1.
2002
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2002 was designated as, International Year of Ecotourism International Year of Mountains January 1 The Open Skies mutual surveillance treaty, initially signed in 1992, officially enters into force. The Euro is officially introduced in the Eurozone countries, the former currencies of all the countries that use the Euro ceased to be legal tender on February 28. January 3 – The Israeli Navy seizes a cargo ship trafficking 50 tons of weapons to the Palestinian National Authority, January 18 – The Sierra Leone Civil War comes to a conclusion with the defeat of the Revolutionary United Front by government forces. February 6 – Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom celebrates her Golden Jubilee, February 8–24 – The 2002 Winter Olympics are held in Salt Lake City, Utah. February 12 – The trial of Slobodan Milošević, the former President of Yugoslavia, February 19 – NASAs 2001 Mars Odyssey space probe begins to map the surface of Mars using its thermal emission imaging system. February 22 – UNITA guerilla leader Jonas Savimbi is killed in clashes against government troops led by Angolan President José Eduardo dos Santos in Moxico Province and his death leads to the end of the Angolan Civil War on April 4. March 1 – The Envisat environmental satellite is launched, with its purpose being the recording of information on environmental change, April 2 – Israeli forces besiege the Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem, when militants took shelter there. The siege would last for 38 days, April 15 – Air China Flight 129 crashes into a hillside during heavy rain and fog near Busan, South Korea, killing 129 people. April 25 – South African Mark Shuttleworth blasts off from the Baikonur Cosmodrome on the Soyuz TM-34, may 9 – A remote-control bomb explodes during a holiday parade in Kaspiysk, Russia, killing 44 people and injuring at least 130 more. May 20 – East Timor regains its independence after 26 years of occupation by Indonesia since 1975, may 31–June 30 – The 2002 FIFA World Cup begins in South Korea and Japan, which is won by Brazil. June 6 – An object with a diameter of 10 meters collides with Earth over the Mediterranean. June 10 – The first direct electronic communication experiment between the systems of two humans, is carried out by Kevin Warwick in the United Kingdom. June 24 – A passenger train collides with a train in Dodoma Region, Tanzania, killing 281 people. July 1 The Rome Statute comes into force, thereby establishing the International Criminal Court, a Russian passenger jet and cargo plane collide over the town of Überlingen, Germany, killing 71 people. July 9 – The Organization of African Unity is disbanded and replaced by the African Union, august 26 – Earth Summit 2002 begins in Johannesburg, South Africa, aimed at discussing sustainable development by the United Nations. September 10 – Switzerland joins the United Nations as the 190th member state after rejecting a place in 1986, september 19 – General Robert Guéï leads an army mutiny in an attempt to overthrow Ivory Coast President Laurent Gbagbo, plunging the country in to civil war. September 25 – The Vitim event, a bolide impact, occurs in Irkutsk Oblast. September 26 – The Senegalese passenger ferry Joola capsizes in a storm off the coast of the Gambia, september 27 – East Timor is admitted to the United Nations as the 191st member state
2.
Australia
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Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania and numerous smaller islands. It is the worlds sixth-largest country by total area, the neighbouring countries are Papua New Guinea, Indonesia and East Timor to the north, the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu to the north-east, and New Zealand to the south-east. Australias capital is Canberra, and its largest urban area is Sydney, for about 50,000 years before the first British settlement in the late 18th century, Australia was inhabited by indigenous Australians, who spoke languages classifiable into roughly 250 groups. The population grew steadily in subsequent decades, and by the 1850s most of the continent had been explored, on 1 January 1901, the six colonies federated, forming the Commonwealth of Australia. Australia has since maintained a liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy comprising six states. The population of 24 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard, Australia has the worlds 13th-largest economy and ninth-highest per capita income. With the second-highest human development index globally, the country highly in quality of life, health, education, economic freedom. The name Australia is derived from the Latin Terra Australis a name used for putative lands in the southern hemisphere since ancient times, the Dutch adjectival form Australische was used in a Dutch book in Batavia in 1638, to refer to the newly discovered lands to the south. On 12 December 1817, Macquarie recommended to the Colonial Office that it be formally adopted, in 1824, the Admiralty agreed that the continent should be known officially as Australia. The first official published use of the term Australia came with the 1830 publication of The Australia Directory and these first inhabitants may have been ancestors of modern Indigenous Australians. The Torres Strait Islanders, ethnically Melanesian, were originally horticulturists, the northern coasts and waters of Australia were visited sporadically by fishermen from Maritime Southeast Asia. The first recorded European sighting of the Australian mainland, and the first recorded European landfall on the Australian continent, are attributed to the Dutch. The first ship and crew to chart the Australian coast and meet with Aboriginal people was the Duyfken captained by Dutch navigator, Willem Janszoon. He sighted the coast of Cape York Peninsula in early 1606, the Dutch charted the whole of the western and northern coastlines and named the island continent New Holland during the 17th century, but made no attempt at settlement. William Dampier, an English explorer and privateer, landed on the north-west coast of New Holland in 1688, in 1770, James Cook sailed along and mapped the east coast, which he named New South Wales and claimed for Great Britain. The first settlement led to the foundation of Sydney, and the exploration, a British settlement was established in Van Diemens Land, now known as Tasmania, in 1803, and it became a separate colony in 1825. The United Kingdom formally claimed the part of Western Australia in 1828. Separate colonies were carved from parts of New South Wales, South Australia in 1836, Victoria in 1851, the Northern Territory was founded in 1911 when it was excised from South Australia
3.
Monarch
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A monarch is the sovereign head of state in a monarchy. A monarch may exercise the highest authority and power in the state, alternatively, an individual may become monarch by conquest, acclamation or a combination of means. A monarch usually reigns for life or until abdication, if a young child is crowned the monarch, a regent is often appointed to govern until the monarch reaches the requisite adult age to rule. A monarch can reign in multiple monarchies simultaneously, for example, the monarchy of Canada and the monarchy of the United Kingdom are separate states, but they share the same monarch through personal union. Monarchs, as such, bear a variety of titles — king or queen, prince or princess, emperor or empress, archduke, duke or grand duke, Prince is sometimes used as a generic term to refer to any monarch regardless of title, especially in older texts. A king can also be a husband and a queen can be a kings wife. If both people in a reign, neither person is generally considered to be a consort. Monarchy is political or sociocultural in nature, and is associated with hereditary rule. Most monarchs, both historically and in the present day, have been born and brought up within a royal family, different systems of succession have been used, such as proximity of blood, primogeniture, agnatic seniority, Salic law, etc. In an elective monarchy, the monarch is elected but otherwise serves as any other monarch, historical examples of elective monarchy include the Holy Roman Emperors and the free election of kings of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. In recent centuries, many states have abolished the monarchy and become republics, advocacy of government by a republic is called republicanism, while advocacy of monarchy is called monarchism. A principal advantage of hereditary monarchy is the continuity of national leadership. In cases where the monarch serves mostly as a ceremonial figure real leadership does not depend on the monarch, a form of government may in fact be hereditary without being considered monarchy, such as a family dictatorship. Monarchies take a variety of forms, such as the two co-princes of Andorra, positions held simultaneously by the Roman Catholic Bishop of Urgel and the elected President of France. Similarly, the Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia is considered a monarch despite only holding the position for five years at a time, hereditary succession within one patrilineal family has been most common, with preference for children over siblings, sons over daughters. Other European realms practice one form or another of primogeniture, whereunder a lord was succeeded by his eldest son or, if he had none, by his brother, the system of tanistry was semi-elective and gave weight also to ability and merit. The Salic law, practiced in France and in the Italian territories of the House of Savoy, in most fiefs, in the event of the demise of all legitimate male members of the patrilineage, a female of the family could succeed. Spain today continues this model of succession law, in the form of cognatic primogeniture, in more complex medieval cases, the sometimes conflicting principles of proximity and primogeniture battled, and outcomes were often idiosyncratic
4.
Elizabeth II
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Elizabeth II has been Queen of the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand since 6 February 1952. Elizabeth was born in London as the eldest child of the Duke and Duchess of York, later King George VI and Queen Elizabeth and her father acceded to the throne on the abdication of his brother Edward VIII in 1936, from which time she was the heir presumptive. She began to undertake duties during the Second World War. Elizabeths many historic visits and meetings include a visit to the Republic of Ireland. She has seen major changes, such as devolution in the United Kingdom, Canadian patriation. She has reigned through various wars and conflicts involving many of her realms and she is the worlds oldest reigning monarch as well as Britains longest-lived. In October 2016, she became the longest currently reigning monarch, in 2017 she became the first British monarch to commemorate a Sapphire Jubilee. Elizabeth has occasionally faced republican sentiments and press criticism of the family, however, support for the monarchy remains high. Elizabeth was born at 02,40 on 21 April 1926, during the reign of her paternal grandfather and her father, Prince Albert, Duke of York, was the second son of the King. Her mother, Elizabeth, Duchess of York, was the youngest daughter of Scottish aristocrat Claude Bowes-Lyon, 14th Earl of Strathmore and she was delivered by Caesarean section at her maternal grandfathers London house,17 Bruton Street, Mayfair. Elizabeths only sibling, Princess Margaret, was born in 1930, the two princesses were educated at home under the supervision of their mother and their governess, Marion Crawford, who was casually known as Crawfie. Lessons concentrated on history, language, literature and music, Crawford published a biography of Elizabeth and Margarets childhood years entitled The Little Princesses in 1950, much to the dismay of the royal family. The book describes Elizabeths love of horses and dogs, her orderliness, others echoed such observations, Winston Churchill described Elizabeth when she was two as a character. She has an air of authority and reflectiveness astonishing in an infant and her cousin Margaret Rhodes described her as a jolly little girl, but fundamentally sensible and well-behaved. During her grandfathers reign, Elizabeth was third in the line of succession to the throne, behind her uncle Edward, Prince of Wales, and her father, the Duke of York. Although her birth generated public interest, she was not expected to become queen, many people believed that he would marry and have children of his own. When her grandfather died in 1936 and her uncle succeeded as Edward VIII, she became second-in-line to the throne, later that year, Edward abdicated, after his proposed marriage to divorced socialite Wallis Simpson provoked a constitutional crisis. Consequently, Elizabeths father became king, and she became heir presumptive, if her parents had had a later son, she would have lost her position as first-in-line, as her brother would have been heir apparent and above her in the line of succession
5.
