1.
2009 Boise State Broncos football team
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The 2009 Boise State Broncos football team represented Boise State University in the 2009 NCAA Division I FBS football season. The Broncos played their games at Bronco Stadium, most famous for its blue artificial turf surface. They completed the season undefeated, their second consecutive unbeaten regular season and fourth in the last six years. The Broncos finished ranked #4 in the Associated Press and USA Today coaches poll for their highest ranking in history to finish a season. Head Coach Chris Petersen was named the Paul Bear Bryant National Coach of the Year, Petersen is the first two-time winner of the award since it was renamed in 1986. The Broncos were one of two teams to finish the 2008 regular season with an undefeated record and win their sixth WAC Championship in seven years. However, The Broncos were unable to finish the season undefeated after losing 17–16 to #11 TCU in the San Diego County Credit Union Poinsettia Bowl. The Broncos entered the 2009 season as one of the youngest college teams in the nation, with only five seniors on their roster, no other team had fewer than nine. Two Broncos were listed on scout. coms list of the 100 best returning players in the nation, senior defensive back Kyle Wilson at #54 and sophomore quarterback Kellen Moore at #37. Kyle Wilson - Playboy, nationalchamps. net 2nd team, CBSSports. com, the Broncos were the highest rated non BCS conference school. On August 22 Boise State received 659 points to rank 14th in the Associated Press preseason poll, just as they were in the USA Today poll, the Broncos were the highest rated non BCS conference school. The 14th ranking was the highest preseason ranking in school history, for the second consecutive year Bronco Stadium received an expansion, this time in the south endzone temporary bleachers. Rankings reflect the Coaches poll until the week of the Hawaii game, after which the BCS poll was used, last meeting in 2008, a 37–32 Broncos win in Eugene. On August 31, this game was named the Allstate Sugar Bowl Manning Award Matchup of the Week for the matchup of Boise State QB Kellen Moore vs Oregon QB Jeremiah Masoli. The Bronco offense scored on a 10-yard TD pass from Kellen Moore to Austin Pettis in the second quarter, the Broncos set a school record with 59 rushing attempts. Kellen Moore finished 19/29 for 197 and 1 TD, Austin Pettis had 6 catches for 68 yards and the TD. The Broncos out gained the Ducks 351 to 152, the 34,127 in attendance set a new Bronco Stadium record. The Broncos moved up 2 spots in the AP poll to #12 and 5 spots in the Coaches poll to #11. J
2.
2009 TCU Horned Frogs football team
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The 2009 TCU Horned Frogs football team represented Texas Christian University in the 2009 NCAA Division I FBS football season. The team was coached by Gary Patterson, the Frogs played their home games at Amon G. Carter Stadium, which is located on campus in Fort Worth. The Horned Frogs finished the season 12–1 and won the Mountain West Conference title, in the Fiesta Bowl, TCU was upset by underdog Boise State, 17–10
3.
Western Athletic Conference
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The Western Athletic Conference is an American collegiate athletic conference formed on July 27,1962 and affiliated with the National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I. The WAC thus became the first Division I conference to drop football since the Big West in 2000, the WAC then added mens soccer and became one of the NCAAs eleven Division I non-football conferences. The following institutions are the members of the WAC for the 2016–17 academic year. Notes With the elimination of football as a WAC-sponsored sport, New Mexico States football program has joined the Sun Belt as an associate member, in July 2015, UTPA merged with the University of Texas at Brownsville to create the new University of Texas Rio Grande Valley. The University of Texas System stated in July 2014 that the UTPA athletics program will be converted into the program at UTRGV. On November 5,2014, UTRGVs new nickname of Vaqueros was announced, the founding date for UTRGV listed in this table reflects that of Edinburg College, the institution that eventually became UTPA. According to U. S. News & World Report, RNP means a ranking was calculated, unranked means not enough information was provided to make a calculation. Chicago States continued membership is problematic, considering the schools current strained financial situation and the needs of the athletic program, in April 2016, the University Budget Committee recommended that the Athletic Department. Study the benefits of being Division I or another division, championships title totals are through Spring 2016. The following 11 schools field programs in the WAC for sports not sponsored by their primary conferences. Notes Four schools became members in mens soccer in July 2013, the WAC announced on January 9,2013 that it would reinstate the sport. Because the conference dropped football, it was necessary to add a new mens team sport to maintain its Division I status, three of these schools have past WAC connections—former full members Air Force, UNLV and San Jose State. After the WAC announced it would add mens soccer, the conference gained an eighth soccer school for the 2013 season when UMKC, which already sponsored the sport, joined. In addition, Utah Valley added the sport for 2014, UT-Pan American added it for 2015, and Chicago State is slated to add it for 2016. Four schools became members in mens swimming and diving in July 2013, the WAC announced on May 16,2013 that it would reinstate the sport. Northern Colorado joined the WAC for baseball for the 2014 season, north Dakota also joined the WAC for baseball in the 2014 season, but dropped the sport after the 2016 season. Sacramento State was formerly a member of the WAC in baseball from 1992–93 to 1995–96. Championships title totals are through Fall 2014, north Dakota will leave the WAC entirely in July 2017 after dropping its remaining WAC sports of mens and womens swimming & diving
4.
Mountain West Conference
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The Mountain West Conference is one of the collegiate athletic conferences affiliated with the NCAA Division I FBS. The MW officially began operations in July 1999, geographically, the MW covers a broad expanse of the Western United States, with member schools located in California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming. Craig Thompson has served as Commissioner of the MW since its founding in 1999, before forming the Mountain West Conference, seven of its eight charter members had been longtime members of the Western Athletic Conference. Half of these had been members of that conference from 1962. Overall, each school that has ever been either a full or football-only member of the MW spent at least three years in the WAC before joining the Mountain West, the 2013–14 academic year was the 15th anniversary season of the MW. The WAC, which had announced plans to expand beyond its then-current 10 members to at least 12. Ultimately, the WAC took in three of the four SWC schools left out of the Big 12 merger—Rice University, Southern Methodist University, however, the newly expanded WAC was soon wracked by tension between the established and new members. The final straw came in spring 1998, when BYU and Utah proposed a permanent split into two eight-team divisions, previously, the WACs 16 teams had been divided into four four-team quadrants, two of which rotated between the Mountain and Pacific Divisions every two years. A two-division setup would have forced some schools into an unnatural alignment because of the distribution of the conference. Air Force was the most strident opponent of this proposal, threatening to become an independent and they invited the WAC members New Mexico, San Diego State, and UNLV, to join them in what became the Mountain West Conference. The next move for the MW came in 2005, when the conference added TCU, on June 11,2010, Boise State University agreed to join the conference as its tenth member. On June 17,2010, Utah announced it would be leaving the Mountain West to join what would become the Pac-12 Conference, both schools accepted and would become the tenth and eleventh members of the league. BYU announced on August 31,2010 that it would leave the Mountain West Conference and go Independent in football, on November 29,2010, TCU announced all athletic teams would move to the Big East Conference effective in 2012. On December 10,2010, the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa accepted a bid to become the 10th member of the conference for football only and these changes would leave the Mountain West Conference with 10 teams for the 2012 football season. However, two of the three schools that qualified are no longer with the conference, on October 14,2011, the Mountain West and C-USA announced a plan for a football only alliance. However, when the two discussed their plans with the NCAA, they were told that due to NCAA rules. As a result, the Mountain West and C-USA backed away from a full merger, in the end, this alliance never materialized due to both conferences soon adding new teams. On May 2,2012, San Jose State and Utah State agreed to join the conference for the 2013–14 academic year
5.
Chris Petersen
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Christopher Scott Chris Petersen is an American football coach who is currently the head coach at the University of Washington. Previously the head coach for eight seasons at Boise State University and he is the first two-time winner of the Paul Bear Bryant Award, which he won in 2006 and 2009. Petersen also won the Bobby Dodd Coach of the Year Award in 2010, born and raised in Yuba City, California, Petersen played safety and quarterback for the Honkers at Yuba City High School. After graduation in 1983, he played quarterback for the Sacramento City College Panthers for two seasons, then transferred to non-scholarship UC Davis, then in Division II and he earned a bachelors degree in psychology in 1988 and a masters degree in education from UC Davis. Petersen began his career in 1987 as the head freshman coach at UC Davis under Hall of Fame coach Jim Sochor. In 1989 he became the coach for the varsity, departing in 1992 to become the quarterbacks coach at Pittsburgh. While at Pittsburgh, he coached QB Alex Van Pelt to a season where he threw for over 3,100 yards with 20 TD. He moved back west in 1993 to coach the quarterbacks at Portland State under Tim Walsh, Petersen moved over to Oregon in 1995 as the receivers coach, and spent six years as an assistant for the Ducks under head coach Mike Bellotti. In 1996, WR Cristin McLeMore topped 1,000 yards receiving, in 1997, WR Pat Johnson topped 1,000 yards. In 1998, WRs Damon Griffin and Tony Hartley both topped 1,000 yards on the year, in 2001, he was hired as the offensive coordinator at Boise State by newly promoted head coach Dan Hawkins. Hawkins left Boise State for Colorado after the 2005 season, sophomore tailback Ian Johnson said about the transition, We trusted him and knew he was going to take care of us. We knew he was a great person and he was going to recruit people just like himself. We waited for him to get here and he got in the perfect people. Petersen had served as coordinator at Boise State for five seasons and was twice nominated for the Broyles Award. In his first year as coach in 2006, Petersen led the Broncos to an undefeated regular season. He became the fourth head coach to lead a team to a BCS bowl game. Boise State was the undefeated team in Division I FBS for the 2006 season. The Broncos defeated Big 12 Champion Oklahoma in the Fiesta Bowl as only the second non-BCS conference school to play in a BCS bowl, Petersen stated, We were trying to get to it earlier, to tell you the truth
6.
