1.
2013 in Norway
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Events in the year 2013 in Norway. Monarch - Harald V Prime Minister - Jens Stoltenberg (Norwegian Labour Party Prime Minister - Erna Solberg (Conservative 16–19 January – Five Norwegians died in the In Amenas hostage crisis,17 January – A lorry full of highly-flammable goat-whey cheese caught fire in a road tunnel near Narvik. The high fat and sugar content of the brunost kept the raging conflagration burning for four days,19 February – The Standing Committee on Scrutiny and Constitutional Affairs unanimously criticised Stoltenbergs Cabinet for lack of security arrangement before the 2011 Norway attacks. 6 May – Gerd Kristiansen was elected leader of the Norwegian Confederation of Trade Unions 28 May – Oslo city council decided to build a new Munch Museum in Bjørvika,1 July – It was announced that the Södra Cell Tofte pulp mill will close. 17 July – Marte Dalelv was convicted for sex and perjury after having reported a man to the police in Dubai for rape. 5 August – A female employee at the Labour and Welfare Service in Oslo was stabbed at work,17 August – The Hardanger Bridge was opened. 9 September – In the Norwegian parliamentary election,2013 the non-socialist parties won a plurality, the Green Party gained a representative in parliament for the first time. 9 September – Fifty-five percent of voters in Oslo voted in favour of the Oslo bid for the 2022 Winter Olympics,7 October – The Conservative and Progress parties presented a political platform for an Erna Solberg cabinet. 16 October – Erna Solberg became prime minister in Solbergs Cabinet,23 October – The Supreme Court ruled that a time limit of 25 years for individual fishing quotas does not violate the Constitution of Norway. 4 November – Three people died in the 2013 Valdresekspressen hijacking,16 November – Cyclone Hilde struck Trøndelag and Helgeland. 3 December – PISA2012 showed Norwegian pupils scoring below average in mathematics,5 December – Seven pioneer divers in the North sea won a case against Norway in the European Court of Human Rights for financial compensation for injuries. 10 December – The Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons was awarded the 2013 Nobel Peace Prize in Oslo,10 December – Joshua French was indicted for the murder of Tjostolv Moland. 12 December – Hurricane Ivar struck Central Norway,53,000 households lost electricity,24 December – A storm struck many areas of the country on Christmas Eve. 1 April, Magnus Carlsen won the 2013 Candidate tournament in Chess,11 August –2 September – The Chess World Cup 2013 was hosted in Tromsø. 9-22 November – Carlsen won the 2013 World Chess Championship match 6½–3½ against Anand, Norway in the Eurovision Song Contest 2013 The Fox, an electronic dance song and viral video by the comedy duo Ylvis, was the top trending video of 2013 on YouTube. 9 October - Ylvis performs their viral hit The Fox on Late Night with Jimmy Fallon. 23 January –200 years since the birth of Camilla Collett 11 June -100 years since general suffrage for women in Norway 5 August –200 years since the birth of Ivar Aasen 2013 in Norwegian music
2.
2012 in Norway
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Events in the year 2012 in Norway. Monarch – Harald V Prime Minister – Jens Stoltenberg 15 March – Five Norwegian soldiers died in an accident in northern Sweden. 19 March – Six tourists are buried in an avalanche in Gáivuotna–Kåfjord, Norway, leaving four dead,10 April – A second psychiatric evaluation finds that Anders Behring Breivik is sane enough to face trial for the 2011 Norway attacks and serve a prison sentence if convicted. 16 April – The trial of confessed perpetrator of the 2011 Norway attacks, Anders Behring Breivik, starts in Oslo, Norway. 1 May – Norwegian world swimming champion and Olympic medalist Alexander Dale Oen dies at age 26 after suffering a cardiac arrest during a camp in Flagstaff. 15 May – A man sets himself on fire outside the Oslo courthouse where mass murderer Anders Behring Breivik is on trial for the 2011 Norway attacks,4 August – Death of Sigrid Schjetne in Oslo 17 October - Netflix becomes available to Norwegian consumers. 14 December – The Làhku National Park was established in the municipalities Gildeskål, Meløy, Norway in the Eurovision Song Contest 201227 July–12 August, at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, Norway won a total of four Olympic medals including two gold medals. Eirik Verås Larsen won the medal in canoeing, mens K-11000 metres. 250 years since the establishment of Hadeland Glassverk
3.
2011 in Norway
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Events in the year 2011 in Norway. Monarch – Harald V Prime Minister – Jens Stoltenberg 7 January – Five people were killed in an accident on the European route E8 in Lavangsdalen near Tromsø. 12 January – Russian-born blogger Maria Amelie was arrested for having stayed in Norway illegally since 2002, Amelie was deported from Norway to Russia on 24 January 2011. 15 February – The Government of the Philippines and Communist Party of the Philippines hold their first peace talks in six years in Oslo, june –2011 Eastern Norway floods 4 July – The Ullensvang helicopter accident, five people were killed in a helicopter crash near Kinsarvik. 29 July – The first funerals of last weeks terrorism and shooting victims were held,7 October – The Linesøy Bridge is opened, connecting the islands of Linesøya and Stokkøya in Åfjord. 25 November – The Cyclone Berit hits the Norwegian coast
4.
Norway
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The Antarctic Peter I Island and the sub-Antarctic Bouvet Island are dependent territories and thus not considered part of the Kingdom. Norway also lays claim to a section of Antarctica known as Queen Maud Land, until 1814, the kingdom included the Faroe Islands, Greenland, and Iceland. It also included Isle of Man until 1266, Shetland and Orkney until 1468, Norway has a total area of 385,252 square kilometres and a population of 5,258,317. The country shares a long border with Sweden. Norway is bordered by Finland and Russia to the north-east, Norway has an extensive coastline, facing the North Atlantic Ocean and the Barents Sea. King Harald V of the Dano-German House of Glücksburg is the current King of Norway, erna Solberg became Prime Minister in 2013, replacing Jens Stoltenberg. A constitutional monarchy, Norway divides state power between the Parliament, the Cabinet and the Supreme Court, as determined by the 1814 Constitution, the kingdom is established as a merger of several petty kingdoms. By the traditional count from the year 872, the kingdom has existed continuously for 1,144 years, Norway has both administrative and political subdivisions on two levels, counties and municipalities. The Sámi people have an amount of self-determination and influence over traditional territories through the Sámi Parliament. Norway maintains close ties with the European Union and the United States, the country maintains a combination of market economy and a Nordic welfare model with universal health care and a comprehensive social security system. Norway has extensive reserves of petroleum, natural gas, minerals, lumber, seafood, the petroleum industry accounts for around a quarter of the countrys gross domestic product. On a per-capita basis, Norway is the worlds largest producer of oil, the country has the fourth-highest per capita income in the world on the World Bank and IMF lists. On the CIAs GDP per capita list which includes territories and some regions, from 2001 to 2006, and then again from 2009 to 2017, Norway had the highest Human Development Index ranking in the world. It also has the highest inequality-adjusted ranking, Norway ranks first on the World Happiness Report, the OECD Better Life Index, the Index of Public Integrity and the Democracy Index. Norway has two names, Noreg in Nynorsk and Norge in Bokmål. The name Norway comes from the Old English word Norðrveg mentioned in 880, meaning way or way leading to the north. In contrasting with suðrvegar southern way for Germany, and austrvegr eastern way for the Baltic, the Anglo-Saxon of Britain also referred to the kingdom of Norway in 880 as Norðmanna land. This was the area of Harald Fairhair, the first king of Norway, and because of him
5.
