1.
Istanbul
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Istanbul, historically known as Constantinople and Byzantium, is the most populous city in Turkey and the countrys economic, cultural, and historic center. Istanbul is a city in Eurasia, straddling the Bosphorus strait between the Sea of Marmara and the Black Sea. Its commercial and historical center lies on the European side and about a third of its population lives on the Asian side, the city is the administrative center of the Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality, both hosting a population of around 14.7 million residents. Istanbul is one of the worlds most populous cities and ranks as the worlds 7th-largest city proper, founded under the name of Byzantion on the Sarayburnu promontory around 660 BCE, the city developed to become one of the most significant in history. After its reestablishment as Constantinople in 330 CE, it served as a capital for almost 16 centuries, during the Roman and Byzantine, the Latin. Overlooked for the new capital Ankara during the period, the city has since regained much of its prominence. The population of the city has increased tenfold since the 1950s, as migrants from across Anatolia have moved in, arts, music, film, and cultural festivals were established at the end of the 20th century and continue to be hosted by the city today. Infrastructure improvements have produced a complex transportation network, considered a global city, Istanbul has one of the fastest-growing metropolitan economies in the world. It hosts the headquarters of many Turkish companies and media outlets and accounts for more than a quarter of the gross domestic product. Hoping to capitalize on its revitalization and rapid expansion, Istanbul has bid for the Summer Olympics five times in twenty years, the first known name of the city is Byzantium, the name given to it at its foundation by Megarean colonists around 660 BCE. The name is thought to be derived from a personal name, ancient Greek tradition refers to a legendary king of that name as the leader of the Greek colonists. Modern scholars have hypothesized that the name of Byzas was of local Thracian or Illyrian origin. He also attempted to promote the name Nova Roma and its Greek version Νέα Ῥώμη Nea Romē, the use of Constantinople to refer to the city during the Ottoman period is now considered politically incorrect, even if not historically inaccurate, by Turks. By the 19th century, the city had acquired other names used by foreigners or Turks. Europeans used Constantinople to refer to the whole of the city, pera was used to describe the area between the Golden Horn and the Bosphorus, but Turks also used the name Beyoğlu. The name İstanbul is commonly held to derive from the Medieval Greek phrase εἰς τὴν Πόλιν and this reflected its status as the only major city in the vicinity. The importance of Constantinople in the Ottoman world was reflected by its Ottoman name Der Saadet meaning the gate to Prosperity in Ottoman. An alternative view is that the name evolved directly from the name Constantinople, with the first, a Turkish folk etymology traces the name to Islam bol plenty of Islam because the city was called Islambol or Islambul as the capital of the Islamic Ottoman Empire
2.
Turkey
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Turkey, officially the Republic of Turkey, is a transcontinental country in Eurasia, mainly in Anatolia in Western Asia, with a smaller portion on the Balkan peninsula in Southeast Europe. Turkey is a democratic, secular, unitary, parliamentary republic with a cultural heritage. The country is encircled by seas on three sides, the Aegean Sea is to the west, the Black Sea to the north, and the Mediterranean Sea to the south. The Bosphorus, the Sea of Marmara, and the Dardanelles, Ankara is the capital while Istanbul is the countrys largest city and main cultural and commercial centre. Approximately 70-80% of the countrys citizens identify themselves as ethnic Turks, other ethnic groups include legally recognised and unrecognised minorities. Kurds are the largest ethnic minority group, making up approximately 20% of the population, the area of Turkey has been inhabited since the Paleolithic by various ancient Anatolian civilisations, as well as Assyrians, Greeks, Thracians, Phrygians, Urartians and Armenians. After Alexander the Greats conquest, the area was Hellenized, a process continued under the Roman Empire. The Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm ruled Anatolia until the Mongol invasion in 1243, the empire reached the peak of its power in the 16th century, especially during the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent. During the war, the Ottoman government committed genocides against its Armenian, Assyrian, following the war, the conglomeration of territories and peoples that formerly comprised the Ottoman Empire was partitioned into several new states. Turkey is a member of the UN, an early member of NATO. Turkeys growing economy and diplomatic initiatives have led to its recognition as a regional power while her location has given it geopolitical, the name of Turkey is based on the ethnonym Türk. The first recorded use of the term Türk or Türük as an autonym is contained in the Old Turkic inscriptions of the Göktürks of Central Asia, the English name Turkey first appeared in the late 14th century and is derived from Medieval Latin Turchia. Similarly, the medieval Khazar Empire, a Turkic state on the shores of the Black. The medieval Arabs referred to the Mamluk Sultanate as al-Dawla al-Turkiyya, the Ottoman Empire was sometimes referred to as Turkey or the Turkish Empire among its European contemporaries. The Anatolian peninsula, comprising most of modern Turkey, is one of the oldest permanently settled regions in the world, various ancient Anatolian populations have lived in Anatolia, from at least the Neolithic period until the Hellenistic period. Many of these peoples spoke the Anatolian languages, a branch of the larger Indo-European language family, in fact, given the antiquity of the Indo-European Hittite and Luwian languages, some scholars have proposed Anatolia as the hypothetical centre from which the Indo-European languages radiated. The European part of Turkey, called Eastern Thrace, has also been inhabited since at least forty years ago. It is the largest and best-preserved Neolithic site found to date, the settlement of Troy started in the Neolithic Age and continued into the Iron Age
3.