Governor-general
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Governor-General or governor general, in modern usage, is the title of an office-holder appointed to represent the monarch of a sovereign state in the governing of an independent realm. Governors-General have also previously been appointed in respect of major colonial states or other territories held by either a monarchy or republic, in modern usage, the term governor-general originated in those British colonies which became self-governing within the British Empire. In these cases, the Crowns representative in the federated Dominion was given the title of governor general. Another non-federal state, Newfoundland, was a Dominion for 16 years with the Kings representative retaining the title of governor throughout this time, since 2016, the title governor-general has been given to all representatives of the sovereign in independent Commonwealth realms. In these countries the governor-general acts as the representative, performing the ceremonial and constitutional functions of a head of state. The only other nation which uses the designation is Iran. In Iran, the authority is headed by a governor general. As such they held the prerogative powers of the monarch. The monarch or imperial government could overrule any governor-general, though this could often be cumbersome, the governors-general are entitled to wear a unique uniform, which are not generally worn today. If of the rank of general, equivalent or above. The report resulting from the 1926 Imperial Conference stated, in other words, the political reality of a self-governing Dominion within the British Empire with a governor-general answerable to the sovereign became clear. British interference in the Dominion was not acceptable and independent country status was clearly displayed, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand were clearly not controlled by the United Kingdom. The governor-general, however, is appointed by the monarch. Executive authority is vested in the monarch, though much of it can be exercisable only by the governor-general on behalf of the sovereign of the independent realm. Except in rare cases, the only acts in accordance with constitutional convention and upon the advice of the national prime minister. The governor-general is still the representative of the sovereign and performs the same duties as they carried out historically. In some realms, the monarch could in principle overrule a governor-general, in Australia the present Queen is generally assumed to be head of state, since the governor-general and the state governors are defined as her representatives. However, since the governor-general performs almost all national regal functions, to a lesser extent, uncertainty has been expressed in Canada as to which officeholder—the monarch, the governor general, or both—can be considered the head of state
6.
Peter Hollingworth
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Peter John Hollingworth AC, OBE is an Australian retired Anglican bishop. Engaged in social work for decades, he served as the Archbishop of Brisbane for 11 years from 1989 and was the 1991 Australian of the Year. He served as the 23rd Governor-General of Australia from 2001 until 2003 and he is also an author and recipient of various civil and ecclesiastical honours. In 2003 he became only the third governor-general to resign, after criticisms were aired over his conduct as Archbishop of Brisbane in the 1990s, born in Adelaide, South Australia, Hollingworth moved to Melbourne, Victoria in 1940. After attending Lloyd Street and Murrumbeena primary schools he received his education at Scotch College, Melbourne, then began a cadetship with BHP. After matriculating in 1954 he enrolled at the University of Melbourne and he graduated in 1960 with a Bachelor of Arts degree and a Licentiate of Theology. On 6 February 1960 he married Kathleen Ann Turner, an obstetric physiotherapist, Hollingworth was ordained as an Anglican priest in 1960. Hollingworth became deacon-in-charge and then priest-in-charge of St Marys North Melbourne, in 1964 he joined the Brotherhood of St Laurence, an independent Anglican welfare organisation, as chaplain and director of youth and childrens work, then as director of social policy and research. He wrote several books about his work with the poor which became educational texts, as a public advocate on welfare policy he argued, poverty should be looked at in terms of the structure of society rather than the individual case. He was elected a canon of St Pauls Cathedral in 1980, in 1989 he was elected the 8th Archbishop of Brisbane, where he continued his advocacy for the poor and underprivileged and supported the ordination of women. He used his profile to criticise government policy in relation to Aboriginal welfare. In 1998, he attended as a delegate to the 1998 Australian Constitutional Convention. On 22 April 2001 the Prime Minister, John Howard, announced that Hollingworth would be appointed Governor-General of Australia upon the completion of Sir William Deanes term. He was the first Christian cleric to hold the post, though precedent existed at a state level, on 29 June 2001, Hollingworth was sworn in as Governor-General of the Commonwealth of Australia and Commander-in-Chief of the Defence Force. As the governor-general is the Chancellor and Principal Companion of the Order of Australia and that month, the Brisbane Anglican diocese was ordered to pay $834,800 damages to the woman who had been found to have been sexually abused. Hetty Johnston, an advocate for sex abuse victims, instigated a campaign calling for Hollingworth to resign. Hollingworth told the Australian media that, as a newly appointed archbishop at the time and he also said he had not believed that the case involved sexual abuse, but conceded he had not done enough to stop abuses occurring. Phillip Aspinall, Hollingworths successor as archbishop, ordered an inquiry, in May 2003, the report by the Diocese of Brisbane into the handling of the cases was tabled in the Queensland parliament by the Labor Premier of Queensland, Peter Beattie
7.
Prime minister
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A prime minister is the most senior minister of cabinet in the executive branch of government, often in a parliamentary or semi-presidential system. In many systems, the prime minister selects and may dismiss members of the cabinet. In most systems, the minister is the presiding member. In parliamentary systems fashioned after the Westminster system, the minister is the presiding and actual head of government. In such systems, the head of state or the head of states official representative usually holds a ceremonial position. The prime minister is often, but not always, a member of the Legislature or the Lower House thereof and is expected with other ministers to ensure the passage of bills through the legislature. In some monarchies the monarch may also exercise powers that are constitutionally vested in the crown. The first actual usage of the prime minister or Premier Ministre was used by Cardinal Richelieu when in 1625 he was named to head the royal council as prime minister of France. Louis XIV and his descendants generally attempted to avoid giving this title to their chief ministers, the term prime minister in the sense that we know it originated in the 18th century in the United Kingdom when members of parliament disparagingly used the title in reference to Sir Robert Walpole. Over time, however, the title became honorific and remains so in the 21st century, the monarchs of England and the United Kingdom had ministers in whom they placed special trust and who were regarded as the head of the government. Examples were Thomas Cromwell under Henry VIII, William Cecil, Lord Burghley under Elizabeth I, Clarendon under Charles II and these ministers held a variety of formal posts, but were commonly known as the minister, the chief minister, the first minister and finally the prime minister. The power of ministers depended entirely on the personal favour of the monarch. Although managing the parliament was among the skills of holding high office. Although there was a cabinet, it was appointed entirely by the monarch, when the monarch grew tired of a first minister, he or she could be dismissed, or worse, Cromwell was executed and Clarendon driven into exile when they lost favour. Kings sometimes divided power equally between two or more ministers to prevent one minister from becoming too powerful, late in Annes reign, for example, the Tory ministers Harley and St John shared power. The monarch could no longer any law or impose any tax without its permission. It is at point that a modern style of prime minister begins to emerge. A tipping point in the evolution of the prime ministership came with the death of Anne in 1714, George spoke no English, spent much of his time at his home in Hanover, and had neither knowledge of, nor interest in, the details of English government
8.
John Howard
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John Winston Howard, OM, AC was the 25th Prime Minister of Australia, serving from 11 March 1996 to 3 December 2007. Only Sir Robert Menzies has served in the position longer, born in Sydney, Howard was a solicitor at Clayton Utz before entering politics, having studied law at the University of Sydney. A member of the Liberal Party and former president of the Young Liberals, he first stood for office at the 1968 New South Wales state election, but lost narrowly. At the 1974 federal election, Howard was elected to the Division of Bennelong and he was promoted to cabinet in 1977, and later in the year replaced Phillip Lynch as Treasurer of Australia, remaining in that position until the defeat of Malcolm Frasers government in 1983. In 1985, Howard was elected leader of the Liberal Party for the first time and he led the Liberal–National coalition to the 1987 federal election, but lost to Bob Hawkes Labor government, and was removed from the leadership in 1989. Remaining a key figure in the party, Howard was re-elected leader in 1995, after defeating Paul Keatings Labor government in 1996, the Howard Government was re-elected at the 1998,2001 and 2004 elections. Howards actions as prime minister included new gun laws, the introduction of a nationwide value-added tax, immigration reform, Australia also contributed troops to the War in Afghanistan and the Iraq War under his government, and led the International Force for East Timor. The Howard government was defeated at the 2007 federal election, with the Labor Partys Kevin Rudd succeeding him as prime minister, Howard also lost his own seat at the election, becoming only the second prime minister to do so. John Howard is the son of Mona and Lyall Howard. His parents were married in 1925 and his eldest brother Stanley was born in 1926, followed by Walter in 1929, and Robert in 1936. Lyall Howard was an admirer of Winston Churchill, and sympathetic to the New Guard during its early years, Howards ancestors were English, Scottish and Irish. Howard was born and raised in the Sydney suburb of Earlwood and his mother had been an office worker until her marriage. His father and his grandfather, Walter Howard, were both veterans of the First AIF in World War I. They also ran two Dulwich Hill petrol stations where Howard worked as a boy, Lyall Howard died in 1955 when John was sixteen, leaving his mother to take care of John. Howard suffered an impairment in his youth, leaving him with a slight speech impediment. It also influenced him in ways, limiting his early academic performance, encouraging a reliance on an excellent memory. Howard attended the state schools Earlwood Primary School and Canterbury Boys High School, Howard won a citizenship prize in his final year at Earlwood, and subsequently represented his secondary school at debating as well as cricket and rugby. In his final year at school he took part in a show hosted by Jack Davey, Give It a Go broadcast on the commercial radio station, 2GB
9.
