1.
Cannes
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Cannes is a city located on the French Riviera. It is a commune of France located in the Alpes-Maritimes department, and host city of the annual Cannes Film Festival, Midem, the city is known for its association with the rich and famous, its luxury hotels and restaurants, and for several conferences. On 3 November 2011 it also played host to the G20 organisation of industrialised nations, by the 2nd century BC, the Ligurian Oxybii established a settlement here known as Aegitna. Historians are unsure what the name means, the area was a fishing village used as a port of call between the Lérins Islands. In 69 AD, it became the scene of violent conflict between the troops of Otho and Vitellius, in the 10th century, the town was known as Canua. The name may derive from canna, a reed, Canua was probably the site of a small Ligurian port, and later a Roman outpost on Le Suquet hill, suggested by Roman tombs discovered here. Le Suquet housed an 11th-century tower which overlooked swamps where the city now stands, most of the ancient activity, especially protection, was on the Lérins Islands and the history of Cannes is closely tied to the history of the islands. An attack by the Saracens in 891, who remained until the end of the 10th century, the insecurity of the Lérins islands forced the monks to settle on the mainland, at the Suquet. Construction of a castle in 1035 fortified the city by then known as Cannes, one took a century to build. Around 1530, Cannes detached from the monks who had controlled the city for hundreds of years, during the 18th century, both the Spanish and British tried to gain control of the Lérins Islands but were chased away by the French. The islands were controlled by many, such as Jean-Honoré Alziary. They had many different purposes, at the end of the 19th century, henry Brougham, 1st Baron Brougham and Vaux bought land at the Croix des Gardes and constructed the villa Eleonore-Louise. His work to improve living conditions attracted the English aristocracy, who built winter residences. At the end of the 19th century, several railways were completed, in Cannes, projects such as the Boulevard Carnot and the rue dAntibes were carried out. After the closure of the Casino des Fleurs, an establishment was built for the rich winter clientele. This casino was demolished and replaced by the new Palace in 1979, in the 20th century, new luxury hotels such as the Carlton, Majestic, Martinez, and JW Marriott Cannes were built. The city was modernised with a centre, a post office. There were fewer British and German tourists after the First World War, winter tourism gave way to summer tourism and the summer casino at the Palm Beach was constructed
2.
Cannes Film Festival
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Founded in 1946, the invitation-only festival is held annually at the Palais des Festivals et des Congrès. On 1 July 2014, co-founder and former head of French pay-TV operator Canal+ Pierre Lescure took over as President of the festival, the Board of Directors also appointed Gilles Jacob as Honorary President of the festival. The 2016 Cannes Film Festival took place between 11 and 22 May 2016, australian film director George Miller was the President of the Jury. I, Daniel Blake, directed by British director Ken Loach, in 2017, The Festival de Cannes will celebrate its 70th anniversary edition from May 17 to 28. In 1947, the festival was held as the Festival du film de Cannes, at that time the principle of equality was introduced, with a jury made up of only one representative per country. The festival is now held at the Palais des Festivals, expressly constructed for the occasion, although for its 1949 inaugural the roof was unfinished, the festival was not held in 1948 and 1950 on account of budgetary problems. Although its origins may be attributed in part to the French desire to compete with Autumns Venice Film Festival, in 1955, the Palme dOr was created, replacing the Grand Prix du Festival which had been given until that year. In 1957, Dolores del Rio was the first female member of the jury as a Sélection officielle – Member, in 1959, the Marché du Film was founded, giving the festival a commercial character and facilitating exchanges between sellers and buyers in the film industry. Today it has become the first international platform for film commerce, in 1962, the International Critics Week was born, created by the French Union of Film Critics as the first parallel section of the Cannes Film Festival. Its goal was to showcase first and second works by directors all over the world. In 1965, an hommage was paid to Jean Cocteau after his death, the next year, Olivia de Havilland was named the first female president of the festival. The 1968 festival was halted on 19 May, some directors, such as Carlos Saura and Miloš Forman, had withdrawn their films from the competition. The filmmakers achieved the reinstatement of the President, and they founded the Film Directors Society that same year, during the 1970s, important changes occurred in the Festival. In 1972, Robert Favre Le Bret was named the new President and he immediately introduced an important change in the selection of the participating films. Until that date, the different countries chose which films would represent them in the festival, Bessy created one committee to select French films, and another for foreign films. In 1978, Gilles Jacob assumed the President position, introducing the Caméra dOr award, in 1983, a new, much bigger Palais des Festivals et des Congrès was built to host the Festival. It was nicknamed The Bunker and provoked many reactions against it, in 1984, Pierre Viot replaced Robert Favre Le Bret as President of the Festival. It was not until 1995 that Gilles Jacob created the last section of the Official Selection and its aim was to support the creation of works of cinema in the world and to contribute to the entry of the new scenario writers in the circle of the celebrities
3.
