for travellers heading north and it is a historic market town and is now a dormitory town within the London commuter belt and the Greater London Built-up Area. St Albans takes its name from the first British saint, Alban, Alban met a Christian priest fleeing from his persecutors and sheltered him in his house, where he became so impressed with the priests piety that he converted to Christianity. When the authorities searched Albans house, he put on the priests cloak, consequently, he was sentenced to endure the punishments that were to be inflicted upon the priest, unless he renounced Christianity. Alban refused and was taken for execution, in later legends, his head rolled downhill after execution and a well sprang up where it stopped. The name Verulamium is Celtic, meaning settlement over or by the marsh, the town was on Prae Hill,2 km to the west of modern St Albans, now covered by the village of St. Michaels, Verulamium Park and the Gorhambury Estate. It is believed that the capital was moved to the site by Tasciovanus. Cunobelinus may have constructed Beech Bottom Dyke, an earthwork near the settlement whose significance is uncertain. It grew steadily, by the early 3rd century, it covered an area of about 125 acres, behind a deep ditch and wall. Verulamium contained a forum, basilica and a theatre, much of which were damaged during two fires, one in 155 and the other in around 250, one of the few extant Roman inscriptions in Britain is found on the remnants of the forum. The town was rebuilt in stone rather than timber at least twice over the next 150 years, occupation by the Romans ended between 400 and 450. St Alban was probably buried outside the city walls in a Roman cemetery near the present Cathedral and his hillside grave became a place of pilgrimage. Recent investigation has uncovered a basilica there, indicating the oldest continuous site of Christian worship in Great Britain, in 429 Germanus of Auxerre visited the church and subsequently promoted the cult of St Alban. More remains under the agricultural land which have never been excavated were for a while seriously threatened by deep ploughing. After the Roman withdrawal the town, became the centre of the territory or regio of the Anglo-Saxon Waeclingas tribe, St Albans Abbey and the associated Anglo-Saxon settlement were founded on the hill outside the Roman city where it was believed St Alban was buried. An archaeological excavation in 1978, directed by Martin Biddle, failed to find Roman remains on the site of the chapter house. The medieval town grew on the hill to the east of Wæclingacaester where the Benedictine Abbey of St Albans was founded by Ulsinus in 793, there is some evidence that the original site was higher up the hill than the present building, which was begun in 1077
34.
Eyes Wide Shut
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Eyes Wide Shut is a 1999 erotic drama film directed, produced, and co-written by Stanley Kubrick. Based on Arthur Schnitzlers 1926 novella Traumnovelle, the story is transferred from early 20th century Vienna to 1990s New York City. The film follows the sexually charged adventures of Dr. Bill Harford and he embarks on a night-long adventure, during which he infiltrates a massive masked orgy of an unnamed secret society. Kubrick obtained the rights for Dream Story in the 1960s. The project was revived in the 1990s, when the director hired writer Frederic Raphael to help him with the adaptation. The film was shot in the United Kingdom, and included a detailed recreation of some exterior Greenwich Village street scenes at Pinewood Studios. The film spent a time in production, and holds the Guinness World Record for the longest continuous film shoot at 400 days. Eyes Wide Shut was Kubricks last film, as he died four days after showing his final cut to Warner Bros, to ensure a theatrical R rating in the United States, Warner Bros. digitally altered several sexually explicit scenes during post-production. This version was released on July 16,1999 to moderately positive reactions from critics, the uncut version has since been released in DVD, HD DVD, and Blu-ray Disc formats. As with many of Kubricks works, reception to Eyes Wide Shut has become more favorable in the years since the initial release. Dr. Bill Harford and his wife, Alice, are a couple living in New York who attend a Christmas party thrown by a wealthy patient. Bill is reunited with Nick Nightingale, a medical school drop-out who now plays piano professionally, while a Hungarian man named Sandor Szavost tries to seduce Alice, two young models try to take Bill off. He is interrupted by a call from his host upstairs, who had been having sex with Mandy, the next evening at home, while smoking cannabis, Alice asks him if he had sex with the two girls. After Bill reassures her, she asks if he is jealous of men who are attracted to her. As the discussion gets heated, he states that he thinks women are more faithful than men and she rebuts him, telling him of a recent fantasy she had about a naval officer they had encountered on a vacation. Disturbed by Alices revelation, Bill is then called by the daughter of a patient who has just died, after visiting the home, he meets a prostitute named Domino and goes to her apartment. Alice phones as Domino begins to kiss Bill, after which he calls off the awkward encounter, meeting Nick at the jazz club Bill learns that Nick has an engagement where he must play piano blindfolded. Bill learns that to gain admittance, one needs a costume, a mask, and the password, Bill goes to a costume shop and offers the owner, Mr. Milich, a generous amount of money to rent a costume
35.
