1.
Petaling Jaya
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Petaling Jaya is a major Malaysian city originally developed as a satellite township for Kuala Lumpur. It is located in the Petaling District of Selangor with an area of approximately 97.2 square kilometres, Petaling Jaya was granted city status on 20 June 2006. Petaling Jaya is surrounded by the Malaysian capital, Kuala Lumpur to the east, Sungai Buloh to the north, the capital of Selangor, Shah Alam to the west and Subang Jaya to the south. The city was developed during British Malaya on a piece of 1,200 acres rubber estate around Old Klang Road to address the overpopulation of the capital Kuala Lumpur in the 1950s, since 1952, PJ witnessed a dramatic growth in terms of population size and geographical importance. The development of Petaling Jaya commenced in 1952 with the construction of 800 houses centred on the known as “Old Town” today. The first two roads built in Petaling Jaya were simply called Jalan 1 or Road 1 and Jalan 2 or Road 2. Road 1 was later named Jalan Templer while Road 2 was named Jalan Othman after Othman Mohamad, until the end of 1953, the town was administered by the Kuala Lumpur district officer. The Petaling Jaya Town Authority headed by N. A. J, kennedy commenced administrating Petaling Jaya in 1954. On 24 August 1959, Encik Abdul Aziz bin Haji Mohd Ali became the first Malayan to head the PJ Authority, administratively and historically, it was considered part of Kuala Lumpur. However, Petaling Jaya ceased to be part of Kuala Lumpur when the became a Federal Territory on 1 February 1974. It then became a township in its own right within the state of Selangor, PJ South, from Section 8 to PJ Old Town, had the first settlements, which were established around 1953. As development progressed, PJ North, on the side of the Federal Highway was developed. The first shopping complex in Petaling Jaya was Jaya Shopping Centre, located in Section 14, on 1 January 1977, the Petaling Jaya Town Authority was upgraded to become Petaling Jaya Municipal Council or Majlis Perbandaran Petaling Jaya. Petaling Jaya progressed rapidly due to the massive rural-urban migration, as more people from rural areas immigrated, Sungai Way and Subang districts along with areas such as Subang Jaya, Seksyen 52 developed in areas under the jurisdiction of the municipality. Petaling Jaya is the hub of Klang Valley as it is located in between Kuala Lumpur and surrounding suburbs. Petaling Jaya is one of the wettest cities in Malaysia and it is warm with an average maximum of 30 degrees Celsius and receives heavy rainfall all year round, roughly more than 3,300 mm of average rainfall annually. The city has no true dry season, but June. Mostly each month average rainfall more than 200 mm. Thunderstorms and extreme rainstorms are common
2.
Selangor
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Selangor /səˈlæŋə/ also known by its Arabic honorific, Darul Ehsan, or Abode of Sincerity is one of the 13 states of Malaysia. It is on the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia and is bordered by Perak to the north, Pahang to the east, Negeri Sembilan to the south and it surrounds the federal territories of Kuala Lumpur and Putrajaya, both of which were previously part of Selangor. The state capital is Shah Alam, however the first city in Selangor, another major urban centre is Petaling Jaya which was awarded city status on 20 June 2006. Selangor is one of only two Malaysian states with more than one city, the other is Sarawak, Selangor has the largest city in Malaysia and it is growing rapidly due to modernisation in the Klang Valley. The state of Selangor has the largest economy in Malaysia in terms of domestic product with RM128.815 billion in 2010 making up 23% of the total GDP of Malaysia. This state is also the most developed in Malaysia with good infrastructure such as highways, the state also has the largest population in Malaysia, with a high standard of living and the states poverty rate is the lowest in the country. A more plausible theory claims the name is derived from the term Selang Ur meaning land of the straits Aur also means river in Malay. Hence, Selangor may mean river straits, a major problem with this hypothesis is that the word selang does not in fact mean strait in Malay, not even in obsolete usage according to the Kamus Dewan, the proper word for strait is selat. Another possible origin of the name is combination of the words Sela. It may be possible that the banks of the Selangor River was full of bamboo groves in the distant past, however bamboo do not grow well in the marshy soil of the lower reaches of the river. It is also possible that the word Selangor is an Orang Asli term as some rivers have Orang Asli names, in the 15th century, Selangor was ruled by the Sultanate of Malacca. After the fall of Malacca to the Portuguese in 1511, the area became disputed between the Portuguese, Johor, Aceh and Siam. When the Dutch displaced the Portuguese from Malacca in 1641, they brought in Muslim Bugis mercenaries from Sulawesi and they established the present hereditary sultanate in 1740. In many districts, Bugis settlers displaced the Minangkabau settlers from Sumatra, in the 19th century, the economy boomed due to the exploitation of huge tin reserves. In 1854, the Sultan of Selangor granted Raja Abdullah the control of Klang, passing over Raja Mahdi and this would eventually led to the Selangor Civil War of 1867 to 1874, which was essentially a struggle for control of the revenues from tin. Tin Mining also attracted an influx of Chinese migrant labourers. Chinese secret clan societies, allied with Selangor chiefs, fought for control of the tin mines, in 1874, Sultan Adbul Samad of Selangor accepted a British Resident in a system allowed the British to govern while the Sultan remained the apparent ruler. Under the stability imposed by the British, Selangor again prospered, the Federated Malay States evolved into the Federation of Malaya in 1948, which became independent in 1957, and Malaysia in 1963
3.
Malaysia
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Malaysia is a federal constitutional monarchy located in Southeast Asia. Peninsular Malaysia shares a land and maritime border with Thailand and maritime borders with Singapore, Vietnam, East Malaysia shares land and maritime borders with Brunei and Indonesia and a maritime border with the Philippines and Vietnam. The capital city is Kuala Lumpur, while Putrajaya is the seat of the federal government, with a population of over 30 million, Malaysia is the 44th most populous country. The southernmost point of continental Eurasia, Tanjung Piai, is in Malaysia, located in the tropics, Malaysia is one of 17 megadiverse countries on earth, with large numbers of endemic species. Malaysia has its origins in the Malay kingdoms present in the area which, from the 18th century, the first British territories were known as the Straits Settlements, whose establishment was followed by the Malay kingdoms becoming British protectorates. The territories on Peninsular Malaysia were first unified as the Malayan Union in 1946, Malaya was restructured as the Federation of Malaya in 1948, and achieved independence on 31 August 1957. Malaya united with North Borneo, Sarawak, and Singapore on 16 September 1963 to become Malaysia, less than two years later in 1965, Singapore was expelled from the federation. The country is multi-ethnic and multi-cultural, which plays a role in politics. About half the population is ethnically Malay, with minorities of Malaysian Chinese, Malaysian Indians. The constitution declares Islam the state religion while allowing freedom of religion for non-Muslims, the government system is closely modelled on the Westminster parliamentary system and the legal system is based on common law. The head of state is the king, known as the Yang di-Pertuan Agong and he is an elected monarch chosen from the hereditary rulers of the nine Malay states every five years. The head of government is the prime minister, since its independence, Malaysia has had one of the best economic records in Asia, with its GDP growing at an average of 6. 5% per annum for almost 50 years. The economy has traditionally been fuelled by its resources, but is expanding in the sectors of science, tourism, commerce. Today, Malaysia has a newly industrialised market economy, ranked third largest in Southeast Asia, the name Malaysia is a combination of the word Malay and the Latin-Greek suffix -sia/-σία. The word melayu in Malay may derive from the Tamil words malai and ur meaning mountain and city, land, malayadvipa was the word used by ancient Indian traders when referring to the Malay Peninsula. Whether or not it originated from these roots, the word melayu or mlayu may have used in early Malay/Javanese to mean to steadily accelerate or run. This term was applied to describe the current of the river Melayu in Sumatra. The name was adopted by the Melayu Kingdom that existed in the seventh century on Sumatra
4.
Anchor store
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In retail, an anchor store, draw tenant, anchor tenant, or key tenant is one of the larger stores in a shopping mall, usually a department store or a major retail chain. Current examples of common anchor stores in the USA include Younkers, Macys, Kohls, Sears, Bergners, Dillards, Carsons, Boscovs, The Bon-Ton, Bloomingdales, Lord & Taylor, and JCPenney. Defunct examples include Montgomery Ward, Mervyns, Eatons, Lazarus, Galyans, Foleys, Marshall Fields, Hechts, Sports Authority, Parisian, anchors generally have their rents heavily discounted, and may even receive cash inducements from the mall to remain open. The regional center typically has two or more anchors, while the superregional typically has three or more, in each case, the anchors account for 50-70% of the malls leasable space. Malls with anchor stores have consistently outperformed those without one, as the anchor helps draw shoppers initially attracted to the anchor to shop at stores in the mall. Early on, grocery stores were a type of anchor store. However, research on consumer behavior revealed that most trips to the store did not result in visits to surrounding shops. Large supermarkets remain common anchor stores within power centers however, the challenges faced by the traditional large department stores have led to a resurgence in the use of supermarkets as anchors
5.
Parkson
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Parkson opened its first store at Sungei Wang Plaza in 1987. Since then, new stores have been rolled out across the country at approximately 2 stores per annum over the past 27 years, the flagship store, Parkson Pavilion, was opened in 2007. As at 31 January 2015, Parkson has 42 stores in Malaysia, in 1994, Parkson opened it first department store in Beijing. Parkson is one of the first foreign department store chains to establish a presence in China, as at June 2015, Parkson has an extensive network of 60 stores covering 37 major cities in China. The opening of Parkson Saigon Tourist Plaza on 29 June 2005 marked the entrance of Parkson as the first truly international department store to be opened in Ho Chi Minh City. On 2 January 2015, Parkson closed its store at Keangnam Landmark Tower, nevertheless, Parkson remains positive on the retail market in Vietnam, as evidenced by the opening of a new store in Danang on 11 January 2015. As at 31 January 2015, Parkson has 9 stores in Vietnam across 4 cities, Parkson entered the country by acquiring Centro department store network of 6 stores in 2011 under PT. The department store network has expanded to a total of 12 stores under Centro brand and 3 stores under Parkson brand. The countrys first Parkson store opened its door at Centre Point Mall, the second Parkson store at Lippo Mall Puri, Jakarta commenced operation on 27 June 2014. The third Parkson store at Hartono Mall, Yogyakarta commenced operation on 22 December 2015, according to the company website, Centro brand will be focused on middle-class segment while Parkson brand focused on middle-ups. Parkson entered the country with the opening of its first store at FMI Centre, Parkson Malaysia Parkson China Parkson Vietnam Centro Indonesia Parkson Indonesia Parkson Retail Asia Limited
6.