Gary Patterson
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Gary Allen Patterson is an American football coach and former player. He is the football coach at Texas Christian University and the winningest coach in Horned Frogs history. His 2010 squad finished the season undefeated at 13–0 after a 21-19 Rose Bowl victory over the Wisconsin Badgers on New Years Day 2011, Patterson grew up in Rozel, Kansas and played football at Dodge City Community College and at Kansas State University. Patterson is married to Kelsey Patterson and he has three sons, Josh, Cade and Blake. He received his bachelors degree in education in 1983 from Kansas State University. While coaching at Tennessee Tech, he earned a degree in educational administration in 1984. Outside of coaching, Patterson plays guitar and performs at charity events around the Dallas-Fort Worth area during the off season, Patterson began his coaching career in 1982 at Kansas State University as an assistant to head coach Jim Dickey. He followed Franchione to Texas Christian University in 1998, serving as the defensive coordinator there, Patterson was a 2000 finalist for the Broyles Award, given annually to the nations top college football assistant coach. He was named coach at TCU prior to the Mobile Alabama Bowl in December 2000 after Franchione left to become the head coach at the University of Alabama. Patterson remains friends with former Minnesota head coach Jerry Kill from their time as coaches on Franchiones Pittsburg State staff, Kill served as the best man during Pattersons wedding to wife Kelsey in 2004. Patterson won his 110th game at TCU with a 56-0 rout of Grambling, passing Dutch Meyer as the winningest coach in program history and his teams have won at least 10 games in a season eight times. Only twice have they failed to reach a bowl, in 2004 and 2013, Pattersons Frogs have earned a spot in the year-end top 25 ten times, counting his partial season as head coach in 2000. In 2005, Patterson led the Frogs to the Mountain West Conference championship in their first season as a member. Over the course of the 2005 and 2006 seasons, the Frogs won four games against Big 12 Conference opponents. Patterson was named the 2005 Mountain West Conference Coach of the Year, in January 2007, Patterson turned down a head coaching offer from the University of Minnesota worth over $2 million per year. They ultimately fell by a score of 17–10 to undefeated #6 Boise State, the 2009 Horned Frogs became the second BCS Buster from the Mountain West Conference. For much of the season, they were a threat to crash the 2010 BCS National Championship Game. Earlier in the day, Cincinnati defeated Pitt on an epic fourth-quarter rally, cincinnatis win denied the Horned Frogs a shot at playing for the national championship, as it assured that two teams from Automatic Qualifying conferences would finish the regular season undefeated
7.
University of Phoenix Stadium
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University of Phoenix Stadium is a multi-purpose football stadium located in Glendale, Arizona, west of Phoenix. It is the home of the Arizona Cardinals of the National Football League and it replaced Tempes Sun Devil Stadium as the Valley of the Suns main outdoor stadium. The stadium is adjacent to the Gila River Arena and it features the first fully retractable natural grass playing surface built in the United States on top of an AirField Systems drainage system. It was one of the stadiums for the Copa América Centenario in 2016 and it hosted the NCAA Final Four in 2017. The University of Phoenix acquired the rights in September 2006. The University of Phoenix name is applied as a sponsor, and not as the home stadium of the university. Since moving to Arizona in 1988, the Cardinals had played at Sun Devil Stadium on the campus of Arizona State University, the Cardinals had only planned to play there until a new stadium could be built in Phoenix. However, the savings and loan crisis derailed funding for a new stadium, over time, the Cardinals expressed frustration at being merely tenants in a college football stadium. Lack of having their own stadium denied them additional revenue streams available to other NFL teams, the Cardinals campaigned several years for a new and more modern facility. The 63, 400-seat stadium opened on August 1,2006 after three years of construction, the stadium was designed by Eisenman Architects and HOK Sport. The ceremonial groundbreaking for the new stadium was held on April 12,2003, LED video and ribbon displays from Daktronics in Brookings, South Dakota were installed in 2006 prior to Arizonas first game of the season. The cost of the project was $455 million and that total included $395.4 million for the stadium, $41.7 million for site improvements, and $17.8 million for the land. Contributors to the stadium included the Arizona Sports and Tourism Authority, the Arizona Cardinals, the stadium has 88 luxury suites — called luxury lofts — with space for 16 future suites as the stadium matures. The 25 acres surrounding the stadium is called Sportsmans Park, included within the Park is an 8-acre landscaped tailgating area called the Great Lawn. There are no obstructed view seats in the stadium, there are visible areas in the upper deck of the end zone where seats could have been put in but were not due to the giant super columns supporting the roof structure. The endzone area on the side of the facility where the field tray rolls in, the roof is made out of translucent Bird-Air fabric and opens in 12 minutes. It is the first retractable roof built on an incline. The first preseason game was played August 12,2006 when the Cardinals defeated the Pittsburgh Steelers
8.
Glendale, Arizona
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Glendale /ˈɡlɛndeɪl/ is a city in Maricopa County, Arizona, United States, located about nine miles northwest from Downtown Phoenix. According to the 2010 census, the population of the city is 226,721, in the late 1800s what is now known as Glendale, Arizona, was all desert. He completed the canal, which would bring water to the desert land, Murphy was deep in debt, since he had agreed to be paid in Arizona Canal Company stock and bonds and land instead of cash. In 1887, Murphy formed the Arizona Improvement Company and his objective was to sell the land and water rights south of the canal. Murphy had to raise capital from out of state sources in order to meet payroll, Murphy decided to refer to this land as Glendale. In 1891, Burgess Hadsell worked with Murphy to bring 70 Brethren, soon settlers, attracted by the towns ban on alcoholic beverages, continued to arrive. In 1895, Murphy platted the town site and amended the plat to include a town park. It was bounded by Lamar Road on the south, 55th Avenue on the east, Myrtle Avenue on the north, the construction of a railroad from Prescott to Phoenix was made possible with an exchange of the right-of-way made by Murphy along Grand Avenue. The railroad allowed Glendale settlers to transport goods to the north, the construction and commercial applications of the Beet Sugar Factory in 1906, also contributed to the growth of Glendale. Though the operations of the factory lasted until 1913, it played an important role in the increase of immigrant and migrant settlers in the city. City Attorney Craig Tindall resigned his city post in 2013 upon request of the mayor, Tindall was subsequently the subject of an ethics complaint regarding his purported conflict of interest between his work for IceArizona and his Glendale post. He was still receiving city severance pay at the time IceArizona hired him, the complaint was filed by former city councilmember Phil Lieberman. After Tindall resigned from the City of Glendale, a press release announced that he had joined the well-known Phoenix law firm Fennemore Craig, Glendale is located at 33°32′19″N 112°11′11″W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 55.8 square miles. As of the census of 2000, there were 218,812 people,75,700 households, the population density was 3,929.5 people per square mile. There were 79,667 housing units at a density of 1,430.7 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 75. 54% White,4. 70% Black or African American,1. 45% Native American,2. 74% Asian,0. 13% Pacific Islander,11. 97% from other races, and 3. 47% from two or more races. 24. 84% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,21. 3% of all households were made up of individuals and 5. 8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older
9.
Brandyn Thompson
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Brandyn Thompson is a Canadian football cornerback for the Edmonton Eskimos of the Canadian Football League. He was drafted by the Washington Redskins in the round of the 2011 NFL Draft. He played college football at Boise State, Thompson was drafted by the Washington Redskins in the seventh round of the 2011 NFL Draft. Although he made the active 53-man roster at the start of the season, he was waived October 5, on October 6,2011, Thompson was signed to the Redskins practice squad. On November 5,2011, Thompson was promoted back to the roster after Buchanon was placed on injured reserve. He was waived again on November 8 and placed on the squad the next day. Johnson, Thompson was promoted back to active roster on November 30,2011 to fill the roster spot, at the end of the 2011 NFL season, his rookie season, Thompson played a total of six games and recorded two tackles. During the first OTA of the 2012 preseason, Thompson and Pierre Garçon accidentally collided into coach Mike Shanahan, Thompson was cut on August 31,2012 for final cuts before the start of the 2012 season. On March 8,2013, Thompson was signed by the Toronto Argonauts of the Canadian Football League and he was released by the Argonauts on May 2,2013. On April 23,2014, Thompson signed a contract with the Ottawa Redblacks of the Canadian Football League, Thompson played two seasons with the Ottawa Redblacks, playing in 17 of the 18 regular season games both years. In his second year in the league Ottawa went all the way to the Grey Cup game where they were defeated by the Edmonton Eskimos, in his two years in Ottawa Thompson totaled 97 tackles,7 interceptions and 1 forced fumble. Following the 2015 CFL season Thompson was not re-signed and became a free-agent on February 9,2016, still a free-agent in mid-April Thompson was contemplating whether or not he had a future in professional football. Thompsons great uncle John Thompson II coached the Georgetown Hoyas basketball team from 1972 to 1999, brandyn Thompson on Twitter Ottawa Redblacks profile Career statistics and player information from NFL. com • ESPN • Pro-Football-Reference
10.
The Star-Spangled Banner
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The Star-Spangled Banner is the national anthem of the United States of America. Key was inspired by the large American flag, the Star-Spangled Banner, the poem was set to the tune of a popular British song written by John Stafford Smith for the Anacreontic Society, a mens social club in London. To Anacreon in Heaven, with lyrics, was already popular in the United States. Set to Keys poem and renamed The Star-Spangled Banner, it became a well-known American patriotic song. With a range of one octave and one fifth, it is known for being difficult to sing, although the poem has four stanzas, only the first is commonly sung today. Before 1931, other songs served as the hymns of American officialdom, hail, Columbia served this purpose at official functions for most of the 19th century. My Country, Tis of Thee, whose melody is identical to God Save the Queen, following the War of 1812 and subsequent American wars, other songs emerged to compete for popularity at public events, among them The Star-Spangled Banner, as well as America the Beautiful. Beanes was accused of aiding the arrest of British soldiers, because Key and Skinner had heard details of the plans for the attack on Baltimore, they were held captive until after the battle, first aboard HMS Surprise and later back on HMS Minden. On the morning of September 14, the flag had been lowered. During the bombardment, HMS Terror and HMS Meteor provided some of the bombs bursting in air, Key was inspired by the American victory and the sight of the large American flag flying triumphantly above the fort. This flag, with fifteen stars and fifteen stripes, had made by Mary Young Pickersgill together with other workers in her home on Baltimores Pratt Street. The flag later came to be known as the Star-Spangled Banner and is today on display in the National Museum of American History and it was restored in 1914 by Amelia Fowler, and again in 1998 as part of an ongoing conservation program. Aboard the ship the day, Key wrote a poem on the back of a letter he had kept in his pocket. At twilight on September 16, he and Skinner were released in Baltimore and he completed the poem at the Indian Queen Hotel, where he was staying, and titled it Defence of Fort MHenry. Much of the idea of the poem, including the flag imagery and some of the wording, is derived from a song by Key. The song, known as When the Warrior Returns, was written in honor of Stephen Decatur, absent elaboration by Francis Scott Key prior to his death in 1843, some have speculated in modern times about the meaning of phrases or verses. Professor Mark Clague has stated that the two verses of Keys lyric vilify the British enemy in the War of 1812 and in no way glorifies or celebrates slavery. Clague asserts that the used to refer to British professional soldiers but also the Corps of Colonial Marines which Key viewed as scoundrels
11.
