1.
2010 in India
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Events in the year 2010 in the Republic of India. 2 January - First three Uttar Pradesh rail accidents, Three train accidents occur in Uttar Pradesh amid thick fog, ten people died in the accidents and 45 others were injured. 9 January –2009 attacks on Indian students in Australia, An Indian man is set on fire in Melbourne, Australia,16 January - Fourth Uttar Pradesh rail accident, two express trains collide in thick fog in Indias northern state of Uttar Pradesh. Three people died in the accident and around a dozen were injured,17 January - Fifth Uttar Pradesh rail accidents, A car hit by a train at an unmanned crossing in Barabanki district of Uttar Pradesh. No one was injured in the accident,5 February – The last native of Indias Andaman Islands fluent in the Aka-Bo language dies, rendering the language extinct. 8 February – At least 17 Indian soldiers are killed in an avalanche in Kashmir,13 February –2010 Pune bombing, a bomb exploded at the German Bakery in the city of Pune in western India, killing 17 people and injuring at least 60 others. Two little known groups calling themselves the Laskhar-e-Taiba Al Alami and the Mujahideen Islami Muslim Front claimed they were behind the bomb attack. However, according to government agencies, the attack could have part of a project by Lashkar-e-Taiba to use the Indian Mujahideen. David Coleman Headley a Pakistani-American terror suspect has been accused of involvement in the project,15 February – Silda camp attack, A Naxalite attack on an army camp in West Bengal kills 24 Indian soldiers, with many more reported missing. 17 February –2010 Jalaun district bus crash, At least 22 people are killed in a bus crash in Northern India,3 March – Three are killed in Indian Navy air show crash in Hyderabad, India. 4 March –2010 Pratapgarh stampede, At least 63 people die after a stampede at a Hindu temple in Pratapgarh, Uttar Pradesh,12 March – Russia signs a nuclear reactor deal with India which will see it build 16 nuclear reactors in India. 23 March – A fire tears through a residential and office building in Calcutta, India, killing 24 people. 27 March – India test fires two short range missiles, the Dhanush and Prithvi II,30 March – Somali pirates hijack 8 Indian vessels abducting 120 sailors, biggest abduction count till date, off the coast of Kismayo. 1 April – India launches its new 2011 biometric census, the largest census in the world,3 April – At least 10 Indian security personnel are killed and three injured when Maoist guerrillas blow up a police bus in Orissas Koraput district. 6 April –2010 Dantewada ambush, At least 70 Indian soldiers are killed in an attack by Naxalites in the Dantewada district of Chhattisgarh. 13 April –2010 Eastern Indian storm, At least 140 people were killed in eastern India after a storm demolished thousands of homes in West Bengal. Nearly 500,000 people were homeless or otherwise affected by the storm. 17 April – Twin bombs injure eight people outside M. Chinnaswamy Stadium in Bangalore ahead of an IPL-3 league game between the Royal Challengers Bangalore and the Mumbai Indians, a third device is located outside
2.
2009 in India
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Events in the year 2009 in the Republic of India. 1 January – National Investigation Agency Bill and the Unlawful Activities Amendment Bill,1 January –2009 Guwahati bombings, Five persons, including a boy and a woman, were killed and about 50 injured in serial bomb blasts in Guwahati, Assam. 2 January – Indian Government in tandem with the Reserve Bank of India announces the much-awaited second Stimulus Package aimed at reversing the economic slowdown,2 January – Kapil Dev, Sunil Gavaskar and Bishan Singh Bedi figure among the 55 players in the ICC’s inaugural Hall of Fame list. 4 January – All-India Motor Transport Congress has decided to go ahead with its indefinite strike from midnight of 5 January,4 January – The People’s Democratic Party formally dissociates itself from the United Progressive Alliance. 5 January – Indian Government summons Pakistan High Commissioner Shahid Malik to hand over evidence about Pakistans involvement in the Mumbai terror attacks, the BSE crashed 749 points, wiping out about $23bn of investors wealth. 13 February –2009 Orissa train derailment, A passenger train derails in Bhubaneswar, Orissa, India, killing at least 15 people,23 February – India approves a £1. 7-billion plan to launch its first astronauts into outer space by 2015. 25 February – A bus crashes in Indian-administered Kashmir, killing 35 people,25 February – Former Indian Communications Minister Sukhram is jailed for three years for corruption. 24 March – Sixteen militants and eight Indian Army soldiers are killed in Jammu,20 April – Indias Space Research Organization launches its RISAT-2 reconnaissance satellite. 19 May – Manmohan Singh of the National Congress is reelected as Prime Minister of India,21 May – The Communist Party kills 16 police officers near Nagpur, Maharashtra, India. 25 May - Cyclone Aila ravages the east coast killing at least 149,3 June – Indian Member of Parliament Meira Kumar becomes the first female Speaker of the House of the People. 4 June – Two hundred thousand people attend the funeral of Dera Sach Khand leader Sant Ramanand Dass in Jalandhar, Punjab,17 June – Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh meets with Pakistani President Asif Ali Zardari. 20 June – Indian troops enter Lalgarh, a Maoist stronghold in West Bengal,2 July – A 148-year old colonial law banning homosexual intercourse in India is overturned by the High Court in New Delhi. 3 July – Three people die and over a dozen are injured in riots after a pig is thrown into an under-construction mosque in Mysore. 5 July – At least eight people die in blasts at two factories in Madhya Pradesh, India. 9 July – The death toll from a mass poisoning involving home-brewed alcohol in Gujarat,12 July – Five people are killed and several injured in India after a bridge being constructed for the Delhi Metro collapses. 20 July – Ajmal Kasab, the only surviving gunman in the 2008 Mumbai attacks, pleads guilty in an Indian court,20 July – India and the United States sign a defence pact. 26 July – India launches its first nuclear submarine, the INS Arihant,6 August – An Indian court sentences to death three people for carrying out bombings that killed more than 50 people in Mumbai in 2003. 11 August –2009 Andaman Islands earthquake, A7.5 magnitude earthquake occurs in the Andaman Islands of India, no casualties or injuries were reported, although there were complaints about minor damages to buildings
3.
2008 in India
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2 February - Baba Ram Rahim Gurmeet Singh, the head of the Sirsa-based Dera Sacha Sauda sect escaped a bomb blast near Nilokheri in Karnal district of Haryana. 3 February - Members of teams trying to conduct social audit of the National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme were attacked in Manohar Thana block of Jhalwar district in Rajasthan. 5 February - The Orissa government decides to provide a pension of Rs.200 to HIV positive persons under the State-sponsored ‘Madhu Babu Pension Yojana. 12 February - “Year of Russia in India” was inaugurated jointly by Prime Minister Manmohan Singh,13 February - Priyaranjan Dasmunsi, Saifuddin Soz and Suresh Pachauri are made governors of West Bengal, Jammu and Kashmir, and Madhya Pradesh units of the Congress respectively. 19 February - Viswapati Trivedi becomes the Joint Chairman-cum-Managing Director of the National Aviation Company of India Limited,20 February - The former Queen Mother of Jaipur Gayatri Devi sat on a dharna near the Moti Doongri Fort protesting encroachment, by the land mafia, of land she donated. 24 February - Tarun Vijay joins Dr. Syama Prasad Mookerjee Research Foundation and he has been the Chief Editor of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh organ Panchjanya. 26 February - Ratakonda Dayakar named India’s new Ambassador to Sweden, Dayakar is 1976 batch IFS officer. 26 February - Union Agriculture Minister Sharad Pawar predicts the production to reach the record level of 219.32 million tonnes during 2007–08. 27 February - Three teachers in Jalaun district in UP sent to jail under the Scheduled Caste and they were found to be discriminating against the dalit children by making SC students have their mid-day meal separately. 3 March - Central government launches Dhan Laxmi scheme in seven states, under this scheme an insurance cover of Rs100,000 would be provided for the girl child at her birth. The scheme aims to improve the girl-child ratio,5 March - S. M. Krishna resigns from his post of Maharashtra Governor. 9 March - J. P. Chalasani is appointed the new executive of the Reliance Power. 10 March - D. D. Lapang sworn in as the Chief Minister of a new Congress-led government in Meghalaya,14 March - Hyderabad International Airport is inaugurated. 18 March - Donkupar Roy of the Meghalaya Progressive Alliance sworn in as the Chief Minister of Meghalaya,26 March - Tata Motors buys two British automobile manufacturing companies, Jaguar and Land Rover, from Ford, their American owners. 27 March - Communist Party of India re-elects A. B, bardhan as the general secretary for the fourth consecutive term. 3 April - Communist Party of India elects Prakash Karat as its secretary for another term. 27 April - According to the UK-based independent consultancy firm Brand Finance Tata is one of the largest global brands, Tata is ranked 57th among top 100 brands. 28 April - Iranian President Ahmadinejad arrives in India,28 April - India sets a world record by sending 10 satellites into orbit in a single launch
4.
India
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India, officially the Republic of India, is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and it is bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the southwest, and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast. It shares land borders with Pakistan to the west, China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the northeast, in the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives. Indias Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a border with Thailand. The Indian subcontinent was home to the urban Indus Valley Civilisation of the 3rd millennium BCE, in the following millennium, the oldest scriptures associated with Hinduism began to be composed. Social stratification, based on caste, emerged in the first millennium BCE, early political consolidations took place under the Maurya and Gupta empires, the later peninsular Middle Kingdoms influenced cultures as far as southeast Asia. In the medieval era, Judaism, Zoroastrianism, Christianity, and Islam arrived, much of the north fell to the Delhi sultanate, the south was united under the Vijayanagara Empire. The economy expanded in the 17th century in the Mughal empire, in the mid-18th century, the subcontinent came under British East India Company rule, and in the mid-19th under British crown rule. A nationalist movement emerged in the late 19th century, which later, under Mahatma Gandhi, was noted for nonviolent resistance, in 2015, the Indian economy was the worlds seventh largest by nominal GDP and third largest by purchasing power parity. Following market-based economic reforms in 1991, India became one of the major economies and is considered a newly industrialised country. However, it continues to face the challenges of poverty, corruption, malnutrition, a nuclear weapons state and regional power, it has the third largest standing army in the world and ranks sixth in military expenditure among nations. India is a constitutional republic governed under a parliamentary system. It is a pluralistic, multilingual and multi-ethnic society and is home to a diversity of wildlife in a variety of protected habitats. The name India is derived from Indus, which originates from the Old Persian word Hindu, the latter term stems from the Sanskrit word Sindhu, which was the historical local appellation for the Indus River. The ancient Greeks referred to the Indians as Indoi, which translates as The people of the Indus, the geographical term Bharat, which is recognised by the Constitution of India as an official name for the country, is used by many Indian languages in its variations. Scholars believe it to be named after the Vedic tribe of Bharatas in the second millennium B. C. E and it is also traditionally associated with the rule of the legendary emperor Bharata. Gaṇarājya is the Sanskrit/Hindi term for republic dating back to the ancient times, hindustan is a Persian name for India dating back to the 3rd century B. C. E. It was introduced into India by the Mughals and widely used since then and its meaning varied, referring to a region that encompassed northern India and Pakistan or India in its entirety
5.
