1.
2010 Summer Youth Olympics
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The 2010 Summer Youth Olympics were the first edition of the Youth Olympic Games, an international multi-sport and cultural event for youths based on the tradition of the Olympic Games. Held in Singapore from 14 to 26 August 2010, the Games featured about 3,600 athletes aged 14–18 from 204 nations, no official medal tables were published, but the most successful nation was China, followed by Russia, hosts Singapore did not win any gold medals. Most unique features of the YOG, such as mixed-NOCs teams, although the concept dates back to 1998, formal plans for the YOG were only announced at the 119th IOC session on 6 July 2007. On 21 February 2008, Singapore was selected as the host city after defeating Moscow 53-44 in a vote by 105 International Olympic Committee members. The Singapore Youth Olympic Games Organising Committee prepared eighteen competition venues, the Float@Marina Bay hosted the opening and closing ceremonies and the Youth Olympic Village was located at Nanyang Technological University. The committee also selected Games mascots Lyo and Merly, the Spirit of Youth emblem, online media, Asian newspapers and 166 television broadcasters provided extensive coverage of the Games. The torch relay, which began on 23 July 2010, comprised a thirteen-day world tour of five cities, each representing a continent, and a six-day domestic leg. The Games were marred by discrepancies in the budget and attendance figures, the concept of the YOG was developed in 1998 by Johann Rosenzopf in response to concerns over childhood obesity and declining youth participation in sports. IOC President Jacques Rogge formally announced plans for the YOG at the 119th IOC session in Guatemala City on 6 July 2007, Singapore, which had hosted the 117th session, made its first formal bid to host a multi-disciplinary sporting event of this magnitude. Positive factors in its bid included its high connectivity with the world, its youthfulness as an independent country, and its positive reputation for excellence and multiracial harmony. The city-state rolled out a high-publicity campaign which included being amongst the first to launch its website, bid logo. It also got the population to support its bid, including an effort by students to collect 1 million signatures. Eleven cities expressed interest in hosting the Games, nine of which ultimately applied, five cities amongst the nine were selected for the shortlist, Athens, Bangkok, Moscow, Singapore, and Turin. The list was shortened to two finalists, Singapore and Moscow. On 21 February 2008, Rogge announced that Singapore had won the postal vote 53-44 and was selected as the host for the Games. There were concerns over two new venues that had been planned – a Youth Olympic Village and an equestrian complex – would be ready in time for the Games. A construction expert believed the US$423 million plan for an Olympic Village at the National University of Singapore was feasible, in spite of the experts findings, the Youth Olympic Village at the NUSs University Town did run into difficulties owing to increasing construction costs. It was subsequently decided that existing student halls of residence at Nanyang Technological University in Jurong West would be used for the Olympic Village, the Singapore Youth Olympic Games Organising Committee was tasked with organising the inaugural Games
2.
Vancouver 2010 (video game)
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Vancouver 2010 is the official Olympic video game of the 2010 Winter Olympics held in Vancouver. Vancouver 2010 is a game based on the Vancouver 2010 Winter Olympic Games. Many of the events in the real-world Olympics are playable, for a complete list of playable events, see below. The following events are in the game, In addition, the game includes 30 different challenges spread over all the events which can be unlocked on a basis as the user completes the tasks. Vancouver 2010 has received mixed reviews from critics. Aggregating review websites GameRankings and Metacritic gave the PC version a 57. 25% and 57/100, the PlayStation 3 version a 56. 09% and 56/100 and the Xbox 360 version a 54. 85% and 54/100. GameSpot gave the game a 5. 5/10 rating, saying The limited selection of events leaves these Olympic Games out in the cold, Olympic video games 2010 Winter Olympics Mario & Sonic at the Olympic Winter Games Olympic Video games microsite
3.
2010 Winter Paralympics
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The 2010 Winter Paralympics, officially the X Paralympic Winter Games, or the 10th Winter Paralympics, were held in Vancouver and Whistler, British Columbia, Canada from March 12 to 21,2010. The Opening Ceremony took place in BC Place Stadium in Vancouver, with a theme of One Inspires Many, the Opening Ceremony featured over 5000 local performers. Fifteen-year-old snowboarder Zach Beaumont, who is an amputee, was the torch bearer. The 2 hours live ceremony was produced by Vancouver-based Patrick Roberge Productions Inc and this was the first time Canada hosted the Winter Paralympic Games and second time it hosted the Paralympics – the first was the 1976 Summer Paralympics in Toronto. On June 7,2006, Prince Edward, as a member of the Canadian Royal Family and patron of the British Paralympic Association, raised the flag of the Paralympic Games outside Vancouver City Hall. Brian McKeever of Canada became the first athlete to be named in a Winter Paralympics and Winter Olympics team in the same year, at the Paralympics, he competed in Cross-country skiing and Biathlon. Viviane Forest became the first Paralympian to win a gold in both the Winter and Summer Games, by winning the Womens Downhill for Visually Impaired and she had previously won gold in the 2000 and 2004 Summer Paralympics for womens goalball. Canadian Lauren Woolstencroft won 5 gold medals in skiing, the most gold medals won by any Canadian Winter Paralympian at a single Games. Also German Verena Bentele won 5 gold medals, in biathlon and cross country skiing, following the second and final round of voting at the 115th IOC Session in Prague, Czech Republic, the right to host the 2010 Winter Olympics and Paralympics were awarded to Vancouver. The same torch design used for the Olympics was used for the Paralympic Games, on March 3,2010, the torch began a 10-day journey from Ottawa to Vancouver. To commemorate the 2010 Vancouver Olympic Games,17 Canadian coins were issued for general circulation, two of the circulation coins honour Paralympic sports, wheelchair curling and ice sledge hockey. The circulation quarters omitted a traditional phrase, Dei Gratia Regina, from their obverse side, specifications Details Forty-four National Paralympic Committees entered athletes at the 2010 Winter Paralympics. This was an increase of five from the 39 represented at the 2006 Winter Paralympics, the number in parentheses indicates the number of participants from each NPC. A total of 506 athletes participated in the Games and this is an increase from the 476 athletes who participated in 2006. Argentina and Romania took part in the Winter Paralympic Games for the first time, as did Bosnia, all three have previously participated in several editions of the Summer Paralympics. Serbia also made its Winter Paralympics début as a distinct NPC, despite the overall increase of delegates and athletes, Latvia, which participated in Turin for the 2006 Winter Paralympics, did not send athletes to Vancouver. The yellow boxes represent days during which gold medal finals for a sport are held, the top ten NPCs by number of gold medals are listed below. The host nation, Canada, is highlighted, in Canada, the games were broadcast by Canadas Olympic Broadcast Media Consortium, a joint venture between CTVglobemedia and Rogers Media
4.
Inuksuk
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An inuksuk is a human-made stone landmark or cairn used by the Inuit, Iñupiat, Kalaallit, Yupik, and other peoples of the Arctic region of North America. These structures are found from Alaska to Greenland and this region, above the Arctic Circle, is dominated by the tundra biome and has areas with few natural landmarks. The Inupiat in northern Alaska used inuksuit to assist in the herding of caribou into contained areas for slaughter, varying in shape and size, the inuksuit have ancient roots in Inuit culture. Historically, the most common type of inuksuk is a single stone positioned in an upright manner, there is some debate as to whether the appearance of human- or cross-shaped cairns developed in the Inuit culture before the arrival of European missionaries and explorers. The size of some inuksuit suggest that the construction was often a communal effort, at Enukso Point on Baffin Island, there are over 100 inuksuit. The site was designated a National Historic Site of Canada in 1969, the word inuksuk means that which acts in the capacity of a human. The word comes from the morphemes inuk and -suk and it is pronounced inutsuk in Nunavik and the southern part of Baffin Island. In many of the central Nunavut dialects, it has the related name inuksugaq. A structure similar to an inuksuk but meant to represent a human figure, however, it is not the most common type of inuksuk. It is distinguished from inuksuit in general, the Hammer of Thor, located on the Ungava Peninsula, Quebec may be an inuksuk. Inuksuit continue to serve as an Inuit cultural symbol, an inuksuk is the centrepiece of the flag and coat of arms of the Canadian territory of Nunavut, and the flag of Nunatsiavut. The Inuksuk High School in Iqaluit is named after the landmark, inuksuit—particularly, but not exclusively, of the inunnguaq variety—are also increasingly serving as a mainstream Canadian national symbol. The markers have been erected throughout the country, including a nine-metre-high inuksuk that stands in Toronto on the shores of Lake Ontario, located in Battery Park, it commemorates the World Youth Day 2002 festival that was held in the city in July 2002. An inunnguaq is the basis of the logo of the 2010 Winter Olympics designed by Vancouver artist Elena Rivera MacGregor and its use in this context has been controversial among the Inuit, and the First Nations within British Columbia. Although the design has been questioned, people believe it pays tribute to Alvin Kanaks 1986 inuksuk at English Bay, friendship and the welcoming of the world are the meanings of both the English Bay structure and the 2010 Winter Olympics emblem. The Vancouver 2010 logo and the construction of inuksuit around the world have led to increasing recognition of them. There are five authentic inuksuit which were donated—wholly or in part—by the government of Canada, in Brisbane, Australia, Monterrey, Mexico, Oslo, Norway, the most recent Canadian-donated inuksuk was built in Monterrey in October 2007 by the Inuvialuit artist Bill Nasogaluak. The sculpture stands over the Santa Lucía Riverwalk, Nasogaluak, of Tuktoyaktuk, personally chose the rocks for the structure from a local quarry near Monterrey
5.
Vancouver
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Vancouver is a coastal seaport city in Canada, located in the Lower Mainland region of British Columbia. As the most populous city in the province, the 2016 census recorded 631,486 people in the city, the Greater Vancouver area had a population of 2,463,431 in 2016, making it the third largest metropolitan area in Canada. Vancouver has the highest population density in Canada with over 5,400 people per square kilometre. With over 250,000 residents, Vancouver municipality is the fourth most densely populated city in North America behind New York City, San Francisco, and Mexico City according to the 2011 census. In that census, Vancouver was one of the most ethnically and linguistically diverse cities in Canada, Vancouver is classed as a Beta global city. In 2014, following thirty years in California, the annual TED conference made Vancouver its indefinite home, several matches of the 2015 FIFA Womens World Cup were played in Vancouver, including the final at BC Place Stadium. From that first enterprise, other stores and some hotels quickly appeared along the waterfront to the west, Gastown became formally laid out as a registered townsite dubbed Granville, B. I. As of 2014, Port Metro Vancouver is the third largest port by tonnage in the Americas, 27th in the world, the busiest and largest in Canada, and the most diversified port in North America. While forestry remains its largest industry, Vancouver is well known as an urban centre surrounded by nature, archaeological records indicate the presence of Aboriginal people in the Vancouver area from 8,000 to 10,000 years ago. The city is located in the territories of the Squamish, Musqueam. They had villages in various parts of present-day Vancouver, such as Stanley Park, False Creek, Kitsilano, Point Grey, the city takes its name from George Vancouver, who explored the inner harbour of Burrard Inlet in 1792 and gave various places British names. The explorer and North West Company trader Simon Fraser and his became the first known Europeans to set foot on the site of the present-day city. In 1808, they travelled from the east down the Fraser River, perhaps as far as Point Grey. The Fraser Gold Rush of 1858 brought over 25,000 men, mainly from California, to nearby New Westminster on the Fraser River, on their way to the Fraser Canyon, a sawmill established at Moodyville in 1863, began the citys long relationship with logging. It was quickly followed by mills owned by Captain Edward Stamp on the shore of the inlet. This mill, known as the Hastings Mill, became the nucleus around which Vancouver formed, the mills central role in the city waned after the arrival of the Canadian Pacific Railway in the 1880s. It nevertheless remained important to the economy until it closed in the 1920s. The settlement which came to be called Gastown grew up quickly around the original makeshift tavern established by Gassy Jack Deighton in 1867 on the edge of the Hastings Mill property
6.