Cold Storage (supermarket)
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Cold Storage is a supermarket chain in Singapore, owned by Dairy Farm International Holdings. It operates three brands in Singapore and Malaysia, Cold Storage, Market Place and Giant Hypermarket. Cold Storage was the first supermarket of Singapore to offer its merchandise online in 1997, the number of regular customers has since then grown from 6,000 in 1998 to more than 15,000 in 2012. Established in 1903, Cold Storage started as a small depot storing and selling mainly frozen meat from Australia, in its early days, the companys primary concern was to have a quick and profitable turnover of its imported meats and range of products. Later, Cold Storage shifted from counter-service to self-service, introducing the supermarket to Singapore, then, the company pioneered the concept of multiple retailing, capitalising on bulk buying and economies of scale. Cold Storage is the islands oldest established supermarket operator with over 100 years of experience in Singapore and it was the first supermarket in Singapore to receive the CaseTrust mark introduced by CASE in 1998 which identifies companies that receive a high degree of consumer confidence. It was also the first supermarket in Singapore to receive MUIS certification for its operations at Causeway Point. SGS has awarded HACCP certification to Cold Storage, quality and integrity in food safety, now, it operates 48 stores in Singapore, located across the country in city center, affluent suburbs and HDB estates, and 19 stores in Malaysia. In Malaysia, Cold Storage is known for stocking rare, delicatessen-type goods that are not normally available in regular supermarkets, Cold Storage and Giant are co-owned by the Dairy Farm Group in Malaysia. Market Place is a brand and full-service retailer. It started business in 1975, formerly known as Jasons Market Place, now, It operates five stores in Singapore. And now, Market Place has other operates stores in Hong Kong and Taiwan by its Hong Kong sister company and it introduced the name of Market Place by Jasons and Jasons Market Place. Dairy Farm Singapore acquired Shop N Save in 2003,35 stores from QAF and Belgian retailer and it was a former discount supermarket chain in Singapore, operating 50 stores located across the island in HDB estates and suburban malls. It sells a range of products and fresh food. In 2013, it merged with Giant, Giant is one of the largest players of the retail industry in Malaysia, having over 85 branches spread throughout the country. It was founded by the Teng family in 1944, First introduced with less than 50 items in categories such as rice, UHT milk, toilet paper and cooking sauces. As of 2012, it has more than 1,600 SKUs of housebrand products under two brands, First Choice and No Frills at Cold Storage, Market Place and Shop N Save supermarkets. It offer a variety of goods in close to 40 categories from wines to kitchenware
7.
TGV Cinemas
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TGV Cinemas is the second largest cinema chain in Malaysia. As of March 2015, TGV Cinemas has 32 multiplexes with 235 screens, TGV Cinemas is headquartered at Maxis Tower, Kuala Lumpur. The biggest TGV cinema is located in Sunway Pyramid, with 12 screens and 2598 seats, the second largest TGV cinema is TGV Suria KLCC with 12 screens and 2459 seats. It was previously the largest TGV outlet before substituted by TGV Sunway Pyramid after renovation which included an IMAX hall,2 TGV Club and 1 TGV Beanieplex and their latest cinema outlet is at AEON Mall Taiping which opened in October 2015. It houses 7 screening halls including a Beanieplex hall, TGV Cinemas is to be on a rebranding exercise spree, launching their new concept first at TGV AU2, followed by TGV DPulze and also the other upcoming cinemas. Beanieplex is available at TGV Sunway Pyramid, TGV ÆON Bukit Tinggi Shopping Centre, TGV 1Utama, TGV Setiawalk Mall, TGV ÆON Tebrau City Shopping Centre, TGV Club is intended for viewers whom are seeking luxury when watching their favourite movies. TGV Cinemas launched their first IMAX hall in TGV Sunway Pyramid on 15 December 2011 and it is also the only IMAX hall in the country after the ceased operation IMAX hall located in Berjaya Times Square, where the original location has been replaced by GSC MAXX. The first movie shown in the IMAX hall is Mission, Impossible – Ghost Protocol, according to the official TGV Facebook page, the IMAX hall was built by combining Hall 6 and Hall 7. Apart from that, TGV Cinemas launched their hall known as TGV Club in the same location, meanwhile, the old TGV Cinemas at 1 Utama which had been in renovation for over a year was relocated from the 2nd floor to the 3rd floor. It is now the largest TGV cinema in Malaysia with 12 halls, TGV Cinemas second IMAX hall is located there. The cinema was opened on 13 December 2012 and the IMAX hall is larger than the one in Sunway Pyramid, TGV has also introduced their new cinema hall type known as TGV Indulge, which is more luxurious than TGV Club. TGV currently has 32 cinemas all over Peninsular Malaysia, another 3 TGV Cinemas will be opening in the future, including 3 in East Malaysia. TGV Cinemas Lotus Five Star Cinemas List of cinemas in Malaysia TGV Cinemas Website
8.
Golden Screen Cinemas
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Golden Screen Cinemas is the largest cinema chain in Malaysia. The biggest cinema is located at Mid Valley Megamall and it houses 21 screen cinemas and has 2763 seats which is the largest in Malaysia. The largest competitors of the chain are TGV Cinemas and MBO Cinemas. It was founded in 1987 as Golden Communications Circuit, while the other, Golden Screen Cinemas was founded in 1998 as a merger of Golden Communications Circuit and Cathay Cinemas. As of August 2016, GSC has 306 screens at 33 locations throughout Malaysia, the states with GSC are Kedah, Kuala Lumpur, Melaka, Negeri Sembilan, Pahang, Penang, Perak, Putrajaya, Sabah, Sarawak and Selangor. Lotus Five Star Cinemas Tanjong Golden Village List of cinemas in Malaysia MBO Cinemas GSC Official Website
9.
Toys "R" Us
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Toys R Us, Inc. is an American toy and juvenile-products retailer founded in 1948 and headquartered in Wayne, New Jersey, in the New York City metropolitan area. The companys brands include Toys R Us, and Babies R Us and it also operates e-commerce sites including ToysRUs. com and BabiesRUs. com. Charles P. Lazarus founded Childrens Supermart in Washington, D. C. during the baby boom era in 1948 as a baby-furniture retailer. Its first location was at 2461 18th St. NW, where the nightclub Madams Organ Blues Bar is located, Lazarus began receiving requests from customers for baby toys. After adding baby toys, he got requests for toys for older children, the focus of the store changed in 1957, and Toys R Us was born in Rockville, Maryland. The original Toys R Us store design from 1969 to 1989 consisted of vertical rainbow stripes and a brown roof with a front entrance and side exit. Since the rise of mass merchants like Walmart, Target and Amazon, however, Toys R Us has lost much of its share of the toy market, to improve the company, the board of directors installed John Eyler. Eyler launched an unsuccessful, expensive plan to remodel and re-launch the chain, blaming market pressures, Toys R Us considered splitting its toy and baby businesses. On July 21,2005, a consortium of Bain Capital Partners LLC, Kohlberg Kravis Roberts and Vornado Realty Trust invested $1.3 billion to complete a $6.6 billion leveraged buyout of the company. Public stock closed for the last time at $26. 74—pennies from the 68-week high, Toys R Us is now a privately owned entity. However, the company still files with the Securities and Exchange Commission, formerly known as Dr. G. Raffe, the companys mascot Geoffrey the Giraffe made his debut during 1957 in print advertisements for Childrens Bargain Town. During 1969, when Childrens Bargain Town became Toys R Us, Dr. G. Raffe was renamed Geoffrey, kids R Us was a childrens clothing retailer. Their first locations opened in 1983 in Paramus, New Jersey and Brooklyn, Babies R Us operates as a specialty baby products retailer and has grown to approximately 260 locations in the United States. The stores offers an assortment of products for newborns, infants, the company continues to grow internationally, and made its most recent entry into a new market in October 2011 when it opened its first licensed location in Poland. In 2006, Toys R Us purchased remaining shares of Toys R Us, Japan from McDonalds Holdings Co. increasing its ownership from approximately 62% to slightly over 90%. In May 2006, Toys R Us, Inc. acquired toy retailer FAO Schwarz including the flagship store on Fifth Avenue in New York City, as well as its e-commerce site. Toys R Us closed the FAO Schwarz flagship store in New York on July 15,2015 citing rising rental costs, for the 2009 holiday-shopping season, Toys R Us tried a smaller-store concept to attract customers and 90 Holiday Express stores across the United States and Canada were opened. Most of these 90 stores were opened in shopping-center and mall spaces that had been vacated by store chains closing their doors during the recession and these stores are known as Toys R Us Express
10.