Election
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An election is a formal decision-making process by which a population chooses an individual to hold public office. Elections have been the usual mechanism by which modern representative democracy has operated since the 17th century, Elections may fill offices in the legislature, sometimes in the executive and judiciary, and for regional and local government. This process is used in many other private and business organizations. Electoral reform describes the process of introducing fair electoral systems where they are not in place, psephology is the study of results and other statistics relating to elections. To elect means to choose or make a decision, and so other forms of ballot such as referendums are referred to as elections. Elections were used as early in history as ancient Greece and ancient Rome, and throughout the Medieval period to select rulers such as the Holy Roman Emperor, in Vedic period of India, the raja of a gana was apparently elected by the gana. The raja belonged to the noble Kshatriya varna, and was typically a son of the previous raja, however, the gana members had the final say in his elections. The Pala king Gopala in early medieval Bengal was elected by a group of feudal chieftains, such elections were quite common in contemporary societies of the region. In Chola Empire, around 920 CE, in Uthiramerur, palm leaves were used for selecting the village committee members, the leaves, with candidate names written on them, were put inside a mud pot. To select the members, a young boy was asked to take out as many leaves as the number of positions available. This was known as the Kudavolai system, ancient Arabs also used election to choose their caliph, Uthman and Ali, in the early medieval Rashidun Caliphate. Questions of suffrage, especially suffrage for minority groups, have dominated the history of elections, males, the dominate cultural group in North America and Europe, often dominated the electorate and continue to do so in many countries. Early elections in such as the United Kingdom and the United States were dominated by landed or ruling class males. However, by 1920 all Western European and North American democracies had universal male suffrage. Despite legally mandated universal suffrage for males, political barriers were sometimes erected to prevent fair access to elections. The question of who may vote is an issue in elections. In Australia Aboriginal people were not given the right to vote until 1962, suffrage is typically only for citizens of the country, though further limits may be imposed. However, in the European Union, one can vote in municipal elections if one lives in the municipality and is an EU citizen, the nationality of the country of residence is not required
10.
Victorian state election, 2002
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The 2002 Victorian state election, held on Saturday,30 November 2002, was for the 55th Parliament of Victoria. It was held to elect the 88 members of Victorian Legislative Assembly and 22 members of the 44-member Legislative Council, the Labor government led by Premier Steve Bracks was returned for a second term with a landslide, taking 62 seats. It was easily the biggest majority that Labor had ever won in Victoria, additionally, it was only the third time that a Labor government had been reelected in Victoria. The Liberal opposition, led by Robert Doyle, was reduced to 17 seats — their worst result since the 1952 election, Labor also won a majority of seats in the Legislative Council for the first time in its history. The Nationals retained the seven seats they held from the 1999 election, Labor was assisted by a strong economy and by the popularity of Steve Bracks, while the Liberal Party was badly divided between the Kroger and the Kennett factions. The Liberal campaign was damaged by the revelation that the shadow treasurer. Deans electorate of Berwick had been abolished and merged into the new electorate of Gembrook, however, he failed to update his address after moving to his new electorate. As a result, he was no longer on the electoral roll and this was the last Victorian election where the Legislative Council was elected using preferential voting in single-member districts. The following voting statistics exclude the two mid-term by-elections held on the day, at which one seat each was retained by the Liberal and National parties. Results for Benalla are based from the 2000 by-election, which Labor won from the Nationals, cranbourne became a notionally Labor seat after the redistribution. Members in italics did not recontest their seats
11.
Tasmanian state election, 2002
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A general election for the Tasmanian House of Assembly was held on Saturday 20 July 2002. The Labor government led by Premier Jim Bacon was seeking a second term against the Liberal Party of Australia Opposition headed by Opposition Leader Bob Cheek. The election was marked by a swing to both the Labor Party and the Tasmanian Greens at the expense of the Liberals, with Cheek losing his own seat. The results of the election were somewhat unexpected, the government retained its 14 seats in the 25-member parliament and recorded a swing in their favour in all five electorates. The Liberal Party had held ten seats before the election, the Greens gained 18. 1% of the statewide vote, their highest on record. In the Hobart-based seat of Denison, the Greens polled 24. 5%, the election had major impacts on both the Liberal Party and Tasmanian Greens, while leaving the governing ALP largely unchanged. The Liberal Party elected a new leader, MP Rene Hidding, from the Lyons, following the defeat of its previous leader. In contrast to the misfortune of the Liberal Party, the saw the unexpected revival of the Greens. The reduction of the size of the Assembly in 1998, from 35 to 25, had increased the quota necessary to win a seat to 16. 7%. Both major parties portrayed this as a way to cut the costs of government, at the 1998 election, all of their MPs except one, Peg Putt, were defeated. However, they managed to increase their vote in the 2002 poll
12.
South Australian state election, 2002
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State elections were held in South Australia on 9 February 2002. All 47 seats in the South Australian House of Assembly were up for election, the incumbent Liberal Party of Australia led by Premier of South Australia Rob Kerin was defeated by the Australian Labor Party led by Leader of the Opposition Mike Rann. Coming into the 2002 election, the Liberal Government had faced a number of scandals including the Motorola affair and he was succeeded by Rob Kerin, who had only six months to govern before the election was called. Labor won two seats from the Liberals, the districts of Adelaide and Colton and this gave Labor 23 seats, Liberals 20 seats, SA Nationals one seat, and three seats to independents. In order to form majority government, a party needed 24 seats out of 47, most analysts expected Kerin to form a minority government with the support of all four of the crossbench. This agreement effectively made Rann premier-elect, Kerin argued that since the Liberals had won a 50.9 percent two-party vote, they had a mandate to stay in office. The Liberal Government was defeated on the floor of the House of Assembly on 5 March 2002, with Rann becoming Premier and leader of the Rann Government on 6 March. In the Legislative Council, Liberal won 5 seats, Labor won 4 seats, Australian Democrats won 1 seat, and this left the overall numbers in the Legislative Council at, Liberal 9, Labor 7, Democrats 3, Family First 1, and 2 independents. The sole balance of power was held unbroken by the Australian Democrats since their inception in the mid-1970s, archived from the original on 2004-08-22. SA Election - The last domino, archived from the original on 2004-08-22. Labor still a chance to take the final state, archived from the original on 2004-08-22
13.
Monarchy of Australia
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The monarchy of Australia is a form of government in which a hereditary king or queen serves as the nations sovereign. The present monarch is Elizabeth II, styled Queen of Australia and she is represented in Australia by the governor-general, in accordance with the Australian constitution and letters patent from the Queen. In each of the states, the monarch is represented by a governor, the Australian monarch, besides reigning in Australia, separately serves as monarch for each of 15 other Commonwealth nations known as realms. This developed from the colonial relationship between these countries and the United Kingdom, but they are now independent of each other and are legally distinct. Likewise, on all matters relating to any Australian state, the monarch is advised by the ministers of the Crown of that state, the British government is thus considered a foreign power in regard to Australias domestic and foreign affairs. The sovereigns Australian title is currently Elizabeth the Second, by the Grace of God Queen of Australia and Her other Realms and Territories, Head of the Commonwealth. Typically, the monarch is styled King or Queen of Australia and is addressed as such when in Australia or performing duties on behalf of Australia abroad, prior to 1953, the title had simply been the same as that in the United Kingdom. Australia, however, wished to have the United Kingdom mentioned as well, thus, the resolution was a title that included the United Kingdom but, for the first time, also separately mentioned Australia and the other Commonwealth realms. The passage of a new Royal Style and Titles Act by the Parliament of Australia put these recommendations into law, Queen Elizabeth II signed her assent at Government House, Canberra, on 19 October 1973. Australia does not pay any money to the Queen, either for personal income or to support the royal residences outside Australia, only when the Queen is in Australia does the Australian government support her in the performance of her duties. This rule applies equally to members of the Royal Family. Succession is according to British laws that have incorporated into Australian law. By adhering to the Statute of Westminster in 1942, Australia agreed to change its rules of only in agreement with the UK. Parallel proclamations are made by the governors in each state, regardless of any proclamations, the late sovereigns heir immediately and automatically succeeds, without any need for confirmation or further ceremony. After an individual ascends the throne, he or she continues to reign until death. The legal personality of a component of the Australian state is expressed by reference to the sovereign. In criminal prosecutions, the state as a party is named as The Queen—for instance. However, the prosecutors themselves are referred to as representing the Crown, more commonly and conveniently, however, the entity is referred to directly—for example, as The Commonwealth or The State of New South Wales or simply New South Wales
14.