Belgium
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Belgium, officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a sovereign state in Western Europe bordered by France, the Netherlands, Germany, Luxembourg, and the North Sea. It is a small, densely populated country which covers an area of 30,528 square kilometres and has a population of about 11 million people. Additionally, there is a group of German-speakers who live in the East Cantons located around the High Fens area. Historically, Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg were known as the Low Countries, the region was called Belgica in Latin, after the Roman province of Gallia Belgica. From the end of the Middle Ages until the 17th century, today, Belgium is a federal constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system of governance. It is divided into three regions and three communities, that exist next to each other and its two largest regions are the Dutch-speaking region of Flanders in the north and the French-speaking southern region of Wallonia. The Brussels-Capital Region is a bilingual enclave within the Flemish Region. A German-speaking Community exists in eastern Wallonia, Belgiums linguistic diversity and related political conflicts are reflected in its political history and complex system of governance, made up of six different governments. Upon its independence, declared in 1830, Belgium participated in the Industrial Revolution and, during the course of the 20th century, possessed a number of colonies in Africa. This continuing antagonism has led to several far-reaching reforms, resulting in a transition from a unitary to a federal arrangement during the period from 1970 to 1993. Belgium is also a member of the Eurozone, NATO, OECD and WTO. Its capital, Brussels, hosts several of the EUs official seats as well as the headquarters of major international organizations such as NATO. Belgium is also a part of the Schengen Area, Belgium is a developed country, with an advanced high-income economy and is categorized as very high in the Human Development Index. A gradual immigration by Germanic Frankish tribes during the 5th century brought the area under the rule of the Merovingian kings, a gradual shift of power during the 8th century led the kingdom of the Franks to evolve into the Carolingian Empire. Many of these fiefdoms were united in the Burgundian Netherlands of the 14th and 15th centuries, the Eighty Years War divided the Low Countries into the northern United Provinces and the Southern Netherlands. The latter were ruled successively by the Spanish and the Austrian Habsburgs and this was the theatre of most Franco-Spanish and Franco-Austrian wars during the 17th and 18th centuries. The reunification of the Low Countries as the United Kingdom of the Netherlands occurred at the dissolution of the First French Empire in 1815, although the franchise was initially restricted, universal suffrage for men was introduced after the general strike of 1893 and for women in 1949. The main political parties of the 19th century were the Catholic Party, French was originally the single official language adopted by the nobility and the bourgeoisie
4.
James Dean
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James Byron Dean was an American actor. The other two roles that defined his stardom were loner Cal Trask in East of Eden and surly ranch hand Jett Rink in Giant, Deans premature death in a car crash cemented his legendary status. He became the first actor to receive a posthumous Academy Award nomination for Best Actor, in 1999, the American Film Institute ranked him the 18th best male movie star of Golden Age Hollywood in AFIs 100 Years.100 Stars list. James Dean was born February 8,1931, at the Seven Gables apartment on the corner of 4th Street and McClure Street in Marion, Indiana and his parents were of mostly English ancestry, with smaller amounts of German, Irish, Scottish, and Welsh. Six years after his father had left farming to become a technician, Dean and his family moved to Santa Monica. He was enrolled at Brentwood Public School in the Brentwood neighborhood of Los Angeles, California, the family spent several years there, and by all accounts, Dean was very close to his mother. According to Michael DeAngelis, she was the only capable of understanding him. In 1938, she was struck with acute stomach pain. She died of cancer when Dean was nine years old. Unable to care for his son, Deans father sent him to live with Deans aunt Ortense and her husband, Marcus Winslow, on a farm in Fairmount, Indiana, Deans father served in World War II and later remarried. According to Billy J. Harbin, Dean had a relationship with his pastor. Their alleged sexual relationship was suggested in the 1994 book Boulevard of Broken Dreams, The Life, Times, in 2011, it was reported that Dean once confided in Elizabeth Taylor that he was sexually abused by a minister approximately two years after his mothers death. Other reports on Deans life also suggest that he was sexually abused by DeWeerd as a child or had a sexual relationship with him as a late teenager. Deans overall performance in school was exceptional and he was a popular student and he played on the baseball and varsity basketball teams, studied drama, and competed in public speaking through the Indiana High School Forensic Association. After graduating from Fairmount High School in May 1949, Dean moved back to California with his dog, Max and he enrolled in Santa Monica College and majored in pre-law. He transferred to UCLA for one semester and changed his major to drama and he pledged the Sigma Nu fraternity but was never initiated. While at UCLA, Dean was picked from a group of 350 actors to portray Malcolm in Macbeth, at that time, he also began acting in James Whitmores workshop. In January 1951, he dropped out of UCLA to pursue a career as an actor
5.