Electric vehicle
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An electric vehicle, also referred to as an electric drive vehicle, uses one or more electric motors or traction motors for propulsion. EVs include road and rail vehicles, surface and underwater vessels, electric aircraft, in the 21st century, EVs saw a resurgence due to technological developments and an increased focus on renewable energy. Government incentives to increase adoptions were introduced, including in the United States, around the same period, early experimental electrical cars were moving on rails, too. American blacksmith and inventor Thomas Davenport built a toy electric locomotive, powered by an electric motor. In 1838, a Scotsman named Robert Davidson built a locomotive that attained a speed of four miles per hour. In England a patent was granted in 1840 for the use of rails as conductors of electric current, between 1832 and 1839, Robert Anderson of Scotland invented the first crude electric carriage, powered by non-rechargeable primary cells. By the 20th century, electric cars and rail transport were commonplace, electrified trains were used for coal transport, as the motors did not use precious oxygen in the mines. Switzerlands lack of fossil resources forced the rapid electrification of their rail network. One of the earliest rechargeable batteries - the nickel-iron battery - was favored by Edison for use in electric cars and they were produced by Baker Electric, Columbia Electric, Detroit Electric, and others, and at one point in history out-sold gasoline-powered vehicles. In fact, in 1900,28 percent of the cars on the road in the USA were electric, EVs were so popular that even President Woodrow Wilson and his secret service agents toured Washington DC in their Milburn Electrics, which covered 60–70 mi per charge. A number of developments contributed to decline of electric cars, as roads were improved outside urban areas electric vehicle range could not compete with the ICE. Finally, the initiation of production of gasoline-powered vehicles by Henry Ford in 1913 reduced significantly the cost of gasoline cars as compared to electric cars. In January 1990, General Motors President introduced its EV concept two-seater and that September, the California Air Resources Board mandated major-automaker sales of EVs, in phases starting in 1998. From 1996 to 1998 GM produced 1117 EV1s,800 of which were available through three-year leases. Chrysler, Ford, GM, Honda, Nissan and Toyota also produced limited numbers of EVs for California drivers, in 2003, upon the expiration of GMs EV1 leases, GM crushed them. A movie made on the subject in 2005-2006 was titled Who Killed the Electric Car. Ford released a number of their Ford Ecostar delivery vans into the market. Honda, Nissan and Toyota also repossessed and crushed most of their EVs, after public protests, Toyota sold 200 of its RAV EVs to eager buyers, they later sold at over their original forty-thousand-dollar price. This lesson did not go unlearned, BMW of Canada sold off a number of Mini EVs when their Canadian testing ended, the production of the Citroën Berlingo Electrique stopped in September 2005
11.
AEON (company)
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ÆON Co. Ltd. commonly written AEON Co. Ltd. is the holding company of Æon Group. It has its headquarters in Mihama-ku, Chiba, Chiba Prefecture and it operates all the AEON Retail Stores directly in Japan. Meanwhile, AEON CO. BHD operates all the AEON Retail Stores directly in Malaysia, ÆON is the largest retailer in Asia. ÆON is Japans single-largest shopping mall developer and operator, the company was established in September 1926. In 1970, three companies, Futagi, Okadaya, and Shiro, formed JUSCO Co. Ltd, the employees voted to name the company Japan United Stores Company. On August 21,2001, the company became ÆON Co. Ltd, on August 21,2008 the corporate structure changed. ÆON Co. Ltd. became a company while ÆON Retail Co. Ltd. took over the retail operations formerly held by ÆON Co. Ltd. However, JUSCO stores still operate in the Greater China region, in November 2012, ÆON acquired the operation of Carrefour Malaysia with an enterprise value of €250 million. All of the current Carrefour hypermarkets and supermarkets in Malaysia will be fully re-branded into ÆON Big in the near future, the acquisition of Carrefour Malaysia will make ÆON as the second largest retailer in the nation, combining the sales from ÆON Retail stores and current Carrefour outlets. Post-acquisition, ÆONs ASEAN business vice president said the retail giant envisages to open 100 outlets in various formats in the country by year 2020, limited was established in Hong Kong in November 1987 and listed on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange in February 1994. AEON aims to develop an operation in Hong Kong and offer value-for-money merchandise to Hong Kong customers. Maxvalu Tokai Æon Financial Results for FY2010 Media related to AEON Group at Wikimedia Commons Official website Japan portal Companies portal
12.
Isetan
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Not to be confused with Philippines-based department store Isetann. Isetan is a Japanese department store, on April 1,2008, Isetan and Mitsukoshi were merged under a joint holding company called Isetan Mitsukoshi Holdings Ltd. Shinjuku flagship store The Isetan flagship store in Shinjuku is considered to be one of the most influential department stores in Japan, the store is often first with showcasing new trends and new products. In particular, the fashion and food floors are thought to be very trendsetting, behind the main store, there is a whole building dedicated to Mens Fashion Fuchu Tachikawa Matsudo Sagamihara Urawa-ku, Saitama Niigata Isetan Shizuoka Isetan West Japan Railway Isetan Ltd. JR Kyoto Isetan JR Osaka Isetan Mitsukoshi Iwataya HaMaYa Department Store Kichijōji, Musashino - Shop closed on March 14,2010
13.
Tangs
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Tang Limited is a company that specializes within Singapore’s retail market, with its flagship store TANGS located on Orchard Road, Singapore. For many, TANGS is regarded as a shopping destination in the city, comparable to Bloomingdales in New York City. The oldest home-bred department store in Singapore, TANGS was founded by Tang Choon Keng, popularly known as CK Tang, when CK Tang bought the land, it was situated opposite a Chinese cemetery, which, under cultural conventions, was perceived to bring bad luck. However, as a devoted Christian, this belief did not affect CK Tangs assessments on the potential of the land, the first retail presence on Orchard Road, TANGS is credited with sparking the transformation of the area into Singapore’s most famous shopping district. Tang accumulated additional land situated adjacent to TANGS and built what is known as Tang Plaza, in the 1980s, TANGS launched the tag line All The Best Under One Roof to showcase their diversification of products. The company was known as an employer and was closed on Sundays as C. K. Tang himself was a staunch Christian and this was implemented so that so his family and Christian staff could attend church services. In the late 1980s and early 1990s one of CK Tangs sons, being one of the biggest stores in Orchard Road, it is a landmark with its Chinese styled roof. In 2006, TANGS opened another store in VivoCity as the shopping centre’s anchor tenant, occupying approximately 85,000 square feet, TANGS VivoCity offers a resort-like shopping environment, while TANGS Orchard embodies an urban and cosmopolitan concept. Tangs marked its return to Malaysia by opening its first store in Pavilion KL in 2007, the store has since re-located to 1 Utama. 2010, Subang Jaya March 2012, Petaling Jaya, the first outlet relocated there from Pavilion. January 2013, Genting Highlands November 2014, Malacca Official website
14.
IMAX
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IMAX is a motion picture film format and a set of cinema projection standards developed in Canada by Graeme Ferguson, Roman Kroitor, Robert Kerr, and William C. IMAX has the capacity to record and display images of far greater size, since 2002, some feature films have been converted into IMAX format for displaying in IMAX theatres and some have also been partially shot in IMAX. IMAX is the most widely used system for special-venue film presentations, as of June 2016, there were 1,102 IMAX theatres in 69 countries. The desire to increase the impact of film has a long history. In 1929, Fox introduced Fox Grandeur, the first 70 mm film format, in the 1950s, the potential of 35 mm film to provide wider projected images was explored in the processes of CinemaScope and VistaVision, following multi-projector systems such as Cinerama. While impressive, Cinerama was difficult to install, during Expo 67 in Montreal, the National Film Board of Canadas In the Labyrinth and Fergusons Man and the Polar Regions both used multi-projector, multi-screen systems. Each encountered technical difficulties led them to found a company called Multiscreen. As it became clear that a single, large-screen image had more impact than multiple smaller ones and was a viable product direction. An IMAX 3D theatre also is in operation near the former Expo 67 site at the Montreal Science Centre in the Port of Old Montreal, tiger Child, the first IMAX film, was demonstrated at Expo 70 in Osaka, Japan. The first permanent IMAX installation was built at the Cinesphere theatre at Ontario Place in Toronto and it debuted in May 1971, showing the film North of Superior. The installation is still in place, however, Ontario Place is on hiatus for redevelopment, during Expo 74 in Spokane, Washington, an IMAX screen that measured 27 m ×20 m was featured in the US Pavilion. It became the first IMAX Theatre to not be partnered with any brand of movie theaters. About five million visitors viewed the screen, which covered the total visual field when looking directly forward. This created a sensation of motion in most viewers, and motion sickness in some, much to the dismay of the majority of Spokane and the disapproval of the IMAX Corporation itself, it will be demolished to make way for a parking lot. Another IMAX 3D theater was built in Spokane, not too far from where the original was. However, its screen-size is less than half that of the original, due to protests, the IMAX Corporation has been able to remodel the area with the city, and turn the U. S. Pavilion itself into the first permanent outdoor IMAX screen, the first permanent IMAX Dome installation, the Eugene Heikoff and Marilyn Jacobs Heikoff Dome Theatre at the Reuben H. Fleet Science Center, opened in San Diegos Balboa Park in 1973, the first permanent IMAX 3D theatre was built in Vancouver, British Columbia for Transitions at Expo 86, and was in use until September 30,2009
15.
Popular Holdings
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Popular Holdings, commonly called Popular, is a Singapore-based company that publishes, distributes, and retails books for the local education market. It has subsidiaries in countries such as Canada, the Peoples Republic of China, Hong Kong, Malaysia, United Kingdom, in the financial year 2011, it had a turnover of S$522.4 million. The first Popular Bookstore was set up in 1936 by Chou Sing Chu in North Bridge Road, focusing on retailing Chinese books, in March 2006, Popular Holdings was the main organiser of BookFest@Singapore, the first Chinese-language book fair ever held outside of China. In May 2006, Popular Holdings staged the inaugural BookFest@Malaysia in Kuala Lumpur and it is a platform for established publishers to showcase their latest publications and renowned authors to meet and interact with the readers. The inaugural BookFest@Hong Kong was organized in 2008, by 2009, the annual BookFest has become a major event of the book industries in Singapore, Malaysia and Hong Kong. Popular is headed by Chou Cheng Ngok, who is the Executive Chairman, other important directors include Ching Ging Oong, Poh Ping Tek, Ching Cheng Pong, Ponch Poon, Ang Tuak Liak, Lim Leem Ngom, Vangatharaman Ramayah and Chim Choon Cheng. The Group currently carries out its activities through subsidiaries operating in Singapore, Malaysia, Hong Kong, Macau, Taiwan. Its bookstore operations currently have a network of over 130 Popular Bookstores in Singapore, Malaysia and it now has its core businesses in retail, distribution, publishing and e-learning
16.