Harald V of Norway
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Harald V is the King of Norway, having ascended the throne following the death of his father on 17 January 1991. Harald was the child and only son of Olav V of Norway. He was second in the line of succession at the time of his birth, in 1940, as a result of the German occupation during World War II, the royal family went into exile. Harald spent part of his childhood in Sweden and the United States and he returned to Norway in 1945, and subsequently studied for periods at the University of Oslo, the Norwegian Military Academy, and Balliol College, Oxford. In 1957, following the death of his grandfather, Haakon VII, a keen sportsman, he represented Norway in sailing at the 1964,1968, and 1972 Olympic Games, and later became patron of World Sailing. Harald married Sonja Haraldsen in 1968, with their relationship initially being controversial due to her status as a commoner, the couple had two children, Märtha and Haakon. Harald succeeded his father as king in 1991, with Haakon becoming his heir apparent, Prince Harald was born in Skaugum and was baptized in the Royal Chapel in the Royal Palace in Oslo on 31 March 1937 by Bishop Johan Lunde. His parents already had two daughters, Princess Ragnhild and Princess Astrid, in 1940 the entire royal family had to flee Oslo because of the German invasion. It was deemed safer for the family to split up, the King and Crown Prince Olav would remain in Norway and the Crown Princess was to make her way to Sweden with the three children. The latter party reached Sweden on the night of 10 April, according to Princess Astrid and others who were present, they were admitted only after the driver threatened to ram the border gate. Another account does not describe the escape so dramatically, however, when the King and Crown Prince inquired of Swedish foreign minister Christian Günther whether they could sleep one night in Sweden without being interned, they were denied. Harald spent the days in Sälen before moving to Prince Carl Bernadottes home in Frötuna on 16 April. On 26 April the group moved to Drottningholm in Stockholm, King Gustaf V has been accounted to have had an amicable relationship with his Norwegian guests, but the topic of the war in Norway was not to be raised. However, influential Swedish politicians, including Minister of Justice Westman, wanted the Crown Princess and Prince Harald to be sent back to Norway so he could be proclaimed King by the Germans. After the King and Crown Prince had to leave Norway on 7 June they felt Sweden might not be the best place for the rest of the family, and started planning for them to go to the United States. On 17 August the Crown Princess and her left for the United States from Petsamo, Finland. One of the events he remembers from that time is standing behind Franklin D. Roosevelt when he was sworn in for his fourth term on the South Portico of the White House in 1945. Such childhood experiences are reflected in a trace of an American accent when he speaks English, Harald visited Norwegian servicemen training in the United States
6.
Prime Minister of Norway
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For a list, see List of heads of government of Norway. The Prime Minister of Norway is the leader of Norway. The Prime Minister and Cabinet are collectively accountable for their policies and actions to the Monarch, to the Storting, to their political party, and ultimately the electorate. In practice, since it is impossible for a government to stay in office against the will of the Storting. Norway has a Constitution, which was adopted on 17 May 1814, the position of Prime Minister is the result of legislation. As of 2017, the Prime Minister of Norway is Erna Solberg, unlike their counterparts in the rest of Europe, Norwegian Prime Ministers do not have the option of advising the King to dissolve the Storting and call a snap election. The Constitution requires that the Storting serve out its full four-year term, if the Prime Minister loses the confidence of the Storting, he or she must resign. As of 2015 six former Prime Ministers are alive, Odvar Nordli born 3 November 1927, kåre Willoch born 3 October 1928, served 1981–1986. Gro Harlem Brundtland born 20 April 1939, served 1981, 1986–1989, kjell Magne Bondevik born 3 September 1947, served 1997–2000 and 2001–2005. Thorbjørn Jagland born 5 November 1950, served 1996–1997, jens Stoltenberg born 16 March 1959, served 2000–2001 and 2005–2013. List of Prime Ministers of Norway Regjeringskvartalet Government Official Homepage
7.
Erna Solberg
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Erna Solberg is a Norwegian politician who has been Prime Minister of Norway since October 2013 and Leader of the Conservative Party since May 2004. Solberg has served as a member of the Storting since 1989 and served as Minister of Local Government, in her term as minister, she oversaw the tightening of immigration policy and the preparation of a proposed reform of the administrative divisions of Norway. After the 2005 election, she chaired the Conservative Party parliamentary group until 2013, Solberg has emphasized the social and ideological basis of the Conservative policies, although the party also has become visibly more pragmatic. After winning the September 2013 election, she became the second female Prime Minister of Norway, solbergs Cabinet, often referred to informally as the Blue-Blue Cabinet, is a two-party minority government consisting of the Conservative Party and Progress Party. The cabinet has established a formalized co-operation with the non-socialist Liberal Party, Solberg was born in Bergen in western Norway and grew up in the affluent Kalfaret neighbourhood. Her father, Asbjørn Solberg, worked as a consultant in the Bergen Sporvei, Solberg has two sisters, one older than her and one younger. Solberg had some struggles at school and at the age 16 was diagnosed as suffering from dyslexia and she was, nevertheless, an active and talkative contributor in the classroom. In 1986, she graduated with her cand. mag, degree in sociology, political science, statistics and economics from the University of Bergen. In her final year, she led the Students League of the Conservative Party in Bergen. Since 1996 she has married to Sindre Finnes, a businessman and former Conservative Party politician. The family has lived in both Bergen and Oslo, Solberg was a deputy member of Bergen city council in the periods 1979–1983 and 1987–1989, the last period on the executive committee. She chaired local and municipal chapters of the Young Conservatives and the Conservative Party and she was first elected to the Storting from Hordaland in 1989 and has been re-elected on five occasions. She was also the leader of the national Conservative Womens Association, from 2001 to 2005 Solberg served as the Minister of Local Government and Regional Development under Prime Minister Kjell Magne Bondevik. Her alleged tough policies in this department, including a firm stance on asylum policy, in fact, numbers show that the Bondevik government, of 2001–2005, actually let in thousands more asylum seekers than the subsequent centre-left Red-Green government, of 2005–2009. As Minister, Solberg instructed the Norwegian Directorate of Immigration to expel Mulla Krekar, later, terrorism charges were filed against Krekar for a death threat he uttered in 2010 against Erna Solberg. She served as deputy leader of the Conservative Party from 2002 to 2004 and, in 2004, Solberg became the presumptive head of government after winning the general election on 9 September 2013 and was appointed Prime Minister on 16 October 2013. Solberg is Norways second female Prime Minister after Gro Harlem Brundtland, later on, the four took a picture which appeared on the Government. no website on 14 March the same year. In April of the year she criticized European Court over data retention which Telenor Group argued can be used without court proceedings
8.
Conservative Party (Norway)
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The Conservative Party is a conservative and liberal-conservative political party in Norway. It is the party of the Norwegian centre-right, and the leading party in the governing Solberg cabinet. The current party leader is the Prime Minister of Norway Erna Solberg, in national elections in September 2013, voters ended eight years of Labour Party rule. After winning the elections, Solberg said her win was an election victory for the right-wing electoral bloc. The party advocates economic liberalism, reduction of taxes, and individual rights and it has historically been the most outspokenly pro-European Union party in Norway, supporting Norwegian membership during both the 1972 and 1994 referendums. The party generally supports semi-privatization through state-funded private services and tougher law, founded in 1884, the Conservative Party is the second oldest political party in Norway after the Liberal Party. In the interwar era, one of the goals for the party was to achieve a centre-right alliance against the growing labour movement. The Conservative Party of Norway was founded in 1884 after the implementation of parliamentarism in Norway, the jurist Emil Stang was elected the first chairman of the party. Stang underlined important principles for the work in Høyre, the party was to be a social party of reforms that worked within the constitutional frames set by a parliamentary democracy. In the 1981-election, Høyre got 31. 7% and it was the best election since 1924. The result in 1993 was 17% and this election was influenced by the EU membership issue which divided the Liberal Party. The 1997 parliamentary election resulted in the lowest support since 1945, Høyre has since then seen increased popular support, and got 21. 3% in the 1999 local elections and 21. 2% in the 2001 parliamentary election. Throughout the years Høyre has supported a policy that aims to stimulate growth in order to avoid unemployment, in the beginning of the 20th century Høyre took the initiative to construct a modern Norwegian communications network. After the devastating First World War it was important for Høyre to work for the reconstruction of sound, an example of this is the resolution Høyre passed in 1923 introducing old-age insurance. But because of the States finances it was not possible to continue this effort, Høyre was the leading party in opposition in the post-war years in Norway. Høyre fought against the Labour Partys regulating policy, Høyre wanted another future for Norway consisting of private initiative and creative forces. Høyre has been a protagonist in the construction of the system in this country. Additionally Høyre has advocated that the States activity must concentrate on its basic problems, during the post-war years Høyre has consolidated its position as a party with appeal to all parts of the nation
9.
2014 Nobel Peace Prize
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They stressed that fraternity between nations was one of the original criteria stipulated by Alfred Nobel. The usage of child labour and discrimination against female education was the citation for the award, as of 2014 it is reckoned 168 million children are used for child labour,60 million in India alone. This was mentioned by Thorbjørn Jagland in his handover ceremony speech, the Nobel Prize Committee announced that it had received a record number of 278 different nominations for the Peace Prize, up from 259 in 2013. 47 of these nominations were for organizations, prior to the announcement, many news media speculated about who would win this year, providing lists of favourites. The other winner, Kailash Satyarthi, was not among the commonly cited favourites
10.