2012 in India
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This a list of events in India in the year 2012. 3 January, President inaugurates new SHAR Mission Control Centre,9 January, 10th Pravasi Bharatiya Divas kicks off in Jaipur. Chief guest – kamala Prasad Bisseasar, Prime Minister of Trinidad and Tobago 11 January, 42% of Indian children are malnourished – Hunger and Malnutrition report. 13 January,5 million students perform Surya namaskar in MP.19 January,26 January, Nation displays military might on 63rd Republic Day, Thailand prime minister Yingluck Shinawatra, chief guest of Indias 63rd Republic Day celebrations. 2 February, Supreme Court cancels all 122 licences given by A Raja in 2G spectrum scam,5 February, Special CBI court dismisses Subramanian Swamys petition to prosecute Home Minister P. Chidambaram in 2G scam. 8 February, Three Bharatiya Janata Party Ministers caught watching objectionable video clip in Karnataka Assembly, Singh withdraws petition from Supreme Court in age-controversy. Advanced Interceptor missile is successfully test-fired,14 February, Blast at an Israeli embassy car in Delhi. 16 February, Two fishermen, mistaken for pirates, shot dead off Kerala coast by Italian ship,20 February, Six killed in stampede at Bhavnath temple in Junagadh district, Gujarat. 14 March, Irom Sharmila fast against AFSPA goes on for 11 years, Indian Rail Budget 2012–13 presented by Rail Minister Sh. 16 March, Union Budget for 2012–13 is presented by Finance Minister Sh,18 March, Dinesh Trivedi steps down as Railways Minister after pressure from TMC.21 March, Soumitra Chatterjee selected for Dadasaheb Phalke award for 2011. 29 March, India hosts 4th BRICS summit at New Delhi, heads of state of Brazil, Russia, China and South-Africa are hosted by India. 8 April, Pakistan President Asif Ali Zardari visits India on a visit to Ajmer Sharif. 11 April, A pair of earthquakes occur in the Wharton Basin west of Sumatra in Indonesia. The maximum Mercalli intensity of this strike-slip doublet earthquake was VII, ten were killed, twelve were injured, and a non-desctructive tsunami was observed on the island of Nias. 12 April,18 get life term for Ode village massacre during 2002 Gujrat riots,17 April, RBI cuts repo rate by 50 basis points first time in three years. The loss was expected to be ₹170 million to the Central Railway,19 April, India successfully test fires 5000 km range Agni-V ICBM. 21 April, Sukma district collector Alex Paul Menon kidnapped by Maoists in Chhattisgarh,24 April, Two NRI kids return to Kolkata after long legal struggle with CWS Norway. 26 April, Sachin Tendulkar, Rekha and Anu Aga nominated to Rajya Sabha by the President of India, abducted BJD MLA Jhina Hikaka released by maoists after 33 days of captivity
6.
2013 in India
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Events in the year 2013 in the Republic of India. 3 to 7 January, 100th Indian Science Conference was organised in Kolkata by the Indian Science Congress Association,6 January, India–Pakistan border incidents begin. 12 January, Swami Vivekanandas 150th birth anniversary was celebrated,14 January, Kumbh Mela begins in Allahabad. 26 January, Republic Day of India, Republic Day Parade was held in New Delhi with Bhutans king Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck as Chief Guest. 31 January to 3 February, 7th India Stone Mart 2013,12 February, Indian helicopter bribery scandal came to light. 15 February,2012 DA14 asteroid passes by the Earth over eastern Indian Ocean,19 and 20 February, Nano India 2013, a science conference on nanotechnology, was held in Thiruvananthapuram. 21 February, Terror attacks on Hyderabad in Dilsukhnagar area, Two separate explosions killed 17 people. 26 February, Railway Budget 2013–14 presented by Minister of Railways,28 February,2013 Union budget of India presented by Finance Minister P. Chidambaram. 8 March, Anti-Sri Lanka protests by Students Federation for Freedom of Tamil Eelam in Tamil Nadu started, an estimated 120 million pilgrims attended the festival. 13 March, Hizbul Mujahideens attacks on Central Reserve Police Force at Bemina in Srinagar,19 March, Lok Sabha passes the Criminal Law Act,2013. 20 March, BrahMos missile was test fired at Vishakhaptnam,21 March, Rajya Sabha passes the Criminal Law Act,2013. 27 March, Tamil Nadu Assembly Resolution on Sri Lanka for formation of Tamil Eelam,2 April, President President Pranab Mukherjee signed the Criminal Law Act,2013. 15 April, Daulat Beg Oldi conflict between Indian and Chinese army patrols began,10 May, Two Cabinet ministers, Ashwani Kumar and Pawan Bansal, resign after bribery allegations. Mid-June onwards, Flash floods in North India,14 July, India shuts down its public telegram service. 15 August, 67th Independence Day of India 26 August, Lok Sabha passes the National Food Security Bill,201328 August, The Indian rupee hits a 20 years record low of 68.8450 against the US dollar. 2 September, Rajya Sabha passes the National Food Security Bill,20134 September,13 September, Narendra Modi declared Bharatiya Janata Partys prime ministerial candidate for Indian general election,2014. 13 September, The sentences for convicts in the 2012 Delhi gang rape case was announced,30 September, Former Bihar Chief Minister Lalu Prasad Yadav convicted in the Fodder scam case. 12 October, Cyclone Phailin makes landfall in Odisha,5 November, The Mars Orbiter Mission, was successfully launched into low Earth orbit by the Indian Space Research Organisation
7.
2014 in India
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2014 in India refers to notable events that took place in the year 2014 in the Republic of India. Among the notable events were the Indian general election,2014, in which Bharatiya Janata Party obtained a majority, a new state of Telangana was formed. Also in 2014, Mars Orbiter Mission of India successfully entered Mars orbit,4 January – An under-construction building collapsed killing 30 construction workers in Goa.5 January – GSAT-14 launched from Sriharikota using GSLV-D5 launch vehicle. 7 January – Prithvi II missile tested at Chandipur test range,8 January – Notable Maoist leader Gudsa Usendi and his wife surrendered to the Andhra police. 8 January – Facebook buys the Indian start-up Little Eye Labs and she left for India same day under diplomatic immunity. 11 January – India says that it has no stand-off with the United States even after the Devyani Khobragade incident,13 January – India and Sri Lanka exchange 52 imprisoned fishermen. 13–15 January – A three-day meeting was held between India and United States intelligence services in New Delhi,15 January – The United States returned three 11-12th century sculptures worth US$1.5 million stolen by art thieves from temples in India. 17 January –8 kidnapped girls from the threatened Jarawa tribe rescued in Andaman,18 January – A stampede broke out in Mumbai in which 18 were killed. The stampede broke out at the residence of the religious leader Dawoodi Bohras Syedna Mohammed Burhanuddin,29 January – Nido Taniam, a 20-year-old student from Arunachal Pradesh died after being beaten up by locals at a marketplace in the Lajpat Nagar area of New Delhi, triggering widespread protests. Delhi Auto Expo held in India Expo Mart in Greater Noida,9 February – A ferry capsized in the Hirakud Dam reservoir drowning 31 persons. 10–11 February – Bank employees of 47 banks carried out a strike for two days demanding banking sector reforms and better pay. 17 February –2014 Interim-Union budget was presented by Finance Minister,19 February – Street Vendors Act,2014 was passed by Rajya Sabha after Lok Sabha passed it on 6 September 2013. 20 February – Andhra Pradesh Reorganization Bill,2014 passed by Rajya Sabha,27 February –2 officers died in INS Sindhuratna mishap. 28 February – Sahara India Chairman Subrata Roy was arrested in Lucknow after the Supreme Court of India issued a non-bailable warrant,11 March –15 security personnel killed in a Maoist attack in Chhattisgarh. 13 March – India formally joins the search for the missing Malaysia Airlines Flight 370,22 March – Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee re-approves field trails of ten genetically modified crops, including some food crops. 27 March – Sri Lankan Navy arrested 24 Indian fishermen for crossing the International Maritime Boundary Line,27 March – India and the entire South-East Asia region was declared Polio-free by WHO. 28 March – A recently acquired C-130J Super Hercules of the Indian Air Force crashed near Gwalior killing all five personnel on board, a volunteer was killed when he was washed away in the Chambal river while searching for survivors. 2 April – Reserve Bank of India granted preliminary licenses to Infrastructure Development Finance Company,4 April – Indias second navigation satellite IRNSS-1B was successfully placed in orbit
8.
2nd millennium
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The second millennium was a period of time that began on January 1,1001 and ended on December 31,2000 of the Gregorian calendar. It was the period of one thousand years in the Anno Domini or Common Era. The Renaissance saw the beginning of the migration of humans from Europe, Africa. The interwoven international trade led to the formation of multi-national corporations, international business ventures reduced the impact of nationalism in popular thought. The world population doubled over the first seven centuries of the millennium, consequently, unchecked human activity had considerable social and environmental consequences, giving rise to extreme poverty, climate change and biotic crisis. The 2nd millennium was a period of time began on January 1,1001. It was the period of one thousand years in the Anno Domini or Common Era. The Julian calendar was used in Europe at the beginning of the millennium, so the end date is always calculated according to the Gregorian calendar, but the beginning date is usually according to the Julian calendar. Stephen Jay Gould argued that it is not possible to decide if the millennium ended on December 31,1999, or December 31,2000. The second millennium is perhaps more popularly thought of as beginning and ending a year earlier, thus starting at the beginning of 1000 and finishing at the end of 1999. Many public celebrations for the end of the millennium were held on December 31,1999 – January 1, the civilizations in this section are organized according to the UN geoscheme. The events in this section are organized according to the UN geoscheme, the people in this section are organized according to the UN geoscheme. See also Lists of people by nationality Category, People by century Category, People by nationality and period Gottlieb, Agnes Hooper, Henry Gottlieb, Barbar Bowers,1,000 Years,1,000 People, Ranking the Men and Women Who Shaped the Millennium
9.
President of India
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The President of the Republic of India is the Head of State of India and the Commander-in-chief of the Indian Armed Forces. The oath of the President is taken in the presence of the Chief Justice of India, the President resides in an estate known as the Rashtrapati Bhavan situated in Raisina Hill in New Delhi. The presidential retreats are The Retreat in Chharabra, Shimla and Rashtrapati Nilayam in Hyderabad, the 13th and current President is Pranab Mukherjee, who was elected on 22 July 2012, and sworn in on 25 July 2012. He is also the first Bengali to be elected as President, India achieved independence from the British on 15 August 1947, initially as a Dominion within the Commonwealth of Nations with George VI as king, represented in the country by a governor-general. Still, following this, the Constituent Assembly of India, under the leadership of Dr. B. R. Ambedkar, the Constitution of India was eventually enacted on 26 November 1949 and came into force on 26 January 1950, making India a republic. The offices of monarch and governor-general were replaced by the new office of President of India, the constitution of the Republic of India gave the President the responsibility and authority to defend and protect the constitution of India and its rule of law. Invariably, any action taken by the executive or legislature entities of the constitution shall become law only after Presidents assent, the president shall not accept any actions of the executive or legislature which are unconstitutional. The president is the foremost, most empowered and prompt defender of the constitution, the primary duty of the President is to preserve, protect and defend the constitution and the law of India as made part of his oath. The President is the head of all independent constitutional entities. All his actions, recommendations and supervisory powers over the executive and legislative entities of India shall be used in accordance to uphold the constitution, there is no bar on the actions of the President to contest in the court of law. Legislative power is vested by the Parliament of India of which the president is the head. The President of the Republic summons both the Houses of the Parliament and prorogues them and he can dissolve the Lok Sabha. The President inaugurates Parliament by addressing it after the general elections, the Presidential address on these occasions is generally meant to outline the new policies of the government. All bills passed by the Parliament can become laws only after receiving the assent of the President per Article 111, after a bill is presented to him, the President shall declare either that he assents to the Bill, or that he withholds his assent from it. As a third option, he can return a bill to Parliament, if it is not a money bill, when, after reconsideration, the bill is passed accordingly and presented to the President, with or without amendments, the President cannot withhold his assent from it. Article 143 gave power to the president to consult the Supreme Court about the validity of any issue. These are in the nature of interim or temporary legislation and their continuance is subject to parliamentary approval, ordinances remain valid for no more than six weeks from the date the Parliament is convened unless approved by it earlier. Re-promulgation of ordinances after failing to get approval within stipulated time of the houses of parliament is unconstitutional act by the President
10.