MPH Group
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Its bookstore chain, MPH Bookstores Sdn Bhd, headquartered in Petaling Jaya, Selangor, is among the largest in Malaysia after Popular. Captain W. G. Shellabear is recognized as the founder of MPH, in 1890, he established the Amelia Bishop Press in Singapore, publishing Christian literature. The company eventually began publishing secular works as well, changing its name to the American Mission Press in 1893, in the 1900s, Rev. William T. Cherry expanded the activities to printing, publishing, bookselling. He changed the name to Methodist Publishing House in 1906, giving rise to the acronym MPH. MPH underwent further name changes between the 1920s and 1960s but the acronym remained, the company also changed ownership multiple times, being acquired by an Indonesian consortium in 1966, then a Hong Kong group in 1972 and finally by Singaporean entrepreneur Simon Cheong in 1999. In 2002, Malaysian businessman Syed Mokhtar Al-Bukhary, through Jalinan Inspirasi Sdn Bhd and this was the first time MPH became a wholly Malaysian-owned company. MPH Bookstores currently has 32 outlets in Malaysia and four in Singapore and it has a heavy presence in the Klang Valley, operating in major shopping outlets including Nu Sentral, Subang Parade, Giant Stadium Shah Alam, KLIA2,1 Utama and The Curve. In Singapore, MPH bookstores are located in Raffles City, PARCO Millenia and along Robinson Road
17.
Hamley's
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Hamleys is the oldest and largest toy shop in the world and one of the worlds best-known retailers of toys. Founded by William Hamley as Noahs Ark in High Holborn, London, in 1760 and this flagship store is set over seven floors, with more than 50,000 toys on sale. It is considered one of the prominent tourist attractions, receiving around five million visitors each year. The chain has ten outlets in the United Kingdom and also has more than 60 franchises worldwide. Hamleys is the oldest and largest toy shop in the world and it is named after William Hamley, who founded a toy shop called Noahs Ark at No.231 High Holborn, London, in 1760. Ownership of the shop passed through the family, and by the time it was operated by Hamleys grandsons in 1837, the store had become famous, counting royalty and nobility among its customers. A branch at No.200 Regent Street was opened in 1881, the Regent Street branch later expanded to Nos. 188-196. In 1938, Queen Mary, consort of King George V, during the Second World War, the Regent Street store was bombed five times. In 1955, Queen Elizabeth II gave the company a second royal warrant as a toys, Hamleys was bought in June 2003 by the Baugur Group, an Icelandic investment company. When Baugur collapsed, its stake in the toy store was taken over by the Icelandic bank Landsbanki, in September 2012 Groupe Ludendo, a toy retailer based in France with shops also located in Belgium, Spain and Switzerland, bought Hamleys for a reported £60 million. Hamleys expanded and moved its store from No.200 Regent Street to its current site at Nos. 188–196, Regent Street, in 1981. Hamleys flagship store has seven floors covering 54,000 square feet, all devoted to playthings, as of 2015, there are ten other stores across the UK, including sites at the St. In 1987 Hamleys second store was opened in New York City, on 12 October 2012, a Hamleys store opened at Nacka in Stockholm, Sweden. On 19 September 2013, a Hamley store opened as part of Steen og Strøm department store in Oslo, in April 2014 the Hamleys Denmark toy chain closed all four of its Danish locations when its Nordic parent company, Kids Retails, filed for bankruptcy. Hamleys opened its first store outside Europe in Amman, Jordan, the three-storey store on Mecca Street is run by the groups franchisee Jordan Centre. A Dubai franchise opened with two stores on 4 November 2008, the first store in South Asia was opened in Mumbai, India, on 9 April 2010. The 22, 000-square-foot store is located in a shopping district in Indias financial capital. A second store in India is located in the city of Chennai at the Express Avenue Mall, the 11,000 sq ft store has a London bus that customers can walk up through
18.
Old Navy
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Old Navy is an American clothing and accessories retailing company owned by American multinational corporation Gap Inc. It has corporate operations in the Mission Bay neighborhood of San Francisco, the largest of the Old Navy stores are its flagship stores, located in New York City, the Mall of America, Seattle, Chicago, and San Francisco. In March 1994, Gap Warehouse was renamed Old Navy Clothing Co. in order to establish an image from its parent. It was named after a bar in Paris, the new stores were about 15,000 square feet, compared less than 10,000 square feet for Gap Warehouse stores. Later that year,42 other Old Navy stores opened, Old Navy had campy television ads featuring Morgan Fairchild and its mascot, Magic the dog. This mascot was changed in 2001 to Adam the Greaser due to his love for the classic Old Navy graphic t-shirts. The Old Navy division grew quickly, in 1997, it became the first retailer to pass $1 billion in its first four years in business, in 2001, Old Navy began its international expansion with the opening of 12 stores in Ontario, Canada. The brand also experimented, opening a shop inside one location in San Francisco in December 1995. This in turn did not work out for the company, and was terminated the following September and this may have been due to Adam wearing the shirts too often. In 2005, Old Navys then-president Dawn Robertson looked to address the competition she saw in Hollister Co. in addition to a new logo, several locations were built or remodeled to reflect the New Old Navy. One such location in St. Petersburg, Florida cost roughly $5 million to develop, also, advertisements began to be created in-house, and substituted the original kitschy and humorous feel for a high fashion and feminine directive. These stores proved to be an investment and Robertson was asked to leave the company. In 2011, Old Navy began a rebranding to emphasize a family-oriented environment. It targets Old Navys target customer and features better lighting, vibrant colors, layouts that make shopping easier, quick-change stations, by July 12, one third of the companys North American locations had adopted the redesign. In 2012, after years of Old Navy losing sales to rival retailer H&M. Larsson instituted a number of changes, including hiring designers away from Coach, Nike, Reebok, by 2015, Old Navys yearly sales had reached $6 billion per year in the United States, almost equaling those of Gaps Gap and Banana Republic divisions combined. Flagship stores also have collection business clothes for women, and maternity sections, previously, Old Navy attempted to launch a bath and body line, called ONbody. Old Navy is known for their signature denim wall of styles that never change, the styles are super skinny, skinny, original, and boot-cut, and are available in four different washes
19.
H&M
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H & M Hennes & Mauritz AB is a Swedish multinational clothing-retail company, known for its fast-fashion clothing for men, women, teenagers and children. H&M and its associated brands operate in 62 countries with over 4,000 stores and, as of 2015 and it is the second largest global clothing retailer, just behind Spain-based Inditex. The company was founded by Erling Persson in 1947, when he opened his first shop in Västerås, the shop, called Hennes, exclusively sold womens clothing. In 1968, Persson acquired the hunting apparel retailer Mauritz Widforss, which led to the inclusion of a collection in the product range. The company was listed on the Stockholm Stock Exchange in 1974, shortly after, in 1976, the first store outside of Scandinavia opened in London. H&M continued to expand in Europe, and began to online in 1998. The two-letter domain was registered in the early 1990s, but data on the first registration is lost, the first US store opened in 2000 on Fifth Avenue, New York. In 2008, the company announced in a release that it would begin selling home furnishings. Initially distributed through the online catalogue, there are now H&M Home stores located internationally. Its worth was estimated at $12–16 billion, H&M operated 2,325 stores at the end of 2011, and 2,629 stores at the end of August 2012. Its 3, 000th store opened in September 2013 in Chengdu, the first H&M store to open outside of Sweden was in Norway in 1964, and the first to open outside of Scandinavia was in the United Kingdom in 1976. H&Ms expansion outside of Europe started with the US in 2000, in November 2004, selected company stores offered an exclusive collection by fashion designer Karl Lagerfeld. In November 2005, the company launched a collection by Stella McCartney and, in November 2006, in March 2007, it launched another collaboration designed by the pop star Madonna. In June 2007 the company worked with game developers Maxis to create a stuff pack for the latters The Sims 2 computer game, in November 2007, the company launched a collection by Italian designer Roberto Cavalli. It was reported that the sold out very quickly. Also in 2007, another design with Kylie Minogue was launched in Shanghai, in the spring of 2008 the Finnish company Marimekko was selected as guest designer and was followed by Japanese Comme des Garçons in the fall. In 2008, H&M used the song Hang On by British singer-songwriter Lettie as background music to its UK website. For spring and summer 2009, the British designer Matthew Williamson created two exclusive ranges for the company – the first being a collection of womens clothes released in selected stores, the second collection saw Williamson branch into menswear for the first time, only in selected stores
20.
Uniqlo
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Uniqlo Co. Ltd. is a Japanese casual wear designer, manufacturer and retailer. The company has been a wholly owned subsidiary of Fast Retailing Co. Ltd. since November 2005, the company operates in Japan and several other countries. Since March 1949, a Yamaguchi-based company, Ogori Shōji existed in Ube, in May 1984, they opened a unisex casual wear store in Fukuro-machi, Naka-ku, Hiroshima under the name Unique Clothing Warehouse. Initially, from the contraction of unique clothing, the brand was going to register under uni-clo. However, in 1988, during administration work between Hong Kong in relation to the brand, staff in charge of registration misread the C as Q, from then, Tadashi Yanai changed the store name to uniqlo across Japan. In September 1991, the name of the company was changed from Ogori Shōji to Fast Retailing, in 1997, Fast Retailing adopted a set of strategies from American retailer The Gap, known as SPA, meaning that they would produce their own clothing and sell it exclusively. They engaged the retail brand consultancy, CIA, Inc, Uniqlo had begun outsourcing their clothing manufacturing to factories in China where labour was cheap, a well-established corporate practice. Japan was in the depths of a recession at the time, and their advertising campaigns, clothing quality and new retail layouts also proved fruitful. In November 1998, they opened their first urban Uniqlo store in Tokyos trendy Harajuku district, in 2001, sales turnover and gross profit reached a new peak, with over 500 retail stores in Japan. When Uniqlo decided to expand overseas, it separated Uniqlo from the parent company, in 2002 their first Chinese Uniqlo outlet was opened in Shanghai along with four overseas outlets in London, England. But sales did not go well in England, and stocks in Japanese warehouses were overflowing, in 2002 and 2003, Uniqlo profits dropped sharply. In 2004, the company began joint ventures with Japanese fashion magazines and they teamed up with new designers, and profits rose, including at London outlets. The acquisition of other companies by Fast Retailing also helped the struggling company get back on its feet. 2005 saw more expansion, with stores opening in the United States, Hong Kong and South Korea. As of year-end 2005, in addition to its overseas holdings, by 2006 sales were $4 billion. By April 2007, the company had set a sales goal of $10 billion and a ranking among the top five global retailers, joining what at the time was Gap, H&M, Inditex. Fast Retailing signed a consulting contract for Uniqlo products with fashion designer Jil Sander in March 2009. In January 2015, a number of rights violations were reported at Uniqlo suppliers in China
21.