British Columbia
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British Columbia is the westernmost province of Canada, with a population of more than four million people located between the Pacific Ocean and the Rocky Mountains. British Columbia is also a component of the Pacific Northwest and the Cascadia bioregion, along with the U. S. states of Idaho, Oregon, Washington and Alaska. The first British settlement in the area was Fort Victoria, established in 1843, subsequently, on the mainland, the Colony of British Columbia was founded by Richard Clement Moody and the Royal Engineers, Columbia Detachment, in response to the Fraser Canyon Gold Rush. Port Moody is named after him, in 1866, Vancouver Island became part of the colony of British Columbia, and Victoria became the united colonys capital. In 1871, British Columbia became the province of Canada. Its Latin motto is Splendor sine occasu, the capital of British Columbia remains Victoria, the fifteenth-largest metropolitan region in Canada, named for the Queen who created the original European colonies. The largest city is Vancouver, the third-largest metropolitan area in Canada, the largest in Western Canada, in October 2013, British Columbia had an estimated population of 4,606,371. British Columbia evolved from British possessions that were established in what is now British Columbia by 1871, First Nations, the original inhabitants of the land, have a history of at least 10,000 years in the area. Today there are few treaties and the question of Aboriginal Title, notably, the Tsilhqotin Nation has established Aboriginal title to a portion of their territory, as a result of the recent Supreme Court of Canada decision. BCs economy is diverse, with service producing industries accounting for the largest portion of the provinces GDP and it is the endpoint of transcontinental railways, and the site of major Pacific ports that enable international trade. Though less than 5% of its vast 944,735 km2 land is arable and its climate encourages outdoor recreation and tourism, though its economic mainstay has long been resource extraction, principally logging, farming, and mining. Vancouver, the provinces largest city and metropolitan area, also serves as the headquarters of many western-based natural resource companies and it also benefits from a strong housing market and a per capita income well above the national average. The Northern Interior region has a climate with very cold winters. The climate of Vancouver is by far the mildest winter climate of the major Canadian cities, the provinces name was chosen by Queen Victoria, when the Colony of British Columbia, i. e. the Mainland, became a British colony in 1858. The current southern border of British Columbia was established by the 1846 Oregon Treaty, British Columbias land area is 944,735 square kilometres. British Columbias rugged coastline stretches for more than 27,000 kilometres and it is the only province in Canada that borders the Pacific Ocean. British Columbias capital is Victoria, located at the tip of Vancouver Island. Only a narrow strip of the Island, from Campbell River to Victoria, is significantly populated, much of the western part of Vancouver Island and the rest of the coast is covered by thick, tall and sometimes impenetrable temperate rainforest
7.
O Canada
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O Canada is the national anthem of Canada. The lyrics were originally in French, an English version was created in 1906, Robert Stanley Weir wrote in 1908 another English version, which is the official and most popular version, one that is not a literal translation of the French. Weirs lyrics have been revised twice, taking their present form in 1980, the Queen-in-Council established set lyrics for O Canada in Canadas two official languages, English and French. The lyrics are as follows, Official bilingual version O Canada, True patriot love in all thy sons command. Car ton bras sait porter lépée, Il sait porter la croix, ton histoire est une épopée Des plus brillants exploits. God keep our land glorious and free, O Canada, we stand on guard for thee. O Canada, we stand on guard for thee and it has been noted that the opening theme of O Canada bears a strong resemblance to the March of the Priests from the opera The Magic Flute, composed in 1791 by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. The line The True North strong and free is based on the Lord Tennysons description of Canada as that true North, in the context of Tennysons poem To the Queen, the word true means loyal or faithful. Two provinces have adopted Latin translations of phrases from the English lyrics as their mottos, similarly, the Canadian Armys motto is Vigilamus pro te. Weirs original lyrics from 1908 contained no references and used the phrase thou dost in us command before they were changed by Weir in 1914 to read in all thy sons command. In 1926, a verse of a religious nature was added. In the late 2000s, the religious references were criticized by secularists. In the speech from the throne delivered by Governor General Michaëlle Jean on March 3,2010, in May 2016, Liberal MP Mauril Bélanger introduced a private members Bill C-210 to change two words in O Canada. These proposed changes are said to make the anthem more gender-neutral by changing the words thy sons to of us, in June 2016, the bill passed its third reading with a vote of 225 to 74 in the House of Commons. O Canada joined that fray when a group of children sang it for the 1901 tour of Canada by the Duke. The competition was won by Mercy E. Powell McCulloch, in fact, many made English translations of Routhiers words, however, the most popular version was created in 1908 by Robert Stanley Weir, a lawyer and Recorder of the City of Montreal. A slightly modified version was published for the Diamond Jubilee of Confederation in 1927. Still, by-laws and practices governing the use of song during public events in municipalities varied, in Toronto, God Save the Queen was employed, the group was then charged with establishing official lyrics for each song
8.
Olympic sports
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Olympic sports are sports contested in the Summer and Winter Olympic Games. The 2016 Summer Olympics included 28 sports, with five additional sports due to be added to the 2020 Summer Olympics, the 2014 Winter Olympics included seven sports. The number and kinds of events may change slightly from one Olympiad to another, each Olympic sport is represented by an international governing body, namely an International Federation. The International Olympic Committee establishes a hierarchy of sports, disciplines, according to this hierarchy, the Olympic sports can be subdivided into multiple disciplines, which are often assumed to be distinct sports. Examples include swimming and water polo, or figure skating and speed skating, in their turn, disciplines can be subdivided into events, for which medals are actually awarded. The IOCs requirements reflect participation in the Olympic Games as well—more stringent toward men, previous Olympic Games included sports which are no longer present on the current program, like polo and tug of war. These sports, known as discontinued sports, were removed either because of lack of interest or absence of an appropriate governing body. Archery and tennis are examples of sports that were competed at the early Games and were dropped by the IOC. Demonstration sports have often included in the Olympic Games, usually to promote a local sport from the host country or to gauge interest. Some such sports, like baseball and curling, were added to the official Olympic program, baseball, however, was discontinued after the 2008 Summer Olympics. The term sport in Olympic terminology refers to all the events that are sanctioned by one international sport federation, one sport, by Olympic definition, may be divided into several disciplines, which are often regarded as separate sports in common language. Skating is a winter Olympic sport represented by the International Skating Union, and includes four disciplines, figure skating, speed skating, short track speed skating, and synchronized skating. The sport with the largest number of Olympic disciplines is skiing, with six, alpine skiing, cross-country skiing, ski jumping, nordic combined, snowboarding, other notable multi-discipline sports are gymnastics, cycling, volleyball, wrestling, canoeing, and bobsleigh. The disciplines listed here are only those contested in the Olympics—gymnastics has two disciplines, while cycling and wrestling have three each. It should also be noted that the IOC definition of a discipline may differ from that used by an international federation, for example, the IOC considers artistic gymnastics a single discipline, but the International Federation of Gymnastics classifies mens and womens artistic gymnastics as separate disciplines. An event, by IOC definition, is a competition that leads to the award of medals. The number of events per sport ranges from a minimum of two to a maximum of 47 in athletics, which despite its number of events and its diversity is not divided into disciplines. The only summer sports that have never been absent from the Olympic program are athletics, aquatics, cycling, fencing, the only winter sports that were included in all Winter Olympic Games are skiing, skating, and ice hockey
9.
Governor General of Canada
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The Governor General of Canada is the federal viceregal representative of the Canadian monarch, currently Queen Elizabeth II. The commission is for a period of time—known as serving at Her Majestys pleasure—though five years is the normal convention. Beginning in 1959, it has also been traditional to rotate between anglophone and francophone incumbents, once in office, the governor general maintains direct contact with the Queen, wherever she may be at the time. The office began in the 16th and 17th centuries with the Crown-appointed governors of the French colony of Canada followed by the British governors of Canada in the 18th and 19th centuries, subsequently, the office is, along with the Crown, the oldest continuous institution in Canada. Throughout this process of gradually increasing Canadian independence, the role of governor general took on additional responsibilities, finally, in 1947, King George VI issued letters patent allowing the viceroy to carry out almost all of the monarchs powers on his or her behalf. The current governor general is David Johnston, who has served since 1 October 2010, johnstons wife—who is thus the viceregal consort—is Sharon Johnston. The Government of Canada spells the title governor general without a hyphen, the Canadian media still often use the governor-general spelling. As governor is the noun in the title, it is pluralized, thus, governors general, moreover, both terms are capitalized when used in the formal title preceding an incumbents name. The position of general is mandated by both the Constitution Act,1867, and the letters patent issued in 1947 by King George VI. As such, on the recommendation of his or her Canadian prime minister and that individual is, from then until being sworn-in, referred to as the governor general-designate. Besides the administration of the oaths of office, there is no set formula for the swearing-in of a governor general-designate, the governor general will then give a speech, outlining whichever cause or causes he or she will champion during his or her time as viceroy. The incumbent will generally serve for at least five years, though this is only a convention. The prime minister may recommend to the Queen that the viceroy remain in her service for a longer period of time. A governor general may also resign, and two have died in office, the sovereign has unrestricted freedom of choice. We leave that to Her Majesty in all confidence, however, between 1867 and 1931, governors general were appointed by the monarch on the advice of the British Cabinet. Thereafter, in accordance with the Statute of Westminster 1931, the appointment was made by the sovereign with the direction of his or her Canadian ministers only. Until 1952, all governors general were also members of the Peerage or sons of peers. These viceroys spent a limited time in Canada, but their travel schedules were so extensive that they could learn more about Canada in five years than many Canadians in a lifetime
10.
Elizabeth II
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Elizabeth II has been Queen of the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand since 6 February 1952. Elizabeth was born in London as the eldest child of the Duke and Duchess of York, later King George VI and Queen Elizabeth and her father acceded to the throne on the abdication of his brother Edward VIII in 1936, from which time she was the heir presumptive. She began to undertake duties during the Second World War. Elizabeths many historic visits and meetings include a visit to the Republic of Ireland. She has seen major changes, such as devolution in the United Kingdom, Canadian patriation. She has reigned through various wars and conflicts involving many of her realms and she is the worlds oldest reigning monarch as well as Britains longest-lived. In October 2016, she became the longest currently reigning monarch, in 2017 she became the first British monarch to commemorate a Sapphire Jubilee. Elizabeth has occasionally faced republican sentiments and press criticism of the family, however, support for the monarchy remains high. Elizabeth was born at 02,40 on 21 April 1926, during the reign of her paternal grandfather and her father, Prince Albert, Duke of York, was the second son of the King. Her mother, Elizabeth, Duchess of York, was the youngest daughter of Scottish aristocrat Claude Bowes-Lyon, 14th Earl of Strathmore and she was delivered by Caesarean section at her maternal grandfathers London house,17 Bruton Street, Mayfair. Elizabeths only sibling, Princess Margaret, was born in 1930, the two princesses were educated at home under the supervision of their mother and their governess, Marion Crawford, who was casually known as Crawfie. Lessons concentrated on history, language, literature and music, Crawford published a biography of Elizabeth and Margarets childhood years entitled The Little Princesses in 1950, much to the dismay of the royal family. The book describes Elizabeths love of horses and dogs, her orderliness, others echoed such observations, Winston Churchill described Elizabeth when she was two as a character. She has an air of authority and reflectiveness astonishing in an infant and her cousin Margaret Rhodes described her as a jolly little girl, but fundamentally sensible and well-behaved. During her grandfathers reign, Elizabeth was third in the line of succession to the throne, behind her uncle Edward, Prince of Wales, and her father, the Duke of York. Although her birth generated public interest, she was not expected to become queen, many people believed that he would marry and have children of his own. When her grandfather died in 1936 and her uncle succeeded as Edward VIII, she became second-in-line to the throne, later that year, Edward abdicated, after his proposed marriage to divorced socialite Wallis Simpson provoked a constitutional crisis. Consequently, Elizabeths father became king, and she became heir presumptive, if her parents had had a later son, she would have lost her position as first-in-line, as her brother would have been heir apparent and above her in the line of succession
11.