Michael McDonald (musician)
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Michael McDonald is an American singer, songwriter, keyboardist and record producer. McDonalds music career more than forty years. His early career included singing with Steely Dan and he joined The Doobie Brothers in 1976 and remained an integral member until 1982, after which he released the first of eight solo albums. During his career, he has collaborated with a number of artists, including Kenny Loggins, Van Halen, Patti LaBelle, Aretha Franklin, Toto, Grizzly Bear. He has also recorded for television and film soundtracks, during his career, McDonald has won five Grammy Awards. Michael McDonald was born on February 12,1952, into an Irish American Catholic family in Ferguson, Missouri, McDonald attended McCluer High School where he played in local bands including Mike and the Majestics, Jerry Jay and the Sheratons, the Reebtoors and The Guild. He was discovered while playing with a group called Blue and moved to Los Angeles, California, in 1974, McDonald became a member of Steely Dans touring group, singing lead and backing vocals. He also became one of the many in-studio adjunct members of the band and he appeared on subsequent Steely Dan recordings including 1976s The Royal Scam and 1977s Aja. He also played keyboards on some Steely Dan tracks, McDonald continued to provide backing vocals for Steely Dan through their 1980 release, Gaucho. In 2006, he joined Steely Dan on the summer tour. McDonald co-wrote You Belong to Me with Carly Simon, which appeared on the album Livin on the Fault Line, McDonald reunited as a guest performer with the Doobie Brothers several times since the bands initial dissolution in 1982. He re-teamed with the Doobie Brothers for the track Dont Say Goodbye on the thirteenth studio album. In March 2014, he reunited with the Doobie Brothers to record an album featuring the greatest hits of the Doobies 40-plus-year career. This project was completed in conjunction with Sony Music Nashville, on the album, McDonald shares lead vocals with Sara Evans for What a Fool Believes, Love and Theft for Takin it to the Streets, and Amanda Sudano-Ramirez for You Belong to Me. The album, titled Southbound, was released on November 4,2014, on November 5,2014, McDonald and the Doobie Brothers were featured musical guests on the 47th annual CMA Awards to celebrate the release of Southbound. They were joined by Hunter Hayes, Jennifer Nettles, and Hillary Scott in their performance of Listen to the Music, at the end of the awards ceremony, they were also joined by host Brad Paisley for Takin It to the Streets. After the Doobies first farewell tour, McDonald released his first solo album, If Thats What It Takes. He continued to collaborate with artists during this period
12.
Official (American football)
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In American football, an official is a person who has responsibility in enforcing the rules and maintaining the order of the game. During professional and most college games, seven officials operate on the field. Beginning in 2015, Division I college football conferences are using eight game officials, College games outside the Division I level use six or seven officials. Arena football, high school football, and other levels of football have other officiating systems, High school football played under the National Federation of State High School Associations rules typically use five officials for varsity and 3,4, or 5 for non-varsity games. Because the referee is responsible for the supervision of the game. American football officials generally use the equipment, Whistle Used to signal a reminder to players that the ball is dead. Penalty marker or flag A bright-yellow-colored flag that is thrown on the field toward or at the spot of a foul, for fouls where the spot is unimportant, such as fouls which occur at the snap or during a dead ball, the flag is typically thrown vertically. The flag is wrapped around a weight, such as sand or beans, so that it can be thrown with some distance and accuracy and to ensure it remains in place, Officials typically carry a second flag in case there are multiple fouls on a play. Officials who run out of flags when they see multiple fouls on a play may drop their hat or a bag instead. Bean bag Used to mark various spots that are not fouls, for example, a bean bag is used to mark the spot of a fumble or the spot where a player caught a punt. It is typically colored white, blue, black, or orange, depending on the league, college conference, level of play. Unlike penalty flags, bean bags may be tossed to a parallel to the nearest yard line. Down indicator A specially designed wristband that is used to remind officials of the current down and it has an elastic loop attached to it that is wrapped around the fingers. Usually, officials put the loop around their index finger when it is first down, the finger when it is second down. Some officials, especially umpires, may use a second indicator to keep track of where the ball was placed between the hash marks before the play. This is important when the ball is re-spotted after a pass or a foul. Game data card and pencil Officials write down important administrative information, such as the winner of the coin toss, team timeouts. Game data cards can be paper or reusable plastic
13.
Big Ten Conference
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The Big Ten Conference, formerly Western Conference and Big Nine Conference, is the oldest Division I collegiate athletic conference in the United States. The conference includes the public university in each of 11 states stretching from New Jersey to Nebraska. The Big Ten Conference was established in 1895 when Purdue University president James H, in 1905, the conference was officially incorporated as the Intercollegiate Conference Athletic Association. Big Ten member institutions are predominantly major flagship research universities with large financial endowments, large student enrollment is also a hallmark of Big Ten universities, as 12 of the 14 members feature enrollments of 30,000 or more students. Northwestern University, one of just two members with a total enrollment of fewer than 30,000 students, is the lone private university among Big Ten membership. Collectively, Big Ten universities educate more than 520,000 total students and have 5.7 million living alumni, Big Ten universities engage in $9.3 billion in funded research each year. Big Ten universities are members of the Big Ten Academic Alliance. In 2014–2015, members generated more than $10 billion in research expenditures, Johns Hopkins University was invited in 2012 to join the Big Ten as an associate member participating in mens lacrosse only. In 2015, it was accepted as an associate member in womens lacrosse. Notre Dame is scheduled to join the Big Ten in 2017 as a member in mens ice hockey. Notes Notes Notes The University of Chicago was a co-founder of the conference, lake Forest College attended the original 1895 meeting that led to the formation of the conference, but did not join it. Full members Full members Sport Affiliate Other Conference Other Conference The Big Ten Conference sponsors championship competition in 14 mens and 14 womens NCAA sanctioned sports, Notes, * Notre Dame will join the Big Ten in the 2017–18 school year as an affiliate member in mens ice hockey. It continues to field its other sports in the ACC except in football where it will continue to compete as an independent, ° Johns Hopkins joined the Big Ten in 2014 as an affiliate member in mens lacrosse, with womens lacrosse to follow in 2016. Ohio State and Penn State, like most NCAA fencing schools, have coed teams,2, Mens rowing, whether heavyweight or lightweight, is not governed by the NCAA, but instead by the Intercollegiate Rowing Association. Rutgers Mens Rowing was downgraded to Club status in 2008,3, Unlike rifle, pistol is not an NCAA-governed sport. 4, Rifle is technically a mens sport, but mens, womens, Ohio State fields a coed team. The eligibility of student-athletes was one of the topics of discussion. The Intercollegiate Conference of Faculty Representatives was founded at a meeting on February 8,1896
14.
United States dollar
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The United States dollar is the official currency of the United States and its insular territories per the United States Constitution. It is divided into 100 smaller cent units, the circulating paper money consists of Federal Reserve Notes that are denominated in United States dollars. The U. S. dollar was originally commodity money of silver as enacted by the Coinage Act of 1792 which determined the dollar to be 371 4/16 grain pure or 416 grain standard silver, the currency most used in international transactions, it is the worlds primary reserve currency. Several countries use it as their currency, and in many others it is the de facto currency. Besides the United States, it is used as the sole currency in two British Overseas Territories in the Caribbean, the British Virgin Islands and Turks and Caicos Islands. A few countries use the Federal Reserve Notes for paper money, while the country mints its own coins, or also accepts U. S. coins that can be used as payment in U. S. dollars. After Nixon shock of 1971, USD became fiat currency, Article I, Section 8 of the U. S. Constitution provides that the Congress has the power To coin money, laws implementing this power are currently codified at 31 U. S. C. Section 5112 prescribes the forms in which the United States dollars should be issued and these coins are both designated in Section 5112 as legal tender in payment of debts. The Sacagawea dollar is one example of the copper alloy dollar, the pure silver dollar is known as the American Silver Eagle. Section 5112 also provides for the minting and issuance of other coins and these other coins are more fully described in Coins of the United States dollar. The Constitution provides that a regular Statement and Account of the Receipts and that provision of the Constitution is made specific by Section 331 of Title 31 of the United States Code. The sums of money reported in the Statements are currently being expressed in U. S. dollars, the U. S. dollar may therefore be described as the unit of account of the United States. The word dollar is one of the words in the first paragraph of Section 9 of Article I of the Constitution, there, dollars is a reference to the Spanish milled dollar, a coin that had a monetary value of 8 Spanish units of currency, or reales. In 1792 the U. S. Congress passed a Coinage Act, Section 20 of the act provided, That the money of account of the United States shall be expressed in dollars, or units. And that all accounts in the offices and all proceedings in the courts of the United States shall be kept and had in conformity to this regulation. In other words, this act designated the United States dollar as the unit of currency of the United States, unlike the Spanish milled dollar the U. S. dollar is based upon a decimal system of values. Both one-dollar coins and notes are produced today, although the form is significantly more common
15.
Television network
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Until the mid-1980s, television programming in most countries of the world was dominated by a small number of broadcast networks. Many early television networks evolved from earlier radio networks, such networks are commonly referred to by terms such as specialty channels in Canada or cable networks in the U. S. A network may or may not produce all of its own programming, if not, production companies can distribute their content to the various networks, and it is common that a certain production firm may have programs that air on two or more rival networks. Similarly, some networks may import television programs from other countries, some stations have the capability to interrupt the network through the local insertion of television commercials, station identifications and emergency alerts. Others completely break away from the network for their own programming and this is common where small networks are members of larger networks. The majority of television stations are self-owned, even though a variety of these instances are the property of an owned-and-operated television network. The commercial television stations can also be linked with an educational broadcasting agency. It is also important to note that some countries have launched national television networks, on the other hand, television networks also undergo the impending experience of major changes related to cultural varieties. The emergence of television has made available in major media markets. Such a diverse captive audience presents an occasion for the networks and this is explained by author Tim P. Vos notes that policymakers did not expressly intend to create a broadcast order dominated by commercial networks. In fact, legislative attempts were made to limit the networks preferred position, as to individual stations, modern network operations centers usually use broadcast automation to handle most tasks. A major international network is the British Broadcasting Corporation, which is perhaps most well known for its news agency BBC News. Owned by the Crown, the BBC operates primarily in the United Kingdom and it is funded by the television licence paid by British residents that watch terrestrial television and as a result, no commercial advertising appears on its networks. Outside of the UK, advertising is broadcast because the licence fee applies to the BBCs British operations. 23,000 people worldwide are employed by the BBC and its subsidiary, other networks are dedicated to specialized programming, such as religious content or programs presented in languages other than English, particularly Spanish. The largest television network in the United States, however, is the Public Broadcasting Service, some public television outlets, such as PBS, carry separate digital subchannel networks through their member stations. This works as each network sends its signal to many local affiliated stations across the country. These local stations then carry the feed, which can be viewed by millions of households across the country
16.