Kailash Satyarthi
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Kailash Satyarthi is an Indian childrens rights and education advocate and an activist against child labour. He founded the Bachpan Bachao Andolan in 1980 and has acted to protect the rights of more than 83,000 children from 144 countries. His work is recognized through various national and international honours and awards including the Nobel Peace Prize of 2014, originally named Kailash Sharma, Satyarthi was born on 11 January 1954 in the Vidisha district of central Indian state Madhya Pradesh. He then joined a college in Bhopal as a lecturer for a few years, in 1980, he gave up his career as an engineer and became secretary general for the Bonded Labor Liberation Front, he also founded the Bachpan Bachao Andolan that year. In addition, he established GoodWeave International as the first voluntary labelling, monitoring, Satyarthi has highlighted child labor as a human rights issue as well as a welfare matter and charitable cause. He has argued that it perpetuates poverty, unemployment, illiteracy, population growth, and other social problems and he has also had a role in linking the movement against child labour with efforts for achieving Education for All. He has been a member of a UNESCO body established to examine this and has been on the board of the Fast Track Initiative and he is now reportedly working on bringing child labour and slavery into the post-2015 development agenda for the United Nations Millennium Development Goals. Satyarthi is the fifth Nobel Prize winner for India and only the second Indian winner of the Nobel Peace Prize after Mother Teresa in 1979 and he lives in New Delhi, India. His family includes his wife, a son, daughter-in-law and a daughter and he has been described as an excellent cook. Satyarthi has been the subject of a number of documentaries, television series, talk shows, advocacy, according to some, it will make child labour go underground, which may cause reduced wages. On 16 June 2015 Satyarthi gave a call to leaders and countries towards global elimination of child labour. Child labour Iqbal Masih Ehsan Ullah Khan Official website Kailash Satyarthi at TED How to make peace
11.
Malala Yousafzai
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Malala Yousafzai is a Pakistani activist for female education and the youngest-ever Nobel Prize laureate. Her advocacy has since grown into an international movement, Yousafzai was born in Swat District, Pakistan. Her family came to run a chain of schools in the region, in early 2009, when she was 11–12, she wrote a blog under a pseudonym for the BBC Urdu detailing her life during the Taliban occupation of Swat. The following summer, journalist Adam B, ellick made a New York Times documentary about her life as the Pakistani military intervened in the region. She rose in prominence, giving interviews in print and on television, on the afternoon of 9 October 2012, Yousafzai was injured after a Taliban gunman attempted to murder her. The murder attempt sparked a national and international outpouring of support for Yousafzai, deutsche Welle wrote in January 2013 that she may have become the most famous teenager in the world. Weeks after her attempt, a group of fifty leading Muslim clerics in Pakistan issued a fatwā against those who tried to kill her. Since recovering, Yousafzai became a prominent education activist, based out of Birmingham, she founded the Malala Fund, a non-profit and in 2013 co-authored a I am Malala, an international bestseller. In 2015, Yousafzai was a subject of the Oscar-shortlisted documentary He Named Me Malala, the 2013,2014 and 2015 issues of Time magazine featured her as one of the most Influential people globally. In 2012, she was the recipient of Pakistans first National Youth Peace Prize, aged 17 at the time, she became the youngest-ever Nobel Prize laureate. Since March 2013, she has been a pupil at the all-girls Edgbaston High School in Birmingham, Yousafzai was born on 12 July,1997 in the Swat District of Pakistans northwestern Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province to Ziauddin Yousafzai and Tor Pekai Yousafzai. Her family is a Sunni Muslim family of Pashtun ethnicity and she was given her first name Malala after Malalai of Maiwand, a famous Pashtun poet and warrior woman from southern Afghanistan. Her last name, Yousafzai, is that of a large Pashtun tribal confederation that is predominant in Pakistans Swat Valley, where she grew up. At her house in Mingora, she lived with her two brothers, Khushal and Atal, her parents, Ziauddin and Tor Pekai. She once stated to an interviewer that she would like to become a doctor, Ziauddin referred to his daughter as something entirely special, allowing her to stay up at night and talk about politics after her two brothers had been sent to bed. Yousafzai started speaking about education rights as early as September 2008, how dare the Taliban take away my basic right to education. Yousafzai asked her audience in a covered by newspapers and television channels throughout the region. In late 2008, Aamer Ahmed Khan of the BBC Urdu website and they decided to ask a schoolgirl to blog anonymously about her life there
12.
Jens Stoltenberg
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Jens Stoltenberg is a Norwegian politician, and the 13th Secretary General of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. He served as Prime Minister of Norway from 2000 to 2001, Stoltenberg was first elected to Parliament in 1993 for the Oslo constituency, and is a member of the Labour Party. He served as State Secretary in the Ministry of the Environment from 1990 to 1991, while in parliamentary opposition, Stoltenberg served in the standing committee on energy affairs. He became the Parliamentary Leader and Prime Minister candidate for the Labour Party in February 2000, Stoltenberg was appointed Prime Minister in March 2000, following a motion of no confidence against Bondeviks First Cabinet. The policies of the first Stoltenberg cabinet instituted the most widespread privatisation by any Norwegian government to that date, Stoltenberg was re-elected in 2009 for a second term as Prime Minister, and then lost the election for a third term in 2013. Stoltenberg submitted his resignation on 14 October 2013, and left two days later. From 2013, Stoltenberg served as a United Nations special envoy on climate change and he has chaired the UN High-Level Panel on System Wide Coherence and the High-Level Advisory Group on Climate Change Financing. In March 2014, he was appointed by NATOs North Atlantic Council to be the Secretary General, Stoltenberg has been described as a cautious politician, belonging to the right wing of social democracy. In foreign policy, Stoltenberg has been a proponent of Norwegian membership in the European Union. In security policy, Stoltenberg favours increased military spending and dialogue, Jens Stoltenberg was born 16 March 1959 in Oslo, Norway, into the Stoltenberg family, whose name is derived from Stoltenberg in northern Germany. His father, Thorvald Stoltenberg, was a prominent Labour party politician who served as ambassador, as defence minister and his mother, Karin Stoltenberg, was a geneticist who served as state secretary in multiple governments during the 1980s. Marianne Heiberg, married to former Foreign Minister Johan Jørgen Holst, was his maternal aunt, Jens lived in Serbia from 1960 to 1963 while his father was Ambassador to Yugoslavia. Stoltenberg attended primary school at Oslo Waldorf School, and upper school at Oslo Cathedral School. He served his military service with the Armys Infantry Training Centre at Evjemoen in Aust-Agder. After leaving the army, Stoltenberg enrolled at the University of Oslo, the title of his thesis was Makroøkonomisk planlegging under usikkerhet. Stoltenbergs first steps into politics came in his teens, when he was influenced by his sister Camilla. Opposition to the Vietnam War was his triggering motivation, following heavy bombing raids against the North Vietnamese port city of Hai Phong at the end of the Vietnam War, he participated in protest rallies targeting the United States Embassy in Oslo. On at least one occasion embassy windows were broken by stone-throwing protesters, several of Stoltenbergs friends were arrested by the police after these events
13.
NATO
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The North Atlantic Treaty Organization, also called the North Atlantic Alliance, is an intergovernmental military alliance based on the North Atlantic Treaty which was signed on 4 April 1949. The organization constitutes a system of collective defence whereby its member states agree to mutual defence in response to an attack by any external party, three NATO members are permanent members of the United Nations Security Council with the power to veto and are officially nuclear-weapon states. NATOs headquarters are located in Haren, Brussels, Belgium, while the headquarters of Allied Command Operations is near Mons. NATO is an Alliance that consists of 28 independent member countries across North America and Europe, an additional 22 countries participate in NATOs Partnership for Peace program, with 15 other countries involved in institutionalized dialogue programmes. The combined military spending of all NATO members constitutes over 70% of the global total, Members defence spending is supposed to amount to 2% of GDP. The course of the Cold War led to a rivalry with nations of the Warsaw Pact, politically, the organization sought better relations with former Warsaw Pact countries, several of which joined the alliance in 1999 and 2004. N. The Treaty of Brussels, signed on 17 March 1948 by Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, France, the treaty and the Soviet Berlin Blockade led to the creation of the Western European Unions Defence Organization in September 1948. However, participation of the United States was thought necessary both to counter the power of the USSR and to prevent the revival of nationalist militarism. He got a hearing, especially considering American anxiety over Italy. In 1948 European leaders met with U. S. defense, military and diplomatic officials at the Pentagon, marshalls orders, exploring a framework for a new and unprecedented association. Talks for a new military alliance resulted in the North Atlantic Treaty and it included the five Treaty of Brussels states plus the United States, Canada, Portugal, Italy, Norway, Denmark and Iceland. The first NATO Secretary General, Lord Ismay, stated in 1949 that the goal was to keep the Russians out, the Americans in. Popular support for the Treaty was not unanimous, and some Icelanders participated in a pro-neutrality, the creation of NATO can be seen as the primary institutional consequence of a school of thought called Atlanticism which stressed the importance of trans-Atlantic cooperation. The members agreed that an attack against any one of them in Europe or North America would be considered an attack against them all. The treaty does not require members to respond with military action against an aggressor, although obliged to respond, they maintain the freedom to choose the method by which they do so. This differs from Article IV of the Treaty of Brussels, which states that the response will be military in nature. It is nonetheless assumed that NATO members will aid the attacked member militarily, the treaty was later clarified to include both the members territory and their vessels, forces or aircraft above the Tropic of Cancer, including some Overseas departments of France. The creation of NATO brought about some standardization of allied military terminology, procedures, and technology, the roughly 1300 Standardization Agreements codified many of the common practices that NATO has achieved
14.