Hayley Wickenheiser
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Hayley Wickenheiser OC is a Canadian former womens ice hockey player. She was the first woman to play professional hockey in a position other than goalie. She represented Canada at the Winter Olympics five times, capturing four gold and one medal and twice being named tournament MVP. On February 20,2014, Wickenheiser was elected to the International Olympic Committees Athletes Commission, Wickenheiser started playing minor hockey on outdoor rinks in her hometown of Shaunavon, Saskatchewan when she was five years old. She played exclusively on boys teams until she was 13, Wickenheiser continued playing minor hockey in Calgary, Alberta after moving there with her family. In 1991, she represented Alberta at the 18-and-under Canada Winter Games, Alberta captured the gold medal in the tournament, with Wickenheiser scoring the game-winning goal and being named the Most Valuable Player of the final game. At the age of 15, Wickenheiser was named to Canadas National Womens Team for the first time and has remained a member since and her first international tournament was the 1994 World Championship, held in Lake Placid, New York. She played three games, and picked up her first international point – an assist, and Canada won gold and her second World Championship in 1997 also produced a gold medal and she earned a spot on the tournament All-Star team, the first of four such honours. In 1999, Wickenheiser helped Canada to another medal and was named tournament MVP. Wickenheiser has seven World Championship gold medals and three silver medals and she was named to Team Canada in 2001, but was unable to compete due to an injury, and was also on Canadas roster for the 2003 World Championship which was canceled. Wickenheiser was a member of Team Canada at the 1998 Winter Olympics and she also played 21 games for Team Canada during their pre-Olympic tour. Canada won a medal at the event and Wickenheiser was named to the tournament all-star team. Her performance at the 1998 Olympics impressed Mens Team Canada General Manager Bobby Clarke so much,2002 was another chance at Olympic gold, and Wickenheiser was named to Canadas roster for the 2002 Winter Olympics held in Salt Lake City, Utah. On Team Canadas pre-Olympic tour, Wickenheiser played 26 games and racked up 36 points, in a bit of redemption for 1998, Canada won the gold medal by defeating Team USA in the final game. Wickenheiser was named Tournament MVP and she was the top scorer on the Womens side, at the 2006 Winter Olympics, Canada was defending its gold medal status. When the final match was set, Canada was facing off against Sweden and they won gold again, and Wickenheiser once more was named tournament MVP, Top Forward, and to a berth on the all-star team. She also led the tournament in scoring, with five goals and 17 points in five games, Wickenheiser captained Canada to a gold medal at the 1998 Christmas Cup. She has also contributed to at least 10 gold medals for Canada at the 4 Nations Cup tournaments, at the 2006 Four Nations Cup, she served as team captain
12.
Catriona Le May Doan
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Catriona Ann Le May Doan, OC is a Canadian speed skater and a double Olympic champion in the 500 m. At the Nagano Olympics, she won a bronze on the 1,000 m. She was World Sprint Champion 1998 and 2002 and World Champion 500 m 1998,1999, and 2001 and she has also won the 500 m World Cup 4 times and the 1,000 m World Cup once. On November 22,1997, Le May Doan became the first woman to break the 38-second barrier for the 500 m, skating 37.90 s in Calgary, Alberta. Before the year was over, she had tied this record once and broken it twice, within the next four years, she broke this record four more times, up to 37.22 s in Calgary, in December 2001. No other woman has set eight consecutive World Records in one distance, between 7 January 2001 and 24 February 2001, Le May Doan even had the 14 best times ever skated on that distance,1. Catriona Le May-Doan CAN37,401 Calgary 06-01-20012, Catriona Le May-Doan CAN37,551 Calgary 28-12-19973. Catriona Le May-Doan CAN37,571 Calgary 07-01-20014, Catriona Le May-Doan CAN37,711 Calgary 27-03-19985. Catriona Le May-Doan CAN37,711 Calgary 27-12-19976, Catriona Le May-Doan CAN37,861 Calgary 21-02-19997. Catriona Le May-Doan CAN37,881 Calgary 27-03-19988, Catriona Le May-Doan CAN37,891 Calgary 20-02-19999. Catriona Le May-Doan CAN37,901 Calgary 22-11-199710, Catriona Le May-Doan CAN37,901 Calgary 23-11-199711. Catriona Le May-Doan CAN37,901 Calgary 29-11-199812, Catriona Le May-Doan CAN37,941 Calgary 18-11-200013. Catriona Le May-Doan CAN37,971 Calgary 12-01-200014, Catriona Le May-Doan CAN37,981 Calgary 13-02-1999 Le May Doan still had a long way to go before she started fighting for Olympic Gold and World Records. In the 1994 Winter Olympics, she fell on the 500 m, prior to the Nagano Games, she was training with her teammate and rival Susan Auch, both being coached by Susans brother, Derrick Auch. In Nagano, Susan Auch placed 2nd behind Catriona on the 500 m and she is now coached by the Canadian sprint coach, former Olympic speed skater Sean Ireland. Le May Doan repeated her gold medal in the 500m at the 2002 Salt Lake City Olympics from the 1998 Nagano Olympics and she became the first Canadian to defend their gold medal at the Olympics. Le May Doan is married to Bart Doan, a cowboy and icemaker at the Olympic Oval. They have two children, Greta and Easton, in 2002 she published an autobiography, Going for Gold
13.
Steve Nash
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Stephen John Steve Nash, OC, OBC, is a Canadian retired professional basketball player who played in the National Basketball Association. He was an eight-time NBA All-Star and a seven-time All-NBA selection, twice, Nash was named the NBA Most Valuable Player while playing for the Phoenix Suns. He currently serves as manager of the Canadian national team. After a successful high school career in British Columbia, Nash earned a scholarship to Santa Clara University in California. In his four seasons with the Broncos, the team made three NCAA Tournament appearances, and he was named the West Coast Conference Player of the Year. Nash graduated from Santa Clara as the teams leader in assists and was taken as the 15th pick in the 1996 NBA draft by the Phoenix Suns. He made minimal impact and was traded to the Dallas Mavericks in 1998, by his fourth season with the Mavericks, he was voted to his first NBA All-Star Game and had earned his first All-NBA selection. Together with Dirk Nowitzki and Michael Finley, Nash led the Mavericks to the Western Conference Finals the following season and he became a free agent after the 2003–04 season and returned to the Phoenix Suns. In the 2004–05 season, Nash led the Suns to the Western Conference Finals and was named the leagues MVP and he was named MVP again in the 2005–06 season and was runner-up for a third consecutive MVP to Nowitzki in 2006–07. Named by ESPN in 2006 as the ninth-greatest point guard of all time, Nash led the league in assists and he is also ranked as one of the top players in NBA league history in three-point shooting, free-throw shooting, total assists, and assists per game. Nash has been honoured for his contributions to various philanthropic causes, in 2006, he was named by Time as one of the 100 most influential people in the world. He was appointed to the Order of Canada in 2007 and invested to the order in 2016, Nash has been a co-owner of the Vancouver Whitecaps FC of Major League Soccer since the team entered the league in 2011. In 2012, he was named manager of the Canadian mens national basketball team. Nash was born in Johannesburg, South Africa, to a Welsh mother, Jean and his family moved to Regina, Saskatchewan when he was 18 months old, before settling in Victoria, British Columbia. He therefore holds British as well as Canadian citizenship, before the family settled in Canada, his father played professional soccer in various parts of the world. Nash often played soccer and ice hockey with his younger brother Martin, in grade eight, however, he told his mother that one day he would play in the NBA and would become a star. He was neighbour to future NHL stars Russ and Geoff Courtnall, there, he starred in basketball, soccer, and rugby union. While playing basketball during his season, Nash averaged 21.3 points,11.2 assists
14.
Nancy Greene
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Nancy Catherine Greene Raine, OC, OBC, OD is a Canadian Senator for British Columbia and a champion alpine skier voted as Canadas Female Athlete of the 20th Century. She was born in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, Greene moved with her family to Rossland, British Columbia before she was 3. Rossland is an area and the site of the first ski competition ever held in Canada in 1897. The child of avid skiers, Greene began schussing at a young age and she would go on to become Canadas most decorated ski racer, male or female, in her day with 14 World Cup victories by 1975. Nicknamed Tiger because of her go for it attitude and her style of skiing, she won the Canadian ski championship nine times. In 1967, Greene broke the European domination of the sport and that year she won seven of 16 events, taking the over-all title with four giant slalom victories plus two in slalom and one in downhill. Her accomplishment earned her Canadian Athlete of the Year honours, for the second time, she was named Canadas Athlete of the Year. Following her retirement from competition, she made a contribution to Canadian sport by accepting an appointment to the federal Governments Task Force on Sport For Canadians. During this period Greene also did work for various companies including Rossignol, Pontiac. In a 1970s television commercial for the product she was seen to discard the wrapper onto a ski slope in the course of consuming the product. This minor act, coming at a time of nascent environmental sentiment, the expansion of the resort was not without controversy as some Native groups opposed the move, and protesters occupying the new site were removed by arrest under a provincial injunction. Greene is director of skiing at Sun Peaks Resort and skis almost every day and she and her husband built Nancy Greenes Cahilty Lodge, where they make their home. Dedicated to the promotion of her sport for more than 30 years, over the years, Greene has been the recipient of numerous awards including her countrys highest civilian honour, the Order of Canada. She has been honoured with the naming of Nancy Greene Provincial Park, a stretch of Capilano Road in North Vancouver was renamed Nancy Greene Way. Perhaps coincidentally, the road accessing the area was paved and upgraded at this time by the government as an extension to highway 99. In 1993, Greene announced her support for the right-wing Reform Party of Canada, in April 2005, Greene was named chancellor of Thompson Rivers University. On January 2,2009, Greene took her seat as a Conservative member of the Senate of Canada and she was named Olympic Ambassador for the 2010 Vancouver games. On February 12,2010 Greene lit the Vancouver Olympic cauldron along with fellow Canadian sport icons Steve Nash, Rick Hansen, Catriona Le May Doan, at the World Championships from 1954 through 1980, the combined was a paper race using the results of the three events
15.