Fox Sports (United States)
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Television rights to broadcast Super Bowl XXXI in 1997. The deal stripped CBS of football telecasts for the first time since 1955, the NFL television rights and affiliation deals firmly established Fox as the nations fourth major network. The networks relationship with the NFL would expand in 1997, when it began airing games from NFL Europe, with a sports division now established, Fox decided to seek broadcast rights agreements with other major sports leagues. Again, Fox outbid CBS, which wanted to secure the rights as a result of losing the NFL to Fox, Fox lost the NHL rights to ABC Sports and ESPN in 1999. On November 7,1995, Fox was awarded partial broadcast rights to Major League Baseball games, as part of a six-year renewal of this deal – valued at $2.3 billion. The rights later extended to sister motorsports-oriented cable network Speed Channel in October 2002, through a 2006 contract renewal, Fox became the exclusive U. S. broadcaster of the Daytona 500. In 2007, Fox began airing most of the games that were part of the Bowl Championship Series, including the BCS Championship Game, ESPN assumed the BCS rights beginning in 2010. In May 2010, Fox aired the final of the UEFA Champions League, in August 2011, Fox Sports announced it had reached a seven-year broadcast agreement with the Ultimate Fighting Championship, ending the mixed martial arts promotions relationship with Spike. On August 6,2013, Fox Sports announced a 12-year deal to broadcast the three open championships of the United States Golf Association, including the U. S. Open. Fox Sports 2 – a national sports network, which serves as a counterpart to FS1. Big Ten Network – a joint venture with the Big Ten Conference, airing various sporting events involving, Fox Soccer Plus – a subscription-based sports network, which broadcasts domestic and international soccer matches, including the UEFA Champions League among other competitions. Fox College Sports – a slate of three cable channels produced by regional Fox Sports Networks, which airs additional college sports content from across the country. Fox Deportes – a Spanish-language network, which airs coverage of UEFA Champions League, as well as the FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup and the F. A. Cup. It also presents Spanish-language coverage of the Major League Baseball Game of the Week, the All-Star Game, Fox Sports Media Group formally announced the replacement of Speed with Fox Sports 1 on March 5,2013, with a target launch date slated for August 17. The network airs content from Major League Baseball, the UFC, NASCAR, soccer, notable personalities on FS1 include Regis Philbin, Mike Tyson, Michael Strahan, Erin Andrews, as well as many other Fox Sports personalities. The networks launched on August 17,2013, on September 2,2013, Fox Soccer was replaced by FXX, an entertainment-based sister network to FX with a focus on comedy programming. With the concurrent shutdown and replacement of the network, Fox Soccers sports programming was shifted over to Fox Sports 1, as a result, outside of very rare sports conflicts on both Fox Sports networks, FX no longer carries any sports programming. Fox Soccers companion premium service, Fox Soccer Plus, continues to exist and supplements soccer coverage on Fox Sports 1, Fox Sports Networks operates as a slate of regional sports networks with broadcasting agreements that follow league market distribution rules
17.
Fiesta Bowl
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The Fiesta Bowl is an American college football bowl game played annually at the University of Phoenix Stadium in Glendale, Arizona. Between its origination in 1971 and 2006, the game was hosted in Tempe, as of November 2016, it is sponsored by PlayStation. From 1996 through the January 2014 game, Frito-Lay was the title sponsor through its Tostitos tortilla chip brand. Other previous sponsors include Sunkist and IBM, in 1998, the Fiesta Bowl became part of the Bowl Championship Series, and before 2006 every four years was the designee for the national championship game. The Fiesta Bowl was born from the Western Athletic Conferences frustrated attempts to obtain bowl invitations for its champions, in 1968 and 1969 respectively, champions Wyoming and Arizona State failed to secure any bowl selection. The next year, undefeated Arizona State was bypassed by the bowls and had to settle for an appearance in the less prestigious Peach Bowl. The Fiesta Bowl therefore initially provided a berth for the WAC champion. In its first decade of existence, the Fiesta Bowl was played in the last week of December, the 1971 inaugural game featured another top-ten Arizona State squad against top-twenty opponent Florida State. The 1974 game featured WAC champ BYU and their new coach, BYU was in control until BYUs first All-American quarterback Gary Sheide went down with a leg injury and eventually lost 16–6. By 1975, the game was able to attract Big Eight co-champion Nebraska to play undefeated Arizona State in a matchup of top-five teams. In 1977, the game was able to attract a top-five opponent in Penn State, despite WAC champion #16 BYU refusing to play in the bowl due to its being held on Sunday. In 1978, Arizona and Arizona State both joined the Pac-10 Conference and the Fiesta Bowls tie-in with the WAC ended. The game continued to attract high quality matchups, so beginning with the 1981 game the Fiesta Bowl shifted to New Years Day alongside the major bowl games—the Cotton, Orange, Sugar, and Rose. The Fiesta Bowl was the first bowl game to acquire a title sponsor when it became the Sunkist Fiesta Bowl starting with the 1986 game. A major breakthrough occurred after the 1986 season when the top two teams in the country, Miami and Penn State, agreed to play for the de facto national championship in the Fiesta Bowl. At the time, the four major bowl games granted automatic bids to their conference champions. Both Miami and Penn State were independents at that time, and were free to choose a bowl. The Fiesta Bowl won the bidding and the game was set to be played on January 2, Penn State won 14–10 over Miami, and the game drew the largest television audience in the history of college football at the time
18.
2009 Fiesta Bowl
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The Buckeyes were chosen as an at-large school as co-champions of the Big Ten Conference, having lost the right to play in the Rose Bowl due to a 13-6 loss to Penn State on October 25. This 38th edition of the Fiesta Bowl was televised in the United States on FOX and it was the third meeting in the history of the two schools. The Longhorns are coached by football coach Mack Brown and led on the field by quarterback Colt McCoy. The Buckeyes are coached by Jim Tressel and led on the field by Terrelle Pryor, the victory by Texas gave Ohio State their third straight bowl loss, their longest such streak since the early John Cooper era. This follows a four game winning streak which tied for longest in OSU history. The Ohio State Buckeyes and the Texas Longhorns are two of the most storied programs in college football, before 2005 each school had participated in college football for more than 100 years. They are home to nationally known traditions from the Buckeye leaf stickers and the O-H-I-O chant at Ohio State to Bevo, from 1936 to 2004, the team finished the season in the top ten 23 times, or one-third of the time, according to the Associated Press. The team that coach Mack Brown fielded in 2005 has been called one of the most memorable in college football history by College Football News, like the Longhorns, the Buckeyes are an elite football program. The Buckeyes program has produced 164 first-team All-American players, including seven Heisman Trophy winners, the Buckeyes rank fifth in college football history in terms of both total wins and winning percentage. Texas and Ohio State have two of the programs in college football, but they have played each other only twice. Texas won the 2005 game en route to winning their most recent national championship, in the 2006 game, which was won by Ohio State, OSU and Texas were ranked #1 and #2 respectively. It was only the 36th time that the top two teams in football had ever faced each other outside of the BCS National Championship. OSU later played against #2 Michigan Wolverines in the Buckeyes regular season finale, after being passed over in the selection for the 2009 BCS National Championship Game, the Longhorns were selected to represent the Big 12 Conference as host team in the Fiesta Bowl. The Buckeyes were selected as a school from among the eligible teams. The day the bowl bids were announced the sports betting line opened with Texas as ten-point favorites, the most of any of the 2009 BCS bowls
19.
Tostitos
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Tostitos is a brand of tortilla chips and dips produced by Frito-Lay. In January 1978, Frito-Lays product development group led by Jack Liczkowski had completed development of Tostitos, the chips were round, made of white corn and had a more authentic Mexican flavor. When frying the formed chips, calcium hydroxide reacts with oil, the chips are often eaten with salsa or nacho cheese dip, which the company also produces. There are several varieties of Tostitos chips, Tostitos Gold - a thicker and larger version of the original, advertised to hold the thickest of dips, initially very popular, this variety has been quietly discontinued. Tostitos Hint of Jalapeño - a version with jalapeño pepper flavoring added, Tostitos Hint of Lime - a version with lime flavoring added. Tostitos Hint of Pepper Jack - a version with pepper jack cheese flavoring added, Tostitos Spicy Quesadilla - artificial cheese and other spicy flavors added. Tostitos Multigrain - made with whole wheats and grains, Tostitos Flour Tortilla - made with flour for a milder flavor for dipping with a broader range of dips beyond Mexican-style dips. Tostitos Restaurant Style - A much larger triangular style chip, similar to what is used in traditional Mexican-style restaurants, also available in Light, advertised to be made with olestra, reducing fat and calories. Tostitos Scoops - a tortilla chip molded into the shape of a bowl that allows for easier scooping of salsas, also available in Baked, advertised to have half the fat of normal tostitos scoops. Tostitos Natural - an organic tortilla chip that advertises no artificial ingredients, available in blue corn and yellow corn. Tostitos Rounds - made to be flat and cut in a circle, Tostitos Rolls - introduced this party staple, a corn tortilla chip, and tube-like shape and hearty crunch. Tostitos Cantina - introduced in 2012, a style of restaurant-inspired chips that targets the Millennial generation, there are several varieties of Cantina chips, including Cantina Thin & Crispy, and Cantina Traditional. Some Frito-Lay brand seasoned products, including flavors of Tostitos, contain pork enzymes in addition to herbs, cheese. Frito-Lays web site states that use enzymes from pigs in some of their seasoned snack products to develop unique flavors. The presence of pig-derived ingredients makes them unsuitable for vegetarians, vegans, as well as non-kosher, the game was played at Sun Devil Stadium in Tempe, Arizona through 2006 before moving to University of Phoenix Stadium in Glendale, Arizona in 2007. Following the 2006 season, Tostitos was the sponsor for the BCS National Championship Game. The title sponsor for the game rotates depending upon which site is hosting the 1 vs.2 matchup. Frito Lay withdrew from sponsoring the Fiesta Bowl game on June 9,2014, citing the higher costs of sponsoring the event through the new College Football Playoff system
20.
College football
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It was through college football play that American football rules first gained popularity in the United States. No minor league farm organizations exist in American football and it is in college football where a players performance directly impacts his chances of playing professional football. The best collegiate players will declare for the professional draft after 3 to 4 years of collegiate competition. Those not selected can still attempt to land an NFL roster spot as a free agent. Even after the emergence of the professional National Football League, college football remained extremely popular throughout the U. S, in many cases, college stadiums employ bench-style seating, as opposed to individual seats with backs and arm rests. This allows them to more fans in a given amount of space than the typical professional stadium. College athletes, unlike players in the NFL, are not permitted by the NCAA to be paid salaries, colleges are only allowed to provide non-monetary compensation such as athletic scholarships that provide for tuition, housing, and books. Modern North American football has its origins in various games, all known as football, by the 1840s, students at Rugby School were playing a game in which players were able to pick up the ball and run with it, a sport later known as Rugby football. The game was taken to Canada by British soldiers stationed there and was soon being played at Canadian colleges, the first documented gridiron football match was a game played at University College, a college of the University of Toronto, November 9,1861. One of the participants in the game involving University of Toronto students was William Mulock, a football club was formed at the university soon afterward, although its rules of play at this stage are unclear. In 1864, at Trinity College, also a college of the University of Toronto, F. Barlow Cumberland, modern Canadian football is widely regarded as having originated with a game played in Montreal, in 1865, when British Army officers played local civilians. The game gradually gained a following, and the Montreal Football Club was formed in 1868, early games appear to have had much in common with the traditional mob football played in England. The games remained largely unorganized until the 19th century, when games of football began to be played on college campuses. Each school played its own variety of football, Princeton University students played a game called ballown as early as 1820. A Harvard tradition known as Bloody Monday began in 1827, which consisted of a mass ballgame between the freshman and sophomore classes, in 1860, both the town police and the college authorities agreed the Bloody Monday had to go. The Harvard students responded by going into mourning for a figure called Football Fightum. The authorities held firm and it was a dozen years before football was again played at Harvard. Dartmouth played its own version called Old division football, the rules of which were first published in 1871, all of these games, and others, shared certain commonalities
21.