Norwegian Nobel Committee
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The Norwegian Nobel Committee selects the recipients of the Nobel Peace Prize each year on behalf of Swedish industrialist Alfred Nobels estate, based on instructions of Nobels will. Its five members are appointed by the Norwegian Parliament and today represent the political makeup of that body. In his will, Alfred Nobel tasked the Parliament of Norway with selecting the winners of the Nobel Peace Prize, at the time, Norway and Sweden were in a loose personal union. Despite its members being appointed by parliament, the committee is a body tasked with awarding a private prize. In recent decades, most committee members have been retired politicians, the committee is assisted by the Norwegian Nobel Institute, its secretariat, and the committee holds their meetings in the institutes building, where the winner is also announced. The award ceremony, however, takes place in Oslo City Hall, Alfred Nobel died in December 1896, and in January 1897 the contents of his will were unveiled. It was written as early as in 1895, the Nobel Foundation manages the assets. A new body had to be created—the Norwegian Nobel Committee, jurist Fredrik Heffermehl has noted that a legislative body could not necessarily be expected to handle a judicial task like managing a legal will. The task of a parliament is to create and change laws whereas a will can not be changed unless the premises are clearly outdated. However, this question was not debated in depth, out of fear that the donated money might be lost in legal battles if the body was not created soon. On 26 April 1897 the Norwegian Parliament accepted the assignment and on 5 August the same year it formalized the process of election, the first Peace Prize was awarded in 1901 to Henri Dunant and Frédéric Passy. In the beginning, the committee was filled with active parliamentarians and these ties to the Norwegian Parliament were later weakened so that the committee became more independent. Accordingly, the name was changed from the Norwegian Nobel Committee to the Nobel Committee of the Norwegian Parliament in 1901, now, active parliamentarians cannot sit on the committee, unless they have explicitly stated their intent to step down shortly. Nonetheless, the committee is composed mainly of politicians. A1903 proposition to elect a law scholar was rejected, in late 1948, the election system was changed to make the committee more proportional with parliamentary representation of Norwegian political parties. The Norwegian Labour Party, which controlled a majority of seats in the Norwegian Parliament orchestrated this change. This practice has been cemented, but sharply criticized, there have been propositions about including non-Norwegian members in the committee, but this has never happened. The Norwegian Nobel Committee is assisted by the Norwegian Nobel Institute, the committee might receive well more than a hundred nominations and asks the Nobel Institute in February every year to research about twenty candidates
15.
Entra Eiendom
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Entra Eiendom ASA is a Norwegian real estate company, headquartered in Oslo, Norway and is from October 201449. 6% state owned. The company was founded in 2000 when all commercial real estate owned by the state through Statsbygg was transferred to Entra, the company manages 1.2 million square meters in 128 buildings. Entras main purpose is to provide premises to meet central government needs, in addition, Entra is also able to serve municipal and private customers. Entra Eiendom has about 175 employees and is based in Oslo, chief executive officer from 2008 to 2012 was Kyrre Olaf Johansen. In 2012 Rune Olsø was hired as acting executive, later on a permanent basis. Anne Harris became acting chief executive throughout the year, chief executive officer from January 2013 is Klaus-Anders Nysteen
16.
Oslo Stock Exchange
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Oslo Børs offers Norway’s only regulated markets for securities trading today. The stock exchange offers a product range including equities, derivatives. Oslo Børs is the only independent stock exchange within the Nordic countries, Oslo Børs is today an online market place where all trading is done through computer networks. Trading starts at 09, 00am and ends at 04, 30pm local time on all days of the week except weekends, established in 1819, first as an commodity exchange. Equities and bonds listed and traded from 1881, Oslo Axess was established in May 2007 as an alternative to Oslo Børs for listing and trading in shares. Nordic ABM was established in June 2005 as a bond market. Norwegian public limited companies and equivalent foreign companies can apply for their shares to be listed on Oslo Børs or Oslo Axess, to be listed the exchange includes strict requirements on the treatment of confidential information. Companies that meet the requirements for listing can much easier get access to capital through share issues, many investors only invest in securities listed on a stock exchange, because those papers are easier to sell. OBX – The index comprises the 25 most traded shares listed on Oslo Børs, the OBX index is tradable, meaning that you can buy and sell listed futures and options on the index. Put another way, you can get the exposure by purchasing an index product as if you buy all the shares included in the index. The rating is based on a trading period. The index is adjusted every third Friday in June and December, OSEBX – The Oslo Børs Benchmark Index is an investable index containing a representative selection of all listed shares on Oslo Børs. The OSEBX is revised on a year basis and the changes are implemented on December 1. Oslo Børs can offer an international position related to the industries of energy, shipping. The exchange is world leading and the/among the largest in the world within these sectors, Oslo Børs was established by a law of September 18,1818. Trading on Oslo Børs commenced on April 15,1819, in 1881 Oslo Børs became a stock exchange, which means securities were listed. The first listing of securities contained 16 bond series and 23 stocks, Oslo Børs cooperates with London Stock Exchange on trading systems. The exchange has also a partnership with the exchanges in Singapore
17.
Vossajazz
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Vossajazz or Vossa Jazz is an international jazz festival in Voss, Norway, which takes place annually during the week before Easter, and which also includes concerts throughout the year. The first festival in 1974 was held the weekend as the World Cup in Alpine skiing at Voss. The idea was that ski and jazz fit together, since 1986 the festival has always taken place during the palm weekend. From 2007, the director has been Trude Storheim. In 1980 Vossajazz brought Rune Gustafsson and Niels-Henning Ørsted Pedersen together for a session in the old Voss cinema. This cooperation led to the album Just The Way You Are, Vossajazz includes jazz, folk and ethnic music. There is also Badnajazz for the children, Ekstremjazz, Eldrejazz, in addition the festival annually commissions a piece of music from Norwegian composers. The 2016 edition of Vossajazz was an event with a nice blend of differt impressions
18.