Governor General of Australia
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The Governor-General of the Commonwealth of Australia is the representative in Australia of the Australian monarch, currently Queen Elizabeth II. The Governor-General is appointed by the Queen on the advice of the Prime Minister of Australia, when travelling abroad, the Governor-General is seen as the representative of Australia, and of the Queen of Australia, so is treated as a head of state. The Governor-General is supported by a staff headed by the Official Secretary to the Governor-General, a Governor-General is not appointed for a specific term, but is generally expected to serve for five years subject to a possible short extension. Since 28 March 2014, the Governor-General has been General Sir Peter Cosgrove, from Federation in 1901 until 1965,11 out of the 15 Governors-General were British aristocrats, they included four barons, three viscounts, three earls, and one prince. Since then, all but one of the Governors-General have been Australian-born, as of 2017, only one Governor-General, Dame Quentin Bryce, was a woman. The selection of a Governor-General is a responsibility for the Prime Minister of Australia, the candidate is approached privately to confirm whether they are willing to accept the appointment. The prime minister advises the monarch to appoint his nominee. This has been the procedure since November 1930, when James Scullins proposed appointment of Sir Isaac Isaacs was fiercely opposed by the British government, Scullin was equally insistent that the monarch must act on the relevant prime ministers direct advice. Both of these appointments had been agreed to despite British government objections, despite these precedents, George V remained reluctant to accept Scullins recommendation of Isaacs and asked him to consider Field Marshal Sir William Birdwood. However, Scullin stood firm, and, on 29 November, the King agreed to Isaacss appointment and this right to not only advise the monarch directly, but also to expect that advice to be accepted, was soon taken up by all the other Dominion prime ministers. This, among other things, led to the Statute of Westminster 1931, having agreed to the appointment, the monarch then permits it to be publicly announced in advance, usually several months before the end of the current Governor-Generals term. During these months, the person is referred to as the Governor-General-designate, the actual appointment is made by the monarch. Governors-General have during their tenure the style His/Her Excellency the Honourable, since May 2013, the style used by a former Governor-General is the Honourable, it was at the same time retrospectively granted for life to all previous holders of the office. From the creation of the Order of Australia in 1975, the Governor-General was, ex officio, Chancellor and Principal Companion of the Order, and therefore became entitled to the post-nominal AC. In 1986 the Letters Patent were amended again, and Governors-General appointed from that time were again, ex officio, until 1989, all Governors-General were members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom and thus held the additional style the Right Honourable for life. The same individuals were also usually either peers, knights, or both, in 1989, Bill Hayden, a republican, declined appointment to the British Privy Council and any imperial honours. Dame Quentin Bryce was the first Governor-General to have had no title or pre-nominal style. Until 2015, the honour continued after the retirement from office of the Governor-General, formerly, the Governor-General automatically became a knight or dame upon being sworn in
15.
Prime Minister of Australia
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The Prime Minister of the Commonwealth of Australia is the head of government of Australia. The individual who holds the office is the most senior Minister of the Crown, the leader of the Cabinet, the office is not mentioned in the Constitution of Australia and exists only through longstanding political convention and tradition. Despite this, in practice it is the most powerful position in Australia. The individual who holds the office is commissioned by the Governor-General of Australia, almost always and according to convention, the Prime Minister is the leader of the majority party or largest party in a coalition of parties in the House of Representatives. However, there is no requirement that the prime minister sit in the House of Representatives. The only case where a member of the Senate was appointed minister was John Gorton. Malcolm Turnbull has held the office of Prime Minister since 15 September 2015, the Prime Minister and Treasurer are traditionally members of the House, but the Constitution does not have such a requirement. Before being sworn in as a Minister of the Crown, a person must first be sworn in as a member of the Federal Executive Council if they are not already a member. Membership of the Federal Executive Council entitles the member to the style of The Honourable for life, the senior members of the Executive Council constitute the Cabinet of Australia. The Prime Minister is, like ministers, normally sworn in by the Governor-General. When defeated in an election, or on resigning, the Prime Minister is said to hand in the commission, in the event of a Prime Minister dying in office, or becoming incapacitated, the Governor-General can terminate the commission. Despite the importance of the office of minister, the Constitution does not mention the office by name. The conventions of the Westminster system were thought to be entrenched in Australia by the authors of the Constitution that it was deemed unnecessary to detail them. The formal title of the portfolio has always been simply Prime Minister, except for the period of the Fourth Deakin Ministry, Page was the leader of the smaller party in the governing coalition, the Country Party. He held the office for three weeks until the UAP elected a new leader, Robert Menzies, in August 1941 Menzies resigned as prime minister. In July 1945 John Curtin died suddenly and his deputy, Frank Forde, was sworn in the next day as prime minister, although the Labor Party had not had an opportunity to meet and elect a new leader. Forde served for eight days until Ben Chifley was elected leader, Chifley was then sworn in, replacing Forde, who became Australias shortest-serving prime minister. Harold Holt disappeared while swimming on 17 December 1967 and was declared presumed dead on 19 December, the governor-general, Lord Casey, commissioned the Leader of the Country Party, John McEwen, to form a government until the Liberal Party elected a new leader
16.
Chief Justice of Australia
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The Chief Justice of Australia is the informal title for the presiding justice of the High Court of Australia and the highest-ranking judicial officer in the Commonwealth of Australia. The incumbent is Susan Kiefel, the first woman to hold the office, the Court was constituted by, and its first members were appointed under, the Judiciary Act 1903, with the first appointments to the High Court commencing on 5 October 1903. The Chief Justice is first among equals among the Justices of the High Court, all Justices, including the Chief Justice, are appointed by the Governor-General of Australia, on the advice of the federal government. They can be removed only by the Governor-General, on a request from both houses of the parliament, although this has never been done. Since 1977, appointment has been until the retirement age of seventy. The Chief Justice often acts as the Governor-Generals deputy, especially at such as the opening of Parliament after an election. Chief Justice Samuel Griffith was several times consulted by Governors-General of Australia on the exercise of the reserve powers, the Chief Justice also administers the Oath of Allegiance to the Monarch and an Oath of Office to the Governor-General-designate when he or she takes up his or her appointment. Chief Justice Sir John Latham was absent from the office when he served from 1940 to 1941 as Australias first ambassador to Japan, Sir George Rich was Acting Chief Justice in Lathams absence
17.
Murray Gleeson
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Anthony Murray Gleeson AC, QC, was the eleventh Chief Justice of the High Court of Australia, the highest court in the Australian court hierarchy. Gleeson was born in Wingham, New South Wales, the eldest of four children, among his graduating class of 1962 were John Howard, later to become Prime Minister, and Michael Kirby, who later served alongside him as a judge on the High Court. After graduation, Gleeson spent one year as a solicitor at Messrs Murphy & Moloney, upon his appointment as Queens Counsel in 1974, Gleesons career as senior counsel continued to focus on commercial and constitutional matters. However he also appeared in some criminal cases, including his successful defence before a jury of National Party MP Ian Sinclair in 1980. In the same year he appeared for the appellants in Port Jackson Stevedoring v Salmond & Spraggon, Gleeson was President of the New South Wales Bar Association 1984-1985. He was a counsel, who prepared his cases and even his cross examinations in minute detail. Retired Justice of Appeal Roderick Meagher said jokingly of Gleeson, He has written nothing outside his professional work and he takes no interest in either music or art. He stares at them to make them wilt, Gleeson was appointed as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of New South Wales in 1988, the first barrister to be directly elevated to the Chief Justiceship since Frederick Jordan in 1934. During his decade as Chief Justice of New South Wales, the system dealt with considerable change including fast growing demand, cost constraints. The tradition of the Chief Justice frequently appearing in the Court of Criminal Appeal was continued under Gleesons tenure, Gleeson also frequently presided in the Court of Appeal, a forum more suited to his expertise in administrative, commercial, and constitutional law. In Egan v Chadwick, this power was found to be not limited by legal professional privilege, in May 1998, Gleeson was appointed Chief Justice of the High Court of Australia, replacing Sir Gerard Brennan. He is also the first Chief Justice not to have made a knight. During his tenure as Chief Justice, Gleeson actively maintained the importance of independence in the face of increasing executive government power. He also spoke out against the use of torture, forced confessions and his tenure as Chief Justice was also characterised by a large number of joint judgments, and a relatively frequent number of judgments that clearly and plainly provide the Courts ratio decidendi. On 30 July 2008, it was announced that Federal Court justice Robert French would succeed Gleeson as Chief Justice, in accordance with the Australian Constitution, he retired from the High Court on 29 August 2008, the day before his 70th birthday. The occasion was marked by a sitting of the High Court in Canberra. On 7 November 2008, Gleeson was appointed a non-permanent judge of the Court of Final Appeal of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region and he is given a Chinese name 紀立信 by the Hong Kong Judiciary. Gleeson was the Lieutenant Governor of New South Wales from 1989 to 1998 and he was appointed an Officer of the Order of Australia in 1986
18.
Premier of New South Wales
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The Premier of New South Wales is the head of government in the state of New South Wales, Australia. The Government of New South Wales follows the Westminster system, with a Parliament of New South Wales acting as the legislature, prior to Federation in 1901 the term Prime Minister of New South Wales was used, Premier was used from 1901. The current Premier is Gladys Berejiklian, the Leader of the New South Wales Liberal Party, Berejiklian replaced Mike Baird on 23 January 2017, after Baird resigned as Premier. As of January 2017, nine former Premiers are alive, the oldest being Barrie Unsworth, the most recent premier to die was Tom Lewis on 25 April 2016. List of Premiers of New South Wales by time in office Deputy Premier of New South Wales
19.