Bowl game
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In North America, a bowl game is one of a number of post-season college football games that are primarily played by teams belonging to the NCAAs Division I Football Bowl Subdivision. Prior to 2002, bowl game statistics were not included in career totals. The term bowl originated from the Rose Bowl stadium, site of the first post-season college football games, the Rose Bowl Stadium, in turn, takes its name and bowl-shaped design from the Yale Bowl, the prototype of many football stadiums in the United States. The term has become almost synonymous with any major American football event. In professional football, the names of the National Football League s Super Bowl, the use of the term has crossed over into professional and collegiate Canadian football. A notable example is the annual Banjo Bowl between the Winnipeg Blue Bombers and Saskatchewan Roughriders of the Canadian Football League, U Sports plays two semi-final bowl games before the Vanier Cup national championship game, the Uteck Bowl and the Mitchell Bowl. The matchups are determined on a rotation basis, with the Uteck Bowl being played at the easternmost host team. The history of the game began with the 1902 Tournament East-West football game. The Tournament of Roses eventually sponsored an annual contest starting with the 1916 Tournament East-West Football Game, with the 1923 Rose Bowl it began to be played at the newly completed Rose Bowl stadium, and thus the contest itself became known as the Rose Bowl game. The name bowl to describe the games comes from the Rose Bowl stadium. Other cities saw the value for tourism that the Tournament of Roses parade and Rose Bowl carried. The label bowl was attached to the name, even though the games were not always played in bowl-shaped stadiums. The historic timing of bowl games, around the new year, is the result of two factors—warm climate and ease of travel. The original bowls began in warm climates such as Southern California, Louisiana, Florida and Texas as a way to promote the area for tourism and business. Since commercial air travel was either non-existent or very limited, the games were scheduled well after the end of the season to allow fans to travel to the game site. As the number of games has increased, the number of games a team would need to win to be invited to a bowl game has decreased. With a 12-game schedule, a number of teams with only 5 wins have been invited to a bowl game, as of the completion of the 2016 season, the University of Alabama has played in more bowl games than any other school, with 64 appearances. Alabama also holds the record for most bowl victories with 37, the Florida State Seminoles have the longest active streak of consecutive bowl appearances with 35
22.
Arizona
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Arizona is a state in the southwestern region of the United States. It is also part of the Western United States and the Mountain West states and it is the sixth largest and the 14th most populous of the 50 states. Its capital and largest city is Phoenix, Arizona is one of the Four Corners states. It has borders with New Mexico, Utah, Nevada, California, and Mexico, Arizonas border with Mexico is 389 miles long, on the northern border of the Mexican states of Sonora and Baja California. Arizona is the 48th state and last of the states to be admitted to the Union. Historically part of the territory of Alta California in New Spain, after being defeated in the Mexican–American War, Mexico ceded much of this territory to the United States in 1848. The southernmost portion of the state was acquired in 1853 through the Gadsden Purchase, Southern Arizona is known for its desert climate, with very hot summers and mild winters. There are ski resorts in the areas of Flagstaff, Alpine, in addition to the Grand Canyon National Park, there are several national forests, national parks, and national monuments. To the European settlers, their pronunciation sounded like Arissona, the area is still known as alĭ ṣonak in the Oodham language. Another possible origin is the Basque phrase haritz ona, as there were numerous Basque sheepherders in the area, There is a misconception that the states name originated from the Spanish term Árida Zona. See also lists of counties, islands, rivers, lakes, state parks, national parks, Arizona is in the Southwestern United States as one of the Four Corners states. Arizona is the sixth largest state by area, ranked after New Mexico, of the states 113,998 square miles, approximately 15% is privately owned. The remaining area is public forest and park land, state trust land, Arizona is well known for its desert Basin and Range region in the states southern portions, which is rich in a landscape of xerophyte plants such as the cactus. This regions topography was shaped by volcanism, followed by the cooling-off. Its climate has hot summers and mild winters. The state is well known for its pine-covered north-central portion of the high country of the Colorado Plateau. Like other states of the Southwest United States, Arizona has an abundance of mountains, despite the states aridity, 27% of Arizona is forest, a percentage comparable to modern-day France or Germany. The worlds largest stand of pine trees is in Arizona
23.
Bowl Championship Series
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The system was in place for the 1998 through 2013 seasons and in 2014 was replaced by the College Football Playoff. The BCS was created to end split championships and for the champion to win the title on the field between the two selected by the BCS. The system also selected match-ups for four other prestigious BCS bowl games, the ten teams selected included the conference champion from each of the six Automatic Qualifying conferences plus four others. The BCS was created by agreement by those six conferences. For the 1998 through 2005 seasons eight teams competed in four BCS bowls and it had been in place since the 1998 season. The BCS replaced the Bowl Alliance, in place from 1995 to 1997, prior to the Bowl Coalitions creation in 1992, the AP Polls number one and two teams had met in a bowl game only 8 times in 56 seasons. The APs top two teams met 13 out of the 16 seasons the BCS was in place, in the 2014 season, the BCS was discontinued and replaced by the College Football Playoff, which organizes a four-team playoff and national championship game. The NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision is the only NCAA-sponsored sport without an officially organized NCAA tournament to determine its champion, instead, the postseason has historically consisted of individual bowl games. The bowl system began in 1902 with the first ever East-West game in Pasadena, California and this game was an exhibition game pitting a highly rated team from the west coast against a team from east of the Mississippi River. This was a time for a postseason game, as fans could take off work or school during this holiday period to travel to the game. In the first game, the University of Michigan Wolverines represented the east, due to the lopsided victory the game did not resume until 1916. The game was renamed the Rose Bowl in the 1920s when play shifted to the Rose Bowl stadium, by the 1930s, the Cotton Bowl Classic, Orange Bowl, and the Sugar Bowl were also held on January 1 to showcase teams from other regions of the country. By the 1940s, college football conferences began signing contracts that tied their team to a particular bowl. This system raised the possibility that the two top-ranked teams in the poll would not play each other in a bowl game. Under these circumstances, it was not uncommon to have the Coaches Poll crown a different national champion than the AP Poll and this situation arose a total of ten different seasons before BCS was formed. For example, in 1991, the University of Miami Hurricanes, since the Huskies were locked into the Rose Bowl as the Pac-10 Conference champion against Big Ten champion Michigan, they could not play then-independent Miami, who played in the Orange Bowl. Both teams won their bowl games convincingly and shared the championship, Miami winning the Associated Press poll. A split national championship has happened on occasions since then as well
24.
2009 Orange Bowl
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The 2009 FedEx Orange Bowl was the 75th edition of the annual American college football bowl game known as the Orange Bowl. The game was the second contest in the 2008–2009 Bowl Championship Series of the 2008 NCAA Division I FBS football season and was the game of the season for both teams. The game was televised in the United States on FOX, Virginia Tech was selected to participate in the Orange Bowl after a 9–4 season that culminated in a 30–12 victory in the 2008 ACC Championship Game. Cincinnati was selected as the half of the matchup after an 11–2 season that ended with a 29–24 win against Hawaii. Attention also focused on Cincinnatis proficient offense and Virginia Techs highly rated defense. The game kicked off at 8,47 p. m. Eastern Standard Time in warm weather, and Cincinnati scored first, converting the opening possession into a touchdown. Virginia Tech responded in the quarter, tying the game at seven before taking a 10–7 lead with a field goal as time expired in the first half. In the third quarter, the two teams battled defensively, with only the Hokies able to score any points as Tech extended its lead to 13–7. During the final quarter, Virginia Tech scored its second touchdown of the game, in recognition of his performance during the game, Virginia Tech running back Darren Evans was named the games most valuable player. He set a Virginia Tech bowl-game record for carries and tied the Tech record for rushing yards in a bowl game, Cincinnati replaced two coaches after the loss, and three months after the game, players from each team entered the National Football League via the 2009 NFL Draft. Cincinnati had six players selected in the draft, while Virginia Tech had one, the Orange Bowl is one of five Bowl Championship Series bowl games that have been played at the conclusion of every college football season since 2006. As defined by contract, the matches the champion of the Atlantic Coast Conference against an at-large pick chosen by a special committee. On December 6,2008, the Virginia Tech Hokies defeated the Boston College Eagles in the 2008 ACC Championship Game, the at-large spot in the Orange Bowl was filled via a round-robin selection procedure defined by the other Bowl Championship series games and the automatic bids. The order of at-large selections rotates annually among the BCS bowls, in 2009, the Fiesta Bowl picked first, followed by the Sugar Bowl, then the Orange Bowl. The Fiesta Bowl picked Ohio State, while the Sugar Bowl selected Utah, the Orange Bowl was thus left to select Big East Conference champion Cincinnati, fulfilling the BCS contractual obligation to provide a game for the conferences champion. The Cincinnati Bearcats ended the 2007 college football season with a 10–2 record, including a win in the 2007 PapaJohns. com Bowl over Southern Miss and it was only the second time in school history that Cincinnati had won 10 games in a season. Before the 2008 season, the Bearcats hoped quarterback Ben Mauk would be allowed to play a sixth year of college football, a possibility created by a year lost to injury. After Mauks request was denied by the NCAA, the poll of media covering Big East football picked Cincinnati to finish fifth in the eight-team Big East
25.
Power Five conferences
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The Power Five conferences are generally regarded as having the best college football teams in the country. The final college season for which the BCS was in effect was the 2013 season. With the split of the old Big East, there are now five power conferences, the Atlantic Coast Conference, Big Ten Conference, Big 12 Conference, Pac-12 Conference, and Southeastern Conference. The power conferences make up five of the ten conferences in FBS, the FBS consists of the Power Five, the Group of Five, and a small number of independent schools. The term is used in other college sports. With the establishment of the College Football Playoff in 2014, the automatic qualifying conference is no longer in use. The American Athletic Conference, the successor to the Big East Conference. The AAC and the four conferences in the FBS are known as the Group of Five. Besides the AAC, the four members of the Group of Five are Conference USA, the Mid-American Conference, the Mountain West Conference. The FBS also has four independent schools as of the upcoming 2017 season, Notre Dame, Army, BYU, and UMass. All Power Five leagues that require their members to schedule at least one Power Five team in nonconference play consider Notre Dame to be a Power Five opponent for such purposes. The Big Ten and SEC also treat BYU and Army as Power Five opponents for purposes of meeting their members out-of-conference scheduling requirements, additionally, the ACC considers BYU a Power Five opponent for scheduling purposes. Teams from the Power Five and the Group of Five play each other during the season, however, many coaches of Power Five schools have argued that Power Five schools should only be allowed to schedule games against other Power Five schools. In 2014, the NCAA gave the Power Five conferences greater autonomy in regards to such as stipends. Some Power Five conferences, including the Big Ten and SEC, the College Football Playoff rotates among six bowl games, with two bowl games used as each year as the national semi-finals, and four other bowls matching the remaining top teams in the country. These six bowl games are known as the New Years Six bowl games. Conference champions from the Power Five are not guaranteed a spot in the playoffs, each conference champion from the Power Five and the highest-ranked Group of Five conference champion is guaranteed a spot in either the playoff or one of the four other most prestigious bowl games. The FBS has undergone waves of realignment since the 1990s
26.