Pratibha Patil
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Pratibha Devisingh Patil is an Indian politician who served as the 12th President of India from 2007 to 2012. A member of the Indian National Congress, Patil is the woman to hold the office. She previously served as the Governor of Rajasthan from 2004 to 2007, Pratibha Devisingh Patil is the daughter of Narayan Rao Patil. She was born on 19 December 1934 in the village of Nadgaon, in the Jalgaon district of Maharashtra, India. She was educated initially at R. R. Patil then began to practice law at the Jalgaon District Court, Patil married Devisingh Ransingh Shekhawat on 7 July 1965. The couple have a daughter and a son, Raosaheb Shekhawat, the BBC has described Patils political career prior to assuming presidential office as long and largely low-key. In 1962, at the age of 27, she was elected to the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly for the Jalgaon constituency. Thereafter she won in the Muktainagar constituency on four occasions between 1967 and 1985, before becoming a Member of Parliament in the Rajya Sabha between 1985 and 1990. In the 1991 elections for the 10th Lok Sabha, she was elected as a Member of Parliament representing the Amravati constituency, a period of retirement from politics followed later in that decade. Patil had held various Cabinet portfolios during her period in the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly, on 8 November 2004 she was appointed as the 24th Governor of Rajasthan, the first woman to hold that office and according to the BBC was a low-profile incumbent. Patil was announced as the United Progressive Alliance candidate on 14 June 2007 and she emerged as a compromise candidate after the left-wing parties of the alliance would not agree to the nomination of former Home Minister Shivraj Patil or Karan Singh. In the same month that she was selected, Patil was accused of shielding her brother, G. N. Patil, in the 2005 Vishram Patil murder case. Vishram Patil had narrowly defeated G. N. Patil in an election to be the President of the District Congress Committee of Jalgaon and her accusations were rejected by the courts in 2009 but in 2015 G. N. Patil was charged. No reference to the involvement of Pratibha Patil was made at this time. Due to the role being largely a figurehead position, the selection of candidate is often arranged by consensus among the various political parties. Contrary to the pattern of events, Patil faced a challenge in the election. The BBC described the situation as the latest casualty of the increasingly partisan politics. It degenerated into unseemly mud slinging between the party and the opposition
11.
Vice-President of India
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The Vice-President of India is the second-highest constitutional office in India, after the President. Article 63 of Indian Constitution states that there shall be a Vice-President of India, the Vice-President acts as President in the absence of the President due to death, resignation, impeachment, or other situations. The Vice-President of India is also ex officio Chairperson of the Rajya Sabha, when a bill is introduced in Rajya Sabha, vice-president decides whether it is a financial bill or not. If he is of the opinion, a bill introduced in the Rajya Sabha is a money bill, Article 66 of the Indian Constitution states the manner of election of the Vice-President. The current Vice-President is Mohammad Hamid Ansari, since 11 August 2007 and this difference is because the Vice-President is to act as the ex officio Chairman of the Rajya Sabha. The Vice-President is elected indirectly, by a college consisting of members of both houses of the Parliament. The nomination of a candidate for election to the office of the Vice-President must be subscribed by at least 20 electors as proposers and 20 electors as seconders, every candidate has to make a security deposit of Rs.15,000 in the Reserve Bank of India. The Election Commission of India, which is an autonomous body. The election is to be no later than 60 days of the expiry of the term of office of the outgoing Vice-President. A Returning Officer is appointed for the election, usually the Secretary-General of either House of the Parliament, the Returning Officer issues a public notice of the intended election, inviting nomination of candidates. The nomination papers are scrutinized by the Returning Officer, and the names of all candidates are added to the ballot. The election is proportional representation by means of a single transferable vote by secret ballot, voters stack-rank the candidates, assigning 1 to their first preference,2 to their second preference, and so on. The number of votes required by a candidate to secure the election is calculated by dividing the number of votes by two, and adding one to the quotient by disregarding any remainder. If no candidate obtains the required number of votes, the candidate with the least number of first-preference votes is eliminated. The process is repeated until a candidate obtains the requisite number of votes, nominated members can also participate in the election. After the election has been held and the votes counted, the Returning Officer declares the result of the election to the electoral college, the Vice-President may resign his office by submitting his resignation to the President. The resignation becomes effective from the day it is accepted, all disputes arising in connection with the election of the Vice-President are petitioned to the Supreme Court of India, which inquires into the matter. The petition is heard by a bench of the Supreme Court
12.
Mohammad Hamid Ansari
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Mohammad Hamid Ansari is the 12th and current Vice President of India, in office since 2007. Ansari is the person to get re-elected for the post of Vice President of India after Dr. Radhakrishnan. He also presently serves as President of the Indian Institute of Public Administration and Chancellor of Panjab University, Ansari worked as an ambassador and served as Vice-Chancellor of the Aligarh Muslim University from 2000 to 2002. Later he was Chairman of the National Commission for Minorities from 2006 to 2007 and he was elected as Vice President of India on 10 August 2007 and took office on 11 August 2007. He was re-elected on 7 August 2012 and was sworn-in by Pranab Mukherjee, the oath taking ceremony was conducted at Rashtrapati Bhavan on 11 August 2012. Hamid Ansari was born in Calcutta, West Bengal, India on 1 April 1937 though his family belongs to Ghazipur in Uttar Pradesh and he is the grand nephew of former Congress President Mukhtar Ahmad Ansari, a leader of the Indian independence movement. Ansari studied at St. Edwards School, Shimla, the St. Xaviers College of the University of Calcutta and he started his career as Officer in the Indian Foreign Service in 1961. He was Permanent Representative of India to the United Nations, Indian High Commissioner to Australia and Ambassador to the United Arab Emirates, Afghanistan, Iran and he was awarded the Padma Shree in 1984. He was also Professor & Vice-Chancellor of the Aligarh Muslim University from May 2000 to March 2002 and he is known for his role in ensuring compensation to the victims of the Gujarat riots and pushing for a complete re-look into the relief and rehabilitation for riot victims since 1984. Ansari became the chairman of Indias National Commission for Minorities on 6 March 2006, in June 2007, Ansari, in his capacity as NCM chairman, upheld the decision of St. Stephens College to earmark a small percentage of seats for Dalit Christians. He resigned as NCM chairman soon after his nomination for the post of Indias Vice President, on 20 July 2007, Ansari was named by the UPA-Left, the ruling coalition in India, as its candidate for the post of Vice President for the upcoming election. When asked, Ansari said he felt humbled over the UPA-Left decision naming him as their candidate, I am humbled by the confidence reposed in me. Ansari refused to say more when asked about his prospects in the August 2007 vice Presidential election, Ansari secured 455 votes, and won the election by a margin of 233 votes against his nearest rival Najma Heptullah. The NDA nominated Jaswant Singh, former Finance, External Affairs, the NDA cited Ansaris conduct in the Rajya Sabha during the The Lokpal Bill,2011 debate when he had abruptly adjourned the House sine die. Hamid Ansari was re-elected as Vice President for the term on 7 August 2012. According to the Constitution of India, Ansari, as Vice President of the Republic, Ansari is a West Asia scholar and has written on the Palestinian issue and taken positions inconvenient to the Indian official line on Iraq and Iran. He questioned India’s vote in the International Atomic Energy Agency on Iran’s nuclear programme where India voted against Iran and he said that though the Indian Government claimed to have acted on its own judgement, this was not borne out by facts. The report of the group was adopted by the Third round Table in April 2007
13.
Prime Minister of India
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The Prime Minister of India is the Head of Government and leader of the executive branch of the Government of India. The Prime Minister is also the adviser to the President of India. He or she can be a member of any of the two houses of Parliament, but has to be the leader of the party, having a majority in the Lok Sabha. The Prime Minister is the member of cabinet in the executive branch of government in a parliamentary system. The Prime Minister selects and can dismiss other members of the cabinet, allocates posts to members within the Government, is the presiding member and chairman of the cabinet. The federal or union cabinet headed by the Prime Minister is appointed by the President of India to assist the latter in the administration of the affairs of the executive, Union cabinet is collectively responsible to the Lok Sabha as per Article 75. The Prime Minister shall always enjoy the confidence of Lok Sabha, India follows a parliamentary system in which the prime minister is the presiding, actual head of the government and chief of the executive branch. In such systems, the head of state or the head of states official representative usually holds a ceremonial position. The Prime Minister shall become a member of parliament within six months of beginning his/her tenure, he/She is expected to work with other central ministers to ensure the passage of bills by the Parliament. There shall be a Council of Ministers with the minister at the head to aid and advise the president who shall, in the exercise of his functions. The Prime Minister shall be appointed by the President and the other Ministers shall be appointed by the President on the advice of the Prime Minister. Like most parliamentary democracies, a Presidents duties are mostly ceremonial as long as the constitution and the rule of law is obeyed by the Union Cabinet, the Prime Minister of India is the head of union government and has the responsibility for executive power. The prime minister leads the functioning and exercise of authority of the government of India. President of India invites a person who is commanding support of majority members of Lok Sabha to form government at the federal level, in practice the prime minister nominates the members of their Council of Ministers to the president. They also work upon to decide a core group of Ministers as in-charge of the important functions, some specific ministries/department are not allocated to anyone in the cabinet but the prime minister himself. Per Article 78 of the constitution, the communication between the union cabinet and the president are through the prime minister. Other wise constitution recognises the prime minister as a member of the cabinet only outside the sphere of union cabinet. Be a member of the Lok Sabha or the Rajya Sabha
14.
Manmohan Singh
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Manmohan Singh is an Indian economist and politician who served as the Prime Minister of India from 2004 to 2014. The first Sikh in office, Singh was also the first prime minister since Jawaharlal Nehru to be re-elected after completing a full five-year term, born in Gah, Singhs family migrated to India during its partition in 1947. After obtaining his doctorate in economics from Oxford, Singh worked for the United Nations during 1966–69 and he subsequently began his bureaucratic career when Lalit Narayan Mishra hired him as an advisor in the Ministry of Foreign Trade. Over the 70s and 80s, Singh held several key posts in the Government of India, such as Chief Economic Advisor, Reserve Bank governor and Planning Commission head. In 1991, as India faced an economic crisis, newly elected Prime Minister P. V. Narasimha Rao surprisingly inducted the apolitical Singh into his cabinet as Finance Minister. Over the next few years, despite opposition, he as a Finance Minister carried out several structural reforms that liberalised Indias economy. Subsequently, Singh served as Leader of the Opposition in the Rajya Sabha during the Atal Bihari Vajpayee government of 1998–2004, in 2004, when the Congress-led United Progressive Alliance came to power, its chairperson Sonia Gandhi unexpectedly relinquished the premiership to Manmohan Singh. In 2008, opposition to a civil nuclear agreement with the United States nearly caused Singhs government to fall after Left Front parties withdrew their support. Although Indias economy grew rapidly under UPA I, its security was threatened by several terrorist incidents, the 2009 general election saw the UPA return with an increased mandate, with Singh retaining the office of Prime Minister. After his term ended in 2014 he opted out from the race to the office of the Prime Minister of India during 2014 Indian general election. Singh was never a member of the Lok Sabha but continues to serve as a member of the Indian Parliament, Singh was born to Gurmukh Singh and Amrit Kaur on 26 September 1932, in Gah, Punjab, British India, into a Sikh family. He lost his mother when he was young and was raised by his paternal grandmother. After the Partition of India, his family migrated to Amritsar, India and he completed his Economics Tripos at University of Cambridge as he was a member of St Johns College in 1957. Joan Robinson was a brilliant teacher, but she sought to awaken the inner conscience of her students in a manner that very few others were able to achieve. She questioned me a deal and made me think the unthinkable. She propounded the left wing interpretation of Keynes, maintaining that the state has to play more of a if you really want to combine development with social equity. Kaldor influenced me more, I found him pragmatic, scintillating, stimulating. Joan Robinson was an admirer of what was going on in China
15.