Bob Carr
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Robert John Bob Carr is a former politician from Australia. From 4 April 1995 to 3 August 2005, Carr was the Premier of New South Wales and he was the longest continuously serving Premier of the state. Carr was born in the suburb of Matraville in Sydney, to Edward and he was educated at Matraville High School from which he graduated as dux in 1964. He was the first person in his family to finish high school, while still a 15-year-old student at school, Carr joined the local branch of the Australian Labor Party. He would go on to become the President of the New South Wales branch and he completed his tertiary education at the University of New South Wales, from which he graduated with a Bachelor of Arts with Honours in History. After graduation, Carr worked as a journalist for the ABC Radios AM and he was also a reporter on industrial relations and politics for The Bulletin magazine from 1978 to 1983. He later recalled that his work as a journalist provided good preparation for his political career and he also spent a period working as an education officer for the Labor Council of New South Wales. In 1972, Carr met a Malaysian economics student, Helena John on a holiday in Tahiti, Helena Carr became a successful businesswoman, while she largely remained out of the political spotlight during her husbands career. Carr entered the New South Wales Legislative Assembly at a by-election in October 1983 as the member for Maroubra, in December 1984 he was appointed Minister for Planning and the Environment in the Neville Wran government. In February 1986 he also took on the Consumer Affairs portfolio, as planning minister, Carr released a new metropolitan planning strategy for the capital, to replace the 1968 Sydney Region Outline Plan. The Unsworth Labor government was defeated in a landslide in March 1988, Carr was interested in international relations, and his long-term ambition was to enter federal politics and become Minister for Foreign Affairs. However, following the election Carr was pressured by his own right–wing faction to stand for the leadership. Further, the party organisation did not want Laurie Brereton as leader, he would go on to represent the seat of Kingsford Smith. Polling in the lead-up to the 1991 election predicted another heavy defeat, however, Labor regained all but one of the seats lost at the previous election. As a result, while the Coalition won 52 per cent of the two-party vote, Labor scored a 10-seat swing, Greiner was forced into a minority government with the support of independents. In 1992 Greiner resigned following adverse findings against him from the Independent Commission Against Corruption, John Fahey replaced him as premier, but was hampered by his need to negotiate with independents. Labor won the 1995 election with a majority of one seat, following the narrow 1995 victory, Labor was re-elected by a much bigger margin in the 1999 poll with 55 seats out of 93. He was re-elected with the margin in the 2003 election
20.
Premier of South Australia
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The Premier of South Australia is the head of government in the state of South Australia, Australia. The Government of South Australia follows the Westminster system, with a Parliament of South Australia acting as the legislature, the current Premier is Jay Weatherill, the Leader of the South Australian Branch of the Australian Labor Party. Weatherill replaced Mike Rann on 21 October 2011, after Rann resigned as Premier, before the 1890s when there was no formal party system in South Australia, MPs tended to have historical liberal or conservative beliefs. The liberals dominated government from the 1893 election to 1905 election with the support of the South Australian United Labor Party, Labor took government with the support of eight dissident liberals in 1905 when Labor won the most seats for the first time. The rise of Labor saw non-Labor politics start to merge into various party incarnations, Labor formed South Australias first majority government after winning the 1910 state election, triggering the merger. The 1910 election came two weeks after federal Labor formed Australias first elected majority government at the 1910 federal election, no Country or rural conservative parties emerged as serious long-term forces in South Australian state politics, often folding into the main non-Labor party. There are six living former premiers, the oldest being Steele Hall, the most recent premier to die was John Bannon on 13 December 2015. In the following timeline, the legend includes the Liberal and Democratic Union, the Liberal Union, the Liberal Party of Australia is represented as Liberal only. The grey area represents the duration of Playmander electoral malapportionment, beginning in 1936, in effect until the 1970 election
21.
Rob Kerin
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Due to the Motorola affair where Olsen misled parliament, he resigned the premiership to Kerin several months before the 2002 election where the Liberals lost government. Born to parents Maurice and Molly Kerin in Crystal Brook, Kerin attended the Adelaide Catholic secondary school, Kerin was elected to parliament in 1993 as the member for the mid-north rural electoral district of Frome. Following the resignation of Deputy Premier Graham Ingerson, Kerin succeeded him, Olsen was forced to resign from the premiership after misleading parliament which would come to be known as the Motorola affair. Kerin became Liberal leader and premier less than six months before the 2002 election, at that election, Labor took two seats off the Liberals, one seat short of victory. The result was another hung parliament, while Labor was now only one seat short of a majority as opposed to the Liberals now four seats short of a majority, the Liberals won 50.9 percent of the two-party vote. The balance of power rested with four conservative crossbenchers—one National and three independents and they were initially expected to support the Liberals, allowing Kerin to stay in office with a minority government. When Kerin learned this, he argued that the Liberals still had a mandate to govern since they had won a majority of the two-party vote and he intended to stay in office unless Rann demonstrated he had a working majority on the floor of the Assembly. Three weeks of political limbo ended on 5 March, at Kerins request, the House of Assembly was called into session earlier than is normally the case after an election. With Lewis in the chair, Kerin moved a confidence motion in his own government. The motion was defeated, leaving Kerin with no choice but to resign in favour of Rann, Kerin remained Liberal leader, and hence became Leader of the Opposition. At the 2006 election the Liberals were soundly defeated, suffering a swing against them of about 7.7 percent. Following that loss, Kerin stood down as Liberal leader, and he was succeeded as Liberal leader by Iain Evans. In 2007, Kerin announced he would not be seeking re-election at the 2010 election, Kerin announced on 11 November 2008 that he would resign from parliament immediately rather than at the next election. This triggered the 2009 Frome by-election, independent Geoff Brock won the seat in a very close contest, with his presence to later deny the Liberals government at the 2014 election
22.
Mike Rann
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Michael David Mike Rann AC, CNZM was the 44th Premier of South Australia from 2002 to 2011. Among several other honours, Rann was awarded the Companion of the Order of Australia at Australia Day in 2016, Rann succeeded Lynn Arnold as leader of the South Australian Branch of the Australian Labor Party and South Australian Leader of the Opposition in 1994. Rann led Labor to minority government at the 2002 election, before attaining a landslide win at the 2006 election, the Rann Government was elected to a third four-year term at the 2010 election, retaining majority government despite a swing − giving Labor a record 12 years in government. He resigned as Premier in October 2011 after a year of poor opinion polling saw him lose party support and was succeeded by Jay Weatherill. He was a South Australian MP in the House of Assembly from the 1985 election, following the 2014 election, Labor went from minority to majority government when Nat Cook won the 2014 Fisher by-election by five votes from a 7.3 percent two-party swing. His government also introduced Adelaides Thinker in Residence program, South Australia achieved a AAA credit rating under the Rann Labor government, prompting Business SA chief executive Peter Vaughan to praise Labors economic management. Rann was often the most popular Premier in the country, with his approach to government generally moderate, Rann was born in Sidcup, England. His father was an electrician who had served at El Alamein in World War II and his mother was employed in an armaments factory. Most of Ranns childhood was spent in the care of his father in South London, in 1962, when he was nine, his family emigrated from Blackfen to Mangakino, a small town north of Taupo on the Waikato River in New Zealand. His family then moved to Matamata, then to Birkenhead on Aucklands North Shore where he attended Northcote College and he completed a Bachelor and a Master of Arts in political science at the University of Auckland. He was Vice President of the New Zealand Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament, as a member of Princes Street Labour, he also spent considerable time working on New Zealand Labour Party campaigns including that of Mike Moore. After university, Rann was a political journalist for the New Zealand Broadcasting Corporation, haydon Manning has stated that it was reported that Rann struggled with being an objective reporter. Rann visited his brother Chris in Adelaide during 1977, shortly afterwards he moved to that city, to carry out a position with then Premier Don Dunstans Industrial Democracy Unit. He subsequently worked as Dunstans press secretary, speech writer and adviser, Manning has stated that one commentator reported that Rann was frankly inspired by Dunstans idealism as opposed to Bannons cool electoral pragmatism. Rann sometimes talked during this period of his ambitions to one day become Premier himself, meanwhile, Rann wrote speeches on, and assisted in policy development for, civil liberties, Aboriginal land rights, gay and womens rights, and opposition to uranium mining. Revealing a vein of idealism, his early predilection was left of centre, Rann was elected to Parliament as the Member for the safe Labor seat of Briggs in north Adelaide at the 1985 election. He introduced the legislation in 1991 to establish the new University of South Australia, as Minister of Tourism he legislated in 1993 to establish the South Australian Tourism Commission and had ministerial responsibility for the Australian Formula One Grand Prix. Labor lost government at the 1993 election in a due to the State Bank collapse
23.
Premier of Queensland
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The Premier of Queensland is the head of government in the Australian state of Queensland. By convention the Premier is the leader of the party with a majority in the unicameral Legislative Assembly of Queensland. The Premier is appointed by the Governor of Queensland, the incumbent Premier of Queensland since the 2015 election is Annastacia Palaszczuk of the Australian Labor Party. Under section 42 of the Constitution of Queensland the Premier and other members of Cabinet are appointed by the Governor and are responsible to Parliament. The text of the Constitution assigns to the Premier certain powers, such as the power to assign roles to Assistant Ministers, although ministerial appointments are the prerogative of the Governor of Queensland, in normal circumstances the Governor will make these appointments under the advice of the Premier. A re-elected government will be resworn, with adjustments to the ministry as determined by the Premier, the Premier has an office in the Executive Annexe of Parliament House, Brisbane, which is normally used while Parliament is sitting. At other times the Premiers ministerial office is in 1 William Street, before the 1890s, there was no developed party system in Queensland. Political affiliation labels before that time indicate a general tendency only, before the end of the first decade of the twentieth century, political parties were more akin to parliamentary factions, and were fluid, informal and disorganised by modern standards. As of February 2015, six former premiers are alive, the oldest being Russell Cooper, the most recent premier to die was Wayne Goss, on 10 November 2014. List of Premiers of Queensland by time in office Government of Queensland Politics of Queensland
24.