Norway in the Eurovision Song Contest 2014
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Norway participated in the Eurovision Song Contest 2014 in Copenhagen, Denmark. The Norwegian entry was selected through the national competition Melodi Grand Prix 2014, Norway was represented by the song Silent Storm performed by Carl Espen and written by Josefin Winther. The entry qualified from the second semi-final and placed 8th in the final, Melodi Grand Prix 2014 was the 52nd edition of the Norwegian national final Melodi Grand Prix, which selected Norways entry for the Eurovision Song Contest 2014. On 6 May 2013, NRK confirmed Norways participation in the Eurovision Song Contest 2014, the competition took place as a week-long music festival with three semi-finals that took place on 7,8 and 9 March 2014 and a final on 15 March 2014. All shows were hosted by Jenny Skavlan and Erik Solbakken, fifteen artists and songs participated, five competed in each semi-final and three advanced from each semi-final to the final. The competitions musical director Vivi Stenburg was in charge of selecting the fifteen competing entries, Stenburg made the selection together with a four-member jury panel that provided commentary during the live shows regarding the songs. A total of 600 entries were received by the submission deadline, the fifteen competing artists and songs were revealed on 27 January 2014 with the release of short previews of all competing songs. NRK released the full versions of the songs on 19 February 2014, the semi-finals took place on 7,8 and 9 March 2014 at the Folketeatret in Oslo. Five songs competed in each semi-final with the top three from each semi-final proceeding to the final, the results were determined solely by public SMS voting. The final took place on 15 March 2014 at the Oslo Spektrum in Oslo, the winning artist and song was determined in two rounds of SMS voting - first to select the top four, and then to select the winner. Carl Espen performing the song Silent Storm was the winner, during the semi-final allocation draw on 20 January 2014 at the Copenhagen City Hall, Norway was drawn to compete in the first half of the second semi-final. In the second semi-final, the producers of the show decided that Norway would perform 3rd, following Israel, Norway qualified from the second semi-final and competed in the final on 10 May 2014. During the winners press conference for the second semi-final qualifiers, Norway was allocated to compete in the first half of the final, in the final, the producers of the show decided that Norway would perform 5th, following Iceland and preceding Romania. Norway placed 8th in the final, scoring 88 points, on stage, Carl Espen was joined by four violinists and a pianist. The violinists performed on a sloped platform, the stage atmosphere transitioned from a dark setting at the beginning which became brighter as the song progressed. In Norway, both the semi-final and final were broadcast on NRK1 with commentary by Olav Viksmo Slettan, an alternative broadcast of the final aired on NRK3 with commentary by the hosts of the NRK P3 program P3morgen, Ronny Brede Aase, Silje Reiten Nordnes and Line Elvsåshagen. The Norwegian spokesperson revealing the result of the Norwegian vote in the final was Margrethe Røed, the Norwegian votes in the grand final were based on 50% jury voting and 50% televoting results. Norway in the Eurovision Song Contest Eurovision Song Contest 2014
19.
Eurovision Song Contest 2014
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The Eurovision Song Contest 2014 was the 59th edition of the annual Eurovision Song Contest. It took place in Copenhagen, Denmark, following Emmelie de Forests win at the 2013 contest in Malmö and this was the third time that Denmark hosted the contest, the most recent previous occasion being in 2001. The two semi-finals took place on 6 May and 8 May 2014, and the final on 10 May 2014, the shows were presented by Lise Rønne, Nikolaj Koppel and Pilou Asbæk. The host broadcaster, DR, chose the B&W Hallerne as the host venue after considering several bids from cities and venues across Denmark, thirty-seven countries participated, this includes the return of Poland after a two-year absence and Portugal after a one-year absence. Overall, there were two countries competing compared to the previous year, making thirty-seven participants, the smallest number since 2006. Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus and Serbia announced their withdrawal from the 2014 Contest, San Marino and Montenegro both qualified for the final for the first time. The winner was Conchita Wurst with the song Rise Like a Phoenix, written by Charley Mason, Joey Patulka, Ali Zuckowski and this was Austrias first win in the competition since 1966. Jokes made about Wurst had sparked controversy, whilst Russia were booed several times during the contest, the Netherlands and Sweden finished second and third respectively with the former achieving their best result since their victory in the 1975 Contest. Armenia finished fourth, which equals their best result to date, while Hungary finished fifth, of the Big Five, only Ruth Lorenzo of Spain achieved a place in the top ten. A new record of 195 million viewers for the Eurovision Song Contest was reported, the host broadcaster, DR, and the EBU won the International TV Award at the Ondas Awards for their production of the contest. On 2 September 2013, Danish public broadcaster DR announced that it had chosen Copenhagen as the host city for the 2014 contest, the contest was held at the former shipyard Refshaleøen, in the B&W Hallerne, with the social networking hashtag #JoinUs as the motto. The mayor of Copenhagen, Frank Jensen, declared in late August that the city would contribute to the budget with 40 million. He also announced that the aim was to make the Eurovision 2014 into the greenest contest to date since Copenhagen had been elected European Green Capital for 2014. Five cities had been considered as host city of the contest, including Herning and Copenhagen, later, Fredericia and Aalborg entered the phase with the Messe C and Gigantium venues, respectively. The fifth city to join the phase was Horsens, with the venue being the courtyard of the former Horsens State Prison, in the event that Horsens had been chosen to host the contest, the courtyard would have been covered by a permanent glass roof. The contest was set to take place on 13,15 and 17 May 2014, however. On 17 June 2013, the municipality executive of Aalborg decided not to bid for hosting the contest due to the lack of sufficient hotel capacity. On 25 June 2013, the Municipality of Fredericia announced that the Triangle Region had withdrawn its bid on hosting the contest, DR required the hosting venue to have no pillars blocking any views and an interior height of at least 16 metres
20.
Carl Espen
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Carl Espen Thorbjørnsen, better known as simply Carl Espen, is a Norwegian singer and songwriter, who represented Norway in the Eurovision Song Contest 2014. He performed his song Silent Storm, on 9 March 2014, he performed his song Silent Storm on the third semi-final during the national selection Melodi Grand Prix 2014, proceeding to the final. The final took place on 15 March 2014 at the Oslo Spektrum in Oslo and he performed during the Second Semi-final on 8 May 2014 and made it to the final. In the final Espen placed 8th
21.
Kongsberg Jazzfestival
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Kongsberg Jazz Festival or Kongsberg Jazzfestival is an international jazz festival held annually in Kongsberg, Norway since 1964. The festival is also an opportunity for talented musicians to perform. The Kongsberg Jazz Award is a given to the most prominent Norwegian jazz artists of the year at the festival. Until 2011, the prize was 100,000 Norwegian kroner, but from 2012 it was raised to 300,000 Norwegian kroner, the award has previously been named DnB NOR-prisen, Vital-prisen and KlartSvar-prisen, for who has sponsored the prize over the years. The ceremony takes place at the festivals last day, and is presented by Knut Borge who also sits on the jury. As part of the prize, the winner gives a concert at the festival the following year, official website Tredobler jazzprisen by Terje Mosnes at Dagbladet
22.
Moldejazz
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Molde International Jazz Festival or Moldejazz takes place annually in July, and is known as one of the oldest jazz festivals in Europe. It was initiated by the local Storyville Jazz Club, since 1964 it has received government support, and the government Buddy Award was for several years awarded at this festival. To the extent Molde festival operates with records, is probably the bassist Bjørn Kjellemyr holder of Most festivals in a row musicians record, in 2015 he visits Moldejazz for the 17th time in row as performer. Two club gigs with Dag Arnesens band is on the program for the versatile bassist, Guttorm Guttormsen, Jon Balke, Karin Krog, Knut Riisnæs, Terje Rypdal and Jon Eberson are among the artists he has visited Moldejazz through the years. The daily parade has for years been led by New Orleans-musician Lionel Batiste. Concerts have been broadcast to the EBU, the first was Guttorm Guttormsens quintet, the composition Break of day in Molde was composed by Johs. Bergh and Karin Krog, based on Carla Bleys Ida Lupino, live recordings include Concerts co-occurring with the jazz festival include blues-, rock- and pop-musicians such as Arild Steen, Molde jazz Terje Mosnes, Jazz i Molde two volumes. Official website nrk. no offers audio and video coverage
23.
2014 Winter Olympics
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Both the Olympics and 2014 Winter Paralympics were organized by the Sochi Organizing Committee. Sochi was selected as the host city in July 2007, during the 119th IOC Session held in Guatemala City and it was the first Olympics in Russia since the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991. The Soviet Union was previously the host nation for the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow and these were the first Olympic Games under the International Olympic Committee presidency of Thomas Bach. A total of 98 events in 15 winter sport disciplines were held during the Games, in preparation, organizers focused on modernizing the telecommunications, electric power, and transportation infrastructures of the region. However, immediately following the ceremony, commentators evaluated the Games to have been successful overall. Allegations concerning the corruption of the anti-doping system possibly employed during the Games surfaced in 2015, rodchenkov stated that the FSB tampered with over 100 urine samples as part of a cover-up, and that a third of the Russian medals won at Sochi were the result of doping. La Gazzetta dello Sport reported the names of 15 athletes who are among the 28 under investigation, the Russian team potentially could be stripped of up to 12 Olympic medals among these athletes alone. Sochi was elected on 4 July 2007 during the 119th International Olympic Committee session held in Guatemala City, Guatemala, defeating bids from Salzburg, Austria and this is the first time that the Russian Federation has hosted the Winter Olympics. The Soviet Union was the host of the 1980 Summer Olympics held in, as of October 2013, the estimated combined cost of the 2014 Winter Olympics had topped US$51 billion. This amount included the cost for Olympic games themselves and cost of Sochi infrastructural projects, dmitry Kozak was the main overseer for the events in Sochi. The breakdown table below is based on a report that has analyzed the distribution of Olimpstroys $49.5 billion budget, estimates also suggest that additional unrecoverable operational costs could have added another $3 billion. He confirmed that the Organizing Committee had raised more than $500 million through marketing in the first five months of 2009, the Russian Government provided nearly 327 billion rubles for the total development, expansion and hosting of the Games. 192 billion rubles coming from the budget and 7 billion rubles from the Krasnodar Krai budget. The organizers expected to have a surplus of US$300 million when the Games conclude, Sochi 2014 is the 12th straight Olympics to outlaw smoking, all Sochi venues, Olympic Park bars and restaurants and public areas were smoke-free during the Games. It is also the first time that an Olympic Park has been built for hosting a winter games, the Sochi Olympic Park was built by the Black Sea coast in the Imeretinsky Valley, about 4 km from Russias border with Abkhazia/Georgia. The venues were clustered around a water basin on which the Medals Plaza is built. It also features The Waters of the Olympic Park, a fountain which served as the backdrop in the medals awards. Its primary use is to host the Formula One Russian Grand Prix, in January 2015, work began on adapting Fisht Olympic Stadium into an open-air football stadium to host matches during the 2018 FIFA World Cup
24.