Big 12 Conference
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The Big 12 Conference is a ten-school collegiate athletic conference headquartered in Irving, Texas. Its ten members, located in Iowa, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, additionally, the Big 12 has ten affiliate members, six for the sport of wrestling, one for womens gymnastics, and 3 for womens rowing. The Big 12 Conference is a 501 nonprofit organization incorporated in Delaware, the Big 12 was formerly composed of 12 schools, hence its name, it was formed in 1996 when four schools from the collapsing Southwest Conference joined with the pre-existing Big Eight Conference. Oklahoma and Oklahoma State were grouped with the four newcomers in the Big 12 South, TCU and West Virginia joined from the Mountain West and Big East Conferences respectively to offset two of the departing schools, bringing the conference to its current strength. Attempts to rename the Big 12 to reflect its current strength would lead to confusion with the current Big Ten Conference, the Big 12 Conference commissioner is Bob Bowlsby. Full members Assoc. member Other Conference The Big 12 Conference sponsors championship competition in ten mens, nonetheless, it is an open coed sport in NCAA college athletics, with mens, womens, and coed teams in all NCAA divisions competing against each other. TCU and West Virginia both field coed teams, through 2017, West Virginia with 19 national titles and TCU with two, together have won over half of the NCAA titles awarded since the inaugural NCAA championship in 1980. West Virginia also won four national titles. The Big 12 began athletic play in the fall of 1996, from its formation until 2011, its 12 members competed in two divisions. Between 2011 and 2012 four charter members left the conference while two joined in 2013. The Big 12 is unique among the current Power Five conferences in that it only has 10 members, despite the name, causing some confusion. From 1987 to 2015,12 or more members were required for a championship game. Former Texas Athletic Director DeLoss Dodds and former football coach Mack Brown, along with Oklahoma football coach Bob Stoops, critics argued it was a competitive advantage over other contract conferences. Conferences with a game have their division champions typically play one of their toughest games of the year in the last week of the regular season. Unlike the other Power 5 conferences in which a team plays a portion of the other teams in the conference each season. This theoretically allows for the declaration of a de facto champion without the need for a rematch between the top two teams in the conference. On June 3,2016, the conference announced it would reinstate the football game in the 2017 season. This followed the passage of a new NCAA rule allowing all FBS conferences to hold football championship games regardless of their membership numbers, the Big 12 population base is centered on the states of Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas, West Virginia and Iowa
27.
Southwest Conference
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The Southwest Conference was an NCAA Division I college athletic conference in the United States that existed from 1914 to 1996. Composed primarily of schools from Texas, at times the conference included schools from Oklahoma. After a long period of stability, Arkansas left in 1991 to join the Southeastern Conference, by March 1,1914 a number of schools had responded favorably to the idea. The first organizational meeting of the conference was set to be held on April 30,1914, the date was changed because representatives from every school could not make it then. It was ultimately held on May 5 and 7,1914 at the Oriental Hotel in Dallas, Texas and it was chaired by L. Theo Bellmont. Originally, Bellmont wanted Louisiana State University and the University of Mississippi to join the conference as well, the Southwest Intercollegiate Athletic Conference became an official body on December 8,1914, at a formal meeting at the Rice Hotel in Houston. Rice University left the conference in 1916, only to re-join in 1918, phillips University was a conference member for one year. Oklahoma left in 1919 to join the Missouri Valley Intercollegiate Athletic Association, however, the series between Texas and Oklahoma would continue as a non-conference matchup in the annual Red River Rivalry game held in Dallas. From 1925 until 1991, the University of Arkansas would be the only member not located within the state of Texas. By 1925, the name was shortened to simply Southwest Conference. After its organizational years, the conference settled into regularly scheduled meetings among its members, the SWC would be guided by seven commissioners, the first of whom, P. W. St. Clair, was appointed in 1938. In 1940, the conference took control of the then five-year-old Cotton Bowl Classic, Texas Technological College joined the SWC in 1958, followed by the University of Houston for the 1976 season. The conference celebrated its glory years in the 1960s, dominated by two teams, Texas and Arkansas. Texas won the 1963 National Championship, and Arkansas won a National Championship in 1964 in the Football Writers Association of America, in 1969, Texas won another National Championship by beating #2-ranked Arkansas 15-14 in the regular seasons final game. The 1969 Arkansas-Texas game in Fayetteville, Arkansas, attended by President Richard Nixon, is counted among the greatest college football games ever played. Texas also won the 1970 United Press International National Championship, which until 1974 was awarded prior to the bowl games, opponents usually were the runners-up from the Big 8 Conference or the Southeastern Conference, although independents Penn State and Notre Dame were also often featured. From the 1940s onward, the Cotton Bowl Classic was counted among the four bowl games. However, in the 1990s, the game declined in importance, in 1977, Notre Dame became the last team to win a national championship in the Cotton Bowl Classic by beating Texas in the January 1978 game
28.
BCS National Championship Game
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The participating teams were determined by averaging the results of the final weekly Coaches Poll, the Harris Poll of media, former players and coaches, and the average of six computer rankings. The methodologies of the BCS system and its selections proved to be controversial, 3-ranked team, the University of Oklahoma, over the No. 1-ranked team in that poll, the University of Southern California, the expanded format was called the Bowl Championship Series. The Bowl Alliance and its predecessor, the Bowl Coalition, featured games in the 1992–1997 seasons. However, these could not always ensure a matchup between the top two ranked teams because of the lack of participation by the Big Ten and Pac-10. The BCS National Championship Game was initially rotated among the four participating bowl games, the Rose Bowl, Orange Bowl, Fiesta Bowl, however, beginning with the 2006 season, the BCS National Championship Game was added as a separate contest, played after New Years Day. The game rotated its location among the Fiesta, Sugar, Orange, * The American Athletic Conference was known as the Big East during the 1991–2012 seasons. Because of a split between the schools and FBS schools, the conference adopted its present name for the 2013 season. * Miami and Virginia Tech moved to the ACC in 2004, * Nebraska moved to the Big Ten in 2011. ** LSUs loss in the 2012 BCS Championship Game was to fellow SEC member Alabama, *** Alabamas win in the 2012 BCS Championship Game was over fellow SEC member LSU. † USC vacated its win in the 2005 Orange Bowl, critics of the BCS National Championship argued against the internal validity of a so-called national championship being awarded to the winner of a single postseason game. The end of the 2010 season was one of the best examples of this, without any objective criteria for evaluation of the teams, the BCS forced voters to impose their own standards and tiebreakers. Critics noted that the system inherently fostered selection bias, and therefore lacked both internal validity and external validity, controversies surrounding teams inclusion in the BCS National Championship Game were numerous. In 2001, Oregon, ranked second in the AP poll, was bypassed in favor of Nebraska despite Nebraskas 62-36 blowout to Colorado in its regular season game. In 2003, USC was not included in the championship game, the following season, undefeated Auburn, Boise State, and Utah teams were left out of the national title game. In 2008, the University of Utah was excluded from the BCS championship for a time despite being the only undefeated FBS team. In 2010, three teams, Oregon, Auburn, and TCU, all finished the year with undefeated records, gee retracted his statement and apologized after TCU defeated Wisconsin in the 2011 Rose Bowl. On June 24,2009, the BCS presidential oversight committee rejected the Mountain West Conferences proposed eight-team playoff plan, in May 2011, the NCAA rejected all appeals of USCs penalties, which included Bushs ineligibility and a two-year bowl ban
29.
NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision
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Division I is the highest level of intercollegiate athletics sanctioned by the National Collegiate Athletic Association in the United States. This level was called the University Division of the NCAA, in contrast to the lower level College Division. For football only, Division I was further subdivided in 1978 into Division I-A, Division I-AA, in 2006, Division I-A and I-AA were renamed Football Bowl Subdivision and Football Championship Subdivision, respectively. FCS teams are allowed to award scholarships, a practice technically allowed. FBS teams also have to meet attendance requirements, while FCS teams do not need to meet minimum attendance requirements. Another difference is post season play, starting with the 2014 postseason, a four-team playoff called the College Football Playoff, replaced the previous one game championship format. Even so, Division I FBS football is still the only NCAA sport in which a champion is not determined by an NCAA-sanctioned championship event. All D-I schools must field teams in at least seven sports for men and seven for women or six for men and eight for women, with at least two team sports for each gender. Division I schools must meet minimum financial aid awards for their athletics program, Several other NCAA sanctioned minimums and differences that distinguish Division I from Divisions II and III. Each playing season has to be represented by each gender as well, there are contest and participant minimums for each sport, as well as scheduling criteria. Mens and womens teams have to play all but two games against Division I teams, for men, they must play one-third of all their contests in the home arena. The NCAA has limits on the financial aid each Division I member may award in each sport that the school sponsors. Equivalency sports, in which the NCAA limits the total financial aid that a school can offer in a sport to the equivalent of a set number of full scholarships. Roster limitations may or may not apply, depending on the sport, the term counter is also key to this concept. The NCAA defines a counter as an individual who is receiving financial aid that is countable against the aid limitations in a sport. The number of scholarships that Division I members may award in sport is listed below. In this table, scholarship numbers for head-count sports are indicated without a point, for equivalency sports, they are listed with a decimal point. An exception exists for players at non-scholarship FCS programs who receive aid in another sport, participants in basketball are counted in that sport, unless they also play football
30.