Wayne Gretzky
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Wayne Douglas Gretzky CC is a Canadian former professional ice hockey player and former head coach. He played twenty seasons in the National Hockey League for four teams from 1979 to 1999, nicknamed The Great One, he has been called the greatest hockey player ever by many sportswriters, players, and the league itself. He is the scorer in NHL history, with more goals. He garnered more assists than any player scored total points. In addition, he tallied over 100 points in 16 professional seasons,14 of them consecutive, at the time of his retirement in 1999, he held 61 NHL records,40 regular-season records,15 playoff records, and six All-Star records. As of 2014, he still holds 60 NHL records, born and raised in Brantford, Ontario, Canada, Gretzky honed his skills at a backyard rink and regularly played minor hockey at a level far above his peers. Despite his unimpressive stature, strength and speed, Gretzkys intelligence and he was adept at dodging checks from opposing players, and consistently anticipated where the puck was going to be and executed the right move at the right time. Gretzky became known for setting up behind his opponents net, an area that was nicknamed Gretzkys office, in 1978, Gretzky signed with the Indianapolis Racers of the World Hockey Association, where he briefly played before being traded to the Edmonton Oilers. When the WHA folded, the Oilers joined the NHL, where he established many scoring records, Gretzky played briefly for the St. Louis Blues before finishing his career with the New York Rangers. He won the Lady Byng Trophy for sportsmanship and performance five times, after his retirement in 1999, Gretzky was immediately inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame, making him the most recent player to have the waiting period waived. The NHL retired his jersey number 99 league-wide, making him the player to receive this honour. He was one of six players voted to the International Ice Hockey Federations Centennial All-Star Team, Gretzky became executive director for the Canadian national mens hockey team during the 2002 Winter Olympics, in which the team won a gold medal. In 2000, he became owner of the Phoenix Coyotes. In 2004, he was inducted into the Ontario Sports Hall of Fame, in September 2009, following the franchises bankruptcy, Gretzky resigned as coach and relinquished his ownership share. In October 2016, he became partner and vice-chairman of Oilers Entertainment Group, Wayne Gretzky was born on January 26,1961 in Brantford, Ontario, the son of Phyllis Leone and Walter Gretzky. The couple had married in 1960, and lived in an apartment in Brantford, the family moved into a house on Varadi Avenue in Brantford seven months after Wayne was born, chosen partly because its yard was flat enough to make an ice rink on every winter. Wayne was joined by a sister, Kim, and brothers Keith, Glen, the family would regularly visit the farm of Waynes grandparents, Tony and Mary, and watch Hockey Night in Canada together. By age two, Wayne was trying to score goals against Mary using a souvenir stick, the farm was where Wayne skated on ice for the first time, aged two years,10 months
16.
Olympic Stadium
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Olympic Stadium is the name usually given to the main stadium of an Olympic Games. An Olympic stadium is the site of the opening and closing ceremonies, many, though not all, of these venues actually contain the words Olympic Stadium as part of their names. Olympic Stadium may also be named a stadium which hosts Olympic sports. In the case of the Summer Olympics, athletics competitions and the final are traditionally held in the Olympic Stadium. Exceptions to this have occurred though at the 1900,1996 and 2016 Summer Olympics as well as at the 2010 and 2018 Summer Youth Olympic Games, early Winter Games often used figure skating venues as focal points. These were often designated as the Olympic Stadium, usually hosting the opening and closing ceremonies, a number of stadiums have been used in more than one Olympics, in those cities that have held the Games more than once. Lysgårdsbakkene was the stadium of a Winter Olympics and a Winter Youth Olympic Games. Bergiselschanze was the stadium of two Winter Olympics and one Winter YOG. Olympiahalle jointly shared the Olympic Stadium role with Bergiselschanze during the two Winter Olympics, but not during the Winter YOG, only one stadium, the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum, has been the main stadium of two Summer Olympics. In addition to the inaugural Summer Olympics, Panathinaiko Stadio was also the stadium of the only Intercalated Games held. A number, including both the Panathinaiko Stadio and the Vélodrome de Vincennes, have hosted events at subsequent Olympics. The London Games of 2012 were not opened and closed at the rebuilt Wembley Stadium, the site of the 1948 Olympic Stadium, Wembley was, however, the venue for some 2012 Olympic football matches. Likewise, the Melbourne Cricket Ground, which was the stadium for the 1956 games. Lake Placids 1930 Olympic Stadium was utilized in the 1980 Lake Placid games as the speed skating venue, olympiahalle hosted figure skating and short-track speed skating during the 2012 Winter Youth Olympics. Stockholm Olympic Stadium hosted equestrian events for the 1956 Summer Olympics, Olympic Past & Future Stadiums - BALLPARKS. com Summer Olympic Stadiums 1896 - on Google Maps
17.
BC Place
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BC Place is a multi-purpose stadium located at the north side of False Creek, in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. It is owned and operated by the BC Pavilion Corporation, a corporation of the province. It is currently the home of the BC Lions of the Canadian Football League, Vancouver Whitecaps FC of Major League Soccer, the stadium also served as the main stadium for the 2010 Winter Olympics and 2010 Paralympics which Vancouver hosted. The stadium opened on June 19,1983 and was built as a structure with an air-supported roof. Once construction was completed, the new roof was also the largest of its type. Construction of the started in 1981 and was completed in 1983. BC Place was built as part of the preparations for the 1986 Worlds Fair, the stadium was the worlds largest air-supported domed stadium until May 4,2010 when it was deflated for the last time in preparation for the erection of its new retractable roof. The first major event held in the stadium was on June 20,1983 when the Vancouver Whitecaps hosted the Seattle Sounders in a North American Soccer League game with attendance announced at 60,342. On July 24,1983, a crowd of 41,810 watched the BC Lions defeat the Saskatchewan Roughriders 44–28 in the Lions first game at the stadium, the venue would host the Soccer Bowl 83 later that year. On September 18,1984 Pope John Paul II addressed an over-capacity crowd for A Celebration of Life, the celebration was part of the papal visit to the Archdiocese of Vancouver. It was one of the most heavily attended events in the stadium, the Popes Celebration of Life was followed a few months later by the Canadian Pacific Billy Graham Crusade, which drew similar numbers each night. The stadium was used for the opening and closing ceremonies of the 1986 World Exposition on Transportation and Communication. Accepting an invitation by the Province of British Columbia, their Royal Highnesses Prince Charles, to great fanfare, they officially proclaimed the Worlds Fair open on May 2,1986. The stadium was the first air-supported structure and 24th venue to host the ceremonies of the Winter Olympics. It was also both the third CFL venue and the third Canadian venue to have served as an Olympic Stadium, after Montreals Olympic Stadium, BC Place was a venue of the 2015 FIFA Womens World Cup, including the Championship Final match on July 5,2015. It hosted round six of the HSBC World Rugby Sevens Series 2015-16 series, on January 5,2007, snow accumulated on the air-supported Teflon Fibreglass roof, despite strict zero accumulation of ice guidelines and ice accumulation structural warnings. The accumulation caused a tear in the roofs ETFE-coated fabric close to Gate G on the side where the roof meets the top of the concrete bowl. The tear grew quickly as air escaped through it, whereupon maintenance staff performed an intentional, as it was designed to do, the deflated roof rested on its steel support cables 6 metres above the seating and the field
18.
2006 Winter Olympics
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This marked the second time Italy hosted the Olympic Winter Games, the first being the VII Olympic Winter Games in Cortina dAmpezzo in 1956. Italy also hosted the Games of the XVII Olympiad in Rome in 1960, Turin was selected as the host city for the 2006 games in June 1999. The official logo displayed the name Torino, the Italian name of the city, the Olympic mascots of the games were Neve, a female snowball, and Gliz, a male ice cube. The official motto of the XX Olympic Winter Games was Passion lives here, Turin was chosen as the host of the Olympics on June 19,1999, at the 109th IOC Session in Seoul, South Korea. This was after the IOC had adopted new procedures during the 108th Extraordinary IOC Session in light of the corruption scandals surrounding the votes for the 1998 and 2002 Winter Olympics. The full IOC Session then voted on the chosen as finalist cities by the Selection College. The selection of Turin over Sion came as a surprise, since Sion was the favorite in part because the IOC is based in Switzerland. Turins selection came two years after Romes unsuccessful 2004 Summer Olympics bid and those games were ultimately awarded to Athens, Greece. The information below comes from the International Olympic Committee Vote History web page, the Oxford Olympics Study established the outturn cost of the Torino 2006 Winter Olympics at USD4.4 billion in 2015-dollars and cost overrun at 80% in real terms. This includes sports-related costs only, that is, operational costs incurred by the committee for the purpose of staging the Games. The competition venues, the Olympic village, international broadcast center, and media and press center, average cost for Winter Games since 1960 is USD3.1 billion, average cost overrun is 142%. The Games featured 84 medal events over 15 disciplines in 7 sports, events that made their Olympic debut in Turin included mass start biathlon, team sprint cross country skiing, snowboard cross and team pursuit speedskating. Most of the cross country skiing events at these Games involved different distances from those in Salt Lake City, the following are the sports and disciplines that were contested at the games. The numbers in parentheses after each sport discipline indicate the number of events contested, all dates are in Central European Time Host country To sort this table by nation, total medal count, or any other column, click on the icon next to the column title. Stefania Belmondo, a 10-time Olympic medalist in cross-country skiing, lit the Olympic Flame during the ceremony on February 10. Before that, the ceremony celebrated the best of Italy and Sport including a segment honoring the Alps, the FilmMaster Group K-events created and produced the Opening and Closing Ceremonies of the XX Winter Olympic Games in Turin in 2006. Executive Producer Marco Balich, Content Supervisor Alfredo Accatino, Art Direction Lida Castelli, monica Maimone of Studio Festi directed the section From Renaissance To Baroque, part of the Opening Ceremony. The first gold medal of the 2006 Games was awarded in the 20 kilometre biathlon, won by German Michael Greis on the first day of competition, on February 12, Latvia won its first winter Olympic medal when Mārtiņš Rubenis took the bronze in the mens luge
19.
2014 Winter Olympics
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Both the Olympics and 2014 Winter Paralympics were organized by the Sochi Organizing Committee. Sochi was selected as the host city in July 2007, during the 119th IOC Session held in Guatemala City and it was the first Olympics in Russia since the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991. The Soviet Union was previously the host nation for the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow and these were the first Olympic Games under the International Olympic Committee presidency of Thomas Bach. A total of 98 events in 15 winter sport disciplines were held during the Games, in preparation, organizers focused on modernizing the telecommunications, electric power, and transportation infrastructures of the region. However, immediately following the ceremony, commentators evaluated the Games to have been successful overall. Allegations concerning the corruption of the anti-doping system possibly employed during the Games surfaced in 2015, rodchenkov stated that the FSB tampered with over 100 urine samples as part of a cover-up, and that a third of the Russian medals won at Sochi were the result of doping. La Gazzetta dello Sport reported the names of 15 athletes who are among the 28 under investigation, the Russian team potentially could be stripped of up to 12 Olympic medals among these athletes alone. Sochi was elected on 4 July 2007 during the 119th International Olympic Committee session held in Guatemala City, Guatemala, defeating bids from Salzburg, Austria and this is the first time that the Russian Federation has hosted the Winter Olympics. The Soviet Union was the host of the 1980 Summer Olympics held in, as of October 2013, the estimated combined cost of the 2014 Winter Olympics had topped US$51 billion. This amount included the cost for Olympic games themselves and cost of Sochi infrastructural projects, dmitry Kozak was the main overseer for the events in Sochi. The breakdown table below is based on a report that has analyzed the distribution of Olimpstroys $49.5 billion budget, estimates also suggest that additional unrecoverable operational costs could have added another $3 billion. He confirmed that the Organizing Committee had raised more than $500 million through marketing in the first five months of 2009, the Russian Government provided nearly 327 billion rubles for the total development, expansion and hosting of the Games. 192 billion rubles coming from the budget and 7 billion rubles from the Krasnodar Krai budget. The organizers expected to have a surplus of US$300 million when the Games conclude, Sochi 2014 is the 12th straight Olympics to outlaw smoking, all Sochi venues, Olympic Park bars and restaurants and public areas were smoke-free during the Games. It is also the first time that an Olympic Park has been built for hosting a winter games, the Sochi Olympic Park was built by the Black Sea coast in the Imeretinsky Valley, about 4 km from Russias border with Abkhazia/Georgia. The venues were clustered around a water basin on which the Medals Plaza is built. It also features The Waters of the Olympic Park, a fountain which served as the backdrop in the medals awards. Its primary use is to host the Formula One Russian Grand Prix, in January 2015, work began on adapting Fisht Olympic Stadium into an open-air football stadium to host matches during the 2018 FIFA World Cup
20.