2010 IAAF World Indoor Championships
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The 2010 IAAF World Indoor Championships in Athletics was held between 12 and 14 March at the ASPIRE Dome in Doha, Qatar. The championships was the first of six IAAF World Athletics Series events to place in 2010. The IAAF announced on March 25,2007 at an IAAF Council meeting in Mombasa, Kenya that it had received bids from Turkey, on November 25, in a Council meeting in Monaco, the IAAF announced that Doha would host the championships. This was the first time that a world championship was held in the Middle-East. The venue for the event was the arena located within Dohas Aspire Zone – the ASPIRE Dome. Prior to the championships, the Qatar organising committee held the Doha Indoor Athletics Meeting for Juniors as a test event for the venue, the meeting began on 26 February and featured junior athletes from 11 countries within the region competing in a total of 13 events. The competition mascot was an anthropomorphic caracal named Saham – the caracal is a cat which is native to the Middle-East. The inclusion of a mascot follows on from the success of the 2009 World Championships in Athletics mascot – Berlino the Bear. This was the first deal of its kind for the competition, anna Alminova, a Russian athlete who competed in the 1500 m failed a drug test while at the championships. She tested positive for pseudoephedrine, which was present in a cold medicine she was taking,2006 |2008 |2010 |2012 |20142006 |2008 |2010 |2012 |2014 Official site Doha 2010 Statistics Handbook - Part One Doha 2010 Statistics Handbook - Part Two
4.
2014 IAAF World Indoor Championships
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The 2014 IAAF World Indoor Championships in Athletics was the fifteenth edition of the international indoor track and field competition, organised by the IAAF. The event was held between 7–9 March 2014 at the Ergo Arena in Sopot, Poland, the IAAF announced on 1 September 2011 that it had received bids from Poland and Croatia to host the championships. Later Zagreb, Croatia withdrew due to lack of funding, on November 11,2011 at a Council meeting in Monaco, the IAAF announced that Sopot, as the only remaining bidder, would host the championships. Budapest, Hungary had shown interest but eventually did not bid, the Championships were held at the Ergo Arena, opened in 2010, on the border of the cities of Sopot and Gdańsk. For the Championships it seated 11,000, the track officially opened on 16 February and almost 6000 people came to the ERGO Arena to mark its inauguration. The indoor portable banked track made by Mondo used the companys Super X rubberized surface, after the competition the track has been dismantled and moved permanently to the newly built indoor arena in Toruń. The IAAF again chose not to get wide coverage in the large United States market, instead they sold exclusive rights to Universal Sports, a network associated with NBC Sports. Universal Sports can only be seen in ten percent of the households in the American market. Universal Sports limited other distribution of the content, even online content requiring login with cable subscription user names, for those viewers without access to Universal Sports, nationwide coverage of the entire meet was blacked out. IAAF supported the blackout of coverage, unlike previous World Championship meetings, IAAFs YouTube channel provided only post race interviews and no coverage of the actual events at the meet. Note, * = Relay athletes who ran in heats Note, * = Relay athletes who only ran in heats A number of athletes were disqualified for stepping over the inside track boundary. The most high profile of these disqualifications was Polands Marcin Lewandowski in the mens 800 m final, the host nation athlete originally won the bronze medal but a single step on the in-field led to his disqualification and the promotion of Great Britains Andrew Osagie into the third podium position. There was an occurrence in the womens 1500 m final. Half an hour afterwards, a review of race footage led to her being disqualified with Canadas Nicole Sifuentes being promoted to bronze position, nick Willis, the original mens 1500 m fourth placer, was another high-profile disqualification. Outside of the in-field track infringements, there were a number of disqualifications. Reflecting the more physical nature of competition, Richard Buck, Lisanne de Witte. Siologa Viliamu Sepa and Musaeb Abdulrahman Balla were removed for lane infringement, no athletes fell foul of the false start rule. The Russian womens 4×400 m relay team was disqualified after Kseniya Ryzhovas doping sample from 7 March was found positive for trimetazidine, nataliia Lupu was disqualified from the Womens 800 meters after her doping sample was found positive for Methylhexaneamine
5.
IAAF World Indoor Championships in Athletics
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The events held have remained more or less the same since they originated with the main alterations coming in the earlier years. 1993 saw the last of the events included and a 1600 m medley relay was tried but dropped for future games. This same year a mens heptathlon and womens pentathlon were successfully introduced as non-championship events and have remained in place since, in 1997 the womens pole vault entered the fray – two years before it made an appearance at the games outdoor counterpart. The 200 m has been absent since the 2006 championships in Moscow and its results had become too predictable. Because of the tight bends involved, athletes not drawn in one of the outside lanes had next to no chance of winning, mozambiques Maria de Lurdes Mutola won seven gold, one silver and one bronze medal in the womens 800 m from 1993 to 2008. Natalya Nazarova has won seven gold and one medal from 1999 to 2008 in the 400 m and 4 ×400 m relay. Cuban Iván Pedroso won five golds in the mens long jump from 1993–2001. Stefka Kostadinova of Bulgaria won five gold medals in the womens high jump. Haile Gebrselassie of Ethiopia won three golds in the 3,000 m and one in the 1,500 m, sergey Bubka won four pole vault gold medals. Cuban Javier Sotomayor won four gold and one medal in the mens high jump. Stefan Holm of Sweden has won four medals in the mens high jump. Meseret Defar of Ethiopia has won four gold, one silver and one bronze medal in the womens 3,000 m
6.