2002 Ohio State Buckeyes football team
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The 2002 Ohio State Buckeyes football team was the national champion of the 2002 NCAA Division I-A football season. The team was the first in Division I-A history to finish its season at 14–0, the Buckeyes record-tying 14 wins has since been matched by multiple teams. Led by junior quarterback Craig Krenzel and senior safety Mike Doss, the Buckeyes won the 2003 Fiesta Bowl, which was also the 2003 BCS National Championship Game. Despite a 7–5 season the year before, the feeling was one of optimism in Columbus, Ohio. First year coach Jim Tressel was able to deliver on his promise of a victory over the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor. Twice All-American safety Mike Doss, in an announcement on January 9,2002, advised that he would not declare himself for the NFL draft. Maurice Clarett, a prospect, graduated early from high school. Prior to the 2002 season, the Buckeyes were ranked thirteenth in the AP Poll after losing the 2002 Outback Bowl on a last second goal to the South Carolina Gamecocks. The Big Ten Conference summer media day sessions predicted Ohio State to finish second in the conference behind Michigan, team captains selected were seniors Mike Doss and Donnie Nickey. The Buckeyes began the 2002 season in Ohio Stadium against the Texas Tech Red Raiders on August 24,2002, like Ohio State, Texas Tech had posted a 7–5 record in 2001, narrowly losing to Iowa in the Alamo Bowl. Tailback Maurice Clarett, the first true freshman to start at tailback in school history, seven sacks of Heisman Trophy candidate Kliff Kingsbury and containment of the Tech offense until late in the game did much to establish the credibility of the Buckeye defense. J. Hawk returning interceptions for touchdowns, and Maurice Clarett scoring twice, Kent State scored twice in the last 4 minutes of the first half but never threatened an upset. With the game in hand, backup quarterback Scott McMullen directed the Buckeye offense for much of the second half, completing 7 of his 11 passes. The Buckeyes took only 47 snaps compared to 80 by the Golden Flashes and actually had a 2,1 deficit in time of possession, but outgained Kent State by 60 yards. Sophomore place kicker Mike Nugent, who had been uneven in his kicking as a freshman, gave an indication of his value to the team by kicking field goals of 41,33. The game was billed by many in the media as a possible Rose Bowl-preview and was televised nationally, Washington State appeared to live up to its billing with an 11-play 80-yard drive midway through the 1st quarter that was capped by short touchdown pass from Gesser. In addition the Cougar defense limited tailback Maurice Clarett to just 36 yards rushing, however Ohio States defense stymied Washington State throughout the game, intercepting Gesser twice and forcing the Cougars to surrender the ball on downs twice in Buckeye territory. In the second half Clarett picked up 44 yards on his first rush and his 230 yards rushing for the day was the 6th best in Buckeye history and just short of Archie Griffins freshman record of 239
31.
2009 Alabama Crimson Tide football team
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The 2009 Alabama Crimson Tide football team represented the University of Alabama in the 2009 NCAA Division I FBS football season. It was the Crimson Tides 115th overall season, 76th season as a member of the Southeastern Conference, the team was led by head coach Nick Saban, in his third year, and played their home games at Bryant–Denny Stadium in Tuscaloosa, Alabama. They finished the season undefeated with a record of 14–0 and as national champions, looking to build on the successes of the 2008 campaign, Alabama entered the 2009 season as the favorite to win the Western Division and meet the Florida Gators in the 2009 SEC Championship Game. Alabama closed the season with a 12–0 record including four wins against Top 25-ranked teams—and met the Gators for the SEC Championship in a rematch of the 2008 contest. Alabama was victorious by a score of 32–13. The following day, final Bowl Championship Series standings were unveiled, No.1 ranked Alabama would meet No.2 ranked Texas for the BCS National Championship. In the BCS National Championship Game, the Crimson Tide defeated the Longhorns 37–21 to capture their first-ever BCS Championship, Alabama earned their third SEC championship since the inception of the SEC Championship Game in 1992, and their 22nd SEC title. The victory over Texas gave Alabama their 13th national championship in football, the season included victories over the previous three national champions, Florida, Louisiana State University, and Texas. The season marked the first time a player for Alabama won the Heisman Trophy, other award winners included Rolando McClain, who won the Butkus Award and the Jack Lambert Award, and defensive coordinator Kirby Smart, who won the Broyles Award as the nations top assistant coach. Also, six players were named to various All-America Teams with Terrence Cody, Mike Johnson, the Tide went on to lose their final two games in the postseason to end the season 12–2. They lost to the Florida Gators in the SEC Championship Game, Alabama reached No.1 in the AP and Coaches Polls for the first time since the final polls in 1992 and during the regular season for the first time since 1980 between weeks ten and fourteen. The Tide reached No.1 in the BCS rankings for the first time in history between weeks ten and fourteen. The team finished the 2008 season with a ranking of No.6 in both the AP and Coaches Polls. In February 2009, Alabama signed the No.1 recruiting class according to Rivals, spring practice began on March 13 and concluded with the annual A-Day game on April 18. Televised live by ESPN, the Crimson team defeated the White team by a score of 14–7 before 84,050 fans in Bryant–Denny Stadium, Greg McElroy and Marquis Maze were named co-MVPs of the game. As a penalty, the program was forced to vacate 21 victories from the 2005,2006. Alabama appealed the ruling to the NCAA Infractions Appeals Committee in late June, but was unsuccessful, during SEC Media Days in July, voters selected Alabama and Florida to again win their divisions, with 63 of 64 ballots choosing Florida to win the SEC Championship Game. By August, Alabama had 19 players on 11 different preseason award watch lists, Alabama had 16 returning starters from the previous season, including eight on defense, four on offense, and all of the special teams
32.
Separate but equal
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The phrase was derived from a Louisiana law of 1890, although the law actually used the phrase equal but separate. The doctrine was confirmed in the Plessy v. Ferguson Supreme Court decision of 1896, in practice the separate facilities provided to African Americans were rarely equal, usually they were not even close to equal, or they did not exist at all. The doctrine was overturned by a series of Supreme Court decisions, however, the overturning of segregation laws in the United States was a long process that lasted through much of the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s, involving federal legislation, and many court cases. However Southern states contended that the requirement of equality could be met in a manner that kept the races separate and this rejection is evident in the Slaughter-House Cases and Civil Rights Cases. After the end of Reconstruction, the government adopted a general policy of leaving racial segregation up to the individual states. One example of policy was the second Morrill Act. Before the end of the war, the Morrill Land-Grant Colleges Act had provided funding for higher education by each state with the details left to the state legislatures. The 1890 Act which implicitly accepted the concept of separate. Prior to the Second Morrill Act,17 states excluded blacks from access to the land grant colleges without providing similar educational opportunities. In response to the Second Morrill Act,17 states established separate land grant colleges for blacks which are now referred to as public historically black colleges and universities. In fact, some states adopted laws prohibiting schools from educating blacks and whites together, the legitimacy of such laws under the 14th Amendment was upheld by the U. S. Supreme Court in the 1896 case of Plessy v. Ferguson,163 U. S.537. The Plessy doctrine was extended to the schools in Cumming v. Richmond County Board of Education,175 U. S.528. In Texas, the established a state-funded law school for white students without any law school for black students. In 1892, Homer Plessy, who was of mixed ancestry and appeared to be white, the conductor of the train collected passenger tickets at their seats. When Plessy told the conductor he was 7/8ths white and 1/8th black, Plessy said he resented sitting in a coloreds-only car and was arrested immediately. One month after his arrest, Plessy appeared in court before Judge John Howard Ferguson, plessys lawyer, Albion Tourgee, claimed Plessy’s 13th and 14th amendment rights were violated. The 13th amendment abolished slavery, and the 14th amendment granted equal protection to all under the law, the Supreme Court decision in Plessy v. Ferguson established the phrase separate but equal. The ruling railway companies carrying passengers in their coaches in that State to provide equal, accommodations provided on each railroad car were required to be the same as those provided on the others
33.
Quarantine
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A quarantine is used to separate and restrict the movement of persons, it is a state of enforced isolation. This is often used in connection to disease and illness, such as those who may possibly have been exposed to a communicable disease. The term is often used to mean medical isolation, which is to separate ill persons who have a communicable disease from those who are healthy. Quarantine can be applied to humans, but also to animals of various kinds, for example, an article entitled Daily News workers quarantined describes a brief quarantine that lasted until people could be showered in a decontamination tent. The February/March 2003 issue of HazMat Magazine suggests that people be locked in a room until proper decon could be performed, but Capt. Chmiel said local health authorities have certain powers to quarantine people. It can also be used to limit exposure, as well as eliminate a vector, the first astronauts to visit the Moon were quarantined upon their return at the specially built Lunar Receiving Laboratory. Infected people were separated to prevent spread of disease among the ancient Israelites under the Mosaic Law, the word quarantine originates from the Venetian dialect form of the Italian quaranta giorni, meaning forty days. This is due to the 40-day isolation of ships and people entering the city of Dubrovnik in Croatia. This was practiced as a measure of disease related to the Black Death. Between 1348 and 1359, the Black Death wiped out an estimated 30% of Europes population, later, isolation was prolonged to 40 days and was called quarantine. Other diseases lent themselves to the practice of quarantine before and after the devastation of the plague, Venice took the lead in measures to check the spread of plague, having appointed three guardians of public health in the first years of the Black Death. The next record of preventive measures comes from Reggio in Modena in 1374, the first lazaret was founded by Venice in 1403, on a small island adjoining the city. In 1467, Genoa followed the example of Venice, and in 1476 the old hospital of Marseille was converted into a plague hospital. The great lazaret of Marseilles, perhaps the most complete of its kind, was founded in 1526 on the island of Pomègues, the practice at all the Mediterranean lazarets was not different from the English procedure in the Levantine and North African trade. On the approach of cholera in 1831 some new lazarets were set up at ports, notably a very extensive establishment near Bordeaux. Since 1852 several conferences were held involving European powers, with a view to uniform action in keeping out infection from the East, all but that of 1897 were concerned with cholera. The principal countries which retained the old system at the time were Spain, Portugal, Turkey, Greece, the aim of each international sanitary convention had been to bind the governments to a uniform minimum of preventive action, with further restrictions permissible to individual countries. The minimum specified by international conventions was very nearly the same as the British practice, an additional convention was signed in Paris on 3 December 1903
34.
2007 Fiesta Bowl
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The 2007 Tostitos Fiesta Bowl was a college football bowl game played as part of the 2006–2007 Bowl Championship Series of the 2006 NCAA Division I FBS football season. 8 Oklahoma Sooners against the WAC champion No.9 Boise State Broncos, the contest was televised on Fox. With this broadcast, the Fiesta Bowl became the first bowl game to air on all the big four television networks – the Orange Bowl became the second, Oklahoma was the designated home team and was favored by 7½ points, but the Broncos won in overtime, 43–42. Oklahoma wore their red jerseys, while Boise State wore their road white jerseys. Both Boise, Idaho and Norman, Oklahoma are about 15 hour trips from the bowl site, during the summer preceding the season, Oklahoma was hyped to be a top 5 team and national title contender. They initially were the favorite to win the Big 12 South, following the dismissal of OUs returning quarterback Rhett Bomar, many felt the defending national champion Texas Longhorns were now the favorite. The Sooners opened their season 3–2 with a loss to Oregon. The Sooners also lost their Heisman-hopeful running back Adrian Peterson during their game to a broken collar bone. Many had written the Sooners off at this point and they won that game 21–7 and were given an automatic berth to represent the Big 12 in the Fiesta Bowl. First-year head coach Chris Petersen led this perennially strong non-BCS conference school to an undefeated 12–0 record, some of the Broncos key wins this season came over Oregon State of the Pac-10 Conference, Hawaii and Fresno State. Boise State was the champion of the Western Athletic Conference, in 2006, the Cardinals completed a new home stadium in Glendale, Arizona, and the Fiesta Bowl followed them there. The new stadium is state-of-the-art with a retractable roof and fully retractable natural grass playing surface. The stadium was also host to 2006 season BCS National Championship Game held on January 8,2007 and hosted Super Bowl XLII in 2008. The capacity of the new stadium is 63,500, although for this game, first quarter Boise State Drisan James 49 yard touchdown pass from Jared Zabransky. 7–0 Boise State Boise State Ian Johnson 2 yard touchdown run, 14–0 Boise State Oklahoma Manuel Johnson 7 yard touchdown pass from Paul Thompson. 14–7 Boise State Second quarter Oklahoma Garrett Hartley 31 yard field goal, 14–10 Boise State Boise State Drisan James 32 yard pass from Jared Zabransky. 21–10 Boise State Third quarter Boise State- Paul Thompson pass intercepted by Marty Tadman of Boise State, 28–10 Boise State Oklahoma- Adrian Peterson 8 yard touchdown run. 28–17 Boise State Fourth quarter Oklahoma-28 yard field goal by Garrett Hartley, 28–20 Boise State Oklahoma-5 yard touchdown pass from Thompson to Quentin Chaney 28–28 Tie Oklahoma- Jared Zabransky pass intercepted by Marcus Walker of Oklahoma, returned 34 yards for a touchdown
35.