Sochi
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Sochi is a city in Krasnodar Krai, Russia, located on the Black Sea coast near the border between Georgia/Abkhazia and Russia. The area of the city proper is 176.77 square kilometers, according to the 2010 Census, the city had a permanent population of 343,334, up from 328,809 recorded in the 2002 Census, making it Russias largest resort city. Being part of the Caucasian Riviera, it is one of the few places in Russia with a subtropical climate, with warm to hot summers. It will also be one of the host cities for the 2018 FIFA World Cup, Greater Sochi is elongated along the Black Sea coast for 145 kilometers. Sochi is in the north of Western Asia, falling on the side of the Greater Caucasus. Sochi is approximately 1,603 kilometers from Moscow, from the southwest, it is bordered by the Black Sea. The vast majority of the population of Sochi lives in a strip along the coast and is organized in independent microdistricts. The biggest of these microdistricts, from the northwest to the southeast, are Lazarevskoye, Loo, Dagomys, central Sochi, Khosta, Matsesta, the whole city is located on the slopes of the Western Caucasus which descend to the Black Sea and are cut by the rivers. The biggest rivers in Sochi are the Mzymta, which is in fact the longest Black Sea tributary in Russia, other rivers include the Ashe, the Psezuapse, the Sochi, the Khosta, and the Matsesta. The Psou River makes the border with Abkhazia, the northeastern part of the city belongs to the Caucasian Biosphere Reserve which is a World Heritage Site spanning vast areas in Krasnodar Krai and Adygea. Almost the whole area of the Greater Sochi, with the exception of the coast, Sochi has a humid subtropical climate with mild winters in the period from December to March and warm summers in the period from May to October. From the 6th to the 11th centuries, the area belonged to the kingdom of Lazica. The Christian settlements along the coast were destroyed by the invading Göktürks, Khazars, Mongols, the northern wall of an 11th-century Byzantine basilica still stands in the Loo Microdistrict. Provision of weapons and ammunition from abroad to the Circassians caused a conflict between the Russian Empire and the United Kingdom that occurred in 1836 over the mission of the Vixen. The Russians had no detailed knowledge of the area until Baron Feodor Tornau investigated the route from Gelendzhik to Gagra. At the outbreak of the Crimean War, the garrison was evacuated from Navaginsky in order to prevent its capture by the Turks, who effected a landing on Cape Adler soon after. The last battle of the Caucasian War took place at the Godlikh river on March 18,1864 O. S. where the Ubykhs were defeated by the Dakhovsky regiment of the Russian Army. On March 25,1864, the Dakhovsky fort was established on the site of the Navaginsky fort, the end of Caucasian War was proclaimed at Kbaade tract on June 2,1864, by the manifesto of Emperor Alexander II read aloud by Grand Duke Michael Nikolaevich of Russia
25.
Norway at the 2014 Winter Olympics
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Norway competed at the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, Russia, from 7 to 23 February 2014. According to the quota allocation released on 24 January 2014, Norway qualified a quota of ten athletes in alpine skiing. Men Women Based on their performance at the 2012 and 2013 Biathlon World Championships, national quotas per each Olympic event were allocated according to points awarded in these competitions. This was the first time Norway earned an Olympic spot in figure skating since 1994, roster The following is the Norwegian roster in the mens ice hockey tournament of the 2014 Winter Olympics. ‹See Tfd› Group stage Norway earned three quota places in mens singles
26.
2014 Norwegian Football Cup Final
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The 2014 Norwegian Football Cup Final was the 109th final of the Norwegian Football Cup. It was played on 23 November 2014 at Ullevaal Stadion, in Oslo, in the final Odd lost 2-0 to Molde, securing Moldes second cup title in a row and the double for the 2014 season. This was Moldes 7th cup final, while Odd traveled to Ullevaal for the 21st time, the winner will earn a place in the first qualifying round of the 2015–16 UEFA Europa League. The remaining 10,000 tickets went to partners of the Norwegian Football Association,2014 Norwegian Football Cup 2014 Norwegian Premier League 2014 Norwegian First Division 2014 in Norwegian football
27.
Molde FK
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Molde Fotballklubb is a football club from Molde, Norway, that currently plays in the Tippeligaen, the Norwegian top division. Founded on 19 June 1911, Molde was originally known as International, Molde are three-time league champions and four-time Norwegian Cup winners, and have finished 2nd in the league a further seven times. Molde is one of only two Norwegian clubs to have participated in the UEFA Champions League and its home matches are played at Aker Stadion, which has a maximum capacity of 11,800. The stadium was inaugurated in 1998, and was a gift from the local businessmen Kjell Inge Røkke, the club was formerly based at Molde stadion, which hosted the clubs record attendance of 14,615. Moldes supporter club is called Tornekrattet and were started after the 1994 Cup Final victory, until the beginning of the 1970s, the club mainly played in local lower division leagues, except for a short visit in the Hovedserien in the 1957–58 season. In 1974 Molde was back in the top division and finished second in the league, Molde also finished second in the league in 1987, when the club lost the championship to Moss in the decisive match of the season. The club was the first professional club of former Manchester United player Ole Gunnar Solskjær, in his first season as manager, which also was the clubs centenary season, Molde won the league championship for the first time. The next season Solskjær and Molde retained the championship, Today the club has approximately 900 members and around 55 teams in three departments. Molde FK was founded on 19 June 1911 by a group gathered by Klaus Daae Andersen, the same year, on 5 August, the club played its first competitive match. The match away against Kristiansund ended 2–2, the rising interest and activity in football in neighbouring towns caused the club to change its name to Molde Fotballklubb in 1915. Jan Fuglset, Torkild Brakstad, and Harry Hestad, amongst others, the club played in local lower leagues, except for a short visit to the top division in the 1957–58 season. In 1970, Molde was promoted to the tier and played there for three seasons until its promotion to the First Division with a 5–1 win against Sogndal Fotball in Sogndal on 16 September 1973. Molde shocked the clubs in their first season of the Norwegian First Division. Before the last match, Molde would win the league if they beat Sarpsborg, both Molde and Viking won their last match, so Molde won the silver medals, one point behind Viking. Since then, Molde has generally stayed in the top division and has one of the nations leading clubs. The club has produced a number of national team players. Between 1978 and 1984, Molde did not play on the level in two consecutive years. Molde was relegated from the First Division in every even-numbered year, in fact, Molde and Brann did not play at the same level these years, as Brann were promoted when Molde was relegated and the other way around
28.
2014 European Women's Handball Championship
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The 2014 European Womens Handball Championship was the eleventh continental tournament for womens national teams, organized by the European Handball Federation. The second jointly-hosted edition in the history took place in Hungary. Norway won their sixth title after beating Spain 28–25 in the final, Sweden defeated Montenegro 25–23 to capture the bronze medal. Norways victory ensured their qualification for the 2016 Summer Olympics, however, they later won the 2015 World Womens Handball Championship, vacating the European champion Olympic berth which fell to Spain as the runner-up. The two next-best placed teams, Sweden and Montenegro, earned spots in the Olympic Qualification Tournaments, initially there were two applicants for the tournament, Slovenia and Turkey, with none of them having the experience of organizing a continental event before. However, both withdrew their offers later, thus the host nation could not be selected on the 10th Ordinary EHF Congress between 24 and 25 September 2010 as it was planned. Instead, the European Handball Federation re-launched the bidding process, as a result, six federations showed intention to host the championship. The draw was held on 19 June 2014 at 13,00 local time in Zagreb,12 referee pairs were selected, The playing schedule was released on 4 June 2014. Note, As Norway later qualified for the olympics as World Champions, the all-star team and awards were announced on 21 December 2014. com Source, SportResult. com Official website Eurohandball. com
29.