Marks & Spencer
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Marks and Spencer plc is a major British multinational retailer headquartered in the City of Westminster, London. It is listed on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE100 Index and it specialises in the selling of clothing, home products and luxury food products. M&S was founded in 1884 by Michael Marks and Thomas Spencer in Leeds, the company also began to sell branded goods like Kelloggs Corn Flakes in November 2008. In recent years its clothing sales have fallen whilst food sales have increased after the axing of St. Michaels naming for their own brand. The company was founded by a partnership between Michael Marks, a Polish Jew from Słonim, and Thomas Spencer, a cashier from the English market town of Skipton in North Yorkshire. On his arrival in England, Marks worked for a company in Leeds, called Barran, in 1884 he met Isaac Jowitt Dewhirst while looking for work. Dewhirst lent Marks £5 which he used to establish his Penny Bazaar on Kirkgate Market, Dewhirst also taught him a little English. Dewhirsts cashier was Tom Spencer, a bookkeeper, whose wife, Agnes. In 1894, when Marks acquired a permanent stall in Leeds covered market, in 1901 Marks moved to the Birkenhead open market where he amalgamated with Spencer. The pair were allocated stall numbers 11 &12 in the aisle in 1903. The company left Birkenhead Market on 24 February 1923 and it also accepted the return of unwanted items, giving a full cash refund if the receipt was shown, no matter how long ago the product was purchased, which was unusual for the time. M&S staff raised £5,000 to pay for a Supermarine Spitfire fighter aircraft called The Marksman in 1941, by 1950, virtually all goods were sold under the St Michael label. M&S lingerie, womens clothes and girls uniform were branded under the St Margaret label until the whole range of general merchandise became St Michael. Simon Marks, son of Michael Marks, died in 1964, Israel Sieff, the son-in-law of Michael Marks, took over as chairman and in 1968, John Salisse became the company Director. A cautious international expansion began with the introduction of Asian food in 1974, M&S opened stores in continental Europe in 1975 and in Ireland four years later. The company put its emphasis on quality, including a 1957 stocking size measuring system. For most of its history, it also had a reputation for offering fair value for money, when this reputation began to waver, it encountered serious difficulties. Arguably, M&S has historically been an iconic retailer of British Quality Goods, the uncompromising attitude towards customer relations was summarised by the 1953 slogan, The customer is always and completely right
22.
Zara (retailer)
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Zara is a Spanish clothing and accessories retailer based in Arteixo, Galicia. The company was founded in 1975 by Amancio Ortega and Rosalía Mera and it is the main brand of the Inditex group, the worlds largest apparel retailer. The fashion group also owns brands such as Massimo Dutti, Pull and Bear, Bershka, Stradivarius, Oysho, Zara Home, Amancio Ortega opened the first Zara store in 1975 in downtown A Coruña, Galicia, Spain. It is believed the extra a came from a set of letters that had been made for the company. The first store featured low-priced lookalike products of popular, higher-end clothing fashions, Ortega opened additional stores throughout Spain. During the 1980s, Ortega changed the design, manufacturing, and distribution process to reduce lead times and react to new trends in a quicker way, the improvements included the use of information technologies and using groups of designers instead of individuals. In 1988, the company started its expansion through Porto. In 1989, it entered the United States, and then France in 1990, during the 1990s, Zara expanded to Mexico, Greece, Belgium and Sweden. In September 2010, Zara launched its online boutique, the website began in Spain, the UK, Portugal, Italy, Germany and France. In November that same year, Zara Online extended the service to five countries, Austria, Ireland. Online stores began operating in the United States in 2011, Russia and Canada in 2013, and Mexico, Romania, Zara introduced the use of RFID technology in its stores in 2014. The RFID chips are located in the security tags which are removed from clothing when it is purchased, the chip allows the company to quickly take inventory by detecting radio signals from the RFID tags. When an item is sold, the stockroom is immediately notified so that the item can be replaced, an item that is not on the shelf can easily be found with the RFID tag. In 2015, Zara was ranked 30 on Interbrands list of best global brands, Zara stores have mens clothing and womens clothing, as well as childrens clothing. Zaras products are supplied based on consumer trends and its highly responsive supply chain ships new products to stores twice a week. After products are designed, they take ten to fifteen days to reach the stores, all of the clothing is processed through the distribution center in Spain. New items are inspected, sorted, tagged, and loaded into trucks, in most cases, the clothing is delivered within 48 hours. Zara produces over 450 million items per year, reportedly, Zara needs just one week to develop a new product and get it to stores, compared to the six-month industry average, and launches around 12,000 new designs each year
23.
Muji
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Ryohin Keikaku Co. Ltd. or Muji is a Japanese retail company which sells a wide variety of household and consumer goods. Muji is distinguished by its design minimalism, emphasis on recycling, avoidance of waste in production and packaging, the name Muji is derived from the first part of Mujirushi Ryōhin, translated as No Brand Quality Goods on Mujis European website. Muji started with 40 products during the 1980s, their products range from stationery and its primary business includes Café Muji, Meal Muji, Muji Campsite, florist and home furnishing, the company has also engaged in architectural project such as the Muji houses. By the end of the 2000s, Muji sells more than 7,000 products and it is positioned as a reasonably priced brand, keeping the retail prices of products lower than usual by the materials it selects, streamlining its manufacturing processes, and minimising packaging. Mujirushi Ryōhin began as a brand of the supermarket chain The Seiyu. The Mujirushi Ryōhin product range was developed to offer good quality products and were marketed using the slogan “Lower priced for a reason. ”Products were wrapped in clear cellophane, plain brown paper labels. Mujirushi Ryōhins drive to cut prices for consumers saw the company cutting waste by, for example, selling U-shaped spaghetti. In 1983, the first directly operated Mujirushi Ryōhin store opened, in 1985, Mujirushi Ryōhin started overseas production and procurement, started to place direct factory orders in 1986, and in 1987 Muji started to develop material globally. In 1989, Ryohin Keikaku Ltd became the manufacturer and retailer for all Mujirushi Ryōhin products and operations, including planning, development, production, distribution, in 1991, Mujirushi Ryōhin opened its first international store in London. In 1995, shares in “Muji Tsunan Campsite” were registered as shares of Japan Securities Dealers Association. In 1998, Ryōhin Keikaku listed on the section of the Tokyo Stock Exchange. From 2001 onwards, it was listed on the first section, in April 2001 they issued the Muji Car 1000, a limited release of 1,000 badgeless and decontented Nissan Marches, only available online. Intended as an exercise to test their online marketing systems it was developed together with Nissan, the spartanly equipped little car was only offered in marble white. The brand name Muji appears to have used since around 1999. In Japan, Ryohin Keikaku has 312 directly-operated stores, and supplies 102 outlets, Ryohin Keikaku has three factory outlets at Osaka, Gotenba and Fukuoka. In New York City, Muji supplies products to a store at the Museum of Modern Art. As of April 2017, there are 5 stores in Manhattan, one in northern New Jersey, one in Boston, a small branch is at JFK International Airport, and another location in Williamsburg, Brooklyn has been announced, but is yet to open. Muji has released a T-shirt with a square on the chest for customers to design their own logo or message
24.
Celebrity Fitness
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Celebrity Fitness is a fitness center operator with a network of locations in Asia. As of 2014, Celebrity Fitness has nearly 50 clubs in three countries, every Celebrity Fitness club offers personal training, yoga, spinning / indoor cycling and group fitness programs for its members. It is helmed by CEO Martin Darby, Celebrity Fitness was founded in 2003 by John Franklin, Mike Anderson and JJ Sweeney. Celebrity Fitness commenced operations in February 2004 in Jakarta, in 2005, Celebrity Fitness entered the Malaysian market with its first club in Kuala Lumpur. The Malaysian business expanded in 2009 with the purchase of California Fitness gyms, in 2007, the majority shareholding of Celebrity Fitness was acquired by Navis Capital Partners. In May 2010, Navis appointed Martin Darby as CEO, in 2012, Celebrity Fitness entered the Singaporean market. Celebrity Fitness is currently the largest fitness center chain in both Indonesia and Malaysia, nominated as number one fitness chain by Frost and Sullivan Celebrity Fitness was the first gym company of its kind in Indonesia. In 2004, Celebrity opened its first gym in Jakartas eX Mall at Plaza Indonesia, the company has the largest fitness center network in Indonesia and is the market leader, by number of clubs and members. As of 2014, Celebrity Fitness has locations in 11 Indonesian cities Jakarta, Bali, Bandung, Batam, Bogor, Makassar, Medan, Palembang, Semarang, Yogyakarta and Surabaya totaling 30 clubs. In 2004, Celebrity Fitness opened its first gym at the 1 Utama shopping mall in Petaling Jaya located near Kuala Lumpur, in September 2009, Celebrity Fitness acquired all of California Fitnesss gyms in Malaysia. As of 2014, Celebrity Fitness is the largest fitness center chain in Malaysia with 16 locations in three cities Kuala Lumpur, Selangor and Seremban. Main Place USJ, Kajang Metro Point, Klang Parade, Dpulze Cyberjaya, Quill City Mall, Kuala Lumpur City, in March 2012, Celebrity Fitness commenced operations in Singapore with its first club at Rochester Mall in Buona Vista. In June 2012, its second club commenced operations at Downtown East in Pasir Ris, in 2009, Celebrity Fitness opened their first branch in Turkey with its first club at Dalmaz Center in Gayrettepe. In 2010, they closed down their operations due to losses and mismanagement. It has two centres, one in Gurgaon and one in Delhi. In Gurgaon, it is on top floor of JMD mall, MG road, in August 2014, Celebrity Fitness announced the launch of its loyalty rewards program Celebrity STARFIT Rewards
25.
