1.
2015 in India
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The following lists events that happened during 2015 in the Republic of India. 1 January – NITI Aayog was established to replace Planning Commission of India,8 –9 January – Annual Pravasi Bharatiya Divas conference took place in Gandhinagar, Gujarat. 13 January –32 died in Malihabad, Uttar Pradesh after drinking hooch,26 January – Republic Day celebrations were held, US President Barack Obama was the chief guest. 27 January – M. N. Rai, a colonel in the Rashtriya Rifles and Sanjeev Kumar Singh, M. N. Rai had been awarded the Yudh Seva medal on 26 January. 31 January – The Agni-V was test launched from a canister in Wheeler Island,7 February – Polling for the New Delhi state elections held. 10 February – Delhi Legislative Assembly elections results announced with Aam Aadmi Party securing 67 of 70 seats,13 February – A grenade attack by the United Liberation Front of Assam on a family in the town of Sepon in Indias Assam state killed two people. 14 February – A house under construction collapsed in the Indian city of Mughalsarai in the state of Uttar Pradesh killing twelve people,16 February – Govind Pansare, a CPI politician and his wife were shot at in Kolhapur, Maharashtra. Govind Pansare later died on 20 February,18 February – The Cabinet Committee on Security approves the construction of seven stealth frigates and six nuclear submarines for the Indian Navy. 18 –22 February – The 10th edition of Aero India took place at Yelahanka Air Force Station near Bangalore,23 February – Budget session of the Parliament began with the Presidents address to the joint session of Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha. 28 February – Union Budget presented to the Parliament by Finance Minister Arun Jaitley,3 March – National Electoral Roll Purification and Authentication Programme launched by the Election Commission of India. 17 March – Supreme Court of India rejected the classification of Jat people as Other Backward Classes,18 March – Beyond visual range air-to-air missile, Astra, was successfully test fired from a Su-30MKI in test range in Chandipur, Orissa. 23 March – Amaravathi was announced to be name of the new capital of Andhra Pradesh,24 March – Supreme Court of India declared Section 66A of the Information Technology Act,2000 unconstitutional. 26 March – National Institute of Ocean Technology unveiled Polar Remotely Operated Vehicle,29 March – India began to evacuate its citizens from Yemen. 30 March – Bharat Ratna awarded to freedom fighter Madan Mohan Malaviya posthumously,1 April – Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of Hybrid and Electric vehicles in India scheme was launched by the government to boost electric and hybrid vehicle sales. 5 April – Petroleum and Natural Gas Minister, Dharmendra Pradhan,7 April – Police killed 20 Red sanders, Pterocarpus santalinus smugglers in Chittoor district. 8 April – The Padma awards were given at the Rashtrapati Bhawan, the Micro Units Development and Refinance Agency Bank was launched by Prime Minister Narendra Modi. The financial institution aims to provide financing to small entrepreneurs,10 April – India completed evacuating citizens from Yemen, and announced the closure of embassy. In all, about 4,640 Indians and 960 nationals from 41 other countries were evacuated,11 April – Maoists killed 7 of personnel of Chhattisgarh’s Special Task Force in south Bastar
2.
2014 in India
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2014 in India refers to notable events that took place in the year 2014 in the Republic of India. Among the notable events were the Indian general election,2014, in which Bharatiya Janata Party obtained a majority, a new state of Telangana was formed. Also in 2014, Mars Orbiter Mission of India successfully entered Mars orbit,4 January – An under-construction building collapsed killing 30 construction workers in Goa.5 January – GSAT-14 launched from Sriharikota using GSLV-D5 launch vehicle. 7 January – Prithvi II missile tested at Chandipur test range,8 January – Notable Maoist leader Gudsa Usendi and his wife surrendered to the Andhra police. 8 January – Facebook buys the Indian start-up Little Eye Labs and she left for India same day under diplomatic immunity. 11 January – India says that it has no stand-off with the United States even after the Devyani Khobragade incident,13 January – India and Sri Lanka exchange 52 imprisoned fishermen. 13–15 January – A three-day meeting was held between India and United States intelligence services in New Delhi,15 January – The United States returned three 11-12th century sculptures worth US$1.5 million stolen by art thieves from temples in India. 17 January –8 kidnapped girls from the threatened Jarawa tribe rescued in Andaman,18 January – A stampede broke out in Mumbai in which 18 were killed. The stampede broke out at the residence of the religious leader Dawoodi Bohras Syedna Mohammed Burhanuddin,29 January – Nido Taniam, a 20-year-old student from Arunachal Pradesh died after being beaten up by locals at a marketplace in the Lajpat Nagar area of New Delhi, triggering widespread protests. Delhi Auto Expo held in India Expo Mart in Greater Noida,9 February – A ferry capsized in the Hirakud Dam reservoir drowning 31 persons. 10–11 February – Bank employees of 47 banks carried out a strike for two days demanding banking sector reforms and better pay. 17 February –2014 Interim-Union budget was presented by Finance Minister,19 February – Street Vendors Act,2014 was passed by Rajya Sabha after Lok Sabha passed it on 6 September 2013. 20 February – Andhra Pradesh Reorganization Bill,2014 passed by Rajya Sabha,27 February –2 officers died in INS Sindhuratna mishap. 28 February – Sahara India Chairman Subrata Roy was arrested in Lucknow after the Supreme Court of India issued a non-bailable warrant,11 March –15 security personnel killed in a Maoist attack in Chhattisgarh. 13 March – India formally joins the search for the missing Malaysia Airlines Flight 370,22 March – Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee re-approves field trails of ten genetically modified crops, including some food crops. 27 March – Sri Lankan Navy arrested 24 Indian fishermen for crossing the International Maritime Boundary Line,27 March – India and the entire South-East Asia region was declared Polio-free by WHO. 28 March – A recently acquired C-130J Super Hercules of the Indian Air Force crashed near Gwalior killing all five personnel on board, a volunteer was killed when he was washed away in the Chambal river while searching for survivors. 2 April – Reserve Bank of India granted preliminary licenses to Infrastructure Development Finance Company,4 April – Indias second navigation satellite IRNSS-1B was successfully placed in orbit
3.