Norway women's national handball team
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The Norway womens national handball team is the national team of Norway. It is governed by the Norwegian Handball Federation and takes part in international handball competitions, as of 2015, Norway has been in 20 finals and is regarded as the finest womens national handball team ever. In 2011, they became the team in the World. Norway has been among the elite in womens handball since the break-through at the 1986 World Championship where the team won a bronze medal. Since then, Norway has won six European Championships, and two World Championships, Norway has also participated in four final matches of the Summer Olympics, and won gold in Beijing 2008 and London 2012. Norway is the most successful team in the European Championships, having won six golds, the only time Norway finished outside of the top three was at the 2000 European Championship. The very first match of the Norwegian womens national handball team, the game ended 2–5 in favour of Sweden. During the fifties and sixties womens handball had a low profile in Norway. The national team participated at the Scandinavian Championships, and they qualified for the World Championships in 1971,1973,1975 and 1982. Sven-Tore Jacobsen coached the team for ten years, from 1984 to 1993. The team qualified for the 1986 World Championships, where they won the bronze medal. The press coverage and popularity of female handball in Norway increased significantly during this period, former player Marit Breivik coached the team for fifteen years, from 1994 to 2009. She led the team to six medals in international championships. Their achievements included gold medals at the 1999 World Championships, four gold medals at the European Championships between 1998 and 2008, and gold medals at the 2008 Summer Olympics and their usual tactics included a strong 6–0 defense and frequent fast breaks on offense. After the defeat against Russia at the 2007 World Championship, Norway faced two important challenges in 2008, Olympic Games in August and European Championship in December, the team eventually succeeded in winning their first Olympic gold medal, and they also won the European Championship. Norway had qualified for the 2008 Summer Olympics by winning the 2006 European Championship, the preparation for Beijing started months before the competition started, but the final squad wasnt decided until the last weeks. Several players who had trained with the team up to this point were left out or kept as reserves, most notably Isabel Blanco and Terese Pedersen. There were no debuts in the selected by Marit Breivik
30.
Spain women's national handball team
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The Spain womens national handball team is the national team of Spain. It is governed by the Royal Spanish Handball Federation and takes part in international handball competitions. Spain was the big surprise of the 2008 European Championship, making it to the final after beating Romania and Germany and getting a draw against Norway, in the final, Spain once again met Norway. They couldnt repeat their efforts from the stage, however. Head coach, Jorge Dueñas The following is the Spanish roster in the handball tournament of the 2016 Summer Olympics
31.
41st Chess Olympiad
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The organiser was Chess Olympiad Tromsø2014 AS on behalf of FIDE. A total number of 1,570 players participated at the Olympiad, the number of participating teams was 177 from 172 countries in the open section and 136 from 131 countries in the womens section. The main competitive events were held at Mackhallen, the Chief Arbiter of the event was Greeces International Arbiter Panagiotis Nikolopoulos. The reigning World Champion, Norwegian Grandmaster Magnus Carlsen, was one of the eight official ambassadors and he also played as a member of one of the Norwegian teams. China won the section of the tournament for the first time. Chinese Yu Yangyi, playing on three, and Georgian Nana Dzagnidze, playing on board one, were the most successful players in the open and womens section. The event was also the last competitive tournament for Judit Polgár, the strongest female player in history. Playing as a player for Hungary in the open section, she won a silver medal with her team and recorded four wins, one loss. There were two cities bidding to host the event, Albena and Tromsø, the bidding procedure, which was held in 2010 in Khanty-Mansiysk, lasted several days, in the end the Norwegians won by a 95–47 vote. In May 2014, it was announced that the budget for the Olympiad would cost 15 million NOK, the organisers requested additional funding for the Olympiad apart from the 75 million NOK that were already secured, but the Norwegian government did not approve it. Then, they sought sponsorships to cover the expenses. In June 2014, the Norwegian parliament approved an additional 12 million NOK for staging the event, the Administrative Director of Chess Olympiad Tromsø2014 AS was Børge Robertsen. Chairman of the board was Henrik Andenæs, but later he was replaced by Herman Kristoffersen, the playing venue was Mackhallen, which is situated in downtown Tromsø. Mackhallen is the site of the worlds most northerly brewery, Mack Brewery. The tournament was played in a Swiss system format, the time control for every single game was 90 minutes per 40 moves, with addition of 30 seconds per move and 30 minutes after the 40th move. It is allowed once again for a player to offer a draw at any time during the game, a total of 11 rounds were played, in which every team played with four of their players against another team. Every team was allowed to nominate one reserve player, teams were ranked according to the match points won in every round. In case of number of match points by two or more teams, the tie-breaker was decided by applying,1
32.
FIDE
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It is usually referred to as FIDE, its French acronym. FIDE was founded in Paris, France, on July 20,1924 and its motto is Gens una sumus, Latin for We are one people. As of 2015, FIDEs president is Kirsan Ilyumzhinov, Ilyumzhinov suspended some of his authority at a December 6,2015 Presidential Board meeting, at which Deputy President Georgios Makropoulous received these powers, following the statutes. FIDEs most visible activity is organizing the World Chess Championship, and most particularly the Chess Olympiad and it is recognized by the International Olympic Committee as the supreme body responsible for the organization of chess and its championships at global and continental levels. Since 1980 FIDE is a member of UNESCO, FIDE oversees few other tournaments, although other top-level events, almost without exception, respect FIDE rules and regulations. It defines the rules of chess, both for playing games and for the conduct of international competitions. The international competition rules are the basis for local competitions, although local bodies are allowed to modify these rules to a certain extent, FIDE awards a number of organisational titles, including International Arbiter, which signifies that the recipient is competent and trusted to oversee top-class competitions. It also awards Master and Grandmaster titles for achievement in problem and study composing and solving, Correspondence chess is regulated by the International Correspondence Chess Federation, an independent body that co-operates with FIDE where appropriate. The proposed FIDE budget for 2016 lists 2.73 million dollars in expected income, mostly for tournament registration, entry fees, in 2015, the latter two were replaced by the World Cup rights as a source of funds. For 2014, the largest expenditure is combined staff costs of the Athens, Elista, unexpectedly high legal costs were third on the list, just ahead of presidential travel. In April 1914, an initiative was taken in St. Petersburg, Russia, in 1920, another attempt to organize an international federation was made at the Gothenburg Tournament. Alekhine, Bogoljubow, Maróczy, Réti, Rubinstein, Tartakower, the only match played under those rules was Capablanca vs Alekhine in 1927. On July 20,1924 the participants at the Paris tournament founded FIDE as a kind of players union, in its early years, FIDE had little power, and was poorly financed. FIDEs congresses in 1925 and 1926 expressed a desire to become involved in managing the world championship, FIDEs third congress, in Budapest in 1926, also decided to organize a Chess Olympiad. The invitations were, however, late in being sent, with the result that four countries participated. The winner was Hungary, followed by Yugoslavia, Romania, in 1927, FIDE began organizing the First Chess Olympiad during its 4th Congress in London. The official title of the tournament was the Tournament of Nations, or World Team Championship, the event was won by Hungary, with 16 teams competing. In 1928 FIDE recognized Bogoljubow as Champion of FIDE after he won a match against Max Euwe. e, including the requirement for a purse of at least $10,000
33.