2008 Summer Olympics
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A total of 10,942 athletes from 204 National Olympic Committees competed in 28 sports and 302 events. China became the 22nd nation to host the Olympic Games and the 18th to hold a Summer Olympic Games. It was the time that the Summer Olympic Games were held in East Asia and Asia, after Tokyo, Japan, in 1964 and Seoul, South Korea. Beijing was awarded the Games over four competitors on 13 July 2001, the Government of the Peoples Republic of China promoted the Games and invested heavily in new facilities and transportation systems. A total of 37 venues were used to host the events, the official logo of these Olympic Games, titled Dancing Beijing, refers to the host city by featuring a stylized calligraphic character jīng. The Games were the second most watched Olympics in history, attracting 4.7 billion viewers worldwide, there were 43 world records and 132 Olympic records set at the 2008 Summer Olympics. An unprecedented 86 countries won at least one medal during the Games, Chinese athletes won the most gold medals with 51, and with 100 medals in total became only the 7th different Olympic team to top an overall medal tally. The United States won the most total medals with 110, the games were deemed highly successful with the rising standard of competition among nations across the world. Beijing was elected as the host city for the 2008 Summer Olympics on 13 July 2001, during the 112th IOC Session in Moscow, defeating bids from Toronto, Paris, Istanbul, and Osaka. Prior to the session, five other cities had submitted bids to the IOC, after the first round of voting, Beijing held a significant lead over the other four candidates. Osaka received only six votes and was eliminated, in the second round, Beijing was supported by a majority of voters, eliminating the need for subsequent rounds. Torontos bid was their 5th failure since 1960, the size of China, its increased enforcement of doping controls, and sympathy concerning its loss of the 2000 Summer Olympics to Sydney were all factors in the decision. Eight years earlier, Beijing had led every round of voting for the 2000 Summer Olympics before losing to Sydney by two votes in the final round. Human rights concerns expressed by Amnesty International and politicians in both Europe and the United States were considered by the delegates, according to IOC Executive Director François Carrard, Carrard and others suggested that the selection might lead to improvements in human rights in China. In addition, a number of IOC delegates who had formerly been athletes expressed concern about heat and air quality during the Games, China outlined plans to address these environmental concerns in its bid application. The Oxford Olympics Study 2016 estimates the outturn cost of the Beijing 2008 Summer Olympics at USD6.8 billion in 2015-dollars and this includes sports-related costs only, that is, operational costs incurred by the organizing committee for the purpose of staging the Games, e. g. The Beijing Olympics cost of USD6.8 billion compares with costs of USD4.6 billion for Rio 2016, average cost for the Summer Games since 1960 is USD5.2 billion. They went on to claim that revenues from the Games would exceed the original target of $16 million
21.
2012 Summer Olympics
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It took place in London and to a lesser extent across the United Kingdom from 25 July to 12 August 2012. The first event, the stage in womens football began on 25 July at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff. 10,768 athletes from 204 National Olympic Committees participated, London is the first and only city thus far to host the modern Olympic Games three times, having previously done so in 1908 and in 1948. Construction for the Games involved considerable redevelopment, with an emphasis on sustainability, the main focus was a new 200-hectare Olympic Park, constructed on a former industrial site at Stratford, East London. The Games also made use of venues that already existed before the bid, the Games received widespread acclaim for their organisation, with the volunteers, the British military and public enthusiasm praised particularly highly. During the Games, Michael Phelps became the most decorated Olympic athlete of all time, saudi Arabia, Qatar, and Brunei entered female athletes for the first time, so that every currently eligible country has sent a female competitor to at least one Olympic Games. Womens boxing was included for the first time, thus the Games became the first at which every sport had female competitors and these were the final Olympic Games under the IOC presidency of Jacques Rogge. The final medal tally was led by the United States, followed by China, several world and Olympic records were set at the games. Furthermore, the focus on sporting legacy and post-games venue sustainability was seen as a blueprint for future Olympics. On 18 May 2004, as a result of a technical evaluation. All five submitted their candidate files by 19 November 2004 and were visited by the IOC inspection team during February, throughout the process, Paris was widely seen as the favourite, particularly as this was its third bid in recent years. London was initially seen as lagging behind Paris by a considerable margin and its position began to improve after the appointment of Lord Coe as the new head of London 2012 on 19 May 2004. In late August 2004, reports predicted a tie between London and Paris, on 6 June 2005, the IOC released its evaluation reports for the five candidate cities. They did not contain any scores or rankings, but the report for Paris was considered the most positive, London was close behind, having closed most of the gap observed by the initial evaluation in 2004. New York and Madrid also received positive evaluations. On 1 July 2005, when asked who would win, Jacques Rogge said, but my gut feeling tells me that it will be very close. Perhaps it will come down to a difference of say ten votes, on 6 July 2005, the final selection was announced at the 117th IOC Session in Singapore. Moscow was the first city to be eliminated, followed by New York, the final two contenders were London and Paris
22.
Bids for the 2010 Winter Olympics
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Three cities made the shortlist with their bids to host the 2010 Winter Olympics and Paralympics, which were awarded to Vancouver, British Columbia, on July 2,2003. The other shortlisted cities were Pyeongchang and Salzburg, there were four other cities vying for the hosting honour, that had been dropped by the International Olympic Committee, Andorra la Vella, Harbin, Jaca and Sarajevo. Vancouver won the bidding process to host the Olympics by a vote of the International Olympic Committee on July 2,2003 at the 115th IOC Session held in Prague, Czech Republic. Earlier in February, Vancouvers residents voted in a referendum accepting the responsibilities of the host city should it win its bid, sixty-four percent of residents voted in favour of hosting the games. In neighboring Washington state to the south, both the legislature and Governor Gary Locke passed a resolution in support of Vancouvers bid. Eight cities applied to host the games, the IOC Candidature Acceptance Working Group, which evaluated the applications divided their recommendations into eleven areas. Each cell of the table provides a minimum and a figure obtained by the applicant city on the specific criteria. These figures are to be compared to a benchmark which has set at 6. Four cities were named Candidate Cities, Bern, Pyeongchang, Salzburg and they made additional comments with respect to Bern and Pyeongchang. As for Bern, they felt the bid had significant organizational difficulties, as for Pyeongchang, the resort area of Yongpyong required further development. In September, a referendum ended Berns chances of winning, each candidate city was required to answer a 199-question questionnaire. In the first round Pyeongchang received 51 votes, while Vancouver received 40 and Salzburg with only 26 votes, while Vancouver and the rest of British Columbia celebrated, the mood was bittersweet in Toronto which had aspirations to host the 2012 Summer Olympics which were awarded to London. Canadas largest city has already lost bids to host the 1996 and 2008 Summer Olympics to Atlanta, the announcement came the day after Canada celebrated its 136th birthday, with Canada Day. With ice hockey being their pastime, some of the people at GM Place said that winning an Olympic Games is far greater than winning a Stanley Cup when they heard the announcement. Wayne Gretzky made this evident in Prague, as he served as an ambassador and contributor to the games and was part of the presentation team, whistler, which had previously placed a bid on the 1976 Games, declined the opportunity. The 1976 Games were eventually passed on to Innsbruck, Austria, smiggin Holes 2010 Winter Olympic bid IOC Candidature Acceptance Working Group. Report by the IOC Candidature Acceptance Working Group to the Executive Board of the International Olympic Committee, report of the IOC Evaluation Commission for the XXI Olympic Winter Games in 2010. Vancouver Sazlzburg Volume 1 Sazlzburg Volume 2 Sazlzburg Volume 3 Andorra 2010 Berne 2010 Harbin 2010 Jaca 2010 PyeongChang 2010 Salzburg 2010 Sarajevo 2010 Vancouver 2010
23.
Venues of the 2010 Winter Olympics
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For the 2010 Winter Olympics, a total of ten sports venues were used, seven in Vancouver, and three in Whistler. The 2010 Winter Olympic Games and Paralympic Games were held in Vancouver and Whistler, British Columbia, the majority of ice sport events were held in Vancouver, while Whistler, which normally serves as a ski resort, hosted the snow events. Six non-competition venues, three each in Vancouver and Whistler, provided housing, space for media, and locations for ceremonies associated with the Games. Of the competition venues that the bid proposed for use during the Games, six required new construction, according to CEO John Furlong, VANOC started our venue construction as early as possible. Construction on Cypress Mountain, the first new venue to be completed, began in March 2006 and was completed only eight months later. By December 2007, all three competition venues at Whistler were completed and open for training and testing, final construction was completed in February 2009, and sporting events were scheduled at the venues to ensure that they would be adequately tested before hosting the Olympic events. The Whistler Sliding Centre was promoted as being one of the fastest sliding tracks in the world and he was travelling 143.3 km/h at the time. His accident came after a series of incidents in the week, investigations were conducted the same day, concluding that the accident was not caused by deficiencies in the track. As a preventative measure, an extra 100 ft of wall was added after the end of Turn 16, the largest competition venue was Canada Hockey Place, with a capacity of just under 19,000 spectators. For the first time, Olympic games were played on a narrower NHL-sized ice rink, measuring 61 by 26 metres and this change saved an expected $10 million in construction costs and allowed more spectators to attend games. This arena, as well as the second-largest venue of Vancouver 2010, Pacific Coliseum, were pre-existing and required minimal renovation in preparation for the Olympics. Of the newly constructed venues for the Games, the Whistler Sliding Centre was the largest, with space for 12,000 spectators to observe the luge, skeleton, because of the significant distance between Vancouver and Whistler, Olympic Villages and media facilities were constructed in both locations. In addition, while medals ceremonies for the events held in Vancouver took place at the pre-existing BC Place, an additional venue was constructed in Whistler to award medals there. BC Place is a stadium, so the Olympic torch cauldron. A second external cauldron was erected on the Coal Harbour waterfront, next to the Main Media Centre
24.