2013 in India
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Events in the year 2013 in the Republic of India. 3 to 7 January, 100th Indian Science Conference was organised in Kolkata by the Indian Science Congress Association,6 January, India–Pakistan border incidents begin. 12 January, Swami Vivekanandas 150th birth anniversary was celebrated,14 January, Kumbh Mela begins in Allahabad. 26 January, Republic Day of India, Republic Day Parade was held in New Delhi with Bhutans king Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck as Chief Guest. 31 January to 3 February, 7th India Stone Mart 2013,12 February, Indian helicopter bribery scandal came to light. 15 February,2012 DA14 asteroid passes by the Earth over eastern Indian Ocean,19 and 20 February, Nano India 2013, a science conference on nanotechnology, was held in Thiruvananthapuram. 21 February, Terror attacks on Hyderabad in Dilsukhnagar area, Two separate explosions killed 17 people. 26 February, Railway Budget 2013–14 presented by Minister of Railways,28 February,2013 Union budget of India presented by Finance Minister P. Chidambaram. 8 March, Anti-Sri Lanka protests by Students Federation for Freedom of Tamil Eelam in Tamil Nadu started, an estimated 120 million pilgrims attended the festival. 13 March, Hizbul Mujahideens attacks on Central Reserve Police Force at Bemina in Srinagar,19 March, Lok Sabha passes the Criminal Law Act,2013. 20 March, BrahMos missile was test fired at Vishakhaptnam,21 March, Rajya Sabha passes the Criminal Law Act,2013. 27 March, Tamil Nadu Assembly Resolution on Sri Lanka for formation of Tamil Eelam,2 April, President President Pranab Mukherjee signed the Criminal Law Act,2013. 15 April, Daulat Beg Oldi conflict between Indian and Chinese army patrols began,10 May, Two Cabinet ministers, Ashwani Kumar and Pawan Bansal, resign after bribery allegations. Mid-June onwards, Flash floods in North India,14 July, India shuts down its public telegram service. 15 August, 67th Independence Day of India 26 August, Lok Sabha passes the National Food Security Bill,201328 August, The Indian rupee hits a 20 years record low of 68.8450 against the US dollar. 2 September, Rajya Sabha passes the National Food Security Bill,20134 September,13 September, Narendra Modi declared Bharatiya Janata Partys prime ministerial candidate for Indian general election,2014. 13 September, The sentences for convicts in the 2012 Delhi gang rape case was announced,30 September, Former Bihar Chief Minister Lalu Prasad Yadav convicted in the Fodder scam case. 12 October, Cyclone Phailin makes landfall in Odisha,5 November, The Mars Orbiter Mission, was successfully launched into low Earth orbit by the Indian Space Research Organisation
4.
India
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India, officially the Republic of India, is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and it is bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the southwest, and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast. It shares land borders with Pakistan to the west, China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the northeast, in the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives. Indias Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a border with Thailand. The Indian subcontinent was home to the urban Indus Valley Civilisation of the 3rd millennium BCE, in the following millennium, the oldest scriptures associated with Hinduism began to be composed. Social stratification, based on caste, emerged in the first millennium BCE, early political consolidations took place under the Maurya and Gupta empires, the later peninsular Middle Kingdoms influenced cultures as far as southeast Asia. In the medieval era, Judaism, Zoroastrianism, Christianity, and Islam arrived, much of the north fell to the Delhi sultanate, the south was united under the Vijayanagara Empire. The economy expanded in the 17th century in the Mughal empire, in the mid-18th century, the subcontinent came under British East India Company rule, and in the mid-19th under British crown rule. A nationalist movement emerged in the late 19th century, which later, under Mahatma Gandhi, was noted for nonviolent resistance, in 2015, the Indian economy was the worlds seventh largest by nominal GDP and third largest by purchasing power parity. Following market-based economic reforms in 1991, India became one of the major economies and is considered a newly industrialised country. However, it continues to face the challenges of poverty, corruption, malnutrition, a nuclear weapons state and regional power, it has the third largest standing army in the world and ranks sixth in military expenditure among nations. India is a constitutional republic governed under a parliamentary system. It is a pluralistic, multilingual and multi-ethnic society and is home to a diversity of wildlife in a variety of protected habitats. The name India is derived from Indus, which originates from the Old Persian word Hindu, the latter term stems from the Sanskrit word Sindhu, which was the historical local appellation for the Indus River. The ancient Greeks referred to the Indians as Indoi, which translates as The people of the Indus, the geographical term Bharat, which is recognised by the Constitution of India as an official name for the country, is used by many Indian languages in its variations. Scholars believe it to be named after the Vedic tribe of Bharatas in the second millennium B. C. E and it is also traditionally associated with the rule of the legendary emperor Bharata. Gaṇarājya is the Sanskrit/Hindi term for republic dating back to the ancient times, hindustan is a Persian name for India dating back to the 3rd century B. C. E. It was introduced into India by the Mughals and widely used since then and its meaning varied, referring to a region that encompassed northern India and Pakistan or India in its entirety
5.