Utah Utes football
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The Utah Utes football program is a college football team that currently competes in the Pac-12 Conference of the Football Bowl Subdivision of NCAA Division I and represents the University of Utah. The Utah college football program began in 1892 and has played games at the current site of Rice–Eccles Stadium since 1927. They have won conference championships in five conferences during their history, and, as of the end of the 2016 season, they have a cumulative record of 661 wins,453 losses. The Utes have a record of 16–4 in bowl games, among Utahs bowl appearances are two games from the Bowl Championship Series, the Fiesta Bowl and the Sugar Bowl. In the 2005 Fiesta Bowl, Utah defeated the Pittsburgh Panthers 35–7, during those seasons, Utah was a member of the Mountain West Conference, whose champion does not receive an automatic invitation to a BCS bowl. The Utes were the first team from a conference without a bid to play in a BCS bowl game—colloquially known as being a BCS Buster—and the first BCS Buster to play in a second BCS Bowl. During Utahs first year in 1892, the Utes won one game, the first two games were against the local YMCA, but no one knows when these contests took place. Utahs first game against another college, Utah Agricultural College, was scheduled for Thanksgiving Day, Utah did not field a team in 1893, but resumed playing in 1894. One other season in Utahs history has been cancelled, in 1918 Utah did not field a team due to World War I. Utah had its first sustained success when, in 1904, it hired Joe Maddock to coach football, as well as basketball, during his six seasons, he coached the football team to a record of 28–9–1. The school enthusiastically embraced the former Michigan Wolverine, in 1905, the Galveston Daily News reported, He has the Mormons all football crazy. He has written here to say that his team now holds the championship of Utah, Montana, Wyoming, when he won the hard-fought battle with Colorado College a week ago the Salt Lake City papers said, Maddock is a new way of saying success. The great Michigan tackle has taken boys who never saw a football before, in early 1910, Maddock retired from coaching Fred Bennion coached the Utes from 1910 to 1913. 1910 was also Utahs first season as a member of a conference, Bennion finished with a record of 16–8–3 during his four seasons. Nelson Norgren finished with a record of 13–11 during his years from 1913 to 1917. Utah did not field a team for the 1918 season because of a shortage of players due to World War I, when play resumed in 1919, Thomas Fitzpatrick started his football coaching career. He continued as coach until end of the 1924 season. His teams finished with a record of 23–17–3, Utah won their first conference championships in these early years, in 1922
36.
2005 Fiesta Bowl
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The 2005 Tostitos Fiesta Bowl, played on January 1,2005, was the 34th edition of the Fiesta Bowl. The game was played between Utah and Pittsburgh, in front of 73,519 fans, Utah was led by co-head coaches Urban Meyer and Kyle Whittingham, and quarterback Alex Smith directed his spread offense. The Utes were nothing short of unstoppable during the season, having won all their games by at least 14 points. They played key games against Texas A&M and North Carolina. Utah was a successful team that broke many school records, including most wins in a single season with 12,16 straight wins. Going into the game, Utah had been ranked in the Top 10 for 8 consecutive weeks, Pittsburgh was 8–3 and the Big East Conference champion. Utah raced to a 28–0 lead and held on for a convincing 35–7 win, Alex Smith had a magnificent showing, completing 29 of 37 passes for 328 yards and 4 touchdowns, as he went on to impress NFL scouts and became the number 1 overall draft pick. He was also the MWC Offensive Player of the Year, TSN Player of the Year, a Walter Camp finalist, a Davey OBrien finalist, finished fourth in the Heisman voting, and the Fiesta Bowl MVP. Paris Warren was Smiths go-to man during the game, as he caught a Fiesta Bowl record 15 passes for 198 yards and 2 touchdowns, list of historically significant college football games http, //utahutes. cstv. com/sports/m-footbl/recaps/010205aab. html
37.
2009 Sugar Bowl
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The Sugar Bowl usually takes the champion of the SEC and pits them against an At-Large BCS team. However, with the 2008 SEC Champion, Florida Gators being selected to play for the championship game. The bowl kept their traditional ties with the Southeastern Conference for the second consecutive year though, in the 2009 edition of this bowl game, the No.6 Utes pulled off an upset of the heavily favored No.4 Crimson Tide by a score of 31–17. Utah quarterback Brian Johnson was named Most Outstanding Player of the game, with this win, Utah completed the 2008 season as the only undefeated, 13–0 Division I FBS team in the nation, along with becoming the first team from a non-BCS conference to win two BCS bowls. It was also Utahs first win over a Southeastern Conference school, andre Smith was suspended for the game because he declined to cooperate with an investigation by the schools compliance staff on the issue with his uncles illegal contact with a sports agent. A few days later, he declared himself for the NFL Draft and was the 6th overall pick
38.
WWE
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Capitol Wrestling Corporation Ltd. was an American professional wrestling promotion and the sanctioning body for the World Wide Wrestling Federation and later World Wrestling Federation. Founded by Jess McMahon and Toots Mondt in 1953, Capitol Wrestling Corporation is the precursor to todays WWE, run by Jess grandson, Jess McMahon was a successful boxing promoter who began working with Tex Rickard in 1926. With the help of Rickard, he began promoting boxing at the third Madison Square Garden, a few years prior, professional wrestler Toots Mondt had created a new challenge of professional wrestling that he called “Slam Bang Western Style Wrestling”. He convinced wrestler Ed Lewis and his manager Billy Sandow to implement this new solution, after much success, a disagreement over power caused the trio to dissolve and, with it, their promotion. Mondt later formed partnerships with other promoters, including Jack Curley in New York City. Mondt eventually took over the New York wrestling scene, due to the fact Curley was dying, with the aid of several bookers, together, McMahon and Mondt created the Capitol Wrestling Corporation Ltd. which later joined the National Wrestling Alliance in 1953. In November 1954, Jess McMahon died and Ray Fabiani, one of Mondts associates, both men left the company in protest following the incident and formed the WWWF in the process, awarding Rogers the new WWWF World Heavyweight Championship in April of that year. He lost the championship to Bruno Sammartino a month later on May 17,1963, after gaining a television program deal and turning preliminary wrestler Lou Albano as a manager for Sammartinos heel opponents, the WWWF was doing sell out business by 1970. Mondt left the company in the late 1960s and although the WWWF had withdrawn from the NWA, Vince McMahon, at the annual meeting of the NWA in 1983, the McMahons and WWF employee Jim Barnett all withdrew from the organization. By March 1979, for marketing purposes, the World Wide Wrestling Federation was renamed the World Wrestling Federation and that same year, Vincent J. McMahons son, Vincent K. McMahon, founded Titan Sports, Inc. incorporated on February 21,1980, originally in Massachusetts. In 1982, Titan Sports Inc. acquired Capitols operations, effectively relocating its headquarters to Greenwich, in an attempt to make the WWF the premier wrestling promotion in the world, McMahon began an expansion that fundamentally changed the industry. In the end, the elder McMahon would never live to see his company grow from a promotion to what is now a worldwide organization. He died from cancer at 69 years old on May 24,1984. By 1985, Titan moved to Stamford, Connecticut then establishing a new entity in 1987 in Delaware which later merged with the old company in 1988. Titan later changed its name to World Wrestling Federation Entertainment, Inc. before finally becoming World Wrestling Entertainment, list of independent wrestling promotions in the United States
39.
John Cena
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John Felix Anthony Cena Jr. is an American professional wrestler, rapper, actor, and reality television show host. He is signed to WWE, where he performs on the SmackDown brand, Cena started his professional wrestling career in 1999 with Ultimate Pro Wrestling and won the UPW Heavyweight Championship the following year. Cena signed a contract with the World Wrestling Federation in 2001. From a generic character in 2002, Cena morphed into a rapper for the period of 2002–2004. Cena later transitioned to his current character, which he describes as a goody-two shoes Superman, in 2012, IGN described Cena as WWEs franchise player since 2005 and WWE credited Cena as being the face of WWE in 2015 since 2004. Industry veterans John Layfield, Paul Heyman and Kurt Angle have called Cena the greatest WWE star of all time. Throughout his WWE career, Cena has won 25 championships, with 16 reigns as a world champion and he is also a five-time United States Champion, and four-time world tag team champion. Furthermore, he is a Money in the Bank ladder match winner, a two-time Royal Rumble winner, Cena has the fourth-highest number of combined days as WWE Champion, behind Bruno Sammartino, Bob Backlund, and Hulk Hogan. He has also headlined WWEs flagship event, WrestleMania, on five different occasions over the course of his career, as of 2016, John Cena is WWEs highest-paid wrestler. Cena has also made appearances on shows including Manhunt, Deal or No Deal, MADtv, Saturday Night Live, Punkd, Psych. He was also a contestant on Fast Cars and Superstars, The Gillette Young Guns Celebrity Race, Cena is also the host of American Grit on Fox. Cena is involved in philanthropic causes, most notably with the Make-A-Wish Foundation. He has granted the most wishes in Make-A-Wish history, Cena was born on April 23,1977 in West Newbury, Massachusetts, to Carol and John Cena, Sr. He is the second oldest of five brothers, Dan, Matt, Steve and his maternal grandfather was baseball player Tony Lupien. His father is of Italian descent, while his mother has English, Cena originally attended Central Catholic High School in Lawrence, Massachusetts, before transferring to Cushing Academy, a private prep boarding school. After graduating from Cushing Academy, Cena attended Springfield College in Springfield, in college, Cena was a NCAA Division III All-American center on the college football team, wearing the number 54, which is still used on some of his WWE merchandise. He graduated from Springfield in 1998 with a degree in physiology, after which he pursued a career in bodybuilding. Cena started training to become a wrestler in 1999 at Ultimate Pro Wrestlings California-based Ultimate University operated by Rick Bassman