Indoor track and field
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Track and field is a sport which includes athletic contests established on the skills of running, jumping, and throwing. The name is derived from the sports venue, a stadium with an oval running track enclosing a grass field where the throwing and jumping events take place. Track and field is categorised under the sport of athletics, which also includes road running, cross country running. The foot racing events, which include sprints, middle- and long-distance events, the jumping and throwing events are won by the athlete who achieves the greatest distance or height. Regular jumping events include long jump, triple jump, high jump and pole vault, while the most common throwing events are shot put, javelin, discus and hammer. There are also combined events or multi events, such as the pentathlon consisting of five events, heptathlon consisting of seven events, in these, athletes participate in a combination of track and field events. Most track and field events are individual sports with a victor, the most prominent team events are relay races. Events are almost exclusively divided by gender, although both the mens and womens competitions are held at the same venue. It is one of the oldest sports, in ancient times, it was an event held in conjunction with festivals and sports meets such as the Ancient Olympic Games in Greece. The ancient Olympic Games began in the year 776 BC, when Koroibos, a cook from the city of Elis, won the stadium race. According to some traditions, this was the only athletic event of the games for the first 13 Olympic festivals. In modern times, the two most prestigious track and field competitions are athletics competition at the Olympic Games and the IAAF World Championships in Athletics. The International Association of Athletics Federations is the governing body. Records are kept of the best performances in specific events, at world and national levels, however, if athletes are deemed to have violated the events rules or regulations, they are disqualified from the competition and their marks are erased. In North America, the track and field may be used to refer to other athletics events, such as the marathon. The sport of track and field has its roots in human prehistory, Track and field-style events are among the oldest of all sporting competitions, as running, jumping and throwing are natural and universal forms of human physical expression. The first recorded examples of organized track and field events at a festival are the Ancient Olympic Games. At the first Games in 776 BC in Olympia, Greece, only one event was contested, Track and field events were also present at the Panhellenic Games in Greece around this period, and they spread to Rome in Italy around 200 BC
7.
IAAF World Athletics Series
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The International Association of Athletics Federations is the international governing body for the sport of athletics. It was founded on 17 July 1912 as the International Amateur Athletic Federation by representatives from 17 national athletics federations at the organizations first congress in Stockholm, since October 1993, it has been headquartered in Monaco. Beginning in 1982, the IAAF passed several amendments to its rules to allow athletes to receive compensation for participating in international competitions. However, the organization retained the word amateur in its name until its 2001 congress, the IAAFs president is Sebastian Coe of the United Kingdom. He was elected at the 2015 congress before the 2015 World Championships in Athletics in Beijing, the process to found the IAAF was started at a meeting in Stockholm, Sweden on July 17,1912 soon after the completion of the 1912 Summer Olympics in that city. The congress that started on August 20,1913 in Berlin is when the foundation of the IAAF was formally completed, in 2015, a whistleblower leaked IAAFs blood test records from major competitions. After reviewing the results, Robin Parisotto, a scientist and leading anti-doping expert, said, so many athletes appear to have doped with impunity, and it is damning that the IAAF appears to have idly sat by and let this happen. Craig Reedie, president of the World Anti-Doping Agency, said his organisation was very disturbed by these new allegations, which will, once again, shake the foundation of clean athletes worldwide, and that its independent commission will investigate the claims. On 1 November 2015, former IAAF president Lamine Diack was arrested in France and is under investigation on suspicion of corruption, Diack allegedly accepted $1.2 million from the Russian athletics federation to cover up the positive doping tests of at least six Russian athletes in 2011. The report continued that the IAAF allowed the conduct to occur and must accept its responsibility and that corruption was embedded in the organization. In January 2016, as a result of the scandal and WADAs report. The BBC reported that as a result the IAAF would lose $33 million worth of revenue, the 11-year sponsorship deal with Adidas was due to run until 2019. World-record holding sprinter, Michael Johnson, described the scandal as more serious than that faced by FIFA, in February,2016, Nestle announced that it was ending its IAAF sponsorship. In June 2016, following a meeting of the IAAFs ruling council, in Ferbuary 2017, All-Russia Athletic Federation disqualified by decision of the IAAF Council for 8 years for the creation of a doping system. Since the establishment of the IAAF, it has had six presidents, The IAAF has a total of 215 member federations divided into 6 area associations
8.