Peter Beattie
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Peter Douglas Beattie, AC is an Australian politician who served as the 36th Premier of Queensland from 1998 to 2007 and Leader of the Australian Labor Party in that state from 1996 to 2007. His sweeping victories in the 2001,2004 and 2006 state elections confirmed him as one of the most electorally successful politicians in Australia, before retiring in 2007, he groomed and was then succeeded by his Deputy Anna Bligh, who became the first female Premier of Queensland. He was the unsuccessful Labor candidate for the seat of Forde at the 2013 federal election, Beattie was born in Sydney as the youngest of seven children. He was raised by his grandmother at Atherton, a town in North Queensland. At school, he met Heather Scott-Halliday, whom he later married and they have three adult children and live in Wilston, a suburb of Brisbane. During his studies at the University of Queensland, Beattie was President of the Student Club at St Johns College, Beattie became involved in the campaign led by Dr Denis Murphy to reform the Queensland branch of the party, which was dominated by elderly and conservative trade union leaders. In 1981 the federal Labor Party leader, Bill Hayden, led a federal intervention in Queensland, eight years later, Wayne Goss became Queenslands first Labor Premier since Vince Gair in 1957. At the 1989 election Beattie was elected to the Queensland Parliament as MP for Brisbane Central, something of a maverick within the parliamentary party during his early term, Beattie was mistrusted by faction leaders and kept out of the ministry. Beattie also publicly criticised Goss for being out of touch, Goss did not appoint him to the ministry until Labors near defeat at the 1995 election, where Beattie became Minister for Health. He was only in office for three months before the Goss government lost office following defeat in the Mundingburra by-election, Goss then stood down as ALP leader, and Beattie was elected in his stead, thus becoming Opposition Leader. His first act as Opposition leader was to move a motion in Parliament preventing the new Coalition government under Rob Borbidge from calling an early election, Labor feared that an early election could give the Coalition an outright majority. At the 1998 state election Labor won 44 seats out of 89, the balance of power rested with two independents, Peter Wellington and Liz Cunningham, and the 11 One Nation MPs. Labor needed the support of only one crossbencher to make Beattie premier, Wellington announced his support for Labor, allowing Beattie to form a minority government. Later following a by-election, Labor won a majority in its own right, Beattie acted swiftly, forcing a number of MPs to quit politics and forcing Elder to resign as Deputy Premier. In the ensuing campaign, Beattie claimed a Labor win would ensure stable government, Beattie was rewarded with a smashing victory, winning 66 seats out of 89—the biggest majority Labor has ever won in an election. In February 2004 Beattie again went to the polls, and again a crisis blew up shortly before the election, Beattie accepted full personal responsibility for the issue, and paradoxically turned the issue into a positive for the government. At the 7 February elections Beattie won 63 seats, a net loss of three, losing four seats to the National-Liberal Opposition but gaining one from them. This made him one of the most successful politicians in Australian history
25.
Premier of Tasmania
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The Premier of Tasmania is the head of the executive government in the Australian state of Tasmania. By convention, the party or political grouping which has majority support in the House of Assembly will nominate its leader to be Premier, the nominated politician is then invited by the Governor of Tasmania to act as their principal adviser. Before the 1890s, there was no party system in Tasmania. Party labels before that time indicate a general tendency only, the current convention of appointing the Premier from the House of Assembly was not generally applied prior to 1920, with Premiers often appointed from the Legislative Council. The incumbent Premier of Tasmania since the 2014 election is Will Hodgman of the Liberal Party of Australia, as of 24 January 2011, eight former premiers are alive, the oldest being Tony Rundle. The most recent premier to die was Sir Angus Bethune, on 27 August 2004, the most recently serving premier to die was Jim Bacon, on 20 June 2004. List of Premiers of Tasmania by time in office Leader of the Opposition Governors of Tasmania PREMIERS OF TASMANIA Parliament of Tasmania
26.
Jim Bacon
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James Alexander Bacon, AC was Premier of Tasmania from 1998 to 2004. Bacon was born on 15 May 1950 in Melbourne, his father Frank and he was educated at Scotch College and later studied politics at Monash University, but did not graduate. At Monash Bacon was a Maoist student leader, Bacon moved to Western Australia and, after going back on the job as a labourer, became an official of the Builders Labourers Federation, which then sent him to Tasmania as an organiser. He later became leader of the union movement as Secretary of the Tasmanian Trades & Labor Council. Having abandoned communism and joined the Australian Labor Party, Bacon was elected as a Member of the House of Assembly in 1996 and he became leader of the Tasmanian Labor Party in 1997 and narrowly won the state election in 1998, defeating the Liberal Party government under Tony Rundle. It was the first Labor majority since 1982 and his government was re-elected in 2002 in a landslide victory for his party. He controversially appointed Richard Butler to the office Governor of Tasmania in 2003, one of the Bacon Governments most notable achievements was to wipe out a $1.6 billion state net debt in only six years. On Friday 13 February 2004, Bacon received the diagnosis that he was suffering from lung cancer. On 23 February 2004, he announced that he would take a four-week leave of absence from his role of Premier so that he could explore treatment options. After news that he had time left, Bacon stood aside as Premier in March 2004, to spend whatever time was left to him with his family. Paul Lennon, who had been Deputy Premier, succeeded Bacon to become Tasmanias 42nd Premier, Bacon, a 35-year smoker, died as a result of his cancer on 20 June 2004, at Calvary Hospital in Hobart. In 2001 Bacon was awarded an honorary citizenship by Xi Jinping, Bacon had first visited China while at university. He was posthumously awarded the degree of Doctor of Laws honoris causa from the University of Tasmania in August 2004 and his appointment as a Companion of the Order of Australia was announced in June 2005 but made effective from 13 May 2004. The Order of Australia is not awarded posthumously, but Bacon had been nominated before his death, the Foundation was absorbed into the Ricky Ponting Foundation in May 2013. The State Government will continue to fund the $30,000 Jim Bacon Memorial Scholarship at the University of Tasmania, Jim Bacon had four sisters, Jenny, Wendy, Janet and Mary. Bacon had a partnership with Lynnette Francis, and they had two sons, Mark and Scott. Scott Bacon was elected to the Tasmanian House of Assembly at the 2010 state election, later Bacon married Honey Hogan, who had been a croupier and the public face of Australias first casino, Wrest Point Hotel Casino when it opened in 1973. That marriage gave him a stepson, Shane, Jim Bacons maiden speech to parliament at the Wayback Machine Ludeke, M. Ten Events Shaping Tasmanias History
27.
Premier of Western Australia
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The Premier of Western Australia is the head of the executive branch of government in the Australian state of Western Australia. The Premier has similar functions in Western Australia to those performed by the Prime Minister of Australia at the national level, subject to the different Constitutions. The incumbent Premier of Western Australia is Mark McGowan who won the 2017 state election and was sworn in on 17 March 2017 by Governor Kerry Sanderson as the 30th Premier of Western Australia. The premier must be a member of one of the two Houses of the Parliament of Western Australia, and by convention the premier is a member of the lower house, the Legislative Assembly. He or she is appointed by the governor on the advice of the lower house, consequently, the premier is almost always the leader of the political party or coalition of parties with the majority of seats in the lower house. The office of premier of Western Australia was first formed in 1890, the Constitution of Western Australia does not explicitly provide for a premier, and the office was not formally listed as one of the executive offices until the appointment of Ross McLarty in 1947. Nonetheless, John Forrest immediately adopted the title on taking office as first premier of Western Australia in 1890, John Forrest was the only premier of Western Australia as a self-governing colony. Following the Federation of Australia in 1901, Western Australia became an Australian state, Party politics began in Western Australia with the rise of the Labor party in 1901. By 1904, the party system was entrenched in Western Australian politics, since then the premiers have been associated with political parties. Western Australias constitution contains nothing to preclude the premier being a member of the upper house, historically and by convention, however, the premier is a member of the Assembly. During the economic boom of the 1980s, the Western Australian government became involved with a number of large businesses. A succession of deals were made between the government and businesses, and these ultimately caused great losses for the state, a subsequent royal commission found evidence of widespread corruption. Three former premiers were found to have acted improperly and two of them, Ray OConnor and Brian Burke, were jailed and this scandal became popularly known as WA Inc. As of 4 April 2017, seven former premiers are alive, the oldest being Peter Dowding, the most recent premier to die was Ray OConnor, on 25 February 2013, aged 86. He served as premier for a month before resigning after no seat could be found. b Prior to the 1904 election, no organised political parties existed, walter Kingsmill served as Acting Premier during this time
28.
Geoff Gallop
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Geoffrey Ian Geoff Gallop AC is Professor and Director of the Graduate School of Government at the University of Sydney and former chairman of the Australian Republican Movement. He was the 27th Premier of Western Australia, born in Geraldton, Western Australia, Gallop studied at the University of Western Australia, and later progressed to St Johns College at the University of Oxford after winning a Rhodes Scholarship. Having held several portfolios in the preceding Lawrence Ministry, Gallop replaced Jim McGinty as Leader of the Opposition in 1996 following McGintys resignation. Having successfully contested the 2005 election, Gallop resigned as Premier, Labor leader and from parliament in early 2006 to aid his recovery from depression, Gallop was born in Geraldton and joined the Australian Labor Party in 1971. Blair is also the godfather of Gallops son Tom, and Gallop was a groomsman at Blairs 1980 wedding and he is also a long-time friend of former federal Labor Leader Kim Beazley. Gallop subsequently received a doctorate of philosophy from Oxford in 1983, before entering state politics, Gallop worked as a tutor and lecturer at both Murdoch University and The University of Western Australia, and was a City Councillor at Fremantle from 1983 to 1986. Gallops family was among the first pioneer settlers to the new Swan River Colony now known as Perth in Western Australia and his great-great-grandfather, James Gallop arrived in the Swan River Colony in 1829 the year of the colonys founding. At the age of 18 James, along with two brothers – 20-year-old Richard and 15-year-old Edward – left a Thakeham, West Sussex workhouse. The Gallop brothers left the village of Thakeham in West Sussex along with several other families from Thakeham. Several of these migrants later inter-married, James’ son also named James married Emma Woods daughter of George Woods who also came out from Thakeham with his brother John, Edward Gallop later drowned but James and Richard became pioneering market gardeners and vignerons. Two homes, Gallop House and Dalkeith House, are heritage-listed legacies of the familys prominence, the brothers were part of a clearing-out of the parishes in the aftermath of the Napoleonic wars. Sullington seems to have been hard hit. Emigration was encouraged throughout West Sussex to relieve the parishes of the burden of poor relief. “ The Gallop brothers were among those who chose Australia instead of America, the Lawrence government was defeated at the 1993 state elections, and Gallop was elected Deputy Leader of the State Parliamentary Labor Party. In October 1996, Jim McGinty resigned as Leader of the Opposition and named Gallop his successor, soon afterwards, he led Labor into an election held in December. He was heavily defeated by the Liberal Party government of Richard Court, Gallop became Premier and Minister for Public Sector Management, Federal Affairs, Science, Citizenship and Multicultural Interests. Gallop went on to win a term at the 26 February 2005 state election. On 16 January 2006 Gallop announced he was resigning as premier and he addressed a news conference stating that in the interests of my health and my family I have decided to rethink my career
29.