Emir Kusturica
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Emir Kusturica is a Serbian filmmaker, actor and musician. He has been recognized for several internationally acclaimed feature films, as well as his projects in town-building and he has competed at the Cannes Film Festival on five occasions and won the Palme dOr twice, as well as the Best Director prize for Time of the Gypsies. He has also won a Silver Bear at the Berlin Film Festival for Arizona Dream, in addition he was also named Commander of the French Ordre des Arts et des Lettres. Since the mid-2000s, Kusturicas primary residence has been in Drvengrad and he had portions of the historic village reconstructed for the film. He is a member of the Academy of Sciences and Arts of the Republika Srpska since 9 November 2011, a lively youth, young Emir was by his own admission a borderline delinquent while growing up in the Sarajevo neighbourhood of Gorica. After graduating from FAMU, Kusturica began directing short films in Yugoslavia. He made his film debut in 1981 with Do You Remember Dolly Bell. A coming-of-age drama that won the prestigious Silver Lion for Best First Work at that years Venice Film Festival, the same year, at the age of 27, he became lecturer at the newly established Academy of Performing Arts in Sarajevo, a job that he performed until 1988. He was also art director of Open Stage Obala, Kusturica wrote the screenplays for both Do You Remember Dolly Bell. and When Father Was Away on Business. In 1989 Kusturica earned more accolades for Time of the Gypsies, a film about Romani culture, in 1989 he was a member of the jury at the 16th Moscow International Film Festival. Kusturica continued to highly regarded films into the next decade, including his American debut. He won the Palme dOr for his black comedy epic, Underground, based upon a scenario of Dušan Kovačević and he also taught Film Directing at Columbia Universitys Graduate Film Division. In 1998, he won the Venice Film Festivals Silver Lion for Best Direction for Black Cat, White Cat, the music for the film was composed by the Belgrade-based band No Smoking Orchestra. In 2001, Kusturica directed Super 8 Stories, a road and concert movie about The No Smoking Orchestra. He was appointed President of the Jury of the 2005 Cannes Film Festival and his film, Maradona, a documentary on Argentine soccer star Diego Maradona, was released in Italy in May 2007. It premiered in France during the Cannes Film Festival in 2008 and his film Promise Me This premiered at the 2007 Cannes Film Festival. In June 2007, Kusturica directed the video to Manu Chaos single Rainin in Paradize. On 8 September 2007, Kusturica was appointed a UNICEF National Ambassador for Serbia, alongside Ana Ivanovic, Jelena Janković, since January 2008 he has organized the annual private Küstendorf Film Festival
6.