2012 IAAF World Race Walking Cup
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The 2012 IAAF World Race Walking Cup was held in Saransk, Russia, on 12–13 May 2012. The track of the Cup runs in the streets of the city. Detailed reports on the event and an appraisal of the results was given for the IAAF. IAAF Rule 230.6, repeated failure to comply with the definition of race walking *, beyond Time Limit IAAF Rule 230.6, the participation of 475 athletes from 62 countries was officially announced. An unofficial count yields the participation of only 449 athletes from 61 countries, the announced athlete from Nigeria did not appear in the result lists. 2012 Race Walking Year Ranking Eventss Webpage IAAF WORLD RACE WALKING CUP - SARANSK2012 - FACTS & FIGURES
9.
2012 World Junior Championships in Athletics
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A total of 44 athletics events were contested at the championships,22 by male and 22 by female athletes. Several medalists from the 2010 championships were eligible to defend their titles, including Jacko Gill, Jodie Williams, Shaunae Miller, according to an unofficial count through an unofficial result list,1566 athletes from 171 countries participated in the event. This is in agreement with the numbers as published
10.
2012 IAAF World Half Marathon Championships
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The 2012 IAAF World Half Marathon Championships was held in Kavarna, Bulgaria on 6 October 2012. Detailed reports on the event and an appraisal of the results were given, complete results were published for the mens race, for the womens race, for mens team, and for womens team. An unofficial count yields the participation of 146 athletes from 41 countries, although announced, athletes from Switzerland did not show. 2012 in athletics IAAF Website IAAF WORLD HALF MARATHON CHAMPIONSHIPS - KAVARNA2012 - FACTS & FIGURES
11.
International Association of Athletics Federations
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The International Association of Athletics Federations is the international governing body for the sport of athletics. It was founded on 17 July 1912 as the International Amateur Athletic Federation by representatives from 17 national athletics federations at the organizations first congress in Stockholm, since October 1993, it has been headquartered in Monaco. Beginning in 1982, the IAAF passed several amendments to its rules to allow athletes to receive compensation for participating in international competitions. However, the organization retained the word amateur in its name until its 2001 congress, the IAAFs president is Sebastian Coe of the United Kingdom. He was elected at the 2015 congress before the 2015 World Championships in Athletics in Beijing, the process to found the IAAF was started at a meeting in Stockholm, Sweden on July 17,1912 soon after the completion of the 1912 Summer Olympics in that city. The congress that started on August 20,1913 in Berlin is when the foundation of the IAAF was formally completed, in 2015, a whistleblower leaked IAAFs blood test records from major competitions. After reviewing the results, Robin Parisotto, a scientist and leading anti-doping expert, said, so many athletes appear to have doped with impunity, and it is damning that the IAAF appears to have idly sat by and let this happen. Craig Reedie, president of the World Anti-Doping Agency, said his organisation was very disturbed by these new allegations, which will, once again, shake the foundation of clean athletes worldwide, and that its independent commission will investigate the claims. On 1 November 2015, former IAAF president Lamine Diack was arrested in France and is under investigation on suspicion of corruption, Diack allegedly accepted $1.2 million from the Russian athletics federation to cover up the positive doping tests of at least six Russian athletes in 2011. The report continued that the IAAF allowed the conduct to occur and must accept its responsibility and that corruption was embedded in the organization. In January 2016, as a result of the scandal and WADAs report. The BBC reported that as a result the IAAF would lose $33 million worth of revenue, the 11-year sponsorship deal with Adidas was due to run until 2019. World-record holding sprinter, Michael Johnson, described the scandal as more serious than that faced by FIFA, in February,2016, Nestle announced that it was ending its IAAF sponsorship. In June 2016, following a meeting of the IAAFs ruling council, in Ferbuary 2017, All-Russia Athletic Federation disqualified by decision of the IAAF Council for 8 years for the creation of a doping system. Since the establishment of the IAAF, it has had six presidents, The IAAF has a total of 215 member federations divided into 6 area associations
12.