Miga, Quatchi, Sumi and Mukmuk
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Miga, Quatchi, and Sumi were the mascots for the 2010 Winter Olympics and the 2010 Winter Paralympics. The four mascots were introduced on November 27,2007 and they were designed by the Canadian and American duo, Meomi Design. It was the first time the Olympic and Paralympic mascots were introduced at the same time, the emblem of 2010 Winter Olympics, Ilanaaq the Inukshuk, was picked through an open contest. However, it met criticism from some groups over its design. So the mascot artist was selected through a competition, through the process where 177 professionals around the world were submitted their ideas, five were made final. In December 2006, VANOC eventually selected concepts from Meomi Design, after the selection, Meomi provided more than 20 different concepts to VANOC, and three concepts were selected. The conception of the mascots were based on the wildlife, as well as First Nations legends, mythologies. During the design process, a name for Quatchi was dismissed when the undisclosed word was found to have a rude connotation in another language. An animated video by Buck, a studio based in New York and Los Angeles. Details about mascots were kept secret until November 27,2007 when they were unveiled to the public, the first public presentation of the mascots took place before 800 schoolchildren at the Bell Centre For Performing Arts in Surrey, British Columbia. This represents the first time that the Olympic and Paralympic mascots were introduced at the same time, the mascots are, Miga - A mythical sea bear, part killer whale and part spirit bear living off the coast of Vancouver Island. She loves surfing in the summer, especially in Tofino, and he comes from the mysterious forests of Canada, wears blue earmuffs, and dreams of being a hockey goalie. He loves to travel and learn about the dances and cuisines of every place he visits. He carries his camera around his neck wherever he goes and his name comes from sasquatch, itself a word coined by J. W. Burns from the Halkomelem word sásq’ets. Sumi - An animal guardian spirit with the wings of the Thunderbird and he lives in the mountains of British Columbia and is a passionate environmentalist. His name comes from the Salish word sumesh, meaning guardian spirit and his favorite sport is alpine skiing in monoski. Mukmuk - A Vancouver Island marmot described as small and friendly and his name comes from the Chinuk Wawa word muckamuck, meaning food or to eat. As of December 2008 he has joined the other mascots as a stuffed toy, Miga and Quatchi are mascots for the 2010 Winter Olympics, while Sumi is the mascot for the 2010 Winter Paralympics
25.
2010 Winter Olympics torch relay
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The 2010 Winter Olympics Torch Relay was a 106-day run, from October 30,2009 to February 12,2010, prior to the 2010 Winter Olympics. Plans for the relay were originally announced November 21,2008 by the Vancouver Organizing Committee for the 2010 Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games, communities were initially informed in June 2008, but the locations were not announced for security reasons. Exact routes were announced several weeks before the start of the torch relay. The torches used in the Olympic relay were designed by Leo Obstbaum, in fact, many television personalities were selected as torchbearers for the relay, mainly from CTVs parent company, CTVglobemedia. Matt Lauer and American actor, bodybuilder, and former California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger were also torch bearers, on 22 October 2009 the Olympic Torch was lit during a ceremony held at the Ancient Olympia in Greece. Actress Maria Nafpliotou played the role of the High Priestess and ignited the flame using a parabolic mirror, the first torch was carried by Olympic skier Vassilis Dimitriadis. Kept under close secrecy, the final Olympic Torchbearer turned out to be not one, rick Hansen brought it into BC Place Stadium, in turn lighting Catriona Le May Doans torch, who lit Steve Nashs torch, and the flame continued to Nancy Greene and Wayne Gretzky. Three of the four torchbearers lit the indoor Olympic Cauldron, Le May Doan remained with her due to a malfunction causing only three of the four arms to be raised. Gretzky exited BC Place, with his torch still lit, and caught a ride on the back of a VANOC vehicle, to Coal Harbour and this makes Gretzky the first person to light two official cauldrons in the same Olympics. At the start of the ceremony, Le May Doan re-lit the indoor Cauldron after clown. The torches used for 2010 relay and the ceremonies are made by designers at Bombardier Inc. s Aerospace division. Johns November 13, St. Johns loop November 14, St, december 26, Not travelling, staying in London. John February 1, Fort St. TorchRelay. net – Torch Relay coverage, includes torchbearer profiles, photos, videos, and more Olympic torch cheered in Mohawk community, CBC
26.
2010 Winter Olympics opening ceremony
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The Opening Ceremony of the 2010 Winter Olympics was held on February 12,2010 beginning at 6,00 pm PST at BC Place Stadium in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. This was the first Olympic opening ceremony to be held indoors and it was directed by David Atkins. The event was opened by Governor General Michaëlle Jean, representative of Elizabeth II. The opening ceremony was dedicated by the Vancouver Organizing Committee to Nodar Kumaritashvili, an audience of 61,600 were in attendance at the venue. There were an estimated 4,500 performers, the productions director was David Atkins, who directed the Sydney 2000 Olympic and 2006 Doha Asian Games ceremonies. The Opening and Closing Ceremonies had a budget of $48.5 million. Much of the music for the ceremony was written by Dave Pierce, Gavin Greenaway. The music during the ceremony came from the live on-stage orchestra, on December 15,2010, John Furlong, the CEO of VANOC revealed that Celine Dion had been contracted to sing the national anthem at the Opening Ceremony. However, when she became pregnant she cancelled the performance and was replaced by 16-year-old Nikki Yanofsky. In addition, Furlong also revealed that a famous Quebec composer was contracted to provide musical elements to the show and that composer, whom he would not name, backed out of arrangement months before the Games over what he termed philosophical differences. As a result, the artist refused to allow VANOC access to his musics rights, VANOC had also requested the Cirque du Soleil to perform several aerial stunts, however it opted not to as it was already stretched with many U. S. productions. At 5,59, a PA system announced that the ceremony would be dedicated in memory of the Georgian luger Nodar Kumaritashvili. Giant video screens showed Canadian snowboarder Johnny Lyall sliding down a slope, with the dates. As the 1988 games in Calgary were mentioned, Lyall passed through a row of torchbearers in the shape of the Canadian symbol, the maple leaf. This concluded with Lyall leaping through a set of Olympic Rings, while snow and ice exploded off them and into the stadium, a guard of honour mounted by the RCMP marched the Canadian Flag to the flagpost. There a guard of honour composed of Canadian Forces members raised the flag, Nikki Yanofsky performed an arrangement of the national anthem, O Canada, singing in English and French. The arms of the poles were raised in a gesture of greeting to welcome the athletes. The participating countries marched in, with Greece coming first, then the other nations ending with the host nation, Canada
27.
2010 Winter Olympics national flag bearers
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Athletes entered the stadium in an order dictated by tradition. As the originator of the Olympics, Greece entered first, Canadian delegates entered last, representing the host nation. The names of the nations were announced first in French and followed by English, the languages of the Olympics. The nations entered in order of their country names in English because it is the more dominant of the two languages in Vancouver and in the province of British Columbia. Delegations from North Korea and South Korea marched in separate delegations, of the flag-bearers who led their respective delegations, all but one were athletes, the exception being Fuad Guliyev, a skating official from Azerbaijan. The sport which was most represented among the flag-bearers was alpine skiing, only one delegation was led by a short track speed skater, Hong Kong, led by Han Yue Shueng. It was erroneously pointed out by a Canadian TV commentator that Tomomi Okazaki was the first female flag bearer for Japan and this title goes to Seiko Hashimoto in Calgary 1988. Hughes is the only Olympian ever to win medals at both the Summer and Winter Olympics. Kudratov carried the flag even though he wasnt scheduled to compete
28.
2010 Winter Olympics medal table
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The 2010 Winter Olympics, officially known as the XXI Olympic Winter Games, was a winter multi-sport event held in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, from February 12 to February 28. A total of 2,632 athletes representing 82 National Olympic Committees participated in 86 events from 15 different sports, athletes from 26 NOCs won at least one medal, and athletes from 19 of these NOCs secured at least one gold. For the first time, Canada won a medal at an Olympic Games it hosted. In doing so, it broke the record for the most golds won by a NOC at a single Winter Olympics. The United States placed first in total medals—its second time doing so in a Winter Games—and set a new record for most medals won by a NOC at a single Winter Olympics, athletes from Slovakia and Belarus won the first Winter Olympic gold medals for their nations. Cross-country skier Marit Bjørgen from Norway won five medals, more than any other athlete, chinese short track speed skater Wang Meng tied Bjørgen for the lead in gold medals, with three. The medal table is based on information provided by the International Olympic Committee and is consistent with IOC convention in its published medal tables. By default, the table is ordered by the number of medals the athletes from a nation have won. The number of medals is taken into consideration next and then the number of bronze medals. If nations are tied, equal ranking is given and they are listed alphabetically. In the mens individual competition, two silver medals were awarded for a second-place tie, so no bronze medal was awarded for that event. * Host nation 2010 Winter Paralympics medal table General Specific Vancouver 2010 at Olympic. org
29.
2010 Winter Olympics closing ceremony
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The Closing Ceremony of the 2010 Winter Olympics took place on February 28,2010, beginning at 5,30 pm PST at BC Place Stadium in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. It was the first Olympic Closing Ceremony held in a venue since the 1984 Winter Olympics in Sarajevo. The productions director David Atkins previously directed the Sydney 2000 Olympic, the choreographer for the finale was Jean Grand-Maître, artistic director of the Alberta Ballet. A joke was made about the system failure with the indoor cauldron in the opening ceremony. Electrical sparks, a chicken and feathers shot out of the hole where the fourth arm would have risen. After this, Québécois clown and mime Yves Dagenais, dressed in clothing, climbed out of the hole. Dagenais then summoned Catriona Le May Doan, holding a lit torch in her hand and she looked around, acting bewildered, and then saw Dagenais, and he happily presented to her the emerging fourth pillar. He then wiped his brow with a red handkerchief to signify a job well done, with the entire cauldron lit, Le May Doan saluted the audience again and then descended back underneath the stage. This took place during the countdown, which was followed by the release of fireworks in BC Place, after the countdown and fireworks, the anthem cast created the words Strong and Free followed by a maple leaf and then a circle surrounding the cauldron to welcome the official party. After O Canada was sung, the cast did a droplet formation before creating a snowflake, a heart, Chief Leonard Andrew of the Lilwat, Chief Ernie Campbell of the Musqueam, Chief Bill Williams of the Squamish, and Chief Justin George of the Tsleil-Waututh were welcomed. Stephen Harper, the Prime Minister of Canada and IOC president Jacques Rogge were then introduced, a bilingual rendition of the Canadian national anthem O Canada was sung by the Anthem Cast, The Vancouver Youth Symphony Orchestra, & Inward Eye. The flag bearers for the nations then entered the stadium at the same time. Three musicians, Eva Avila, Nikki Yanofsky, and Derek Miller, each on an elevated, lighted column that rose out of the floor, sang the song Lets Have a Party in French. As with tradition, the medals to one of the events of the Winter Games – mens 50 km classical cross-country – were presented during the closing ceremony. The race was held earlier that day in Whistler Olympic Park, the medals were given by Gerhard Heiberg, IOC member for Norway and member of the Executive Commission of the IOC. The flowers were given by the Ski Federation, two new members of the IOC, Angela Ruggiero and Adam Pengilly, were announced. The volunteers who made the games possible were also recognized, a Royal Canadian Mounted Police honour guard raised the Greek national flag while the Greek national anthem was then sung by Greek-Canadian opera singer Ariana Chris. This flag was raised again in London on July 27,2012 during the ceremonies of the 2012 Summer Olympics
30.
2010 Winter Paralympics medal table
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The 2010 Winter Paralympics, officially known as the X Paralympic Winter Games, were held in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, from March 12 to March 21,2010. A total of 506 athletes from 44 nations participated in 64 events from five different sport disciplines, athletes from 21 countries won at least one medal,15 of them winning at least one gold medal. For the second consecutive Winter Games, Russia won the most medals in total, germany collected the most gold medals, with 13. The most individual medals were won by Canadian Lauren Woolstencroft, who secured five in alpine skiing. Viviane Forest of Canada became the first Paralympian to win a medal in both the Winter and Summer Games when she won the womens downhill event for visually impaired athletes. She had previously won medals in the 2000 and 2004 Summer Paralympics for womens goalball. The ranking in this table is based on information provided by the International Paralympic Committee and is consistent with IPC convention in its published medal tables, by default, the table is ordered by the number of gold medals the athletes from a nation have won. The number of medals is taken into consideration next and then the number of bronze medals. If nations are tied, equal ranking is given and they are listed alphabetically by IPC country code. In the mens downhill standing two silver medals were awarded for a second-place tie, no bronze medal was awarded for that event. Host country To sort this table by nation, total medal count, or any other column, click on the icon next to the column title
31.