Chief Justice of India
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The Chief Justice of India is the head of the judiciary of India and the Supreme Court of India. The CJI also heads their administrative functions, as head of the supreme court, the chief justice is responsible for the allocation of cases and appointment of constitutional benches which deal with important matters of law. It has been a convention for decades now, to appoint the senior-most judge of the supreme court as the CJI. The present CJI is Justice Jagdish Singh Khehar and is the 44th CJI since January 1950, the year the constitution came into effect and the supreme court came into being. He succeeded Justice T. S. Thakur on 4 January 2017 and will remain in office till 28 August 2017, article 124 of the Constitution of India provides for the manner of appointing judges to the Supreme Court. However, this convention has been breached on a few occasions, ray appointed as CJI, superseding three judges senior to him allegedly because he had favoured her government, and when Justice H. R. The Oath of Office is presided by the President, article 124 of Constitution of India lays down the procedure for removal of a Judge of Supreme Court which is applicable to Chief Justice as well. Once appointed, the Chief Justice remains in office until the age of 65 years, when President Zakir Hussain died in office, the Vice President V. V. Giri, acted as the President. Later, Mr. Giri resigned as the Vice President, the CJI, Justice Mohammad Hidayatullah then became the acting President of India. The senior-most judge of the Supreme Court became the acting CJI, accordingly, such provisions have been laid down in The Supreme Court Judges Act,1958. This remuneration was revised in 2006-2008, after the sixth central pay commissions recommendation, list of Chief Justices of India Official website of Supreme Court of India Photo Gallery of Former Chief Justices of India
16.
United Liberation Front of Assam
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The United Liberation Front of Assam is a separatist outfit operating in Assam, North East India. It seeks to establish a sovereign Assam with a struggle in the Assam conflict. The government of India banned the organisation in 1990 citing it as a terrorist organisation, according to ULFA sources, it was founded on 7 April 1979 at Rang Ghar, a historic structure dating to the Ahom kingdom and began operations in 1990. Military operations against the ULFA by the Indian Army began in 1990, on 5 December 2009, the chairman and the deputy commander-in-chief of ULFA was taken into Indian custody. In 2011, there was a crackdown on the ULFA in Bangladesh. In January 2010, ULFA softened its stance and dropped demands for independence as a condition for talks with the Government of India, on 3 September 2011, a tripartite agreement for Suspension of Operations against ULFA was signed between the Indian government, the Assam government and the ULFA. Paresh Baruah — sentenced to death by Bangladesh court, arabinda Rajkhowa, Released on bail Pradip Gogoi, Released on bail Anup Chetia — deported to India from Bangladesh. The organisations purpose was to engage in a struggle to form a socialist Assam. Ulfa during its heydays was quite popular among many Assamese people of the Brahmaputra valley, majority of the supporters felt that a powerful organisation was necessary to get the voice of a peripheral region heard in the corridors of power in Lutyen’s Delhi. But gradually, the organisation’s undue emphasis on collection of money and it witnessed a period marked by growing disillusionment and anger amid its supporters. In their bloody conflict with the security agencies, many innocent people lost their lives and it is estimated that more than ten thousand local youths perished during that turbulent period. In the process, owing to the factors of increasing pressure by the security agencies and dwindling support among its core sympathisers. Recruiting for the front did not begin until 1983, in 1986 it launched a fund raising campaign across India by way of extortion. It then began to set up camps in Tinsukia and Dibrugarh but was banned by New Delhi on 7 November, under the Unlawful Activities Act. In the early 1990s, ULFA launched a campaign with victims such as security forces, political opponents. In July 1991 the front captured and held 14 people for ransom, included in the abductees was an engineer, from the 1990s on the ULFA have continued to carry out terrorist attacks. The ULFA is a political organisation engaged in a liberation struggle against state terrorism and economic exploitation by India for the establishment of a sovereign. With the British army at Yandabo village, only 50 miles from the capital Ava, the Government of India has classified it as a terrorist organisation and had banned it under the Unlawful Activities Act in 1990
17.
Guwahati
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Guwahati is the largest city of Assam and Northeastern India, a major riverine port city and one of the fastest growing cities in India, situated on the South Bank of the Brahmaputra River. The ancient cities of Pragjyotishpura and Durjaya were the capitals of the ancient state of Kamarupa under the Varman, many ancient Hindu temples are in the city, giving it the name City of Temples. Dispur, the capital of Assam, is in the city region located within Guwahati and is the seat of the Government of Assam. Guwahati lies between the banks of the Brahmaputra River and the foothills of the Shillong plateau, with LGB International Airport to the west and it is gradually being expanded as North Guwahati to the northern bank of the Brahmaputra. The noted Madan Kamdev is situated 30 kilometres from Guwahati, with an area of 1,528 square kilometres, Guwahati is the second-largest metropolitan region in eastern India, after Kolkata. The Guwahati region hosts diverse wildlife including rare animals such as Asian elephants, pythons, tigers, rhinoceros, gaurs, primate species, once known as Pragjyotishpura, Guwahati derives its name from the Assamese words Guwa meaning areca nut and Haat meaning market. History Guwahatis myths and history go back thousands of years. Epigraphic sources place the capitals of ancient kingdoms in Guwahati. It was the capital of the kings Narakasura and Bhagadatta according to the Mahabharata, the Ambari excavations trace the city to the Hindu kingdoms of Shunga-Kushana period of Indian history, between the 2nd century BC and the 1st century AD. During earlier periods of the history it was known as Pragjyotishpura. Descriptions by Xuanzang reveal that during the reign of the Varman king Bhaskar Varman and it remained as the capital of Assam until the 10th-11th century AD under the rule of the Pala dynasty. The city was the seat of the Borphukan, the military authority of the Lower Assam region appointed by the Ahom kings. The Borphukans residence was in the present Fancy Bazaar area, and his council-hall, the Majindar Baruah, the personal secretary of the Borphukan, had his residence in the present-day deputy commissioners residence. The Mughals invaded Assam seventeen times, and they were defeated by the Ahoms in Battle of Itakhuli, during the Battle of Saraighat, fought in Saraighat in 1671, the Mughals were overrun due to the strong leadership and hard work of Lachit Borphukan. There was an ancient boat yard in Dighalipukhuri, probably used by the Ahoms in medieval times, medieval constructions include temples, ramparts, etc. in the city. Guwahatis urban form radiates from a core with growth corridors radiating and extending towards the south. In the past few decades, southern Guwahati areas such as Ganeshguri, Beltola, Hatigaon, Six Mile, the core area consists of the old city with Pan Bazaar, Paltan Bazaar, Fancy Bazaar and Uzan Bazaar, with each area facilitating unique urban activities. Among the city corridors, the most important is the corridor formed along the Guwahati-Shillong Road towards the south
18.
Nuclear power
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Nuclear power is the use of nuclear reactions that release nuclear energy to generate heat, which most frequently is then used in steam turbines to produce electricity in a nuclear power plant. The term includes nuclear fission, nuclear decay and nuclear fusion, since all electricity supplying technologies use cement, etc. during construction, emissions are yet to be brought to zero. Each result is contrasted with coal and fossil gas at 820 and 490 g CO2 eq/kWh, there is a social debate about nuclear power. Proponents, such as the World Nuclear Association and Environmentalists for Nuclear Energy, contend that nuclear power is a safe, opponents, such as Greenpeace International and NIRS, contend that nuclear power poses many threats to people and the environment. These include the Chernobyl disaster which occurred in 1986, the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster, there have also been some nuclear submarine accidents. Energy production from coal, petroleum, natural gas and hydroelectricity has caused a number of fatalities per unit of energy generated due to air pollution. In 2015, Ten new reactors were connected to the grid, seven reactors were permanently shut down. 441 reactors had a net capacity of 382,855 megawatts of electricity. 67 new nuclear reactors were under construction, Most of the new activity is in China where there is an urgent need to control pollution from coal plants. In October 2016, Watts Bar 2 became the first new United States reactor to enter commercial operation since 1996. The same year, his doctoral student James Chadwick discovered the neutron, further work by Enrico Fermi in the 1930s focused on using slow neutrons to increase the effectiveness of induced radioactivity. Experiments bombarding uranium with neutrons led Fermi to believe he had created a new, transuranic element and they determined that the relatively tiny neutron split the nucleus of the massive uranium atoms into two roughly equal pieces, contradicting Fermi. Numerous scientists, including Leó Szilárd, who was one of the first, recognized that if fission reactions released additional neutrons, a self-sustaining nuclear chain reaction could result. In the United States, where Fermi and Szilárd had both emigrated, this led to the creation of the first man-made reactor, known as Chicago Pile-1, which achieved criticality on December 2,1942. In 1945, the pocketbook The Atomic Age heralded the untapped atomic power in everyday objects and depicted a future where fossil fuels would go unused. One science writer, David Dietz, wrote that instead of filling the gas tank of a car two or three times a week, people travel for a year on a pellet of atomic energy the size of a vitamin pill. The United Kingdom, Canada, and the USSR proceeded over the course of the late 1940s, electricity was generated for the first time by a nuclear reactor on December 20,1951, at the EBR-I experimental station near Arco, Idaho, which initially produced about 100 kW. Work was also researched in the US on nuclear marine propulsion
19.
Oriental Bank of Commerce
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Oriental Bank of Commerce is an India-based bank established in Lahore, is one of the public sector banks in India. Rai Bahadur Lala Sohan Lal, the first Chairman of the Bank, within four years of its coming into existence, OBC had to face Partition. The bank had to close down its branches in the newly formed Pakistan, Lala Karam Chand Thapar, the then Chairman of the Bank, in a unique gesture honoured the commitments made to the depositors from Pakistan and paid every rupee to its departing customers. The Bank has witnessed many ups and downs since its establishment, the period of 1970-76 is said to be the most challenging phase in the history of the Bank. At one time profit plummeted to ₹175, that prompted the owner of the bank, then employees and leaders of the Bank came forward to rescue the Bank. The owners were moved and had to change their decision of selling the bank and in turn decided to improve the position of the bank with the active cooperation. Their efforts bore fruits and performance of the bank improved significantly and this was the turning point in the history of the bank. The bank was nationalised on 15 April 1980, at that time OBC ranked 19th among the 20 nationalised banks. In 1997, OBC acquired two banks, Bari Doab Bank and Punjab Cooperative Bank, the acquisition of these two banks brought with it no additional branches. The bank has progressed on several fronts, crossing the Business Mix mark of ₹2 lac crores as on 31 March 2010 making it the seventh largest Public Sector Bank in India, on 14 August 2004, OBC amalgamated Global Trust Bank. GTB was a private sector bank in India that was associated with various financial discrepancies leading to a moratorium being imposed by RBI shortly before it merged into OBC. The acquisition brought with it 103 branches, which increased OBCs branch total to 1092, the Bank has launched yet another peoples participation in the planning process at grass root level essentially to tackle the maladies of poverty. The Grameen Projects venture aims to alleviate poverty plus identify the responsible for the failure or success. OBC is already implementing a GRAMEEN PROJECT in Dehradun District and Hanumangarh District, formulated on the pattern of the Bangladesh Grameen Bank, the Scheme has a unique feature of disbursing small loans ranging from ₹75 onwards. The beneficiaries of the Grameen Project are mostly women. The Bank is engaged in providing training to rural folk in using locally available raw material to produce pickles and this has provided self-employment and augmented income levels thus reforming lives of rural folk and encouraging cottage industries in rural areas. The pilot launch was a great success, emboldened by the success, Bank extended the programme to more villages. At present, it covers 15 villages,10 in Punjab,4 in Haryana and 1 in Rajasthan, the Bank has implemented 14 point action plan for strengthening of credit delivery to women and has designated 5 branches as specialised branches for women entrepreneurs. All India Oriental Bank Officers Association Notes Citations References Annual Report 2013 Baker, british India, With Notes on Ceylon, Afghanistan, and Tibet
20.