Mombasa
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Mombasa is a city on the coast of Kenya. It is the countrys second-largest city, after the capital Nairobi and its metropolitan region is the second largest in the country and has a population of approximately two million people. Administratively, Mombasa is the capital of Mombasa County, a regional cultural and economic hub, Mombasa has an extra-large port and an international airport, and is an important regional tourism centre. The city had a population of about 939,000 per the 2009 census and it is located on Mombasa Island and sprawls to the surrounding mainlands. The island is separated from the mainland by two creeks, Tudor Creek and Kilindini Harbour. It is connected to the mainland to the north by the Nyali Bridge, to the south by the Likoni Ferry, the port serves both Kenya and countries of the interior, linking them to the ocean. The city is served by Moi International Airport located in the northwest mainland suburb of Chaani, Mombasa has a cosmopolitan population, with the Swahili people and Mijikenda predominant. Other communities include the Akamba and Taita Bantus as well as a significant population of Luo, the major religions practised in the city are Islam, Christianity and Hinduism. Over the centuries, many immigrants and traders have settled in Mombasa, particularly from the Middle East, Somalia, and the Indian sub-continent, the founding of Mombasa is associated with two rulers, Mwana Mkisi and Shehe Mvita. According to oral history and medieval commentaries, Shehe Mvita superseded the dynasty of Mwana Mkisi, Shehe Mvita is remembered as a Muslim of great learning and so is connected more directly with the present ideals of Swahili culture that people identify with Mombasa. The ancient history associated with Shehe Mvita and the founding of a settlement on Mombasa Island is still linked to present-day peoples living in Mombasa. The Thenashara Taifa Swahili lineages recount this ancient history today and are the keepers of local Swahili traditions, even though today Mombasa is a very heterogeneous cultural mix, families associated with the Twelve Nations are still considered the original inhabitants of the city. Most of the information on Mombasa comes from Portuguese chroniclers writing in the 16th century. In 1331, the famous Moroccan scholar and traveller Ibn Battuta also visited the area during his travels to the Swahili Coast and made mention of the city. He noted that the people of Mombasa were Shãfii Muslims, a people, trustworthy. Their mosques are made of wood, expertly built, the exact founding date of the city is unknown, but it has a long history. Kenyan school history books place the founding of Mombasa as 900 A. D and it must have been already a prosperous trading town in the 12th century, as the Arab geographer Al Idrisi mentions it in 1151. During the pre-modern period, Mombasa was an important centre for the trade in spices, gold and its trade links reached as far as the Indian subcontinent and modern-day China and oral historians today can still recall this period of local history
13.
Kenya
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Kenya, officially the Republic of Kenya, is a country in Africa and a founding member of the East African Community. Its capital and largest city is Nairobi and it is bordered by Tanzania to the south and southwest, Uganda to the west, South Sudan to the north-west, Ethiopia to the north and Somalia to the north-east. Kenya covers 581,309 km2, and had a population of approximately 48 million people in January 2017, Kenya has a warm and humid tropical climate on its Indian Ocean coastline. The climate is cooler in the grasslands around the capital city, Nairobi, and especially closer to Mount Kenya. Further inland are highlands in Central and Rift Valley regions where tea, in the West are Nyanza and Western regions, there is an equatorial, hot and dry climate which becomes humid around Lake Victoria, the largest tropical fresh-water lake in the world. This gives way to temperate and forested areas in the neighbouring western region. The north-eastern regions along the border with Somalia and Ethiopia are arid and semi-arid areas with near-desert landscapes, Kenya is known for its world class athletes in track and field and rugby. The African Great Lakes region, which Kenya is a part of, has been inhabited by humans since the Lower Paleolithic period, by the first millennium AD, the Bantu expansion had reached the area from West-Central Africa. Bantu and Nilotic populations together constitute around 97% of the nations residents, European and Arab presence in coastal Mombasa dates to the Early Modern period, European exploration of the interior began in the 19th century. The British Empire established the East Africa Protectorate in 1895, which starting in 1920 gave way to the Kenya Colony, Kenya obtained independence in December 1963. Following a referendum in August 2010 and adoption of a new constitution, Kenya is now divided into 47 semi-autonomous counties, the capital, Nairobi, is a regional commercial hub. The economy of Kenya is the largest by GDP in East, agriculture is a major employer, the country traditionally exports tea and coffee and has more recently begun to export fresh flowers to Europe. The service industry is also an economic driver. Additionally, Kenya is a member of the East African Community trading bloc, the Republic of Kenya is named after Mount Kenya. The origin of the name Kenya is not clear, but perhaps linked to the Kikuyu, Embu and Kamba words Kirinyaga, Kirenyaa, if so, then the British may not so much have mispronounced it, as misspelled it. In the 19th century, the German explorer Johann Ludwig Krapf was staying with the Bantu Kamba people when he first spotted the mountain. On asking for the name of the mountain, he was told Kĩ-Nyaa or Kĩĩma- Kĩĩnyaa probably because the pattern of black rock, the Agikuyu, who inhabit the slopes of Mt. Kenya, call it Kĩrĩma Kĩrĩnyaga in Kikuyu, which is quite similar to the Kamba name. Ludwig Krapf recorded the name as both Kenia and Kegnia believed by most to be a corruption of the Kamba version, others say that this was—on the contrary—a very precise notation of a correct African pronunciation /ˈkɛnjə/
14.