Premier of Victoria
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The Premier of Victoria is the leader of the government in the Australian state of Victoria. The Premier is appointed by the Governor of Victoria, and is the leader of the party able to secure a majority in the Legislative Assembly. Responsible government came to the colony of Victoria in 1855, between 1856 and 1892, the head of the government was commonly called the Premier or the Prime Minister, but neither title had any legal basis. The head of government always held another portfolio, usually Chief Secretary or Treasurer, the first head of government to hold the title of Premier without holding another portfolio was William Shiels in 1892. The incumbent Premier of Victoria since the 2014 election is Daniel Andrews of the Australian Labor Party, as of September 2016, six former premiers are alive, the oldest being John Cain. The most recent premier to die was Joan Kirner, on 1 June 2015, department of Premier and Cabinet, Victoria Deputy Premier of Victoria List of Premiers of Victoria by time in office ABC News - Premiers of Victoria
30.
Steve Bracks
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Stephen Phillip Steve Bracks AC is a former Australian politician and the 44th Premier of Victoria. He first won the district of Williamstown in 1994 for the Australian Labor Party and was party leader and premier from 1999 to 2007. Bracks led Labor in Victoria to minority government at the 1999 election, Labor was returned with a majority government after a landslide win at the 2002 election. Labor was elected for a term at the 2006 election with a substantial. Bracks is the second-longest-serving Labor premier in Victorian history, the treasurer, John Brumby, became Labor leader and premier in 2007 when Bracks retired from politics. Steve Bracks was born in Ballarat, where his family owns a fashion business and he is a Lebanese Australian, his paternal grandfather came to Australia as a child from Zahlé in the Beqaa Valley of Lebanon in the 1890s. His family were Melkites before immigrating and converting to Roman Catholicism, Bracks was educated in Ballarat at St Patricks College and the Ballarat College of Advanced Education, where he graduated in business studies and education. He became a follower of Australian rules football, supporting the Geelong Football Club. From 1976 to 1981 Bracks was a commerce teacher at Sacred Heart College. During the 1980s he worked in government in Ballarat and then as Executive Director of the Ballarat Education Centre. While in these positions he twice contested the seat of Ballarat North in the Victorian Legislative Assembly for the Australian Labor Party, in 1989 Bracks was appointed statewide manager of Victorian state government employment programs, under the Labor government of John Cain. He then became an adviser to both Cain and Cains successor as Premier, Joan Kirner, here he was able to witness from the inside the collapse of the Labor government following the economic and budgetary crisis which began in 1988. This experience gave Bracks a very conservative and cautious view of economic management in government, following the defeat of the Kirner government by the Liberal leader Jeff Kennett in late 1992, Bracks became Executive Director of the Victorian Printing Industry Training Board. One of his children is Nick Bracks, Australian model, Bracks was immediately elected to Labors front bench, as Shadow Minister for Employment, Industrial Relations and Tourism. In 1996, after Labor under John Brumby was again defeated, in March 1999, when it became apparent that Labor was headed for another defeat under Brumbys leadership, Brumby resigned and Bracks was elected Opposition Leader. Political observers were almost unanimous that Bracks had no chance of defeating Liberal premier Jeff Kennett at the September 1999 election, Bracks and his senior colleagues campaigned heavily in regional areas, accusing Kennett of ignoring regional communities. In response, voters in regional areas deserted the Kennett government, on election night, much to its own surprise, Labor increased its seat count from 29 to 41, with the Liberals and their National Party allies retaining 43, and three falling to rural independents. With the Coalition one seat short of government, the election was to be decided in Frankston East and that supplementary election was won by Labor on a large swing, resulting in a hung parliament
31.
Jon Stanhope
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Jonathan Donald Jon Stanhope, AO is a former Australian politician who was Labor Chief Minister of the Australian Capital Territory from 2001 to 2011. Stanhope represented the Ginninderra electorate in the ACT Legislative Assembly from 1998 until 2011 and he is the only ACT Chief Minister to have governed with a majority in the ACT Assembly. From 2012 to 2014 Stanhope was Administrator of the Australian Indian Ocean Territories, Stanhope was born in Gundagai, New South Wales. He was one of nine children of parents who had emigrated from England. At age 5 he injured his knee, which developed into osteomyelitis and he walked with a pronounced limp until the issue was corrected surgically at age 16. Much of his education was spent at one-teacher schools in country NSW. He attended Mullumbimby Public School and Bega High School before coming to Canberra to undertake studies at the Australian National University, Stanhope was elected to the ACT Legislative Assembly representing the Ginninderra electorate at the 1998 ACT general election and was immediately elected Opposition Leader by the Labor caucus. At the 2001 ACT general election, Stanhope defeated the Liberal government of Gary Humphries, although with a hung parliament, and was elected Chief Minister. In the lead-up to the election, Stanhope played a role in the Bruce Stadium affair that led to the resignation of the former Chief Minister. On 13 January 2003, Stanhope helped rescue a pilot who had crashed in a dam during a firefighting operation. Stanhope, who was in a helicopter with crew and the ACT head of the bushfire services. The man had suffered head injuries and was taken to the Canberra Hospital in a critical condition. Canberra was hit by bushfires in January 2003, four people died and 500 houses were destroyed. Stanhope faced a motion in the Assembly from the Liberal opposition. Instead, the motion was downgraded to a motion by the combined vote of the ALP. At the 2004 ACT general election, Stanhope led the Labor Party to win sufficient seats to form a majority government, as Chief Minister, he introduced a Human Rights Act, in 2004, the first jurisdiction in Australia to do so. In 2005, Stanhope published the draft of the Federal Anti-Terrorism Bill 2005 on his website. Citing concerns about the removal of human rights, Stanhope later refused to sign a revised version of the legislation
32.
Chief Minister of the Northern Territory
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The Chief Minister of the Northern Territory is the head of government of the Northern Territory. The office is the equivalent of a State Premier, when the Northern Territory Legislative Assembly was created in 1974, the head of government was officially known as Majority Leader. This title was used in the first parliament and the first eighteen months of the second, when self-government was granted the Northern Territory in 1978, the title of the head of government became Chief Minister. The Chief Minister is formally appointed by the Administrator, who in normal circumstances will appoint the head of whichever party holds the majority of seats in the unicameral Legislative Assembly. In times of crisis, the Administrator can appoint someone else as Chief Minister, however. Since 31 August, following the 2016 election, the Chief Minister is Michael Gunner of the Australian Labor Party and he is the first Chief Minister to have been born in the Northern Territory. The Country Liberal Party won the first Northern Territory election on 19 October 1974 and he headed an Executive that carried out most of the functions of a ministry at the state level. At the 1977 election Letts lost his seat and party leadership and he was succeeded on 13 August 1977 by Paul Everingham as Majority Leader. When the Territory attained self-government on 1 July 1978, Everingham became Chief Minister with greatly expanded powers, in 2001, Clare Martin became the first Labor and female Chief Minister of the Northern Territory. Until 2004 the conduct of elections and drawing of boundaries was performed by the Northern Territory Electoral Office. In March 2004 the independent Northern Territory Electoral Commission was established, following the 2016 election landslide outcome, Labors Michael Gunner became Chief Minister
33.