Nashik
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Nashik is a city in the northwest region of Maharashtra in India, and is the administrative headquarter of the Nashik District and Nashik Division. The city is situated at the foothills of the Western Ghats mountains on the banks of the river Godavari, at 700 m above sea level, its elevation is highest among the major cities in Maharashtra and one of the highest among million plus cities in India. Nashik lies in the part of Maharashtra state at 700 m from the mean sea level. The river Godavari originates from the Brahmagiri Mountain, Trimbakeshwar about 24 km from Nashik and flows through the old residential settlement, due to high pollution created by factories in proximity of the city the river was dying at an alarming rate. It has since been successfully cleaned, other than Godavari, important rivers like Vaitarana, Bhima, Girana, Kashyapi and Darana flow across Nashik. Nashik lies on the edge of the Deccan Plateau which is a volcanic formation. Lime and Kankar nodules are found widely in Nashik district, the district shares border with Jalgaon and Aurangabad to east, Ahmadnagar to the south, while Thane and parts of Gujarat state are on the west. Trimbakeshwar is about 30 km from the city, it is where from river Godavari originates, the land area of the city is about 259.13 km2. The citys tropical location and high altitude combine to give it a mild version of a tropical wet. Summers, which last from March to mid-June, are hot, with temperatures reaching 36 °C. They are followed by the season, which continues till early October. These months see high levels of cloud cover, torrential rains, temperatures rise slightly in October, but this is followed by the cool season from November to February. The cool season sees warm temperatures of around 28 °C during the day, but cool nights, with lows averaging 13 °C, Nashik city is governed by the Nashik Municipal Corporation. The Nashik Court Building is built in stone in British Regime. There are 73 courts including taluka court, in the Nashik Municipal Corporation area about 225 MT of solid waste is generated per day. Unlike other Indian cities, this garbage is collected by vehicles titled Ghantagadi, smaller versions of the ghantagadi ply in the congested old city areas. A plant has set by the Nashik Municipal Corporation near Pandav Leni to process the garbage. According to the Census of India,2011, Nashik had a population of 14,86,973, males constitute 7,84,995 of the population and females 7,01,978
21.
Maharashtra
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Four Maharashtra is a state in the western region of India and is Indias second-most populous state and third-largest state by area. It is the wealthiest Indian state and it is also the worlds second-most populous sub-national entity. It has over 112 million inhabitants and its capital, Mumbai, has a population of approximately 18 million, Nagpur is Maharashtras second capital as well as its winter capital. Maharashtras business opportunities along with its potential to offer a standard of living attract migrants from all over India. Ancient and medieval Maharashtra included the empires of the Satavahana dynasty, Rashtrakuta dynasty, Western Chalukyas, Mughals, the major rivers of the state are Godavari, and Krishna. The Narmada and Tapti Rivers flow near the border between Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat, Maharashtra is the second most urbanised state in India. The state has several popular Hindu places of pilgrimage including Pandharpur, Dehu and Alandi, other places that attract pilgrims from other parts of India and beyond include Hazur Sahib Gurudwara at Nanded, Sai Baba shrine at Shirdi and Dikshabhumi at Nagpur. Maharashtra is the wealthiest and one of the most developed states in India, as of 2011, the state had a per capita income of ₹1.0035 lakh, more than the national average of ₹0.73 lakh. Its GDP per capita crossed the ₹1.20 lakh threshold for the first time in 2013, however, as of 2014, the GDP per capita reduced to ₹1.03 lakh Agriculture and industries are the largest parts of the states economy. Major industries include chemical products, electrical and non-electrical machinery, textiles, petroleum, Jai Maharashtra The modern Marathi language developed from the Maharashtri Prakrit, and the word Mahratta is found in the Jain Maharashtri literature. The terms Maharashtra, Maharashtri, Marathi and Maratha may have derived from the same root, however, their exact etymology is uncertain. But the Marathas as a people do not seem to be mentioned before the thirteenth or fourteenth century, the most widely accepted theory among the linguistic scholars is that the words Maratha and Maharashtra ultimately derived from a combination of Maha and rashtrika. The word rashtrika is a Sanskritized form of Ratta, the name of a tribe or dynasty of petty chiefs ruling in the Deccan region. Another theory is that the term is derived from Maha and ratha / rathi, an alternative theory states that the term derives from the word Maha and Rashtra. However, this theory has not found acceptance among scholars who believe it to be the Sanskritised interpretation of later writers. Maharashtra was ruled by the Maurya Empire in the 4th and 3rd centuries BCE, around 230 BCE Maharashtra came under the rule of the Satavahana dynasty for 400 years. The greatest ruler of the Satavahana Dynasty was Gautamiputra Satakarni, in 90 CE Vedishri, son of the Satavahana king Satakarni, the Lord of Dakshinapatha, wielder of the unchecked wheel of Sovereignty, made Junnar, thirty miles north of Pune, the capital of his kingdom. The state was ruled by Western Satraps, Gupta Empire, Gurjara-Pratihara, Vakataka, Kadambas, Chalukya Empire, Rashtrakuta Dynasty, and Western Chalukya before finally
22.
Sabarimala
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Sabarimala is a Hindu pilgrimage centre located at the Periyar Tiger Reserve in the Western Ghat mountain ranges of Pathanamthitta District, Perunad grama panchayat in Kerala. It is one of the largest annual pilgrimages in the world, Ayyappans temple is situated amidst 18 hills. The temple is situated on a hilltop at an altitude of 1260 m above sea level. The dense forest, around the temple is known as poongavanam, temples exist in each of the hills surrounding Sabarimala. While functional and intact temples exist at places in the surrounding areas like Nilakkal Kalaketty. The shrine at Sabarimala is an ancient temple of Ayyappan also known as sasta and Dharmasasta, in the 12th century, Manikandan, a prince of Pandalam dynasty, meditated at Sabarimala temple and became one with the divine. Manikandan was an avatar of Ayyappan, Sabarimala is linked to pilgrimage predominantly undertaken by Hindus. Sabarimala pilgrims can be identified easily, as they wear black or blue dress and they do not shave until the completion of the pilgrimage, and smear Vibhuti or sandal paste on their forehead. In 1991, the Kerala High Court restricted entry of women above the age of 10, presently, the Supreme Court of India has taken a petition to review the judgment of High Court and allow entry of women. The Supreme Court hearings are in progress and no decision has yet been made, the temple is open for worship only during the days of Mandalapooja, Makaravilakku or Makara Sankranti and Maha Vishuva Sankranti, and the first five days of each Malayalam month. The devotees are expected to follow a Vratham prior to the pilgrimage and this begins with wearing of a special Mala. They must try their maximum to help others, and see everything around them as lord Ayyappa and they are expected to bath twice in a day and visit the local temples regularly and only wear plain black or blue colored traditional clothing. Saffron colored dresses are worn by Sannyasi who have renunciated material life, but, many devotees still continue to wear saffron colored clothes which becomes a part of Vedic culture which connects the whole Hindus worldwide. Hundreds of devotees still follow the traditional mountainous forest path from Erumely,12.8 km from Vandiperiyar and 8 km from Chalakayam, the Erumely route starts from Erumely to Aludha river, then crosses the Aludha mountain to reach Karivilam thodu. Now comes the sacred Karimala crossing, from there to Cheriyanavattom, Valliyanavattom, then they have to climb Neelimala and enter into the Ganesha-Bettam, Shreerama-Betta Padam. Then comes the Aranmula kottaram, which is one of the stops of holy journey Thiruvabharana Ghoshayatra and these days people use vehicles to reach the Pamba River by an alternate route. From Pamba, all the pilgrims begin trekking the steep path of Neeli Mala till Sabari Mala. The elderly pilgrims are lifted by men on bamboo chairs till the top, women in large numbers did not visit the temple, due to the hardship in reaching the temple
23.
Kerala
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Kerala historically known as Keralam, is an Indian state in South India on the Malabar Coast. It was formed on 1 November 1956 following the States Reorganisation Act by combining Malayalam-speaking regions, spread over 38,863 km2, it is bordered by Karnataka to the north and northeast, Tamil Nadu to the east and south, and the Lakshadweep Sea to the west. With 33,387,677 inhabitants as per the 2011 Census, Malayalam is the most widely spoken language and is also the official language of the state. The region has been a prominent spice exporter since 3000 BCE, the Chera Dynasty was the first prominent kingdom based in Kerala, though it frequently struggled against attacks by the neighbouring Cholas and Pandyas. In the 15th century, the spice trade attracted Portuguese traders to Kerala, after independence, Travancore and Cochin joined the Republic of India and Travancore-Cochin was given the status of a state in 1949. In 1956, Kerala state was formed by merging Malabar district, Travancore-Cochin, Hinduism is practised by more than half of the population, followed by Islam and Christianity. The culture is a synthesis of Aryan and Dravidian cultures, developed over millennia, under influences from other parts of India, the production of pepper and natural rubber contributes significantly to the total national output. In the agricultural sector, coconut, tea, coffee, cashew, the states coastline extends for 595 kilometres, and around 1.1 million people in the state are dependent on the fishery industry which contributes 3% to the states income. The state has the highest media exposure in India with newspapers publishing in nine languages, mainly English, Kerala is one of the prominent tourist destinations of India, with backwaters, beaches, Ayurvedic tourism and tropical greenery as its major attractions. The name Kerala has an uncertain etymology, One popular theory derives Kerala from Kera and alam is land, thus land of coconuts, this also happens to be a nickname for the state due to abundance of coconut trees and its use by the locals. The word Kerala is first recorded in a 3rd-century BCE rock inscription left by the Maurya emperor Ashoka, the inscription refers to the local ruler as Keralaputra, or son of Chera. This contradicts the theory that Kera is from coconut tree, at that time, one of three states in the region was called Cheralam in Classical Tamil, Chera and Kera are variants of the same word. The word Cheral refers to the oldest known dynasty of Kerala kings and is derived from the Proto-Tamil-Malayalam word for lake, the earliest Sanskrit text to mention Kerala is the Aitareya Aranyaka of the Rigveda. It is also mentioned in the Ramayana and the Mahabharata, the two Hindu epics, the Skanda Purana mentions the ecclesiastical office of the Thachudaya Kaimal who is referred to as Manikkam Keralar, synonymous with the deity of the Koodalmanikyam temple. Keralam may stem from the Classical Tamil cherive-alam or chera alam, the Greco-Roman trade map Periplus Maris Erythraei refers to Keralaputra as Celobotra. According to Hindu mythology, the lands of Kerala were recovered from the sea by the warrior sage Parasurama. Parasurama threw his axe across the sea, and the water receded as far as it reached, according to legend, this new area of land extended from Gokarna to Kanyakumari. The land which rose from sea was filled with salt and unsuitable for habitation, so Parasurama invoked the Snake King Vasuki, out of respect, Vasuki and all snakes were appointed as protectors and guardians of the land
24.