IBM
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International Business Machines Corporation is an American multinational technology company headquartered in Armonk, New York, United States, with operations in over 170 countries. The company originated in 1911 as the Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company and was renamed International Business Machines in 1924, IBM manufactures and markets computer hardware, middleware and software, and offers hosting and consulting services in areas ranging from mainframe computers to nanotechnology. IBM is also a research organization, holding the record for most patents generated by a business for 24 consecutive years. IBM has continually shifted its business mix by exiting commoditizing markets and focusing on higher-value, also in 2014, IBM announced that it would go fabless, continuing to design semiconductors, but offloading manufacturing to GlobalFoundries. Nicknamed Big Blue, IBM is one of 30 companies included in the Dow Jones Industrial Average and one of the worlds largest employers, with nearly 380,000 employees. Known as IBMers, IBM employees have been awarded five Nobel Prizes, six Turing Awards, ten National Medals of Technology, in the 1880s, technologies emerged that would ultimately form the core of what would become International Business Machines. On June 16,1911, their four companies were amalgamated in New York State by Charles Ranlett Flint forming a fifth company, the Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company based in Endicott, New York. The five companies had 1,300 employees and offices and plants in Endicott and Binghamton, New York, Dayton, Ohio, Detroit, Michigan, Washington, D. C. and Toronto. They manufactured machinery for sale and lease, ranging from commercial scales and industrial time recorders, meat and cheese slicers, to tabulators and punched cards. Thomas J. Watson, Sr. fired from the National Cash Register Company by John Henry Patterson, called on Flint and, Watson joined CTR as General Manager then,11 months later, was made President when court cases relating to his time at NCR were resolved. Having learned Pattersons pioneering business practices, Watson proceeded to put the stamp of NCR onto CTRs companies and his favorite slogan, THINK, became a mantra for each companys employees. During Watsons first four years, revenues more than doubled to $9 million, Watson had never liked the clumsy hyphenated title of the CTR and in 1924 chose to replace it with the more expansive title International Business Machines. By 1933 most of the subsidiaries had been merged into one company, in 1937, IBMs tabulating equipment enabled organizations to process unprecedented amounts of data, its clients including the U. S. During the Second World War the company produced small arms for the American war effort, in 1949, Thomas Watson, Sr. created IBM World Trade Corporation, a subsidiary of IBM focused on foreign operations. In 1952, he stepped down after almost 40 years at the company helm, in 1957, the FORTRAN scientific programming language was developed. In 1961, IBM developed the SABRE reservation system for American Airlines, in 1963, IBM employees and computers helped NASA track the orbital flight of the Mercury astronauts. A year later it moved its headquarters from New York City to Armonk. The latter half of the 1960s saw IBM continue its support of space exploration, on April 7,1964, IBM announced the first computer system family, the IBM System/360
26.
Schlumberger
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Schlumberger Limited is the worlds largest oilfield services company. Schlumberger employs approximately 100,000 people representing more than 140 nationalities working in more than 85 countries, Schlumberger has four principal executive offices located in Paris, Houston, London, and the Hague. Schlumberger is incorporated in Willemstad, Curaçao as Schlumberger N. V. and trades on the New York Stock Exchange, Euronext Paris, the London Stock Exchange, and SIX Swiss Exchange. Schlumberger is a Fortune 500 company, ranked 287 in 2016, Schlumberger was founded in 1926 by brothers Conrad and Marcel Schlumberger from the Alsace region in France as the Société de prospection électrique. The company recorded the electrical resistivity well log in Merkwiller-Pechelbronn. The company is involved in the groundwater extraction and carbon capture. The brothers had experience conducting geophysical surveys in countries such as Romania, Canada, Serbia, South Africa, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the new company sold electrical-measurement mapping services, and recorded the first-ever electrical resistivity well log in Merkwiller-Pechelbronn, France in 1927. The company quickly expanded, logging its first well in the U. S. in 1929, in Kern County, in 1935, the Schlumberger Well Surveying Corporation was founded in Houston, later evolving into Schlumberger Well Services, and finally Schlumberger Wireline & Testing. Schlumberger invested heavily in research, inaugurating the Schlumberger-Doll Research Center in Ridgefield, Connecticut in 1948, in 1956, Schlumberger Limited was incorporated as a holding company for all Schlumberger businesses, which by now included American testing and production company Johnston Testers. Over the years, Schlumberger continued to expand its operations and acquisitions, in 1960, Dowell Schlumberger, which specialized in pumping services for the oil industry, was formed. In 1962, Schlumberger Limited became listed on the New York Stock Exchange, Schlumberger purchased 50% of Forex in 1964 and merged it with 50% of Languedocienne to create the Neptune Drilling Company. The first computerized reservoir analysis, SARABAND, was introduced in 1970, the remaining 50% of Forex was acquired the following year, Neptune was renamed Forex Neptune Drilling Company. In 1979, Fairchild Camera and Instrument became a subsidiary of Schlumberger Limited, Schlumberger established the first international data links with e-mail in 1981. In 1983, Schlumberger opened their Cambridge Research Center in Cambridge, England, Forex Neptune was merged with SEDCO to create the Sedco Forex Drilling Company the following year, when Schlumberger purchased Merlin and 50% of GECO. In 1987, Schlumberger completed their purchases of Neptune, Bosco and Cori and that same year, National Semiconductor acquired Fairchild Semiconductor from Schlumberger for $122 million. In 1991, Schlumberger acquired PRAKLA-SEISMOS, and pioneered the use of geosteering to plan the drill path in horizontal wells, Schlumberger acquired software company GeoQuest Systems in 1992. With the purchase came the conversion of SINet to TCP/IP and www capability, in the 1990s Schlumberger bought out the petroleum division, AEG meter, and ECLIPSE reservoir study team Intera Technologies Corp. A joint venture between Schlumberger and Cable & Wireless resulted with the creation of Omnes, which handled all of Schlumbergers internal IT business
27.
KPMG
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KPMG is a professional service company and one of the Big Four auditors, along with Deloitte, Ernst & Young and PricewaterhouseCoopers. Seated in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, KPMG employs 189,000 people and has three lines of services, audit, tax, and advisory and its tax and advisory services are further divided into various service groups. The name KPMG stands for Klynveld Peat Marwick Goerdeler and it was chosen when KMG merged with Peat Marwick. The firms history dates back to 1870 when William Barclay Peat joined a firm in London and took it over. In 1877 accountancy firm Thomson McLintock opened an office in Glasgow, in 1897 Marwick Mitchell & Co. was founded by James Marwick and Roger Mitchell in New York City. In 1899 Ferdinand William LaFrentz founded the American Audit Co. in New York, meanwhile, in 1917 Piet Klijnveld and Jaap Kraayenhof opened an accounting firm called Klynveld Kraayenhof & Co. in Amsterdam. On the other side of the Atlantic, Frank Wilber Main founded Main & Co. in Pittsburgh in about 1913, in 1925 William Barclay Peat & Co. and Marwick Mitchell & Co. merged to form Peat Marwick Mitchell & Company. In 1963 Main LaFrentz & Co was formed by the merger of Main & Co, in 1969 Thomson McLintock and Main LaFrentz merged forming McLintock Main LaFrentz International. In 1979 Klynveld Kraayenhof & Co, McLintock Main LaFrentz and Deutsche Treuhandgesellschaft formed KMG as a grouping of independent national practices to create a strong European-based international firm. In the United States, Main Lafrentz & Co. merged with Hurdman, in 1990 the two firms settled on the common name of KPMG Peat Marwick McLintock but in 1991 the firm was renamed KPMG Peat Marwick, and in 1999 the name was reduced again to KPMG. In October 1997, KPMG and Ernst & Young announced that they were to merge, however, while the merger to form PricewaterhouseCoopers was granted regulatory approval, the KPMG/Ernst & Young tie-up was later abandoned. In 2001 KPMG divested its U. S. consulting firm through a public offering of KPMG Consulting Inc. In early 2009, BearingPoint filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection, the UK and Dutch consulting arms were sold to Atos Origin in 2002. In 2003 KPMG divested itself of its arm, Klegal. KPMGs member firms in the United Kingdom, Germany, Switzerland and these member firms were followed by Spain, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, CIS, Turkey, Norway, and Saudi Arabia. They appointed joint Chairmen, John Griffith-Jones and Ralf Nonnenmacher, each national KPMG firm is an independent legal entity and is a member of KPMG International Cooperative, a Swiss entity registered in the Swiss Canton of Zug. KPMG International changed its structure from a Swiss Verein to a co-operative under Swiss law in 2003. This structure in which the Cooperative provides support only to the member firms is similar to other professional services networks
28.
TV3 (Malaysia)
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TV3 is a Malaysian private, free-to-air television channel owned and operated by the Media Prima Berhad, a Malaysian conglomerate. It began broadcasting on 1 June 1984, now it broadcasts 24 hours a day. Similar to most television stations in Southeast Asia, TV3 is known for its Soap operas, TV3 began broadcasting on 1 June 1984 at 18,00 local time, launched by the then Prime Minister Tun Dr. Mahathir bin Mohamad. On 28 July 1984, TV3 became the first commercial channel in collaboration with RTM bringing Malaysians the live coverage of the Los Angeles Olympics, the same was also done in 1988 and 1992. m. Thursdays at 1,10 p. m. Fridays at 12,00 p. m. transmissions ended at around 12,30 a. m. after the news, except for Saturdays. 24-hour broadcasting on TV3 returned in 2003 in the Ramadhan month, the current 24-hour broadcasting on TV3 began in January 2010, although TV3 may remain sign-off for the analogue versions of the channel/due to maintenance. Between November 2010 and January 2011, TV3 broadcasts from 6, 30am to 12 and it also broadcasts between 6. 30am to 2. 30am between early 2015 until early 2016. The prime-time soap operas were initially broadcast for 30 minutes a day in 2010, then expanded to 90 minutes in 2011, then 120 minutes in 2012, generally, Nightline follows the soap opera. The main news program is Buletin Utama, broadcast at 20, 00-21,00, during floods and certain major events, news programs are expanded, and added midday news. In terms of advertising revenue, the company retains its leadership position, TV3 continues to upgrade its equipment for production and transmission, and its employees receive continuous exposure and training in television production. This has enabled TV3 to remain as the private commercial broadcaster. TV3 together with TV9 and local English language daily the New Straits Times and Malay language daily Berita Harian form the largest media group in Malaysia and it is currently headed by Ahmad Izham Omar. With a strong base of television producers have revolutionised local content production to admiral levels in the broadcast industry, the station has been a trendsetter by producing quality local production and has caught the attention and loyalty of Malaysians. Believing in the precept that local content is the way to go, TV3 continues to invest in people, however, the station also broadcasts a balance of quality foreign content movies, dramas, situation comedy, documentaries and sports. TV3 currently broadcasts on VHF Channel 12 and UHF Channel 29 and it is widely seen as favouring the government and not giving enough coverage for the opposition. TV3 is testing digital terrestrial television, using the Chinese DMB-T/H system and its coverage is limited to Kuala Lumpur City area only. TV3 was awarded the 2007 Asia Pacific Entrepreneurship Award for Responsible Entrepreneurship organised by Enterprise Asia for its significant contributions towards corporate social responsibility, consequently, it prevented people in government-built housing blocks from installing the special antennas required to receive the channel. In addition, it prevented local newspapers and magazines from carrying listings for TV3, TV3 was available on Singapore CableVision, Singapores only cable TV operator, until it was removed at 9pm,22 July 2002 owing to copyright issues
29.