Javier Bardem
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Javier Ángel Encinas Bardem is a Spanish actor. Bardem won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his role as the psychopathic assassin Anton Chigurh in the 2007 Coen brothers film No Country for Old Men. Bardem has also won a Screen Actors Guild Award, a BAFTA, five Goya Awards and he is the first Spanish actor to be nominated for an Oscar, as well as the first Spaniard to win one. He received his third Academy Award nomination, and second Best Actor nomination, Bardem was born in Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, in the Canary Islands, Spain. His mother, Pilar Bardem, is an actress, and his father, the two separated shortly after his birth. Both his older brother and sister, Carlos and Mónica, are actors and he also comes from a political background, as his uncle Juan Antonio was imprisoned by Franco for his anti-fascist films. Bardem was brought up in the Roman Catholic faith by his grandmother, as a child, he spent time at theatres and on film sets. At age six, he made his first film appearance, in Fernando Fernán Gómezs El Pícaro and he also played rugby for the junior Spanish National Team. Though he grew up in a full of actors, Bardem did not see himself going into the family business. Actually, painting was his first love and he went on to study painting for four years at Madrids Escuela de Artes y Oficios. In need of money he took acting jobs to support his painting, but he also says he was a bad painter and eventually abandoned that career pursuit. In 1989, for the Spanish comedy show El Día Por Delante, he had to wear a Superman costume for a comedic sketch, Bardem has confessed to having worked as a stripper during his struggling acting career. Bardem came to notice in a role in his first major motion picture, The Ages of Lulu. The film, which starred a teenaged Penélope Cruz, was a major international success. He then starred again in Lunas next film Golden Balls, Bardems talent did not go unnoticed in the English-speaking world. In 1997, John Malkovich was the first to him, then a 27-year-old, for a role in English. His first English-speaking role came that year, in with director Álex de la Iglesias Perdita Durango. After starring in two dozen films in his native country, he gained international recognition in Julian Schnabels Before Night Falls in 2000
7.
Salma Hayek
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Salma Hayek Jiménez de Pinault, known professionally as Salma Hayek, is a Mexican-American film actress, producer, and former model. She began her career in Mexico starring in the telenovela Teresa, in 1991 Hayek moved to Hollywood and came to prominence with roles in movies such as Desperado, From Dusk Till Dawn, Dogma, and Wild Wild West. This movie received widespread attention and was a critical and commercial success and she also guest-starred on the NBC comedy series 30 Rock from 2009 to 2013. Hayeks recent films include Grown Ups, Puss in Boots, Grown Ups 2, Hayek was born Salma Hayek Jiménez in Coatzacoalcos, Veracruz, Mexico. Her younger brother, Sami, is a furniture designer and her mother, Diana Jiménez Medina, is an opera singer and talent scout. Her father, Sami Hayek Domínguez, is an oil executive and owner of an industrial-equipment firm. Her father is a Mexican of Lebanese descent, with his family being from the city Baabdat, Lebanon and her mother is a Mexican mestiza of Amerindian and Spaniard descent, with her grandmother/maternal great-grandparents being from Spain. Raised in a wealthy, devout Roman Catholic family, she was sent to the Academy of the Sacred Heart in Grand Coteau, Louisiana, USA, in school, she was diagnosed with dyslexia and ADHD. She attended university in Mexico City, where she studied International Relations at the Universidad Iberoamericana, at the age of 23, Hayek landed the title role in Teresa, a successful Mexican telenovela that made her a star in Mexico. In 1994, Hayek starred in the film El Callejón de los Milagros, for her performance, Hayek was nominated for an Ariel Award. Hayek moved to Los Angeles, California, in 1991 to study acting under Stella Adler and she had limited fluency in English, and dyslexia. Robert Rodriguez, and his producer and then-wife, Elizabeth Avellan and she followed her role in Desperado with a brief role as a vampire queen in From Dusk till Dawn, in which she performed a table-top snake dance. Hayek had a role opposite Matthew Perry in the 1997 romantic comedy Fools Rush In. In 1999 she co-starred in Will Smiths big-budget Wild Wild West, in 2000 Hayek had an uncredited acting part opposite Benicio del Toro in Traffic. In 2003, she reprised her role from Desperado by appearing in Once Upon a Time in Mexico, around 2000, Hayek founded film production company Ventanarosa, through which she produces film and television projects. Her first feature as a producer was 1999s El Coronel No Tiene Quien Le Escriba, Frida, co-produced by Hayek, was released in 2002. She earned a Best Actress Academy Award nomination for her performance, in the Time of the Butterflies is a 2001 feature film based on the Julia Álvarez book of the same name, covering the lives of the Mirabal sisters. In the movie, Salma Hayek plays one of the sisters, Minerva, in December 2005, she directed a music video for Prince, titled Te Amo Corazon that featured Mía Maestro
8.