Bhimsen Joshi
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Bhimsen Gururaj Joshi was an Indian vocalist from Karnataka in the Hindustani classical tradition. He is known for the form of singing, as well as for his popular renditions of devotional music. In 1998, he was awarded the Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship, subsequently, he received the Bharat Ratna, Indias highest civilian honour, in 2009. Bhimsen Gururaj Joshi was born in a Madhwa Brahmin family in a town called Ron, in the Gadag district of Karnataka on 4 February 1922 to Gururaj Joshi and Godavaribai, Bhimsen was the eldest among 16 siblings. He lost his mother at an age and was raised by his stepmother. As a child, Bhimsen was fascinated with music and musical instruments like the harmonium and tanpura and this exercise often tired him and he would curl up somewhere and sleep, forcing his parents to go to the police after efforts to trace him failed. Fed up, his father Gururajacharya Joshi came up with the solution and this worked and those who found the boy sleeping would safely deposit him back to his house. His first music teacher was Agasara Channappa of Kurtakoti, who had trained with the veteran singer Inayat Khan, after learning Ragas Bhairav and Bhimpalasi. The one and only unique vigorous style of rendering he developed along with advanced trainings by other teachers is attributed to the training he received from Channappa. Bhimsen Joshi next went to Pandit Shyamacharya Joshi, who hailed from Bagalkot and was a priest, Pandit Shyamacharya taught him to sing as well as play the harmonium. Shree Shamacharya Joshi was a descendant of Great Haridasa Shree Mahipati Dasaru, Joshi heard a recording of Abdul Karim Khans Thumri Piya Bin Nahi Aavat Chain in Raga Jhinjhoti when he was a child, which inspired him to become a musician. During this time, he also heard Pandit Sawai Gandharva at a performance in Kundgol, in 1933, the 11-year-old Joshi left Dharwad for Bijapur to find a master and learn music. With the help of money lent by his co-passengers in the train, Bhimsen reached Dharwad first, later he moved to Gwalior and got into Madhava Music School, a school run by Maharajas of Gwalior, with the help of famous sarod player Hafiz Ali Khan. He travelled for three years around North India, including in Delhi, Kolkata, Gwalior, Lucknow and Rampur, eventually, his father succeeded in tracking him down in Jalandar and brought young Bhimsen back home. In 1936, Sawai Gandharva, a native of Dharwad, agreed to be his guru, Joshi stayed at his house in the guru-shishya tradition. Joshi continued his training with Sawai Gandharva Joshi first performed live in 1941 at the age 19 and his debut album, containing a few devotional songs in Marathi and Hindi, was released by HMV the next year in 1942. Later Joshi moved to Mumbai in 1943 and worked as a radio artist and his performance at a concert in 1946 to celebrate his guru Sawai Gandharvas 60th birthday won him accolades both from the audience and his guru. The Hindu, in an article written after he was awarded the Bharat Ratna, said, Bhimsen Joshi was ever the wanderer, engendering brilliant phrases, Joshi occasionally employed the use of sargam and tihaais, and often sang traditional compositions of the Kirana gharana
25.
Karnataka
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Karnataka is a state in south western region of India. It was formed on 1 November 1956, with the passage of the States Reorganisation Act, originally known as the State of Mysore, it was renamed Karnataka in 1973. The capital and largest city is Bangalore, the state covers an area of 191,976 square kilometres, or 5.83 percent of the total geographical area of India. It is the seventh largest Indian state by area, with 61,130,704 inhabitants at the 2011 census, Karnataka is the eighth largest state by population, comprising 30 districts. Kannada, one of the languages of India, is the most widely spoken. Most of these rivers flow out of Karnataka eastward into the Bay of Bengal, though several etymologies have been suggested for the name Karnataka, the generally accepted one is that Karnataka is derived from the Kannada words karu and nādu, meaning elevated land. Karu nadu may also be read as karu, meaning black, the British used the word Carnatic, sometimes Karnatak, to describe both sides of peninsular India, south of the Krishna. With an antiquity that dates to the paleolithic, Karnataka has been home to some of the most powerful empires of ancient, the philosophers and musical bards patronised by these empires launched socio-religious and literary movements which have endured to the present day. Karnataka has contributed significantly to both forms of Indian classical music, the Carnatic and Hindustani traditions, Karnatakas pre-history goes back to a paleolithic hand-axe culture evidenced by discoveries of, among other things, hand axes and cleavers in the region. Evidence of neolithic and megalithic cultures have also found in the state. Gold discovered in Harappa was found to be imported from mines in Karnataka, prior to the third century BCE, most of Karnataka formed part of the Nanda Empire before coming under the Mauryan empire of Emperor Ashoka. Four centuries of Satavahana rule followed, allowing them to large areas of Karnataka. The decline of Satavahana power led to the rise of the earliest native kingdoms, the Kadambas, the Kadamba Dynasty, founded by Mayurasharma, had its capital at Banavasi, the Western Ganga Dynasty was formed with Talakad as its capital. These were also the first kingdoms to use Kannada in administration, as evidenced by the Halmidi inscription, the Western Chalukyas patronised a unique style of architecture and Kannada literature which became a precursor to the Hoysala art of 12th century. Parts of modern-day Southern Karnataka were occupied by the Chola Empire at the turn of 11th century, the Cholas and the Hoysalas fought over the region in the early 12th century before it eventually came under Hoysala rule. At the turn of the first millennium, the Hoysalas gained power in the region, literature flourished during this time, which led to the emergence of distinctive Kannada literary metres, and the construction of temples and sculptures adhering to the Vesara style of architecture. The expansion of the Hoysala Empire brought minor parts of modern Andhra Pradesh, in the early 14th century, Harihara and Bukka Raya established the Vijayanagara empire with its capital, Hosapattana, on the banks of the Tungabhadra River in the modern Bellary district. The empire rose as a bulwark against Muslim advances into South India, in 1565, Karnataka and the rest of South India experienced a major geopolitical shift when the Vijayanagara empire fell to a confederation of Islamic sultanates in the Battle of Talikota
26.
B. S. Yeddyurappa
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Bookanakere Siddalingappa Yeddyurappa is an Indian politician who was the 19th Chief Minister of Karnataka and is currently president of Karnataka BJP. He is a member of the 16th Lok Sabha of India and he became the Chief Minister of Karnataka after leading the BJP to a victory in the 2008 Karnataka Assembly election in 2008. He was the first person from the Bharatiya Janata Party to become the Chief Minister of a South Indian state, owing to alleged ill-treatment meted out to Yeddyurappa by the BJP High Command, he left Bharatiya Janata Party. Later he formed Karnataka Janata Paksha, however, in 2014 he merged it with BJP and joined the party again. Yeddyurappa was born on 27 February 1943 in a village called Bookanakere in K. R. Pet taluk of Mandya district and his parents were Siddalingappa and Puttathayamma. He was named after the deity of a Shaivite temple built by the great saint Siddalingeshwara at Yediyur in Tumkuru district. His mother died when he was four and he completed his Pre-University College education from PES college, mandya. In 1965, he was appointed as a clerk in the social welfare department but he quit the job. In 1967, Yeddyurappa married Mythradevi, the daughter of the mill owner. He later set up a shop in Shivamogga. In 2004, his wife died after falling into a sump while drawing water, in 2007, he changed the spelling of his name to its current spelling from the earlier Yediyurappa following the advice of his astrologers. Having been associated with the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh from his college days, in 1972, he was elected to the Shikaripura Town Municipality and was also appointed as the President of the Taluk unit of the Jana Sangh. In 1975, he was elected President of the Town Municipality of Shikaripura and he was imprisoned during the Emergency in India and lodged in the Bellary and Shimoga jails. In 1980, he was appointed President of the Shikaripura taluk unit of the BJP, in 1988, he became the State President of the BJP in Karnataka. He was first elected to the house of the Karnataka Legislature in 1983 and has since represented the Shikaripura constituency six times. He has been a member of the Seventh, Eighth, Ninth, Tenth, Twelfth and Thirteenth Legislative Assemblies of Karnataka, following the 1994 state assembly elections, he became the Leader of Opposition in the Karnataka Legislative Assembly. In 1999, he lost the elections but was nominated by the BJP to become a member of the council of Karnataka. Again, he was re-elected in 2004 and became the Leader of Opposition in the Karnataka Legislative Assembly during the ministership of Dharam Singh
27.
Suresh Kalmadi
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Squadron Leader Suresh Kalmadi is an Indian politician and senior sports administrator. He was formerly a member of the Indian National Congress and he was a member of parliament from Pune till May 2014. He was charged with conspiracy, forgery, misconduct and under provisions of the Prevention of Corruption Act and later arrested for the same in April 2014, in Dec 2016, the Indian Olympic Association named Suresh Kalmadi as its lifetime patron. However, he was forced to decline the post because of his corrupt practices, Kalmadi was born to Dr. K. Shamrao Kalmadi and Shanta Rao Kalmadi. He was educated at St. Vincents High School and Fergusson College, Kalmadi joined the National Defence Academy in 1960 and was commissioned as a pilot in the Indian Air Force, serving between 1964 and 1972. He then became an instructor with the Air Force Training Team of the NDA from 1972 to 1974 before retiring from the IAF as a squadron leader and he is married to Meera Kalmadi. The couple have two daughters and one son, in 1977, Kalmadi became the President of the Indian Youth Congress, Pune, and the very next year took over President-ship of the Youth Congress, Maharashtra, a post he held from 1978 to 1980. In 1980, as the President of the Maharashtra Athletics Association and this soon led to the establishment of the Pune International Marathon. Kalmadi served as president of the Indian Youth Congress 1981-1986 and he was a member of the Rajya Sabha for three terms from 1982 to 1996, and again in 1998. Kalmadi took over as the Chairman of the Maharashtra Tourism Development Corporation and he was also elected to the 11th Lok Sabha in 1996, and to the 14th Lok Sabha in 2004. During the tenure of P. V. Narasimha Rao as the Prime Minister of India and that year he presented the Railway Budget. He is the only Union Minister of State to have done so, Kalmadi served as the President of the Indian Olympic Association from 1996 to 2012. He also served as the president of Asian Athletics Association from 2000 to 2013 and was named its Life President in 2015, mr Kalmadi, as the Indian Olympic Association, signed an agreement to bring the Formula One Grand Prix to India in 2007. Later that year, the UK-based organizers Formula One Administration Limited signed a Rs 1600-crore contract in this regard with India-based JPSK Sports Private Limited, records obtained by The Indian Express showed that Pune-based Sulba Realty Private Limited was a 13% shareholder in JPSK, along with Jaypee Group. Kalmadis son Sumeer was a director in Sulba Realty at the time, while the JP in JPSK stood for Jaypee Group, it was alleged that the SK was a reference to Suresh/Sumeer Kalmadi. For this, the opposition demanded Kalmadis resignation, on 25 April 2011, CBI arrested former CWG Organising Committee chairman Suresh Kalmadi in the Timing-Scoring-Result case. He was arrested under Sections 120 B and 420 of the Indian Penal Code, on 20 May 2011, CBI filed the first chargesheet in a special CBI court against Kalmadi. The CBI alleged that he was the accused in awarding TSR system contract to a Swiss firm
28.
Commonwealth Games
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The Commonwealth Games is an international multi-sport event involving athletes from the Commonwealth of Nations. The event was first held in 1930, and, with the exception of 1942 and 1946, the games are overseen by the Commonwealth Games Federation, which also controls the sporting programme and selects the host cities. A host city is selected for each edition,18 cities in seven countries have hosted the event. Apart from many Olympic sports, the also include some sports that are played predominantly in Commonwealth countries, such as lawn bowls. Although there are 52 members of the Commonwealth of Nations,70 teams participate in the Commonwealth Games, the four Home Nations of the United Kingdom—England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland—also send separate teams. Only six countries have attended every Commonwealth Games, Australia, Canada, England, New Zealand, Scotland, Australia has been the highest achieving team for twelve games, England for seven, and Canada for one. The John Astley Cooper Committees worldwide helped Pierre de Coubertin to get his international Olympic Games off the ground, in 1911, the Festival of the Empire was held at The Crystal Palace in London to celebrate the coronation of George V. In 1928, Melville Marks Robinson of Canada was asked to organise the first British Empire Games, eleven national teams and four hundred competitors took part in six sports. Women competed in the events only. The opening and closing ceremonies as well as took place at Civic Stadium. The 1934 Games had originally been awarded to Johannesburg, but were given to London instead because of the potential for prejudiced treatment of black, seventeen national teams took part, including the Irish Free State. Once again, only six sports were featured in these particular Games, athletics took place at White City and three sports took place at Wembley, at the well established venue of the Empire Pool in Wembley Park, which later became Wembley Arena. The Empire Games flag was donated in 1931 by the British Empire Games Association of Canada, the year and location of subsequent games were added until the 1950 games. The name of the event was changed to the British Empire and Commonwealth Games. The first edition of the event was the 1930 British Empire Games in which 11 nations participated, the quadrennial schedule of the games was interrupted by the Second World War and the 1942 Games and the 1946 Games were abandoned. The games were revived in 1950 and underwent a name change four years later with the first British Empire, over 1,000 athletes participated in the 1958 Games as over thirty teams took part for the first time. The 1978 Games in Edmonton marked a new high as almost 1,500 athletes from 46 countries took part, the 1998 Commonwealth Games in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia saw the sporting programme grow from 10 to 15 sports as team sports were allowed for the first time. Participation also reached new levels as over 3500 athletes represented 70 teams at the event, at the Games in Melbourne in 2006, over 4000 athletes took part in sporting competitions
29.