Magnus Carlsen
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Sven Magnus Øen Carlsen is a Norwegian chess grandmaster and the current World Chess Champion. A chess prodigy, Carlsen earned his title in 2004. This made him the third-youngest grandmaster in history at the time, Carlsens play continued to improve and by 2007 he was holding his own against the worlds best grandmasters in tournaments. Carlsen became World Champion in 2013 by defeating Viswanathan Anand in the World Chess Championship 2013, in 2016, he defended his title again, this time against Sergey Karjakin. Carlsen was known for his style as a teenager. He does not rely on opening preparation as much as other top players, Carlsens positional mastery and endgame prowess have drawn comparisons to those of former world champions Bobby Fischer, José Raúl Capablanca, Vasily Smyslov, and Anatoly Karpov. Carlsen was born in Tønsberg, Norway, on 30 November 1990, to Sigrun Øen and Henrik Albert Carlsen, the family spent one year in Espoo, Finland, and then in Brussels, Belgium, and in 1998 returned to Norway and settled in Lommedalen, Bærum. His father taught him to play chess at the age of 5, the first chess book Carlsen read was Find the Plan by Bent Larsen, and his first book on openings was Eduard Gufelds The Complete Dragon. Simen Agdestein emphasises Carlsens extreme memory, claiming that he was able to recall the areas, population numbers, flags, later, Carlsen had memorised the areas, population numbers, coat-of-arms and administrative centres of virtually all Norwegian municipalities. Carlsen participated in his first tournament—the youngest division of the 1999 Norwegian Chess Championship—at the age of 8 years and 7 months, over the course of this year, Carlsens rating rose from 904 in June 2000, to 1907. Apart from chess, which Carlsen studied about three to four hours a day, his favourite pastimes included football, skiing, and reading Donald Duck comics, Carlsen also practised ski jumping until the age of ten. His personal best is 21 metres, from autumn 2000 to the end of 2002, Carlsen played almost 300 rated tournament games, as well as several blitz tournaments, and participated in other minor events. In October 2002, he placed sixth in the European Under-12 Championship in Peñiscola, in the following month, he tied for first place in the World Under-12 Championship in Heraklio, placing second to Ian Nepomniachtchi on tiebreak. He was officially awarded the IM title on 20 August 2003, during the year away from school, he finished in a tie for third in the European Under-14 Championship and placed ninth in the World Under-14 Championship. Both events were won by Sergei Zhigalko, Carlsen made headlines after his victory in the C group at the Corus chess tournament in Wijk aan Zee. Carlsen obtained a score of 10½/13, losing just one game, as a result of the victory, he earned his first GM norm, and achieved a PR of 2702. Particularly notable was his win over Sipke Ernst in the penultimate round, the first 23 moves in that game had already been played in another game—Almagro Llanas–Gustafsson, Madrid 2003 —but Carlsens over-the-board novelty immediately led to a winning position. Carlsens victory in the C group qualified him to play in the B group in 2005, Agdestein said that Carlsen had an excellent memory and played an unusually wide range of openings
34.
World Chess Championship 2014
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The World Chess Championship 2014 was a match between the world champion Magnus Carlsen and challenger Viswanathan Anand, to determine the World Chess Champion. It was held from 7 to 28 November 2014, under the auspices of the World Chess Federation in Sochi, the match was decided after eleven of twelve scheduled games. On 23 November 2014 Carlsen retained his title, winning three games, losing one and drawing seven, the challenger was determined in the 2014 Candidates Tournament, an eight-player double round-robin tournament that took place in Khanty-Mansiysk, Russia, from 13 March to 31 March 2014. The participants, in order of rules announced by FIDE, were, prize money was shared between players tied on points, tiebreaks were not used to allocate it. The Championship match between Magnus Carlsen and Viswanathan Anand took place in Sochi, Russia, from 7 to 28 November 2014, both Carlsen and Anand appeared in the 2013 Championship, Anand as the reigning world champion and Carlsen as the challenger. This marked the first time the two opponents met in consecutive World Championship matches since Garry Kasparov played Anatoly Karpov five times between 1984 and 1990. Anand is only the former champion to win a Candidates tournament. At 44, Anand is the second oldest person to win a Candidates tournament, the match organizers faced several significant hurdles in organizing the event. The match venue was not finalized until June 2014, because the application from Norway. In the third week of August, Carlsen requested that the match be postponed because he was not satisfied with the choice of venue. However, Anand agreed to play versus Carlsen in Sochi on the proposed dates and this left the organizers, Agon Limited, the holder of rights to holding FIDE international tournaments only two months to prepare and organize the event. However, Agon successfully met its obligations, organizing the event to everyone’s satisfaction, nevertheless, the minimum prize fund of 2 million euros specified in the FIDE-Agon contract was not met, failing by 50%. Gazprom and Summa Group were the sponsors of the match. According to the world championship’s website, the 2014 title match broke global audience records, the total number of unique visitors to the website during the match was 10.5 million, with 2 million people visiting the match website on the final day. The Olympic Media Center served as the media hub during the 2014 Winter Olympics. Andrzej Filipowicz was chief arbiter for the match, the FIDE press officer and photographer was Ukrainian Woman Grand Master Anastasiya Karlovich, who previously officiated at the World Chess Championships in 2012 and 2013. Both Carlsen and Anand had a team of seconds to aid in their match preparation, during the opening press conference, Anand revealed his seconds to be Krishnan Sasikiran, Radosław Wojtaszek and Grzegorz Gajewski. Carlsens seconds were Peter Heine Nielsen and Jon Ludvig Hammer, Although after the closing ceremony, in an interview with chief FIDE press officer Anastasiya Karlovich Carlsen revealed that Laurent Fressinet and Michael Adams were helping him from home
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Viswanathan Anand
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Viswanathan Vishy Anand is an Indian chess Grandmaster and a former World Chess Champion. Anand became Indias first grandmaster in 1988 and he held the FIDE World Chess Championship from 2000 to 2002. He became the undisputed World Champion in 2007 and defended his title against Vladimir Kramnik in 2008 and he then defended his title in the World Chess Championship 2010 against Veselin Topalov and in the World Chess Championship 2012 against Boris Gelfand. In the World Chess Championship 2013 he lost to challenger Magnus Carlsen, in April 2006 Anand became the fourth player in history to pass the 2800 Elo mark on the FIDE rating list, after Garry Kasparov, Vladimir Kramnik and Veselin Topalov. He occupied the number one position for 21 months, the 6th longest on record, Anand was also the first recipient of the Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Award in 1991–92, Indias highest sporting honour. In 2007, he was awarded Indias second highest civilian award, Viswanathan Anand was born on 11 December 1969 at Mayiladuthurai, Tamil Nadu in a Tamil family. Shortly thereafter, his family moved to Madras, where he grew up, Anand is the youngest of 3 children. He is 11 years younger than his sister and 13 years younger than his brother and his elder brother, Shivakumar, is a manager at Crompton Greaves in India and his elder sister, Anuradha, is a professor in the United States at the University of Michigan. Anand learned chess from age six from his mother and a family friend named Deepa Ramakrishnan. Anand was educated at Don Bosco Matriculation Higher Secondary School, Egmore, Chennai and holds a degree of Bachelor of Commerce from Loyola College, Anand married Aruna Anand in 1996 and has a son, Akhil, born on 9 April 2011. In August 2010, Anand joined the board of directors of Olympic Gold Quest, on 24 December 2010 Anand was guest of honour on the grounds of Gujarat University, where 20,486 players created a new world record of simultaneous chess play at a single venue. His hobbies are reading, swimming, and listening to music, Anand has been regarded as an unassuming person with a reputation for refraining from political and psychological ploys and instead focusing on his game. Anand is sometimes known as the Tiger of Madras, Anand was the only sportsperson to have been invited for the dinner hosted by the Indian PM Manmohan Singh for US President Barack Obama on 7 November 2010. According to The Hindu, Anand finally declined to accept the doctorate, Anands rise in the Indian chess world was meteoric. National level success came early for him when he won the National Sub-Junior Chess Championship with a score of 9/9 in 1983 at the age of fourteen, in 1984 Anand won the Asian Junior Chess Championship in Coimbatore earning an International Master norm. At the age of sixteen he became the chess champion and won that title two more times. He played games at blitz speed, in 1987, he became the first Indian to win the World Junior Chess Championship. In 1988, at the age of 18, he became Indias first Grandmaster by winning the Shakti Finance International chess tournament held in Coimbatore and he was awarded Padma Shri at the age of eighteen
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In Order of Disappearance
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In Order of Disappearance is a 2014 Norwegian black comedy action film directed by Hans Petter Moland and starring Stellan Skarsgård. The film had its premiere in the section of the 64th Berlin International Film Festival. Nils is a snow plow driver somewhere in Norway and he learns that his son has died, supposedly of a heroin overdose. Nils knows his son was no addict but does not know what happened, while grieving he learns the local drug gang is behind the crime. He hunts down the two killers and kills both of them, but not before they confess, based on this information, he goes after their boss. But a retaliation killing by the boss puts him in the crossfire between two rival gangs, one local, one imported from Serbia. Official website In Order of Disappearance at the Internet Movie Database In Order of Disappearance at the Swedish Film Institute Database