Qatar
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Qatar, officially the State of Qatar, is a sovereign country located in Western Asia, occupying the small Qatar Peninsula on the northeastern coast of the Arabian Peninsula. Its sole land border is with Saudi Arabia to the south, with the rest of its surrounded by the Persian Gulf. A strait in the Persian Gulf separates Qatar from the island country of Bahrain, as well as sharing maritime borders with the United Arab Emirates. Following Ottoman rule, Qatar became a British protectorate in the early 20th century until gaining independence in 1971, Qatar has been ruled by the House of Thani since the early 19th century. Sheikh Jassim bin Mohammed Al Thani was the founder of the State of Qatar, Qatar is a hereditary monarchy and its head of state is Emir Sheikh Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani. Whether it should be regarded as a constitutional or a monarchy is a matter of opinion. In 2003, the constitution was approved in a referendum. In early 2017, Qatars total population was 2.3 million,313,000 Qatari citizens and 2.6 million expatriates, Qatar is a high income economy and is a developed country, backed by the worlds third largest natural gas reserves and oil reserves. The country has the highest per capita income in the world, Qatar is classified by the UN as a country of very high human development and is the most advanced Arab state for human development. Qatar is a significant power in the Arab world, supporting several rebel groups during the Arab Spring both financially and through its globally expanding media group, Al Jazeera Media Network. For its size, Qatar wields disproportionate influence in the world, Qatar will host the 2022 FIFA World Cup, becoming the first Arab country to do so. A century later, Ptolemy produced the first known map to depict the peninsula, the map also referenced a town named Cadara to the east of the peninsula. The term Catara was exclusively used until the 18th century, after which Katara emerged as the most commonly recognised spelling, eventually, the modern derivative Qatar was adopted as the countrys name. In Standard Arabic, the name is pronounced, while in the local dialect it is, Human habitation of Qatar dates back to 50,000 years ago. Settlements and tools dating back to the Stone Age have been unearthed in the peninsula, Mesopotamian artefacts originating from the Ubaid period have been discovered in abandoned coastal settlements. Al Daasa, a settlement located on the western coast of Qatar, is the most important Ubaid site in the country and is believed to have accommodated a small seasonal encampment. Kassite Babylonian material dating back to the second millennium BC found in Al Khor Islands attests to trade relations between the inhabitants of Qatar and the Kassites in modern-day Bahrain, among the findings were 3,000,000 crushed snail shells and Kassite potsherds. It has been suggested that Qatar is the earliest known site of shellfish dye production, in 224 AD, the Sasanian Empire gained control over the territories surrounding the Persian Gulf
15.
Monaco
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Monaco, officially the Principality of Monaco, is a sovereign city-state and microstate, located on the French Riviera in Western Europe. France borders the country on three sides while the other side borders the Mediterranean Sea, Monaco has an area of 2.02 km2 and a population of about 38,400 according to the last census of 2015. With 19,009 inhabitants per km², it is the second smallest, Monaco has a land border of 5.47 km, a coastline of 3.83 km, and a width that varies between 1,700 and 349 m. The highest point in the country is a pathway named Chemin des Révoires on the slopes of Mont Agel, in the Les Révoires Ward. Monacos most populous Quartier is Monte Carlo and the most populous Ward is Larvotto/Bas Moulins, through land reclamation, Monacos land mass has expanded by twenty percent, in 2005, it had an area of only 1.974 km2. Monaco is known as a playground for the rich and famous, in 2014, it was noted about 30% of the population was made up of millionaires, more than in Zürich or Geneva. Monaco is a principality governed under a form of constitutional monarchy, although Prince Albert II is a constitutional monarch, he wields immense political power. The House of Grimaldi have ruled Monaco, with brief interruptions, the official language is French, but Monégasque, Italian, and English are widely spoken and understood. The states sovereignty was recognized by the Franco-Monegasque Treaty of 1861. Despite Monacos independence and separate foreign policy, its defense is the responsibility of France, however, Monaco does maintain two small military units. Economic development was spurred in the late 19th century with the opening of the countrys first casino, Monte Carlo, since then, Monacos mild climate, scenery, and gambling facilities have contributed to the principalitys status as a tourist destination and recreation center for the rich. In more recent years, Monaco has become a major banking center and has sought to diversify its economy into services and small, high-value-added, the state has no income tax, low business taxes, and is well known for being a tax haven. It is also the host of the street circuit motor race Monaco Grand Prix. Monaco is not formally a part of the European Union, but it participates in certain EU policies, including customs, through its relationship with France, Monaco uses the euro as its sole currency. Monaco joined the Council of Europe in 2004 and it is a member of the Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie. Monacos name comes from the nearby 6th-century BC Phocaean Greek colony, according to an ancient myth, Hercules passed through the Monaco area and turned away the previous gods. As a result, a temple was constructed there, the temple of Hercules Monoikos, because the only temple of this area was the House of Hercules, the city was called Monoikos. It ended up in the hands of the Holy Roman Empire, an ousted branch of a Genoese family, the Grimaldi, contested it for a hundred years before actually gaining control
16.