Toni Morrison
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Toni Morrison is an American novelist, editor, and Professor Emeritus at Princeton University. Her novels are known for their themes, vivid dialogue. Among her best known novels are The Bluest Eye, Sula, Song of Solomon, Morrison won the Pulitzer Prize and the American Book Award in 1988 for Beloved. Beloved was adapted into a film of the name in 1998. Morrison was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1993, in 1996, the National Endowment for the Humanities selected her for the Jefferson Lecture, the U. S. federal governments highest honor for achievement in the humanities. She was honored with the 1996 National Book Foundations Medal of Distinguished Contribution to American Letters, Morrison was commissioned to write the libretto for a new opera, Margaret Garner, first performed in 2005. On May 29,2012, Morrison received the Presidential Medal of Freedom, in 2016 Morrison received the PEN/Saul Bellow Award for Achievement in American Fiction. Toni Morrison was born in Lorain, Ohio, to Ramah and she is the second of four children in a working-class family. Her parents moved to Ohio to escape racism and instilled a sense of heritage through telling traditional African American folktales. She read frequently as a child, among her favorite authors were Jane Austen and she became a Catholic at the age of 12 and received the baptismal name Anthony, which later became the basis for her nickname Toni. In 1949 she enrolled at Howard University, graduating in 1953 with a B. A. in English and her Masters thesis was Virginia Woolfs and William Faulkners Treatment of the Alienated. She taught English, first at Texas Southern University in Houston for two years, then at Howard for seven years, while teaching at Howard, she met Harold Morrison, a Jamaican architect, whom she married in 1958. The couple had two children and divorced in 1964, in that capacity, Morrison played a vital role in bringing black literature into the mainstream, editing books by authors such as Henry Dumas, Toni Cade Bambara, Angela Davis, and Gayl Jones. In 1983, she left publishing to devote time to writing. Morrison began writing fiction as part of an group of poets. She attended one meeting with a story about a black girl who longed to have blue eyes. She later developed the story as her first novel, The Bluest Eye and she wrote it while raising two children and teaching at Howard. In 1975 her novel Sula was nominated for the National Book Award and her third novel, Song of Solomon, brought her national attention
9.
Abbas Kiarostami
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Abbas Kiarostami was an Iranian film director, screenwriter, photographer and film producer. An active film-maker from 1970, Kiarostami had been involved in over forty films, including shorts and documentaries. Kiarostami attained critical acclaim for directing the Koker trilogy, Close-Up, Taste of Cherry – which was awarded the Palme dOr at the Cannes Film Festival that year – and The Wind Will Carry Us. In his later works, Certified Copy and Like Someone in Love, he filmed for the first time outside Iran, in Italy and Japan, Kiarostami had worked extensively as a screenwriter, film editor, art director and producer and had designed credit titles and publicity material. He was also a poet, photographer, painter, illustrator and these filmmakers share many common techniques including the use of poetic dialogue and allegorical storytelling dealing with political and philosophical issues. He is also known for his use of Persian poetry in the dialogue, titles, Kiarostamis films contain a notable degree of ambiguity, an unusual mixture of simplicity and complexity, and often a mix of fictional and documentary elements. The concepts of change and continuity, in addition to the themes of life and death and he majored in painting and graphic design, and supported his studies by working as a traffic policeman. As a painter, designer, and illustrator, Kiarostami worked in advertising in the 1960s, designing posters, between 1962 and 1966, he shot around 150 advertisements for Iranian television. In the late 1960s, he began creating credit titles for films and its debut production and Kiarostamis first film was the twelve-minute The Bread and Alley, a neo-realistic short film about a schoolboys confrontation with an aggressive dog. The department became one of Irans most noted film studios, producing not only Kiarostamis films, but acclaimed Persian films such as The Runner and Bashu, in the 1970s, Kiarostami pursued an individualistic style of film making. When discussing his first film, he stated, Bread and Alley was my first experience in cinema, I had to work with a very young child, a dog, and an unprofessional crew except for the cinematographer, who was nagging and complaining all the time. Well, the cinematographer, in a sense, was right because I did not follow the conventions of film making that he had become accustomed to, following The Experience, Kiarostami released The Traveler in 1974. The Traveler tells the story of Qassem Julayi, a troubled and troublesome boy from a small Iranian city. Intent on attending a match in far-off Tehran, he scams his friends and neighbors to raise money. In addressing the boys determination to reach his goal, alongside his indifference to the effects of his actions, the film examined human behavior. It furthered Kiarostamis reputation for realism, diegetic simplicity, and stylistic complexity, in 1975, Kiarostami directed two short films So Can I and Two Solutions for One Problem. In early 1976, he released Colors, followed by the fifty-four-minute film A Wedding Suit, Kiarostamis first feature film was the 112-minute Report. It revolved around the life of a tax collector accused of accepting bribes, in 1979, he produced and directed First Case, Second Case
10.