International Olympic Committee
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The International Olympic Committee is the supreme authority of the worldwide Olympic movement. It is an international, non-profit, non-governmental organization based in Lausanne and its mission is enshrined in the Olympic Charter, to support the development of competitive sport by ethical and environmentally sustainable means. The IOC was created by Pierre de Coubertin, on 23 June 1894 with Demetrios Vikelas as its first president, today its membership consists of 100 active members,32 honorary members, and 1 honour member. The IOC is the authority of the worldwide modern Olympic movement. The IOC organises the modern Olympic Games and Youth Olympic Games, held in summer and winter, the first Summer Olympics organised by the IOC was held in Athens, Greece, in 1896, the first Winter Olympics was in Chamonix, France, in 1924. Until 1992, both Summer and Winter Olympics were held in the same year, the first Summer Youth Olympics were in Singapore in 2010 and the first Winter Youth Olympics were held in Innsbruck in 2012. In 2009, the UN General Assembly granted the IOC Permanent Observer status and this decision enables the IOC to be directly involved in the UN Agenda and to attend UN General Assembly meetings where it can take the floor. This has provided the possibility to promote sport at a new level, during each proclamation at the Olympics, announcers speak in different languages, French is always spoken first followed by an English translation and the dominant language of the host nation. The stated mission of the International Olympic Committee is to promote Olympic throughout the world and it is the IOC’s supreme organ and its decisions are final. Extraordinary Sessions may be convened by the President or upon the written request of at least one third of the members, among others, the powers of the Session are, To adopt or amend the Olympic Charter. To elect the members of the IOC, the Honorary President, to elect the President, the Vice-Presidents and all other members of the IOC Executive Board. To elect the host city of the Olympic Games, the Olympic Laurel is awarded to individuals for promoting education, culture, development, and peace through sport. For most of its existence, the IOC was controlled by members who were selected by other members, countries that had hosted the Games were allowed two members. When named, they did not become the representatives of their countries to the IOC. The membership of IOC members ceases in the circumstances, Resignation. Non re-election, any IOC member ceases to be a member without further formality if they are not re-elected, age limit, any IOC member ceases to be a member at the end of the calendar year during which they reach the age of 80. Failure to attend Sessions or take part in IOC work for two consecutive years. Transfer of domicile or of main center of interests to an other than the country which was theirs at the time of their election
32.
Canadian Olympic Committee
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The Canadian Olympic Committee - COC is the private, non-profit organization representing Canadian athletes in the International Olympic Committee and the Pan American Games. It was created in 1904 and formally recognized by the IOC in 1907, the COC also represents the selection of Canadian cities in their bid for being the site for an Olympic or Pan American Games. Tricia Smith is currently the interim President, pending an election scheduled for later this month, on May 29,2009, the COC and Barbados Olympic Association signed a Memorandum of Understanding for co-operation between both bodies. The deal covers a pledge of both national Olympic committees to develop partnerships between sport federations of Canada and Barbados with athlete development an area of focus. This includes the exchange of coaches, officials, trainers, judges, experts and scientists for participation in seminars, courses. Tricia Smith 2015–present Marcel Aubut 2010-2015 Michael A, chambers 2001-2010 Roger Jackson 1982-1990 Dick Pound 1977-1982 James Worrall 1964-1968 Canada at the Olympics Canadian Paralympic Committee Commonwealth Games Canada Official website
33.
VANOC
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VANOC was led by chief executive officer John Furlong, an Irish-born long-time member of the Canadian Olympic Committee. On January 30,2009, VANOC announced its budget for the 2010 games. The operating budget was set at CAN$1.76 billion, with a contingency of $77 million and this reflected an increase of $130 million over the $1. One of VANOC’s goals was to achieve unprecedented First Nations, Inuit, VANOC spent $16.6 million to upgrade facilities at Cypress Mountain, where the freestyle and snowboarding events were held. The Vancouver Games were the first to integrate social media into their official communication channels. After VANOC submitted their report to the International Olympic Committee, VANOC officially dissolved
34.
French language
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French is a Romance language of the Indo-European family. It descended from the Vulgar Latin of the Roman Empire, as did all Romance languages, French has evolved from Gallo-Romance, the spoken Latin in Gaul, and more specifically in Northern Gaul. Its closest relatives are the other langues doïl—languages historically spoken in northern France and in southern Belgium, French was also influenced by native Celtic languages of Northern Roman Gaul like Gallia Belgica and by the Frankish language of the post-Roman Frankish invaders. Today, owing to Frances past overseas expansion, there are numerous French-based creole languages, a French-speaking person or nation may be referred to as Francophone in both English and French. French is a language in 29 countries, most of which are members of la francophonie. As of 2015, 40% of the population is in Europe, 35% in sub-Saharan Africa, 15% in North Africa and the Middle East, 8% in the Americas. French is the fourth-most widely spoken mother tongue in the European Union, 1/5 of Europeans who do not have French as a mother tongue speak French as a second language. As a result of French and Belgian colonialism from the 17th and 18th century onward, French was introduced to new territories in the Americas, Africa, most second-language speakers reside in Francophone Africa, in particular Gabon, Algeria, Mauritius, Senegal and Ivory Coast. In 2015, French was estimated to have 77 to 110 million native speakers, approximately 274 million people are able to speak the language. The Organisation internationale de la Francophonie estimates 700 million by 2050, in 2011, Bloomberg Businessweek ranked French the third most useful language for business, after English and Standard Mandarin Chinese. Under the Constitution of France, French has been the language of the Republic since 1992. France mandates the use of French in official government publications, public education except in specific cases, French is one of the four official languages of Switzerland and is spoken in the western part of Switzerland called Romandie, of which Geneva is the largest city. French is the language of about 23% of the Swiss population. French is also a language of Luxembourg, Monaco, and Aosta Valley, while French dialects remain spoken by minorities on the Channel Islands. A plurality of the worlds French-speaking population lives in Africa and this number does not include the people living in non-Francophone African countries who have learned French as a foreign language. Due to the rise of French in Africa, the total French-speaking population worldwide is expected to reach 700 million people in 2050, French is the fastest growing language on the continent. French is mostly a language in Africa, but it has become a first language in some urban areas, such as the region of Abidjan, Ivory Coast and in Libreville. There is not a single African French, but multiple forms that diverged through contact with various indigenous African languages, sub-Saharan Africa is the region where the French language is most likely to expand, because of the expansion of education and rapid population growth
35.
Winter Olympic Games
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The Winter Olympic Games is a major international sporting event that occurs once every four years. Unlike the Summer Olympics, the Winter Olympics feature sports practised on snow, the first Winter Olympics, the 1924 Winter Olympics, was held in Chamonix, France. The original five sports were bobsleigh, curling, ice hockey, Nordic skiing, the Games were held every four years from 1924 until 1936, after which they were interrupted by World War II. The Olympics resumed in 1948 and was held every four years. The Winter Games have evolved since its inception, others have been discontinued and later reintroduced, or have been permanently discontinued. Still others, such as speed skiing, bandy and skijoring, were demonstration sports, the rise of television as a global medium for communication enhanced the profile of the Games. It created a stream, via the sale of broadcast rights and advertising. This allowed outside interests, such as companies and corporate sponsors. The IOC has had to address several criticisms, internal scandals, nations have used the Winter Games to showcase the claimed superiority of their political systems. The Winter Olympics has been hosted on three continents by eleven different countries, the Games have been held in the United States four times, in France three times, and in Austria, Canada, Japan, Italy, Norway, and Switzerland twice. Also, the Games have been held in Germany, Yugoslavia, the IOC has selected Pyeongchang, South Korea, to host the 2018 Winter Olympics and Beijing, China, to host the 2022 Winter Olympics. Twelve countries – Austria, Canada, Finland, France, Great Britain, Hungary, Italy, Norway, Poland, Sweden, Switzerland and the United States – have sent athletes to every Winter Olympic Games. Six of those – Austria, Canada, Finland, Norway, Sweden and the United States – have earned medals at every Winter Olympic Games, Norway leads in terms of number of gold medals and overall number of medals. Germany and Japan have been banned at times from competing in the Games, the Olympic Charter limits winter sports to those. Which are practised on snow or ice, since 1992 a number of new sports have been added to the Olympic programme, which include short track speed skating, snowboarding, freestyle and moguls skiing. The addition of events has broadened the appeal of the Winter Olympics beyond Europe. While European powers such as Norway and Germany still dominate the traditional Winter Olympic sports, countries such as South Korea, Australia, the results are more parity in the national medal tables, more interest in the Winter Olympics and higher global television ratings. Figure skating events were held at the 1908 and 1920 Summer Olympics. ^ Note 2, a mens ice hockey tournament was held at the 1920 Summer Olympics. ^ Note 3
36.
Multi-sport event
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A multi-sport event is an organized sports event, often held over multiple days, featuring competition in many different sports between organized teams of athletes from nation states. The first major, modern, multi-sport event of significance is the modern Olympic Games. Many regional multi-sport events have since founded and modeled after the Olympics. Most have the basic structure. Games are held over the course of days in and around a host city. Countries send national teams to each competition, consisting of individual athletes, athletes or teams are awarded gold, silver or bronze medals for first, second and third place respectively. The games are held every four years, though some are annual competitions. Instead, the Greek sports of racing and wrestling, as well as the Etruscan sport of gladiatorial combat. In the late 19th and early 20th century, athletes at events were almost exclusively male. As international womens sport began to develop, events such as the Womens World Games, though short-lived, events such as these led to greater inclusion of women at multi-sport events over the course of the 20th century. Since the establishment of the Olympics, most serial multi-sport events have been organized for specific audiences, after some celebrations, the Olympics became very popular nowadays. The number of sports, initially only a few, is still growing, the Paralympic Games is the largest multi-sport event involving athletes with physical disabilities, and is organised by the International Paralympic Committee. Arranged for the first time in 1960 in Rome, Italy, the number of sports, initially only a few, is still growing. The first Special Olympics International Summer Games were held in Chicago, the most recent Special Olympics World Summer Games in Los Angeles, United States, involved 25 sports and approximately 6,500 athletes from 177 countries. At the beginning of the 20th century, another multi-sport event and these Games were held in Scandinavia, and the sports conducted were winter sports such as cross-country skiing and speed skating. The Nordic Games were last held in 1926, after which the 1924 Winter Sports Week in Chamonix was declared the first Olympic Winter Games, in the 1920s, all kinds of other multi-sport events were set up. These were usually directed for a group of athletes, rather than everybody. Regional games were another kind of event that was established, such as the Far Eastern Championship Games
37.