Sport of athletics
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Athletics is a collection of sporting events that involve competitive running, jumping, throwing, and walking. The most common types of competitions are track and field, road running, cross country running. The results of racing events are decided by finishing position, while the jumps, the simplicity of the competitions, and the lack of a need for expensive equipment, makes athletics one of the most commonly competed sports in the world. Athletics is mostly an individual sport, with the exception of relay races and competitions which combine athletes performances for a team score, organized athletics are traced back to the Ancient Olympic Games from 776 BCE. The rules and format of the events in athletics were defined in Western Europe and North America in the 19th and early 20th century. Most modern top level meetings are conducted by the International Association of Athletics Federations, the athletics meeting forms the backbone of the Summer Olympics. The foremost international athletics meeting is the IAAF World Championships in Athletics, other top level competitions in athletics include the IAAF World Cross Country Championships and the IAAF World Half Marathon Championships. Athletes with a disability compete at the Summer Paralympics and the IPC Athletics World Championships. The word athletics is derived from the Ancient Greek ἀθλητής from ἆθλον or ἆθλος, initially, the term was used to describe athletic contests in general – i. e. sporting competition based primarily on human physical feats. In the 19th century, the term acquired a more narrow definition in Europe. This definition continues to be the most prominent one in the United Kingdom, furthermore, foreign words in many German and Roman languages which are related to the term athletics also have a similar meaning. In much of North America, athletics is synonymous with sports in general, the word athletics is rarely used to refer to the sport of athletics in this region. Track and field is preferred, and is used in the United States and Canada to refer to most athletics events, including racewalking, Athletic contests in running, walking, jumping and throwing are among the oldest of all sports and their roots are prehistoric. Athletics events were depicted in the Ancient Egyptian tombs in Saqqara, with illustrations of running at the Heb Sed festival, the Tailteann Games were an ancient Celtic festival in Ireland, founded around 1800 BCE, and the thirty-day meeting included running and stone-throwing among its sporting events. The original and only event at the first Olympics in 776 BCE was a running event known as the stadion. This later expanded to include throwing and jumping events within the ancient pentathlon, Athletics competitions also took place at other Panhellenic Games, which were founded later around 500 BCE. The Cotswold Olimpick Games, a festival which emerged in 17th century England. Annually, from 1796 to 1798, LOlympiade de la République was held in revolutionary France, the premier event of this competition was a running event, but various ancient Greek disciplines were also on display
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European Team Championships
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The European Team Championships is an international athletics competition, between different countries of Europe, over 4 leagues. Although Zauli died just a few months before the launch of the first event, in 2008, it was decided to change the competition and for it to take a new format with four leagues, which consist of 20 events for men and 20 for women. The Super League and the First League have 12 teams each, while the Second League, Team scores will be calculated by combination of men and womens points, rather than the previous individual male and female scores. Each year, three teams are relegated from the Super League and are replaced by three promoted from the First League. Two teams are relegated/promoted among First, Second and Third League teams, teams that have participated in Super League only
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Sinan Erdem Dome
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The Sinan Erdem Dome, formerly known as the Ataköy Dome, is a multi-purpose indoor arena that is located on the European side of Istanbul, Turkey. It has a capacity of 22,500 for concerts. The arena is named after Sinan Erdem, who was the President of the Turkish Olympic Committee, from 1989, Sinan Erdem Dome has a steel roof structure, in a spherical shell form, with a dimensional span of 112 m ×154 m. It also has two faces on each side, which forms an overall shuttle like geometry. The main load bearing supports of the structure are 6 reinforced concrete twin columns, with an r/c support mass. The head section of the roof is fixed to the existing structure, the steel trusses have fixed supports on top of twin columns. The top and bottom chords are made up of hollow sections. There are three main trusses and secondary circular girders that rest on them, which builds up the skeleton structure, the steel roof and its supports are separate from the tribune structure, constituting an independent structure by itself. The Turkish Basketball Super League club Efes İstanbul hosted its home Turkish League and EuroLeague games at the Sinan Erdem Dome, the Turkish club Fenerbahçe İstanbul also hosted its home games at the arena, from 2010 and until the inauguration of its own arena, the Ülker Sports Arena. The Turkish club Beşiktaş İstanbul also used the arena to host its home games, the senior mens Turkish national basketball team has also used the arena, since the year 2010. Sinan Erdem Dome hosted the basketball 2010 FIBA World Championships knockout stage, during the 2010 FIBA World Championship, most of the arenas 16,000 seats were placed on temporary stands, which were built on top of the arenas permanent stands. The arena is also the host site of the basketball events, the 2017 EuroLeague Final Four. List of tennis stadiums by capacity Miscellaneous Images of Sinan Erdem Dome