Jim Jarmusch
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James Robert Jim Jarmusch is an American film director, screenwriter, actor, producer, editor, and composer. Stranger Than Paradise was added to the National Film Registry in December 2002, as a musician, Jarmusch has composed music for his films and released two albums with Jozef van Wissem. Jarmusch was born in Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio, the middle of three children of middle-class suburbanites. F, the first adult film he recalls seeing was the 1958 cult classic Thunder Road, the violence and darkness of which left an impression on the seven-year-old Jarmusch. Another B-movie influence from his childhood was Ghoulardi, an eccentric Cleveland television show which featured horror films, despite his enthusiasm for film, Jarmusch was an avid reader in his youth and had a greater interest in literature, which was encouraged by his grandmother. At one point, he took an apprenticeship with a commercial photographer and he later remarked, Growing up in Ohio was just planning to get out. After graduating from school in 1971, Jarmusch moved to Chicago. At Columbia, he studied English and American literature under professors including New York School avant garde poets Kenneth Koch, at Columbia, he began to write short semi-narrative abstract pieces and edited the undergraduate literary journal The Columbia Review. During his final year at Columbia, Jarmusch moved to Paris for what was initially a summer semester on an exchange program, there, he worked as a delivery driver for an art gallery, and spent most of his time at the Cinémathèque Française. Thats where I saw things I had only read about and heard about – films by many of the good Japanese directors, like Imamura, Ozu, Mizoguchi. When I came back from Paris, I was still writing, Jarmusch graduated from Columbia University in 1975. Broke and working as a musician in New York City after returning from Paris in 1976, despite his lack of experience in filmmaking, his submission of a collection of photographs and an essay about film secured his acceptance into the program. He studied there for four years, meeting fellow students and future collaborators Sara Driver, Tom DiCillo, Howard Brookner, during the late 1970s in New York City, Jarmusch and his contemporaries were part of an alternative culture scene centered on the CBGB music club. In his final year at New York University, Jarmusch worked as an assistant to the film noir director Nicholas Ray. On Jarmuschs return with the script, Ray reacted favourably to his students dissent. Jarmusch was the only person Ray brought to work – as his personal assistant – on Lightning Over Water, Ray died in 1979 after a long fight with cancer. The university, unimpressed with Jarmuschs use of his funding as well as the project itself, Jarmuschs final year university project was completed in 1980 as Permanent Vacation, his first feature film. It had its premiere at the International Filmfestival Mannheim-Heidelberg and won the Josef von Sternberg Award and it was made on a shoestring budget of around $12,000 in misdirected scholarship funds and shot by cinematographer Tom DiCillo on 16 mm film. The 75 minute quasi-autobiographical feature follows an adolescent drifter as he wanders around downtown Manhattan, the film was not released theatrically, and did not attract the sort of adulation from critics that greeted his later work
11.