Bombay High Court
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Bombay High Court is located in Mumbai in the Indian state of Maharashtra. It is one of the oldest High Courts of India with jurisdiction over the states of Maharashtra and Goa, and, the High Court has regional branches at Nagpur and Aurangabad in Maharashtra and Panaji, the capital of Goa. The court is one of the most distinguished High Courts in the country, the first Chief Justice, the Attorney General and Solicitor General of Independent India were from this court. Since Indias Independence,22 judges from this court have been elevated to the Supreme Court and 8 of them have been Chief Justice of India, the Court has Original Jurisdiction in addition to its Appellate. The decisions of this court can be appealed only to the Supreme Court of India, the bombay high court has a sanctioned strength of 75 judges. The Bombay High Court was one of the three High Courts in India established at the Presidency Towns by Letters patent granted by Her Majesty Queen Victoria and it was inaugurated on August 14,1862 under the High Courts Act,1861. The work on the present building of the High Court was commenced in April 1871 and it was designed by British engineer Col. James A. Fuller. The first sitting in this building was on 10 January 1879, Chagla was the first Indian permanent Chief Justice of Bombay High Court after independence Architecture, Gothic revival in the Early English style. It is 562 feet long and 187 feet wide, to the west of the central tower are two octagonal towers. The statues of Justice and Mercy are atop this building, in 2016, it was announced that the premises of the Bombay High Court would be shifting to Bandra Kurla Complex. Although the name of the city was changed from Bombay to Mumbai in 1995, in 2012, the High Court organized several functions to mark the completion of 150 years of establishment of the High Court. A special postal cover was released by Milind Deora, the then Minister of State for Communications, the Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh was the Chief Guest at the concluding ceremony of the year-long Sesquicentennial celebrations on 18 August 2012. In its illustrious history, the Bombay High Court has been the site for numerous noteworthy trials and court cases. Bal Gangadhar Tilak was tried a number of times in the Bombay high Court, the Bombay High Court also saw the last case in the Indian Judicial System to use a jury in the famous K. M. Nanavati v. State of Maharashtra case of 1959. Bar Council had boycotted some judges of the High Court in 1991 under the leadership of Senior Counsel Iqbal Chagla, in 2011, a couple of petitions came to be filed challenging housing societies built by judges upon plots of land reserved for other purposes. The court has a Sanctioned strength of 75 judges, the court handles 340,000 cases, both civil and criminal. 32 sitting judges of the court disposed around 2,000 cases each in 2004, the court has a judge to people ratio of 1 to 1.61 million. Judges elevated to the Supreme Court of India, Judges transferred from the Bombay High Court
30.
Ajmal Kasab
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Mohammed Ajmal Amir Kasab was a Pakistani militant and a member of the Lashkar-e-Taiba Islamist group, through which he took part in the 2008 Mumbai terrorist attacks in Maharashtra state of India. Kasab was the only attacker captured alive by police, Kasab was born in Faridkot, Pakistan to a family belonging to the Qassab community. He left his home in 2005, engaging in petty crime, in late 2007, he and his friend encountered members of Jamaat-ud-Dawah, the political wing of Lashkar-e-Taiba, distributing pamphlets, and were persuaded to join. On 3 May 2010, Kasab was found guilty of 80 offences, including murder, waging war against India, possessing explosives, on 6 May 2010, the same trial court sentenced him to death on four counts and to a life sentence on five counts. Kasabs death sentence was upheld by the Bombay High Court on 21 February 2011, the verdict was upheld by the Supreme Court of India on 29 August 2012. Kasab was hanged on 21 November 2012 at 7,30 a. m. Kasab was born in Faridkot village in the Okara District of Punjab, Pakistan, to Amir Shahban Kasab and Noor Illahi. His father ran a snack cart while his brother, Afzal. His elder sister, Rukaiyya Husain, was married and lived in the village, a younger sister, Suraiyya, and brother, Munir, lived in Faridkot with their parents. The family belongs to the Qassab community, Kasab briefly joined his brother in Lahore and then returned to Faridkot. He left home after a fight with his father in 2005 and he had asked for new clothes on Eid, but his father could not provide them, which made him angry. He engaged in petty crime with his friend Muzaffar Lal Khan, on 21 December 2007, Eid al-Adha, they were in Rawalpindi trying to buy weapons when they encountered members of Jamaat-ud-Dawah, the political wing of Lashkar-e-Taiba, distributing pamphlets. They decided to sign up for training with the Lashkar-e-Taiba, ending up at their base camp, an interrogator and deputy commissioner of the Mumbai Police stated that Kasab spoke rough Hindi and almost no English. He said his father in effect sold him to Lashkar-e-Taiba so that he could use the money gave him to support the family. Zaki-ur-Rehman Lakhvi, a commander of the Lashkar-e-Taiba, reportedly offered to pay his family Rs.150,000 for his participation in the attacks. Another report said the 23-year-old was recruited from his home, in part, other sources put the reward at US $4,000. Villagers of Okara claimed on camera that he was at their six months before the Mumbai attack. They said that he asked his mother to him as he was going for Jihad. Ajmal Kasab was alleged to be among a group of 24 men who received training in marine warfare at a camp in mountainous Muzaffarabad, Azad Kashmir in Pakistan
31.
Ahmedabad
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Ahmedabad is the largest city and former capital of Gujarat, which is a state in India. It is the headquarters of the Ahmedabad district and the seat of the Gujarat High Court. With a population of more than 6.3 million and a population of 7.8 million, it is the sixth largest city. Ahmedabad is located on the banks of the Sabarmati River,30 km from the state capital Gandhinagar, Ahmedabad has emerged as an important economic and industrial hub in India. It is the second largest producer of cotton in India, Cricket is a popular sport in Ahmedabad, which houses the 54, 000-seat Sardar Patel Stadium. The effects of liberalisation of the Indian economy have energised the citys economy towards tertiary sector such as commerce. Ahmedabads increasing population has resulted in an increase in the construction, in 2010, it was ranked third in Forbess list of fastest growing cities of the decade. In 2012, The Times of India chose Ahmedabad as Indias best city to live in, as of 2014, Ahmedabads estimated gross domestic product was $119 billion. Ahmedabad has been selected as one of the hundred Indian cities to be developed as a city under PM Narendra Modis flagship Smart Cities Mission. The area around Ahmedabad has been inhabited since the 15th century, at that time, Karna, the Chaulukya ruler of Anhilwara, waged a successful war against the Bhil king of Ashaval, and established a city called Karnavati on the banks of the Sabarmati. Solanki rule lasted until the 13th century, when Gujarat came under the control of the Vaghela dynasty of Dholka, Gujarat subsequently came under the control of the Delhi Sultanate in the 14th century. This area finally came under the control of his grandson Sultan Ahmed Shah in 1411 A. D, according to other sources, he named it after himself. Ahmed Shah I laid the foundation of the city on 26 February 1411 at Manek Burj and he chose it as the new capital on 4 March 1411. In 1487, Mahmud Begada, the grandson of Ahmed Shah, fortified the city with an outer wall 10 km in circumference and consisting of twelve gates,189 bastions and over 6,000 battlements. In 1535 Humayun briefly occupied Ahmedabad after capturing Champaner when the ruler of Gujarat, Bahadur Shah, Ahmedabad was then reoccupied by the Muzaffarid dynasty until 1573 when Gujarat was conquered by the Mughal emperor Akbar. During the Mughal reign, Ahmedabad became one of the Empires thriving centres of trade, mainly in textiles, the Mughal ruler Shahjahan spent the prime of his life in the city, sponsoring the construction of the Moti Shahi Mahal in Shahibaug. The Deccan Famine of 1630–32 affected the city, as did famines in 1650 and 1686, Ahmedabad remained the provincial headquarters of the Mughals until 1758, when they surrendered the city to the Marathas. During the period of Maratha Empire governance, the city became the centre of a conflict between two Maratha clans, the Peshwa of Poona and the Gaekwad of Baroda
32.
Godhra train burning
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The victims included Hindu pilgrims who were returning from the city of Ayodhya after a religious ceremony at the disputed Babri Masjid site. A commission appointed by the government, whose appointment was later held to be unconstitutional. A court convicted 31 Muslims for the incident and the conspiracy for the crime, the event is widely perceived as the trigger for the riots that followed, which resulted in widespread loss of life, destruction of property and homelessness. Estimates of casualties range from the figures of 790 Muslims and 254 Hindus. In February 2002, thousands of devotees of Rama had gone from Gujarat to Ayodhya at the behest of the Vishva Hindu Parishad to take part in a called the Purnahuti Maha Yagna. On 25 February,2, 000–2,200 Ramsevaks boarded the Sabarmati Express which was bound for Ahmedabad, on 27 February 2002, the train made its scheduled stop at Godhra about four hours late, at 7,43 am. As the train started leaving the platform, someone pulled the emergency brake, the driver of the train later stated that the chain had been pulled multiple times, judging by the instruments in his cabin. The train was attacked by a mob of around 2,000 people, after some stone-pelting, four coaches of the train were set alight, trapping many people inside. 59 people including 27 women and 10 children were burnt to death, according to J Mahapatra, additional director general of the Gujarat police, miscreants had kept the petrol-soaked rags ready for use much before the train had arrived at the Godhra. Martha Nussbaum has challenged this narrative, stating that several inquiries have found that the conflagration was an accident rather than a planned conspiracy, madhu Kishwar has blamed the amazing distortions introduced by Congress and its leftist allies as the reason why the facts are not widely known and accepted. A study conducted by the Gujarat Forensic Science Laboratory report states that 60 liters of liquid had been poured into coach S-6 of the train using a wide mouthed container. It had been poured by standing on the passage between the northern side-door of the side of the coach, which had been set on fire immediately thereafter. The report also concluded there had been heavy stone pelting on the train. The commission, during its six-year probe, examined more than 40,000 documents, the initial term of the committee was three months long, however, it received 22 extensions, till June 2014, to submit its final report. In September 2008, the commission submitted the Part I of the dealing with the Godhra incident. Maulvi Husain Haji Ibrahim Umarji, a cleric in Godhra, the report concluded that the train was attacked by thousands of Muslims from the Signal Falia area. The Communist Party of India and the Indian National Congress objected to the exoneration of the Gujarat government by the commission citing the timing of the report as evidence of unfairness, the CPI said that the report reinforced communal prejudices. On 17 May 2004, with the victory of the United Progressive Alliance in the Indian general election, in September 2004, two and half years after the train burning, Yadav appointed former Supreme Court Justice Umesh Chandra Banerjee to investigate the incident
33.