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2010 FIBA World Championship
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The 2010 FIBA World Championship, hosted by Turkey, was the international basketball competition contested by the mens national teams. The tournament ran from August 28 to September 12,2010 and it was co-organized by the International Basketball Federation, Turkish Basketball Federation and the 2010 Organizing Committee. It was considered as prestigious a competition as the Olympic Basketball Tournament, for the third time, the World Championship had 24 competing nations. As a result, the group games were played in four different cities. The United States won the tournament for their time after going undefeated in the Opening Round. The draw for the Championship took place on December 15,2009 in Istanbul, teams were drawn into four preliminary round groups of six teams each. Teams first played a schedule, with the top sixteen teams advancing to the knockout stage. Previously, Australia and New Zealand, Italy, Russia and Puerto Rico announced their intention to bid from the tournament, france won the first round of voting, but Turkey eventually won the right to host after the joint bidders were knocked out in the first round. The tournament was the first time that Turkey has hosted the event, below is a list of the venues which hosted games during the 2010 FIBA World Championship. Each preliminary round group was hosted in an arena in Kayseri, Istanbul, Ankara. The knockout phase then moved to Istanbuls Sinan Erdem Dome, Ankara Arena, completed in 2010, and Kadir Has Arena, completed in 2008, were built for the championships, while the other three arenas underwent renovations for the event. Turkey automatically qualified as the host country, and the United States also received a berth for winning the 2008 Olympic Mens Basketball Tournament. Most other teams secured their places in qualifying tournaments. FIBA invited four wild card teams to fill out the team field. The four wild cards were determined by FIBA through criteria, for example, a team must have played in the Zones qualification tournament to receive recommendation. Also, in order for every team to have an opportunity for a wild card, once these requirements are satisfied, FIBA then looks at other important factors. Those include popularity of basketball within the country, success of the team, as of 2009, FIBA now requires that wild card candidates pay a late registration fee to be considered. Fourteen teams paid the 500,000 € fee to apply for one of the four wild card spots, FIBA then whittled down the teams to eight semifinalists – Cameroon, Germany, Great Britain, Korea, Lebanon, Lithuania, Nigeria, and Russia
United States
Great Britain
Ethiopia
Kenya
Russia
Ukraine
France
Australia
Morocco
Jamaica
Brazil
Costa Rica
Greece (GRE)
New Zealand
Germany
Bahamas
China
Czech Republic
Italy
Ivory Coast
Kazakhstan
Sweden
Turkey
Belarus
Cuba
Lithuania
Poland
Trinidad and Tobago
Afghanistan (1)
Albania (2)
Algeria (2)
Andorra (2)
Anguilla (2)
Argentina (1)
Armenia (2)
Aruba (1)
Australia (6)
Austria (3)
Azerbaijan (2)
Bahamas (6)
Bahrain (4)
Bangladesh (2)
Belarus (17)
Belgium (3)
Benin (2)
Bermuda (1)
Bosnia and Herzegovina (2)
Botswana (4)
Brazil (7)
British Virgin Islands (1)
Brunei (2)
Bulgaria (8)
Burkina Faso (1)
Cambodia (1)
Cameroon (2)
Canada (4)
Cayman Islands (1)
Chad (1)
China (13)
Chinese Taipei (2)
Colombia (1)
Comoros (2)
Cook Islands (1)
Costa Rica (1)
Croatia (1)
Cuba (10)
Cyprus (2)
Czech Republic (13)
Democratic Republic of the Congo (1)
Denmark (2)
Djibouti (1)
Dominica (1)
Dominican Republic (1)
Ecuador (1)
Egypt (1)
Equatorial Guinea (1)
Estonia (2)
Ethiopia (10)
Federated States of Micronesia (1)
Fiji (2)
France (11)
French Polynesia (2)
Gambia (1)
Georgia (2)
Germany (17)
Ghana (3)
Gibraltar (1)
Great Britain (30)
Greece (GRE) (7)
Grenada (1)
Guam (2)
Guinea (1)
Guinea-Bissau (2)
Guyana (2)
Haiti (1)
Hong Kong (2)
Hungary (3)
Iceland (2)
India (1)
Indonesia (1)
Iran (3)
Iraq (2)
Ireland (3)
Israel (2)
Italy (14)
Ivory Coast (2)
Jamaica (10)
Japan (1)
Kazakhstan (6)
Kenya (9)
Kiribati (2)
Kuwait (1)
Kyrgyzstan (2)
Latvia (2)
Lebanon (1)
Lesotho (1)
Lithuania (5)
Macau (1)
Macedonia (1)
Madagascar (1)
Malawi (1)
Maldives (1)
Mali (1)
Malta (1)
Marshall Islands (1)
Mauritania (1)
Mauritius (2)
Mexico (1)
Moldova (2)
Monaco (1)
Mongolia (2)
Morocco (6)
Namibia (1)
Nauru (2)
Netherlands (4)
New Zealand (1)
Nicaragua (1)
Nigeria (4)
Norfolk Island (1)
Northern Mariana Islands (1)
Norway (1)
Oman (1)
Pakistan (2)
Palau (2)
Palestine (2)
Panama (1)
Papua New Guinea (2)
Paraguay (1)
Peru (1)
Philippines (1)
Poland (13)
Portugal (2)
Puerto Rico (1)
Qatar (3)
Republic of the Congo (1)
Romania (13)
Russia (42)
Rwanda (2)
Saint Kitts and Nevis (2)
Saint Lucia (1)
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (2)
El Salvador (1)
Samoa (1)
San Marino (2)
Saudi Arabia (1)
Senegal (1)
Serbia (1)
Seychelles (1)
Sierra Leone (1)
Singapore (2)
Slovakia (1)
Slovenia (4)
Solomon Islands (2)
South Africa (3)
South Korea (1)
Spain (20)
Sudan (2)
Swaziland (1)
Sweden (4)
Switzerland (2)
Syria (2)
Tajikistan (2)
Tanzania (1)
Thailand (1)
Tonga (2)
Trinidad and Tobago (7)
Turkey (16)
Turkmenistan (1)
Tuvalu (1)
Uganda (2)
Ukraine (25)
United Arab Emirates (2)
United States (46)
United States Virgin Islands (2)
Uruguay (2)
Uzbekistan (5)
Vanuatu (2)
Venezuela (4)
Zambia (2)