Wim Wenders
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Ernst Wilhelm Wim Wenders is a German filmmaker, playwright, author, photographer, and a major figure in New German Cinema. One of Wenders earliest honors was a win for the BAFTA Award for Best Direction for his narrative drama Paris, Texas, which also won the Palme dOr at the 1984 Cannes Film Festival. Many of his subsequent films have also recognized at Cannes, including Wings of Desire. Wenders has been the president of the European Film Academy in Berlin since 1996, alongside filmmaking, he is an active photographer, emphasizing images of desolate landscapes. Wenders was born in Düsseldorf into a traditionally Catholic family and his father, Heinrich Wenders, was a surgeon. The use of the Dutch name Wim is a version of the baptismal name Wilhelm/Willem. As a boy, he took unaccompanied trips to Amsterdam to visit the Rijksmuseum and he graduated from high school in Oberhausen in the Ruhr area. He then studied medicine and philosophy in Freiburg and Düsseldorf, however, he dropped out of university studies and moved to Paris in October 1966 to become a painter. Wenders failed his entry test at Frances national film school IDHEC, during this time, Wenders became fascinated with cinema, and saw up to five movies a day at the local movie theater. Set on making his obsession also his lifes work, Wenders returned to Germany in 1967 to work in the Düsseldorf office of United Artists and that fall, he entered the Hochschule für Fernsehen und Film München. Between 1967 and 1970 while at the HFF, Wenders also worked as a critic for FilmKritik, then the Munich daily newspaper Süddeutsche Zeitung, Twen magazine. Wenders completed several films before graduating from the Hochschule with a feature-length 16mm black and white film. Wenders began his career during the New German Cinema era of the late 1960s, much of the distinctive cinematography in his movies is the result of a highly productive long-term collaboration with Dutch cinematographer Robby Müller. Handkes novel, The Goalies Anxiety at the Penalty Kick was adapted for Wenders second feature film, handke co-wrote the script for Wings of Desire and Until the End of the World, both featuring Solveig Dommartin. Wenders has directed several highly acclaimed documentaries, most notably Buena Vista Social Club, about Cuban musicians and he has also directed a documentary style film on the Skladanowsky brothers, known in English as A Trick of the Light. The Skladanowsky brothers were inventing moving pictures when several others like the Lumiere brothers, alongside Buena Vista Social Club also his documentaries on Pina Bausch, Pina, and Sebastiao Salgado, The Salt of the Earth, got him a nomination for an Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature. He has also directed music videos for groups such as U2 and Talking Heads, including Stay and Sax. His television commercials include a UK advertisement for Carling Premier Canadian beer, Wenders is a member of the advisory board of World Cinema Foundation
12.
Dardenne brothers
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Brothers Jean-Pierre Dardenne and Luc Dardenne are a Belgian filmmaking duo. They write, produce and direct their films together, the Dardennes began making narrative and documentary films in the late 1970s. They came to attention in the mid-1990s with La Promesse. They won their first major international film prize when Rosetta won the Palme dOr at the 1999 Cannes Film Festival, in 2002, Olivier Gourmet won Best Actor at Cannes for the Dardennes Le Fils. In 2005, they won the Palme dOr a second time for their film L’Enfant, putting them in a club, at the time. Their film, Le Silence de Lorna, won Best Screenplay at the 2008 Cannes Film Festival and was released in Europe in the fall. Their film The Kid with a Bike won the Grand Prix at the 2011 Cannes Film Festival, received one Golden Globe nomination, Jean-Pierre was the jury president for the Cinéfoundation and Short Films sections of the 2012 Cannes Film Festival. In 2015, their film Deux jours, une nuit received nine Magritte Award nominations, creators of intensely naturalistic films about working class life in Belgium, brothers Luc and Jean-Pierre Dardenne have created a notable body of work since 1996. With La Promesse, Rosetta, Le Fils, and LEnfant, the Dardennes’ films show young people at the fringes of society – immigrants, the unemployed, the inhabitants of shelters. Both Rosetta and LEnfant were awarded the Palme dOr at the Cannes Film Festival, the Dardennes were born and raised in Seraing in Liege, in Wallonia, the French-speaking region of Belgium. Jean-Pierre studied drama while Luc studied philosophy, in 1975 they established Derives, the production company that produced the roughly sixty documentary films they made before branching into feature films. These films covered such topics as Polish immigration, World War II resistance and their first two feature films, however, are rarely seen today, Falsch and Je pense a vous, which Luc would later describe as an unfortunate adventure. The Dardennes had their first international success with La Promesse in 1996, with Rosetta the Dardennes turned their focus to the burdens – philosophical, spiritual, psychological – of unemployment. Rosetta was the first Belgian film ever to win the Palme dOr at Cannes, coming in ahead of films by David Lynch, Pedro Almodóvar, Takeshi Kitano, the film provided some impetus for a labor law designed to protect young workers like Rosetta shortly after the films release. ’t was pure chance, ’ Jean-Pierre insists, ‘There was already a bill going through, and the minister took advantage of our award to call it the Rosetta Law. But we never intended to get laws changed. ’ Luc adds, ‘Of course, we hope our films will speak to people, disturb them. Crimes and occupations again figure prominently in the Dardennes’ fourth film, the film earned the Dardennes the Palme dOr from Cannes, their second in seven years. LEnfant won the André Cavens Award in 2005, making directors Jean-Pierre, the Dardenne brothers have a regular stable of collaborators, including cinematographer Alain Marcoen and editor Marie-Hélène Dozo