2011 National Games of India
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The 2011 National Games was held from 12 February 2011 to 26 February 2011 in Ranchi, Jharkhand, India. Services, which was a team of the Indian armed forces. Services were presented with the Raja Bhalendra Trophy for the champions team, the best state award was won by Manipur which won 48 gold medals to finish in second place overall. The opening ceremony was held at the Birsa Munda Athletics Stadium in Ranchi, the governor of Jharkhand, M. O. H. Farook had declared the Games open. Jharkhand chief minister Arjun Munda presided over the function, the games torch was lit by Indian mens hockey player Sylvanus Dung Dung. Deepika Kumari, double gold-winner at the Commonwealth Games took the oath on behalf of the athletes, bollywood stars Sameera Reddy, Vivek Oberoi and Amisha Patel performed in the ceremony along with singer Sukhwinder Singh. The mascot of the games isChhaua, a deer in running motion holding the torch, Chhaua depicts the body of a human and head of a stag, symbolising both stillness and energy that characterise Jharkhand’s tribal communities. Chhaua means little boy in the local language, the mascot of the games, Chhaua in famous dokra-art will be presented to all the players and officials by the games committee. During the opening ceremony of the games, the Games mascot Chhaua -- baby deer—made an aerial entry into the athletics complex, there are a total of 444 gold medals in 35 events in the games. The events are, - The 35 events in the games are held in 3 cities - Ranchi, Jamshedpur and Dhanbad, source, Official website The closing ceremony of the 34th National Games was held on 26 February 2011 at the Birsa Munda Athletic stadium in Ranchi, Jharkhand. The ceremony began with a monoplane performing aerobatics and showering coloured powder on the stadium, the games was officially closed by Suresh Kalmadi, the chairman of the Indian Olympic Association. He ceremoniously handed over the Games flag to the Kerala officials, Kerala will host the 35th National Games in December 2012. The Jharkhand chief minister Arjun Munda was the chief guest of the event, the Union sports minister Ajay Maken was supposed to be the chief guest, withdrew from the function due to differences with Suresh Kalmadi. Bollywood actress Katrina Kaif and singer Shaan performed at the closing ceremony, a special song Vidaai has been performed by the folk artists and percussionists which formed the theme of Jharkhands cultural show. There was also a dance to celebrate the success of the Games
34.
Ranchi
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Ranchi is the capital of the Indian state of Jharkhand, and now it is the most populous city of the state. The Jharkhand state was formed on 15 November 2000 by carving out the Bihar divisions of Chota Nagpur, the name Ranchi is derived from the previous name of the Oraon village at the same site, Archi. Archi derives from the Oraon word for bamboo grove or stave, according to legend, after an altercation with a spirit, a farmer beat the spirit with his bamboo stave. The spirit shouted archi, archi, archi and vanished, Archi became Rachi, which became Ranchi. One of the historically significant neighbourhoods of Rachi is Doranda, Doranda lies between the Hinoo & Harmoo Rivers, where the civil station, treasury and church established by the British Raj were destroyed by rebel forces during the Sepoy Mutiny. Ranchi has been selected as one of the hundred Indian cities to be developed as a city under PM Narendra Modis flagship Smart Cities Mission. Ranchi is well known for being the hometown of former Indian cricket captain MS Dhoni, Ranchi lies at 23°22′N 85°20′E near to the Tropic of Cancer. Its municipal area is 175.12 km2, and its elevation is 651 m above sea level. Ranchi is located in the part of the Chota Nagpur plateau. Ranchi has a topography and its dense tropical forests a combination that produces a relatively moderate climate compared to the rest of the state. However, due to the deforestation, and development of the city. Although Ranchi has a subtropical climate, its location and the forests surrounding it combine to produce the unusually pleasant climate for which its known. Summer temperatures range from 20 °C to 42 degrees, winter temperatures from 0 °C to 25 degrees, december and January are the coolest months, with temperatures dipping to the freezing point in some areas. The annual rainfall is about 1430 mm, from June to September the rainfall is about 1,100 mm. The Köppen Climate Classification subtype for this climate is Cwa, as of 2011 India census, Ranchi municipal corporation has a population of 1,120,374, making it the 46th largest urban city in India. Males constitute 51. 3% of the population and females 48. 7%, Ranchi city has an average literacy rate of 87. 68%. The city witnessed a surge in population after the declaration of the new state of Jharkhand in 2000. Owing to the employment opportunities and opening of numerous regional and state level offices, banks, and FMCG companies
35.
Jharkhand
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Jharkhand is a state in eastern India carved out of the southern part of Bihar on 15 November 2000. The state shares its border with the states of Bihar to the north, Uttar Pradesh and Chhattisgarh to the west, Odisha to the south and it has an area of 79,710 km2. The industrial city of Ranchi is its capital and Dumka its sub capital, Jamshedpur is the largest industrial city in the state, while Dhanbad and Bokaro Steel City are the second and fourth most populous cities respectively. The State is primarily a state as only 24 percent of the population resides in Cities. According to writers including Gautam Kumar Bera, there was already a distinct geo-political, cultural entity called Jharkhand even before the Magadha Empire, beras book also refers to the Hindu epic Bhavishya Purana. The tribal rulers, some of whom continue to thrive till today were known as the Munda Rajas, for a greater part of Vedic age, Jharkhand remained unnoticed. During the age of Mahajanpadas around 500 BC, India saw the emergence of 16 large states that controlled the entire Indian subcontinent, in those days the northern portion of Jharkhand state was a tributary state of Magadha Empire and southern part was a tributary of Kalinga Empire. According to legend, Raja Jai Singh Deo of Odisha declared himself the ruler of Jharkhand in the 13th century, the Singh Deos of Orissa were influential in the early history of Jharkhand. The local tribal heads had developed into barbaric dictators who could govern the province neither fairly nor justly, consequently, the people of this state approached the more powerful rulers of Jharkhands neighboring states who were perceived to have a more fair and just governance. The good tribal rulers continued to thrive and were known as the Munda Rajas, later, during the Mughal period, the Jharkhand area was known as Kukara. In the year 1765, it came under the control of the British Empire and became known under its present title, Jharkhand — the Land of jungles. In 1765, the region came under the control of the British East India Company, the subjugation and colonisation of Jharkhand region by the British East India Company resulted in spontaneous resistance from the local people. The first ever revolt against the landlords and the British government was led by Tilka Manjhi and he wanted to liberate his people from the clutches of the unscrupulous landlords and restore the lands of their ancestors. The British government sent its troops and crushed the uprisings of Tilka Manjhi, soon after in 1779, the Bhumij tribes rose in arms against the British rule in Manbhum, now in West Bengal. This was followed by the Chero tribes unrest in Palamau and they revolted against the British rule in 1800 AD. Hardly seven years later in 1807, the Oraons in Barway murdered their big landlord of Srinagar west of Gumla, soon the uprisings spread around Gumla. The tribal uprisings spread eastward to neighbouring Tamar areas of the Munda tribes and they too rose in revolt in 1811 and 1813. The Hos in Singhbhum were growing restless and came out in revolt in 1820 and fought against the landlords
36.
Supreme Court of India
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The Supreme Court of India is the highest judicial forum and final court of appeal under the Constitution of India, the highest constitutional court, with the power of constitutional review. Consisting of the Chief Justice of India and 30 other judges, it has extensive powers in the form of original, appellate and advisory jurisdictions. As the final court of appeal of the country, it takes up appeals primarily against verdicts of the High Courts of various states of the Union and other courts and it safeguards fundamental rights of citizens and settles disputes between various governments in the country. As an advisory court, it matters which may specifically be referred to it under the Constitution by the President of India. It also may take cognisance of matters on its own, without anyone drawing its attention to them, the law declared by the Supreme Court becomes binding on all courts within India. These new High Courts had the distinction of being the highest Courts for all cases till the creation of Federal Court of India under the Government of India Act 1935. The Federal Court had jurisdiction to solve disputes between provinces and federal states and hear appeal against judgements of the High Courts, the Supreme Court of India came into being on 28 January 1950. It replaced both the Federal Court of India and the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council which were then at the apex of the Indian court system. Supreme Court initially had its seat at Chamber of Princes in the Parliament building where the previous Federal Court of India sat from 1937 to 1950, the first Chief Justice of India was Sir H J Kania. In 1958, the Supreme Court moved to its present premises, originally, Constitution of India envisaged a Supreme Court with a Chief Justice and seven Judges, leaving it to Parliament to increase this number. In formative years, the Supreme Court met from 10 to 12 in the morning, the Right Wing of the structure has the bar - room, the offices of the Attorney General of India and other law officers and the library of the court. The Left Wing has the offices of the court, in all there are 15 court rooms in the various wings of the building. The foundation stone of the courts building was laid on 29 October 1954 by Rajendra Prasad. The Court moved into the building in 1958, in 1979, two new wings - the East Wing and the West Wing - were added to the complex. On 20 February 1980, a bronze sculpture of 210 centimeter height was installed in lawn of the Supreme Court. On the book, a balance is shown, which represents dispensation of justice to all. The sculpture was made by the renowned artist Chintamoni Kar The design of the Courts seal is reproduced from the wheel that appears on the abacus of the Sarnath Lion capital of Asoka with 24 spokes, the inscription in Sanskrit yatodharmastato jayah means whence law, thence victory. It is also referred to - as the wheel of righteousness, encompassing truth, goodness, Supreme Court Rules,2013 entitle only those advocates who are registered with the supreme court, called Advocates-on-Record to appear, act and plead for a party in the court
37.
Central Vigilance Commission
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Central Vigilance Commission is an apex Indian governmental body created in 1964 to address governmental corruption. Nittoor Srinivasa Rau, was selected as the first Chief Vigilance Commissioner of India, the Commission shall consist of, A Central Vigilance Commissioner - Chairperson, Not more than two Vigilance Commissioners - Members, The current Central Vigilance Commissioner is Mr. K. V. Chowdary, and among the two Vigilance Commissioners, one is Mr. Rajiv former Director General of CISF and the other is Shri T. M, the CVC is not an investigating agency. The only investigation carried out by the CVC is that of examining Civil Works of the Government which is done r, Corruption investigations against government officials can proceed only after the government permits them. The CVC publishes a list of cases where permissions are pending, in 1998 the Government introduced the CVC Bill in the Lok Sabha in order to replace the Ordinance, though it was not successful. The Bill was re-introduced in 1999 and remained with the Parliament till September 2003, the CVC has also been publishing a list of corrupt government officials against which it has recommended punitive action. The CVC is headed by a Central Vigilance Commissioner who is assisted by two Vigilance Commissioners, the Central Vigilance Commission has its own Secretariat, Chief Technical Examiners Wing and a wing of Commissioners for Departmental Inquiries. The Chief Technical Examiners Organisation constitutes the technical wing of the Central Vigilance Commission and has two Engineers of the rank of Chief Engineers with supporting engineering staff. There are fourteen posts of Commissioners for Departmental Inquiries in the Commission,11 in the rank of Director and 03 in the rank of Deputy Secretary, the CDIs function as Inquiry Officers to conduct inquiries in departmental proceedings initiated against public servants. The Directorate General of Vigilance, Income Tax is the body under the Central Board of Direct Taxes for the vigilance matters. CVC is an authority as defined in the Right to Information Act. Any interested citizen can seek information as per the procedure laid down by RTI Act. CVC is only an advisory body, Central Government Departments are free to either accept or reject CVCs advice in corruption cases. CVC does not have adequate resources compared with number of complaints that it receives and it is a very small set up with a sanctioned staff strength of 299. Whereas, it is supposed to check corruption in more than 1500 central government departments, CVC cannot direct CBI to initiate inquiries against any officer of the level of Joint Secretary and above on its own. Such a permission has to be obtained from the concerned department, CVC does not have powers to register criminal case. It deals only with vigilance or disciplinary cases, CVC has supervisory powers over CBI. However, CVC does not have the power to call for any file from CBI or to direct CBI to investigate any case in a particular manner, CBI is under administrative control of Department of Personnel and Training
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