Morecambe and Wise
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Eric Morecambe and Ernie Wise, known as Morecambe and Wise, were an iconic British comic double act, working in variety, radio, film and most successfully in television. Their partnership lasted from 1941 until Morecambes death in 1984, the show was a significant part of British popular culture, and they have been described as the most illustrious, and the best-loved, double-act that Britain has ever produced. In a list of the 100 Greatest British Television Programmes drawn up by the British Film Institute in 2000, voted for by industry professionals, The Morecambe and Wise Show was placed 14th. In September 2006, they were voted by the public as number 2 in a poll of TVs 50 Greatest Stars and in 2011 their early career was the subject of the television biopic Eric. In 2013, the two were honoured with a plaque at Teddington Studios where their last four series were recorded. Morecambe and Wises partnership began in 1941 when they were booked separately to appear in Jack Hyltons revue. War service broke up the act but they reunited by chance at the Swansea Empire Theatre in 1946 when they joined forces again and they made their name in variety, appearing in a variety circus, the Windmill Theatre, the Glasgow Empire and many venues around Britain. After this they made their name in radio, transferring to television in 1954. Their show, Running Wild, was not well received and led to a newspaper review, Definition of the week, TV set—the box in which they buried Morecambe. Eric apparently carried this review around with him ever after and from then on Eric, in 1956 they were offered a spot in the Winifred Atwell show with material written by Johnny Speight and this was a success. In 1959 they topped the bill in BBC TVs long running variety show The Good Old Days in a Boxing Day edition of the programme, in later years the pair would become a Christmas TV Institution in their own right. It is this period of their careers that is regarded as their glory days. The Eric Morecambe and Ernie Wise Show The Morecambe & Wise Show from 1980 and Hills, the pair starred in three feature films during the 1960s—The Intelligence Men, That Riviera Touch, and The Magnificent Two. In 1983 they made their last film, Night Train To Murder, in 1976, they were both awarded the OBE. Together Morecambe, Wise and Braben were known as The Golden Triangle, Morecambe and Wise are considered by many to be one of the UKs all-time favourite comedy acts. John Ammonds was also central to the duos most successful period in the 1970s, as the producer of the BBC TV shows, it was his idea to involve celebrity guests. He also perfected the duos familiar dance, which was based on a dance performed by Groucho Marx in the film Horse Feathers, Ernest Maxin started choreographing the musical numbers in 1970, and succeeded John Ammonds as producer of the BBC TV shows in 1974. The other writers were Barry Cryer, John Junkin, Dick Hills and Sid Green during the ATV Two of a Kind series, Mike Craig, Morecambe and Wises comic style varied subtly throughout their career, depending on their writers
36.
Wexham
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Wexham is a civil parish in the county of Buckinghamshire in southern England. It is on the boundary of the authority of Slough. Wexham Park Hospital is a hospital on the parish border and Burnham Beeches. The parish originally covered a relatively small 748 acres according to the 1881 and 1891 censuses, Wexham civil parish was divided under the Local Government Act 1972, with the southern part becoming part of Slough and the northern part becoming part of the present district. The northern part now constitutes the civil parish of Wexham, with the part being a parish called Wexham Court. Wexham Court has a council with 11 members. The parish and some additional unparished territory form the current three-member Slough Borough Council ward of Wexham Lea, the civil parish of Wexham includes in order of number of inhabitants, George Green, Middlegreen, and Wexham Street. It has protected green spaces comprising woodland, Langley Park and Black Park Country Park, the village has a 12th century parish church and the 16th century Wexham Court. The parish relies for its education on neighbouring villages with greater populations, HMS Wexham, a Ham-class minesweeper Wexham Court Parish Council
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