Canada
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Canada is a country in the northern half of North America. Canadas border with the United States is the worlds longest binational land border, the majority of the country has a cold or severely cold winter climate, but southerly areas are warm in summer. Canada is sparsely populated, the majority of its territory being dominated by forest and tundra. It is highly urbanized with 82 per cent of the 35.15 million people concentrated in large and medium-sized cities, One third of the population lives in the three largest cities, Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver. Its capital is Ottawa, and other urban areas include Calgary, Edmonton, Quebec City, Winnipeg. Various aboriginal peoples had inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years prior to European colonization. Pursuant to the British North America Act, on July 1,1867, the colonies of Canada, New Brunswick and this began an accretion of provinces and territories to the mostly self-governing Dominion to the present ten provinces and three territories forming modern Canada. With the Constitution Act 1982, Canada took over authority, removing the last remaining ties of legal dependence on the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Canada is a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy, with Queen Elizabeth II being the head of state. The country is officially bilingual at the federal level and it is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many other countries. Its advanced economy is the eleventh largest in the world, relying chiefly upon its abundant natural resources, Canadas long and complex relationship with the United States has had a significant impact on its economy and culture. Canada is a country and has the tenth highest nominal per capita income globally as well as the ninth highest ranking in the Human Development Index. It ranks among the highest in international measurements of government transparency, civil liberties, quality of life, economic freedom, Canada is an influential nation in the world, primarily due to its inclusive values, years of prosperity and stability, stable economy, and efficient military. While a variety of theories have been postulated for the origins of Canada. In 1535, indigenous inhabitants of the present-day Quebec City region used the word to direct French explorer Jacques Cartier to the village of Stadacona, from the 16th to the early 18th century Canada referred to the part of New France that lay along the St. Lawrence River. In 1791, the area became two British colonies called Upper Canada and Lower Canada collectively named The Canadas, until their union as the British Province of Canada in 1841. Upon Confederation in 1867, Canada was adopted as the name for the new country at the London Conference. The transition away from the use of Dominion was formally reflected in 1982 with the passage of the Canada Act, later that year, the name of national holiday was changed from Dominion Day to Canada Day
38.
Richmond, British Columbia
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Richmond is a coastal city incorporated in the Canadian province of British Columbia. Part of the Metro Vancouver area, it has an population of 218,307 people as of 2017. Richmond has an immigrant population of 60%, the highest in Canada, Richmond is the location of Vancouver International Airport and was the site of the long track speed skating events during the 2010 Winter Olympics. Richmond is located on Lulu Island at the mouth of the Fraser River, neighbouring communities are Vancouver and Burnaby to the north, New Westminster to the east, and Delta to the south. The Strait of Georgia forms its western border, Coast Salish bands had temporary camps on the island, to fish and collect berries, which were scattered and moved from year to year. Certain Coast Salish summer camps were located at Garry Point, and Woodwards Landing, along with the site of the Terra Nova cannery, the Township of Richmond was named by Founding Father John Wesley Sexsmith after his birthplace The Township of Richmond, Lennox County, Ontario. The Township of Richmond, Lennox County, Ontario was named for Governor General for British North America, Charles Lennox, 4th Duke of Richmond, Richmond, Yorkshire, the first published reference to “Richmond” was a pamphlet about the local farmstead established on Sea Island by Hugh McRoberts. His daughter chose this name because the view across the Fraser River reminded her of Richmond, north of Sydney, Australia. At the meeting in her home to choose the name Mrs. Hugh Boyd, wife of the first reeve of Richmond, was told that the name came from her birthplace, the Township of Richmond, British Columbia incorporated on November 10,1879. On December 3,1990, Richmond was designated as a City. The first Town Hall, the Agricultural Hall and the Methodist Church, were built at the corner of No.17 Rd and No.20 Rd near the main settlement on the northwestern tip of Lulu Island at North Arm. The old fishing village of Steveston on the tip of Lulu Island is now home to several museums and heritage sites. Currently, London Heritage Farm, the Gulf of Georgia Cannery, Richmond comprises most of the islands in the Fraser River delta, the largest and most populated island being Lulu Island. The city of Richmond includes all but a portion of Lulu Island. The next largest island, Sea Island, is home to the Vancouver International Airport, in addition to Lulu and Sea Islands,15 smaller islands make up the citys 129.66 square kilometres land area. The city also includes the village of Steveston, located in the far southwest corner of the city, and Burkeville. Both Steveston and Burkeville were independent villages until they were annexed by Richmond, the drawback of Richmonds geographical location was that since all the land averages just one metre above sea level, it was prone to flooding, especially during high tide. There is a possibility that, during an earthquake, the dykes could rupture, Richmond is also at risk of a major flood if the Fraser River has an unusually high spring freshet
39.
West Vancouver
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West Vancouver is a district municipality in the province of British Columbia, Canada. Together with the District of North Vancouver and City of North Vancouver, it is part of a regional grouping referred to as the North Shore municipalities. West Vancouver has a population of 42,694, Cypress Provincial Park, mostly located within the municipal boundaries, was one of the venues for the 2010 Winter Olympics. The Municipality of West Vancouver was incorporated on March 15,1912, the first municipal election was held on April 6,1912. In November 1938, the Lions Gate Bridge was opened to traffic, allowing extensive growth of the semi-populated community, previously only accessible by ferry. Some homes in West Vancouver date back to the 1920s and 30s, though most of the existing dwellings were built in the 1970s and 80s. 1792 Captain George Vancouver names Point Atkinson 1872 James Blake preempted the first 65 hectares of land 1875 First lighthouse at Point Atkinson 1898 Mr and their house still stands today at Ambleside and there is a Navvy Jack Point. 1912 Population was approximately 1,500 people 1912 First Municipal election 1912 Council appointed John Teare as the first police constable on May 17, the bridge cost a total of $6 million to build. It was financed by the Guinness family, in conjunction with the development,1947 Ferry service stopped due to lack of demand after bridge constructed 1950 West Vancouver Memorial Library opened on November 11. The library lends more books per capita than any other library in Canada 1950 Park Royal Shopping Centre, the Police Department remained in the Public 1973 Clyde McRae completes a world record walk across Canada on Ambleside Beach. 2013 Park Royal Shopping Center sees first major expansion since 1978 Safety building West Vancouver has no manufacturing industry by law, West Vancouver is mainly a residential district as many residents are retired, work at home, or take the short commute to downtown Vancouver. A 25-block strip of Marine Drive serves as a district, featuring shops, small offices, garages and gas stations, restaurants, banks. This area is known as Ambleside, with a one-block section separated from that area known as Dundarave. West Vancouver is also home to Park Royal Shopping Centre, Canadas first mall. Opened in the 1950s, it now consumes 2 km of both sides of Marine Drive near North Vancouver, and is home to department stores and large retailers. Park Royal is also the largest mall on the North Shore, Ambleside Park and the 15 block long West Vancouver Seawall are popular spots for families and outdoor enthusiasts. Whytecliff Park is regarded as one of the best scuba diving spots in Western Canada, West Vancouver has several public recreation facilities including an 18-hole par 3 golf course, a pool, an ice rink, basketball and tennis courts, skateboard parks and numerous public parks. The new West Vancouver Community Centre has been rebuilt and opened Spring 2009, West Vancouver is also home to Cypress Provincial Park with mountain biking trails and a large ski and snowboard facility, which served as one of the venues for the 2010 Winter Olympics
40.
University Endowment Lands
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The University Endowment Lands is an unincorporated area that lies to the west of the city of Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, surrounding the University of British Columbia. The UEL is part of Metro Vancouver and sometimes considered part of Vancouver, the governance arrangements for these three areas are different, however. The UEL is administered directly by the province and landowners pay their property directly to the provincial government. In a 1995 referendum, UEL residents voted against establishing a governing body. The University Endowment Lands are located immediately west of the City of Vancouver, statistics Canada reports a total land area of 14.13 square kilometres. About half of the UEL is made up of Pacific Spirit Regional Park, located on Point Grey, the UEL also boasts tall cliffs near the water, with steep drops of approximately 70 metres down to the beaches below. Because the UEL is close to cliffs and the Strait of Georgia. Most of the come from the Strait itself, Howe Sound. Snowfalls are also more common than many parts of the City of Vancouver because of the higher altitude. The UEL has higher humidity compared to parts of Greater Vancouver because it is surrounded on three sides by water. Fog is common in the months, especially in areas near Pacific Spirit Park. The territory was held by the Musqueam Indian Band which still lays claim to the area. This land was to be in the Cariboo region of the provinces Interior and this idea was changed in 1911 when the provincial government passed the University Site Act, which set aside 175 acres in Point Grey for the university. This is where the UEL is located today, by 1920, it was realized that the Cariboo land did not have a high enough market value to generate the income needed for the university, so that idea was abandoned. This led to the British Columbia University Loan Act, which allowed the Lieutenant-Governor to sell 3,000 acres of Crown land on Point Grey for residential development, the money from the auction was put in the University Endowment Account for the university. However, a lot of the development that was planned was halted due to economic hardships stemming from the Great Depression, the university could not afford to prepare the land for development or to clear the forest land for development. In the 1930s, the university returned control of the land to the government, by the mid-1950s, over half of the undeveloped land in the UEL remained undeveloped due to the Depression and war shortages in the 1940s. There have been attempts to develop this land, which was then opposed by environmentally aware residents in the area
41.
Resort town
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A resort town, often called a resort city or resort destination, is an urban area where tourism or vacationing is the primary component of the local culture and economy. A typical resort town has one or more actual resorts in the surrounding area, sometimes the term resort town is used simply for a locale popular among tourists. The term can refer to either an incorporated or unincorporated contiguous area where the ratio of transient rooms. Generally, tourism is the main export in a resort town economy, shops and luxury boutiques selling locally themed souvenirs, motels, and unique restaurants often proliferate the downtown areas of a resort town. In the case of the United States, resort towns were created around the late 1800s, consistent, however, throughout many resort towns includes elements of ambitious architecture, romanticizing a location, and dependence on cheap labor. In addition, resort towns are popular with wealthy retirees and people wishing to purchase vacation homes, which typically drives up property values. Sometimes, resort towns can become due to the quick development of retirement. However, most of the employment available in towns are typically low paying. Many resort towns have spawned nearby bedroom communities where the majority of the resort workforce lives, local residents are generally receptive of the economic impacts of tourism. Increased economic activity in resort towns can also have effects on the countrys overall economic growth. Among the participants, 67% had lived in Antalya for over ten years, 66% had at least a high school degree, the results are as follows, Perceived impact on select economic impact items More recently, resort towns have come under greater scrutiny by local communities. Instances where resort towns are poorly managed have adverse effects on the local economy, one example is the uneven distribution of income and land ownership between local residents and businesses. This results in a preponderance of foreigners in the land market, the revenues amassed from tourism typically do not benefit the host country or the local communities. These funds are referred to as leakages, tourism has also been blamed for other negative economic impacts to local communities. Although resort towns usually boast more improved infrastructure than surrounding areas, reallocating government funds to subsidize infrastructure and tax breaks to firms shift available funding to local education and health services. In addition, resort towns typically do not have dynamic economies, economic dependence on tourism poses particular challenges to resort towns and its local residents given the seasonal nature of the job market in some areas. Local residents of resort towns face job insecurity, difficulties in obtaining training, medical-benefits, every resort town is unique and local governance should be viewed on a case-by-case basis. There are, however, several criteria for insuring the most effective governance models
Canada
South Korea
Austria
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Alpine skiing (10) ()
Biathlon (10) ()
Bobsleigh (3) ()
Cross-country skiing (12) ()
Curling (2) ()
Figure skating (4) ()
Freestyle skiing (6) ()
Ice hockey (2) ()
Luge (3) ()
Nordic combined (3) ()
Short track speed skating (8) ()
Skeleton (2) ()
Ski jumping (3) ()
Snowboarding (6) ()
Speed skating (12) ()
Ceremonies
Alpine skiing
Biathlon
Bobsleigh
Cross country skiing
Curling
Figure skating
Freestyle skiing
Ice hockey
Luge
Nordic combined
Short track speed skating
Skeleton
Ski jumping
Snowboarding
Speed skating
icon next to the column title.
Canada (CAN)
Germany (GER)
United States (USA)
Norway (NOR)
South Korea (KOR)
Switzerland (SUI)
China (CHN)
Sweden (SWE)
Austria (AUT)
Netherlands (NED)
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