Clare Martin
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Clare Majella Martin is a former Australian journalist and politician. She was elected to the Northern Territory Legislative Assembly in a shock win in 1995. At the 2005 election, she led Territory Labor to the second-largest majority government in the history of the Territory, Martin was one of ten children. Her parents were strong Catholics and passionate Democratic Labor Party supporters and her uncle, Kevin Cairns, was a Liberal minister and MP in the McMahon government, but the family was not inclined towards his conservative politics. Martins ancestry includes the Coughlin family, which also had NSWs first female statistician, the family was originally from County Offaly, Ireland, until the Cromwell invasion, then left County Cork in the 1850s just after the Potato Famine. After attending Loreto Normanhurst, Martin graduated from the University of Sydney in 1975 with a Bachelor of Arts degree, having spent time in London and other overseas cities, she began working as a typist for the Australian Broadcasting Corporation in Sydney in 1978. In 1979, she became a trainee reporter, after several years, she began to take an interest in presenting, but was told that she would not be given a position in Sydney unless she had experience elsewhere. In February 1983, Martin was then offered a six-month position presenting a radio show in Darwin for the ABC Radio station 5DR. She had little intention of staying there, and briefly returned to Canberra in May 1983, however, at the same time, Martins partner was offered a partners position at the law firm he had worked in Darwin. In 1986, Martin made the move to television, as the presenter of The 7.30 Report until 1988, after returning from long service leave where she cared for her two young children, Martin returned to work in 1990 to work on ABC Radios morning program. Martin had been interested in journalism for some years, although she was not a member of any party. In 1994, she was approached to contest the Darwin Legislative Assembly seat of Casuarina for the Australian Labor Party at the 1994 election, however, she was defeated by Country Liberal Party candidate Peter Adamson. Fannie Bay, like most Darwin electorates, had been a CLP stronghold, however, in a considerable upset, Martin went on to win the seat by 69 votes, becoming one of only two ALP MLAs in Darwin. Martin worked hard to retain her seat at the 1997 election and she subsequently served as Shadow Minister for Lands under then leader Maggie Hickey. When Hickey unexpectedly resigned in February 1999, Martin was in a position to succeed her, and was elected party leader. She soon emerged as a critic of the Burke governments policy of mandatory sentencing, and began preparing the ALP for the next election. Martin faced her first electoral test as leader at the 2001 election, at the time, the Country Liberal Party had held office for 27 years, and Labor had never come particularly close to government. Indeed, it had never managed to win more than nine seats at any election, however, the ALP was coming off a particularly successful eighteen months, and Martin ran a skilled campaign
34.
Melbourne
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Melbourne is the capital and most populous city of the Australian state of Victoria, and the second-most populous city in Australia and Oceania. The name Melbourne refers to an urban agglomeration spanning 9,900 km2, the metropolis is located on the large natural bay of Port Phillip and expands into the hinterlands towards the Dandenong and Macedon mountain ranges, Mornington Peninsula and Yarra Valley. It has a population of 4,641,636 as of 2016, and its inhabitants are called Melburnians. Founded by free settlers from the British Crown colony of Van Diemens Land on 30 August 1835, in what was then the colony of New South Wales, it was incorporated as a Crown settlement in 1837. It was named Melbourne by the Governor of New South Wales, Sir Richard Bourke, in honour of the British Prime Minister of the day, William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne. It was officially declared a city by Queen Victoria, to whom Lord Melbourne was close, in 1847, during the Victorian gold rush of the 1850s, it was transformed into one of the worlds largest and wealthiest cities. After the federation of Australia in 1901, it served as the interim seat of government until 1927. It is a financial centre in the Asia-Pacific region. It is recognised as a UNESCO City of Literature and a centre for street art, music. It was the host city of the 1956 Summer Olympics and the 2006 Commonwealth Games, the main passenger airport serving the metropolis and the state is Melbourne Airport, the second busiest in Australia. The Port of Melbourne is Australias busiest seaport for containerised and general cargo, Melbourne has an extensive transport network. The main metropolitan train terminus is Flinders Street Station, and the regional train. Melbourne is also home to Australias most extensive network and has the worlds largest urban tram network. Before the arrival of settlers, humans had occupied the area for an estimated 31,000 to 40,000 years. At the time of European settlement, it was inhabited by under 2000 hunter-gatherers from three indigenous tribes, the Wurundjeri, Boonwurrung and Wathaurong. The area was an important meeting place for the clans of the Kulin nation alliance and it would be 30 years before another settlement was attempted. Batman selected a site on the bank of the Yarra River. Batman then returned to Launceston in Tasmania, in early August 1835 a different group of settlers, including John Pascoe Fawkner, left Launceston on the ship Enterprize
35.
Birrarung Marr, Melbourne
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Birrarung Marr is an inner-city park between the central business district in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia and the Yarra River. The name means river of mists and river bank in the Woiwurrung language of the Wurundjeri people, in 1856 the colonial government indicated that the marshy site of Birrarung Marr was intended for park or ornamental purposes. The first rail line crossed the area in 1859 and railways eventually occupied most of the parkland between Melbournes central business district and the Yarra River, in 1992 the new Victorian Government under Premier Jeff Kennett initiated a development program focused on central Melbourne. For the centrepiece of this program, the State and City of Melbourne jointly sponsored a design competition for Federation Square. These works enabled reclamation of land from the rail yards. Construction of Birrarung Marr began in 2000, the park was formally opened to the public on Australia Day,26 January 2002. However, the City emphasised a broader role as social venue supporting individual, from either viewpoint, Birrarung Marr was envisaged as an active, urban space, more like beachside promenades than the older public gardens in other parts of Melbourne, such as the Fitzroy Gardens. Birrarung Marr was therefore designed as a series of level open terraces, the lower terrace, next to the river, has a gravel surface. The middle terrace is on the east side of the park, adjacent to Batman Avenue, the upper grassed terrace on the north side of the park is at the same level as Flinders Street, about 10 metres above the river bank. The massive terraces were formed on the level railyard site using spoil generated by works on the rail lines, Federation Square. Basalt boulders from these excavations were also re-used in the park to form retaining walls, the layout of the park emphasises lines of sight to various Melbourne landmarks such as the spires of the Victorian Arts Centre and St Pauls Cathedral and the Rialto office tower. The parks open spaces are shielded from nearby traffic. The concept plan for Birrarung Marr was prepared by the City of Melbourne, with landscape architects Ronald Jones. Consultants engaged to undertake the design and documentation include Taylor Cullity Lethlean, Paul Thompson. A long ramping footbridge within the park, designed by architects Swaney Draper, for example, in 1916, an estimated 50,000 people came to protest against conscription. These activities had moved to the north bank of the Yarra River after construction of the Queen Victoria Monument at their earlier venue on the south bank. The site was one of the few spaces in Melbourne where large public assemblies and speeches were allowed without a prior permit. The mounds that speakers used to stand on to address these crowds can still be seen in this corner of Birrarung Marr, there are barbecue facilities, as well as public toilets near Speakers Corner
36.
Ground zero
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In terms of nuclear explosions and other large bombs, the term ground zero describes the point on the Earths surface closest to a detonation. In the case of an explosion above the ground, ground zero refers to the point on the ground directly below the nuclear detonation and is called the hypocenter. Generally, the term is used in relation to earthquakes, epidemics. The term is distinguished from the zero point in that the latter can also be located in the air, underground. The origins of the ground zero began with the Trinity test in Jornada del Muerto desert near Socorro, New Mexico. William Laurence, a reporter with the Manhattan Project, reported that Zero was the code name given to the spot chosen for the test in 1945. The term was military slang, used at the Trinity site where the tower for the first nuclear weapon was at point zero. At Hiroshima, the hypocenter of the attack was Shima Hospital, during the Cold War, The Pentagon, the headquarters of the United States Department of Defense in Arlington County, Virginia, was an assured target in the event of nuclear war. The open space in the center of the Pentagon became known informally as ground zero, a snack bar that used to be located at the center of this open space was nicknamed Cafe Ground Zero. The destroyed World Trade Center site soon known as ground zero. Rescue workers also used the phrase The Pile, referring to the pile of rubble that was left after the buildings collapsed, in advance of the 10th anniversary of the attacks, New York City mayor Michael Bloomberg urged that the ground zero moniker be retired, saying. The time has come to call those 16 acres what they are, The World Trade Center and the National September 11th Memorial and Museum
37.
New York City
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The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange
38.
Liberal Party of Australia
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The Liberal Party of Australia is a major political party in Australia. Founded in 1945 to replace the United Australia Party, the Liberal Party is one of the two parties in Australian politics, along with the Australian Labor Party. Except for a few periods, the Liberal Party and its predecessors have operated in similar coalitions since the 1920s. Internationally, the Liberal Party is affiliated to the International Democrat Union, the partys leader is Malcolm Turnbull and its deputy leader is Julie Bishop. Now the Turnbull Government, the party had been elected at the 2013 federal election as the Abbott Government which took office on 18 September 2013. At state and territory level, the Liberal Party is in office in two states, Will Hodgman Premier of Tasmania since 2014 and Gladys Berejiklian Premier of New South Wales since 2017. The party is in opposition in the states of Victoria, Queensland, Western Australia, South Australia, the partys ideology has been referred to as liberal, conservative, liberal-conservative, and classically liberal. The Liberal Party tends to promote economic liberalism and cultural liberalism, two past leaders of the party, Sir Robert Menzies and John Howard, are Australias two longest-serving Prime Ministers. The Liberal Party has spent more time in government than any other federal Australian political party, the contemporary Liberal Party generally advocates economic liberalism. Historically, the party has supported a higher degree of protectionism and interventionism than it has in recent decades. However, from its foundation the party has identified itself as an anti-socialist grouping of liberals, strong opposition to socialism and communism in Australia and abroad was one of its founding principles. The partys founder and longest-serving leader Robert Menzies envisaged that Australias middle class would form its main constituency, in the 1970s a left-wing middle class emerged that no longer voted Liberal. In country areas they either compete with or have a truce with the Nationals, Menzies was an ardent constitutional monarchist, who supported the Monarchy in Australia and links to the Commonwealth of Nations. Today the party is divided on the question of republicanism, with some being republicans, the Menzies Government formalised Australias alliance with America in 1951, and the party has remained a strong supporter of the mutual defence treaty. Liberal leaders from Menzies to Malcolm Fraser generally maintained Australias high tariff levels, at that time the Liberals coalition partner, the Country Party, the older of the two in the coalition, had considerable influence over the governments economic policies. Socially, while liberty and freedom of form the basis of its beliefs. A West Australian Liberal, Ken Wyatt, became the first Indigenous Australian elected to the House of Representatives in 2010, the party has two factions, the conservative right and the moderate left. Both factions support the market and differ mainly over their level of social conservatism