Rapid KL (brand)
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Rapid KL is a service brand used by Prasarana Malaysia subsidiaries companies to refer the public transportation services dedicated for Kuala Lumpur and Klang Valley area. It is acronym for Rangkaian Pengangkutan Intergrasi Deras Kuala Lumpur, the service brand name used by Rapid Rail on LRT & monorail services and Rapid Bus on BRT & stage bus services. The financial crisis of 1997/1998 aggravated the situation, the two companies owed a total of RM5. 7bil as at November 2001 when the governments Corporate Debt Restructuring Committee restructured the debts of the two LRT companies. The bus service in Kuala Lumpur was also facing problems with lower ridership because of an increase in car usage. The two new bus consortia which were formed in the mid 1990s to take over all bus services in Kuala Lumpur - Intrakota Komposit, Intrakota had reportedly accumulated losses amounting to RM450mil from the 1997/1998 financial crisis until SPNB took over in 2003. With lower revenue, the bus operators could not maintain their fleets, frequencies and service deteriorated as buses began breaking down. Public transport usage in the Klang Valley area dropped to about 16% of all total trips, since taking over the LRTs and bus network, Prasarana has taken steps to improve their service. Increasing LRT capacity, Prasarana have issued tenders for the purchase of new LRT rolling stock to increase carrying capacity, tender for 35 new train sets for the Kelana Jaya Line has been given out in October 2006 and October 2007. The trains are expected to be operational in September 2009, on 27 July 2009, Malaysian Prime Minister Najib Abdul Razak announced that the 35 new four-car trains will be operational by end-2012. Boosting bus fleet, As most of the Rapid KL buses inherited were old and poorly maintained, in 2005, the government promised 200 new Rapid KL buses. Increasing bus routes, Prasarana has put on new routes to serve areas which never had bus services. Scheduled bus services, Rapid Bus introduced scheduled services for 16 Rapid Kl buses routes which are not heavily utilised, for the first time in Malaysia, expected bus arrival times and timetables were put up at bus stops along routes. However, these bus frequency timetables at the bus stops, as well as in myrapid website had been removed and this is because they could not cope with many sorts of problems, which is traffic congestion and insufficient number of buses, which resulted in late arrival of buses. Common signage for all three LRT lines, The renaming of Putra-LRT and Star-LRT together with the changing of its signage will help enhance integration of the previously unconnected systems. City shuttles will operate within Kuala Lumpurs central business district while trunk buses will link hubs at the edge of the CBD with suburban transportation hubs, at these suburban hubs, local shuttles will radiate out from rail-based public transport stations and fan out to residential areas. Express buses provide non-stop point-to-point route to specific destination, Rapid KL service brand carried on three rail network. The entire rail network operated by Rapid Rail is 123.1 km long and has 92 stations and these trains can travel up to 80km/h. In 2008, these rail network carry a total of over 350,000 passengers daily. Rapid KL also used by Rapid Bus Sdn Bhd for the first bus rapid transit service in Malaysia and it is one of the largest stage bus operators in the Klang Valley
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Kuala Lumpur Sentral railway station
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Kuala Lumpur Sentral or Sentral Kuala Lumpur is a transit-oriented development that houses the main railway station of Kuala Lumpur, the capital of Malaysia. Opened on 16 April 2001, KL Sentral replaced the old Kuala Lumpur railway station as the main intercity railway station. KL Sentral is the largest railway station in Malaysia, KL Sentral is designed as an intermodal transport hub. All of Kuala Lumpurs passenger rail lines except the Ampang Line serve KL Sentral, while many intercity trains serving Peninsular Malaysia, all the railway components of the scheme have been completed, and Nu Sentral shopping mall is located here. It was also designed to be a new business and financial hub for Kuala Lumpur, KL Sentral refers to the entire 290,000 square metres of development built on the former Keretapi Tanah Melayu marshalling yard in Brickfields. The development includes the transport hub, hotels, office towers, condominiums, KL Sentral has been divided into 14 land parcels, each representing a different function. Some of these lots have been constructed and are already in use, while others are either in the process of being built, or are still awaiting development. KL Sentral is being developed by a made up of Malaysian Resources Corporation Berhad, Keretapi Tanah Melayu Berhad. The KL Sentral development area is divided into plots of land. All construction should complete by 2015, Office zones in KL Sentral account for more than 50% of the total land area. The developer intends that KL Sentral will ultimately be the business, Lot A will be the new headquarters for CIMB Group which is located facing the National Museum. As of June 2011, the new name which appears on the construction site is Menara CIMB. The company acquired the land in July 2008, and construction is expected to begin in Q42007 and it is unknown how many floors there will be but it should have around 600,000 sq ft of office space available. Lot M or Plaza Sentral is an office complex in the west of KL Sentral. The complex was completed in two stages, phase I was completed in June 2001, comprising three blocks and total gross floor area of 785,000 sq ft. Its take-up rate is reaching 100%, phase II was launched in September 2003 due to the escalating demand for premium office space. It has since been taken up. Comprising two towers - 18-storey and 26-storey - made up of four blocks and a gross floor area of 879,381 sq ft
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Singapore
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Singapore, officially the Republic of Singapore, sometimes referred to as the Lion City or the Little Red Dot, is a sovereign city-state in Southeast Asia. It lies one degree north of the equator, at the tip of peninsular Malaysia. Singapores territory consists of one island along with 62 other islets. Since independence, extensive land reclamation has increased its size by 23%. During the Second World War, Singapore was occupied by Japan, after early years of turbulence, and despite lacking natural resources and a hinterland, the nation developed rapidly as an Asian Tiger economy, based on external trade and its workforce. Singapore is a global commerce, finance and transport hub, the country has also been identified as a tax haven. Singapore ranks 5th internationally and first in Asia on the UN Human Development Index and it is ranked highly in education, healthcare, life expectancy, quality of life, personal safety, and housing, but does not fare well on the Democracy index. Although income inequality is high, 90% of homes are owner-occupied, 38% of Singapores 5.6 million residents are permanent residents and other foreign nationals. There are four languages on the island, Malay, Mandarin, Tamil. English is its language, most Singaporeans are bilingual. Singapore is a multiparty parliamentary republic, with a Westminster system of unicameral parliamentary government. The Peoples Action Party has won every election since self-government in 1959, however, it is unlikely that lions ever lived on the island, Sang Nila Utama, the Srivijayan prince said to have founded and named the island Singapura, perhaps saw a Malayan tiger. There are however other suggestions for the origin of the name, the central island has also been called Pulau Ujong as far back as the third century CE, literally island at the end in Malay. In 1299, according to the Malay Annals, the Kingdom of Singapura was founded on the island by Sang Nila Utama and these Indianized Kingdoms, a term coined by George Cœdès were characterized by surprising resilience, political integrity and administrative stability. In 1613, Portuguese raiders burned down the settlement, which by then was part of the Johor Sultanate. The wider maritime region and much trade was under Dutch control for the following period, in 1824 the entire island, as well as the Temenggong, became a British possession after a further treaty with the Sultan. In 1826, Singapore became part of the Straits Settlements, under the jurisdiction of British India, prior to Raffles arrival, there were only about a thousand people living on the island, mostly indigenous Malays along with a handful of Chinese. By 1860 the population had swelled to over 80,000, many of these early immigrants came to work on the pepper and gambier plantations
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Genting Highlands
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Genting Highlands, otherwise known as Resorts World Genting, is a hill resort in Malaysia developed by Genting Group. The hill resort is at an elevation of 1,740 metres within the Titiwangsa Mountains on the border between the states of Pahang and Selangor of Malaysia. Resorts World Genting is operated by Genting Malaysia Berhad, which also operates Awana chain of resorts & hotels. It is sex by car from Kuala Lumpur in one hour, or also accessible by a car called Genting Skyway which at its opening was the worlds fastest. The idea of a resort located near Kuala Lumpur occurred to Tan Sri Lim Goh Tong during a business trip to the Cameron Highlands in 1964. He mooted this idea while enjoying the fresh and crisp air from the balcony of his hotel room, an anomaly happened during the obtaining of the land approvals. While the Pahang state government swiftly approved a lease, the Selangor state reluctantly approved a 99-year lease. As a result, Tan Sri Lim Goh Tong met the then Menteri Besar of Selangor, Dato Harun Idris, finally, the Selangor state government agreed to grant a freehold lease. On 18 August 1965, a technical and construction began the four-year task to complete the access road from Genting Sempah to the peak of Gunung Ulu Kali. In 1971, the first hotel at Genting Highlands was successfully completed and was named Highlands Hotel, the Genting Highlands Resort continued to expand since the opening of the first hotel in 1971. Development of the area continued with care taken to ensure the maintenance of the beauty of the rainforest of the region. In 1997, Genting Highlands Resort added the Genting Skyway cable car system provides a 3.38 kilometres transport to the hilltop. Genting Skyway is also recognised as the Worlds Fastest Mono Cable Car System with a speed of 21.6 kilometres per hour. Originally set to complete by 2016, it has since been delayed by a year, the comprehensive indoor and outdoor theme-park was promoted as the destination for Fun at The Peak. Resorts World Genting has five hotels, one of the five hotels, the First World Hotel, holds the Guinness World Record as the largest hotel in the world from 2006 until 2008, and from 2015 onwards with a total of 7,351 rooms. Its lower station is located near Gohtong Jaya, and its station is located at Maxims Hotel of Genting Highlands Resort. The resort has four performance venues, other rides and attractions except for some located in First World Indoor Theme Park, SnowWorld, Sky Venture, Genting Bowl, Vision City and Funtasy World Video Game Parks are opened as usual. Currently, some of the rides in the First World Indoor Theme Park have been closed until further notice to facilitate the construction of the 20th Century Fox World, the resort hosts several award ceremonies at the Arena of Stars, with a capacity of 6,000 people
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Kuala Lumpur International Airport
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Kuala Lumpur International Airport is Malaysias main international airport and one of the major airports in South East Asia. Built at a cost of US$3.5 billion in Sepang district of Selangor, it is located approximately 45 kilometres south of Kuala Lumpur city centre, KLIA is the largest and busiest airport in Malaysia. In 2015, it handled 48,938,424 passengers and 726,230 tonnes of cargo and it is the worlds 23rd-busiest airport by total passenger traffic. The airport is operated by Malaysia Airports Sepang Sdn Bhd and is the hub of Malaysia Airlines, MASkargo, AirAsia, AirAsia X, Malindo Air, UPS Airlines. The construction of the airport was mainly by a few state owned construction companies as well as Ekovest Berhad – helmed by Tan Sri Datuk Lim Kang Hoo. It was created as part of the Multimedia Super Corridor, a development plan for Malaysia. The chief architect who designed the new terminal was the Japanese architect Kisho Kurokawa. Upon KLIAs completion, Subang Airports Terminal 1 building was demolished, Malaysia Airports agreed to redevelop the remaining Terminal 3 to create a specialist airport for turboprop and charter planes surrounded by a residential area and a business park. The IATA airport code KUL was transferred from Subang Airport, which handles only turboprop aircraft, general aviation. Subang Airports IATA code has since changed to SZB. The airports site spans 100 square kilometres 2, of agricultural land and is one of the worlds largest airport sites. An ambitious three-phase development plan anticipates KLIA to have five runways, Phase One involved the construction of the main terminal and one satellite terminal, giving a capacity of 25 million passengers, and two full service runways. The Phase One airport had sixty contact piers, twenty remote parking bays with eighty aircraft parking positions, four maintenance hangars, Phase Two, designed to increase capacity to 35 million passengers per year is largely complete. Phase Three is anticipated to increase capacity to 100 million passengers per year, the first domestic arrival was Malaysia Airlines flight MH1263 from Kuantan at 07,10 MST. The first international arrival was Malaysia Airlines flight MH188 from Malé International Airport at 07,30 MST. The first domestic departure was Malaysia Airlines flight MH1432 to Langkawi at 07,20 MST, the inauguration of the airport was marked with problems. Aerobridge and bay allocation systems broke down, queues built up throughout the airport, bags were lost and there were waits of over five hours. Most of these issues were remedied eventually, though baggage handling system was plagued with problems until it was put up for a replacement tender in 2007
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Wayback Machine
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The Internet Archive launched the Wayback Machine in October 2001. It was set up by Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat, and is maintained with content from Alexa Internet, the service enables users to see archived versions of web pages across time, which the archive calls a three dimensional index. Since 1996, the Wayback Machine has been archiving cached pages of websites onto its large cluster of Linux nodes and it revisits sites every few weeks or months and archives a new version. Sites can also be captured on the fly by visitors who enter the sites URL into a search box, the intent is to capture and archive content that otherwise would be lost whenever a site is changed or closed down. The overall vision of the machines creators is to archive the entire Internet, the name Wayback Machine was chosen as a reference to the WABAC machine, a time-traveling device used by the characters Mr. Peabody and Sherman in The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show, an animated cartoon. These crawlers also respect the robots exclusion standard for websites whose owners opt for them not to appear in search results or be cached, to overcome inconsistencies in partially cached websites, Archive-It. Information had been kept on digital tape for five years, with Kahle occasionally allowing researchers, when the archive reached its fifth anniversary, it was unveiled and opened to the public in a ceremony at the University of California, Berkeley. Snapshots usually become more than six months after they are archived or, in some cases, even later. The frequency of snapshots is variable, so not all tracked website updates are recorded, Sometimes there are intervals of several weeks or years between snapshots. After August 2008 sites had to be listed on the Open Directory in order to be included. As of 2009, the Wayback Machine contained approximately three petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of 100 terabytes each month, the growth rate reported in 2003 was 12 terabytes/month, the data is stored on PetaBox rack systems manufactured by Capricorn Technologies. In 2009, the Internet Archive migrated its customized storage architecture to Sun Open Storage, in 2011 a new, improved version of the Wayback Machine, with an updated interface and fresher index of archived content, was made available for public testing. The index driving the classic Wayback Machine only has a bit of material past 2008. In January 2013, the company announced a ground-breaking milestone of 240 billion URLs, in October 2013, the company announced the Save a Page feature which allows any Internet user to archive the contents of a URL. This became a threat of abuse by the service for hosting malicious binaries, as of December 2014, the Wayback Machine contained almost nine petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of about 20 terabytes each week. Between October 2013 and March 2015 the websites global Alexa rank changed from 162 to 208, in a 2009 case, Netbula, LLC v. Chordiant Software Inc. defendant Chordiant filed a motion to compel Netbula to disable the robots. Netbula objected to the motion on the ground that defendants were asking to alter Netbulas website, in an October 2004 case, Telewizja Polska USA, Inc. v. Echostar Satellite, No.02 C3293,65 Fed. 673, a litigant attempted to use the Wayback Machine archives as a source of admissible evidence, Telewizja Polska is the provider of TVP Polonia and EchoStar operates the Dish Network
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Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
36.
Johor
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Johor or Johore is a Malaysian state, located in the southern portion of Peninsular Malaysia. It is one of the most developed states in Malaysia, the state capital city of Johor is Johor Bahru. The royal city of the state is Muar and the old state capital is Johor Lama, Johor is surrounded by Pahang to the north, Malacca and Negeri Sembilan to the northwest, and the Straits of Johor to the south, which separates Johor and the Republic of Singapore. Johor is also known by its Arabic honorific, Darul Tazim, or Abode of Dignity, the name Johor originated from the Persian word Jauhar, gem/jewel. Malays tend to name a place after natural objects in great abundance or having visual dominance. Before the name Johor was adopted, the south of the Muar River to Singapore island was known as Ujong Tanah or lands end in Malay. Coincidentally, Johor is the most southern point of the Asian continental mainland. In the early 16th century, the Sultanate of Johor was founded by the Alauddin Riayat Shah II, the son of Mahmud Shah, Johor sultanate was one of the two successor states of the Melaka empire. On Malaccas defeat by the Portuguese in 1511, Alauddin Riayat Shah II established a monarchy in Johor, the Sultanate of Perak—established by Mahmud Shahs other son, Muzaffar Shah I—was the other successor state of Malacca. During Johors peak, the whole of Pahang, present day Indonesian territories of the Riau archipelago, a series of succession struggles were interspersed with strategic alliances struck with regional clans and foreign powers, which maintained Johors political and economic hold in the Straits. In 1641, Johor in co-operation with the Dutch succeeded in capturing Malacca, by 1660, Johor had become a flourishing entrepôt, although weakening and splintering of the empire in the late seventeenth and eighteenth century reduced its sovereignty. In the 18th century, the Bugis of Sulawesi and the Minangkabau of Sumatra controlled the powers in the Johor-Riau Empire. However, in the early 19th century, Malay and Bugis rivalry commanded the scene, in 1819, the Johor-Riau Empire was divided up into the mainland Johor, controlled by the Temenggong, and the Sultanate of Riau-Lingga, controlled by the Bugis. Temenggong Ibrahim opened up Bandar Tanjung Puteri in south Johor as a major town, Temenggong Ibrahim was succeeded by his son, Dato Temenggong Abu Bakar, who later took the title Seri Maharaja Johor by Queen Victoria of England. In 1886, he was crowned the Sultan of Johor. Sultan Abu Bakar of Johor implemented a constitution, developed a British-style administration and constructed the Istana Besar. For his achievements, Sultan Abu Bakar is known by the title Father of Modern Johor, the increased demand for black pepper and gambier in the nineteenth century lead to the opening up of farmlands to the influx of Chinese immigrants, which created Johors initial economic base. The Kangchu system was put in place with the first settlement of Kangkar Tebrau established in 1844, under the British Resident system, Sultan Ibrahim, Sultan Abu Bakars successor, was forced to accept a British adviser in 1904
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Johor Bahru City Square
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Johor Bahru City Square is a shopping centre and office building located in the Central Business district of Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia. City Square, along with Komtar, are located along the main road of Jalan Wong Ah Fook. Due in part to its proximity to the Johor-Singapore Causeway, City Square attracts many shoppers from Singapore. The building interior consists of a seven storey mall with five levels of retail space, including a thirty-six storey office block. City Square has three floors of basement carpark, the mall, which used to have five levels, now boasts two more floors, including one with an outdoor garden, complete with a pond and a green wall. The Singapore Visitor Centre, located at level 2, was launched in 2005, in 2000, the Mega Pavilion Cinema has been upgraded to Cathay Cineplex with new theatres at both level 5 and level 7. In mid-2016, Cathey Cineplex was changed to mmCineplexes while the facilities still remain the same, the pedestrian bridge which connects the City Square to JB Sentral was opened in December 2008. The Government of Singapore Investment Corporation owns 70% of City Squares shares, the remaining shares are divided between the Johor Bahru City Council and MPJBT. Several banks including Maybank, Affin Bank and RHB Bank have opened their branches in City Square, the shopping include several anchor tenants and has various clothes, shoes, bags, electronic stores. The TOPS supermarket, previously located at Basement 1, was declared bankrupt in 2002, list of shopping malls in Malaysia Official website Clark Hatch Fitness Center Johor Bahru Hunts
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Komtar JBCC
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Komtar JBCC is a shopping mall in Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia. It opened in November 2014 and is adjacent to the popular Johor Bahru City Square and it is located next to the original Komtar building, being a recent extension of the original building. The mall features cafes, a supermarket, a souk bazaar, children-centric outlets. The Angry Birds Activity Park is located at the 3rd level of the shopping mall, daiso is located at the 3rd level of the shopping mall. Official Website Angry Birds Activity Park Website