2nd millennium
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The second millennium was a period of time that began on January 1,1001 and ended on December 31,2000 of the Gregorian calendar. It was the period of one thousand years in the Anno Domini or Common Era. The Renaissance saw the beginning of the migration of humans from Europe, Africa. The interwoven international trade led to the formation of multi-national corporations, international business ventures reduced the impact of nationalism in popular thought. The world population doubled over the first seven centuries of the millennium, consequently, unchecked human activity had considerable social and environmental consequences, giving rise to extreme poverty, climate change and biotic crisis. The 2nd millennium was a period of time began on January 1,1001. It was the period of one thousand years in the Anno Domini or Common Era. The Julian calendar was used in Europe at the beginning of the millennium, so the end date is always calculated according to the Gregorian calendar, but the beginning date is usually according to the Julian calendar. Stephen Jay Gould argued that it is not possible to decide if the millennium ended on December 31,1999, or December 31,2000. The second millennium is perhaps more popularly thought of as beginning and ending a year earlier, thus starting at the beginning of 1000 and finishing at the end of 1999. Many public celebrations for the end of the millennium were held on December 31,1999 – January 1, the civilizations in this section are organized according to the UN geoscheme. The events in this section are organized according to the UN geoscheme, the people in this section are organized according to the UN geoscheme. See also Lists of people by nationality Category, People by century Category, People by nationality and period Gottlieb, Agnes Hooper, Henry Gottlieb, Barbar Bowers,1,000 Years,1,000 People, Ranking the Men and Women Who Shaped the Millennium
6.
President of India
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The President of the Republic of India is the Head of State of India and the Commander-in-chief of the Indian Armed Forces. The oath of the President is taken in the presence of the Chief Justice of India, the President resides in an estate known as the Rashtrapati Bhavan situated in Raisina Hill in New Delhi. The presidential retreats are The Retreat in Chharabra, Shimla and Rashtrapati Nilayam in Hyderabad, the 13th and current President is Pranab Mukherjee, who was elected on 22 July 2012, and sworn in on 25 July 2012. He is also the first Bengali to be elected as President, India achieved independence from the British on 15 August 1947, initially as a Dominion within the Commonwealth of Nations with George VI as king, represented in the country by a governor-general. Still, following this, the Constituent Assembly of India, under the leadership of Dr. B. R. Ambedkar, the Constitution of India was eventually enacted on 26 November 1949 and came into force on 26 January 1950, making India a republic. The offices of monarch and governor-general were replaced by the new office of President of India, the constitution of the Republic of India gave the President the responsibility and authority to defend and protect the constitution of India and its rule of law. Invariably, any action taken by the executive or legislature entities of the constitution shall become law only after Presidents assent, the president shall not accept any actions of the executive or legislature which are unconstitutional. The president is the foremost, most empowered and prompt defender of the constitution, the primary duty of the President is to preserve, protect and defend the constitution and the law of India as made part of his oath. The President is the head of all independent constitutional entities. All his actions, recommendations and supervisory powers over the executive and legislative entities of India shall be used in accordance to uphold the constitution, there is no bar on the actions of the President to contest in the court of law. Legislative power is vested by the Parliament of India of which the president is the head. The President of the Republic summons both the Houses of the Parliament and prorogues them and he can dissolve the Lok Sabha. The President inaugurates Parliament by addressing it after the general elections, the Presidential address on these occasions is generally meant to outline the new policies of the government. All bills passed by the Parliament can become laws only after receiving the assent of the President per Article 111, after a bill is presented to him, the President shall declare either that he assents to the Bill, or that he withholds his assent from it. As a third option, he can return a bill to Parliament, if it is not a money bill, when, after reconsideration, the bill is passed accordingly and presented to the President, with or without amendments, the President cannot withhold his assent from it. Article 143 gave power to the president to consult the Supreme Court about the validity of any issue. These are in the nature of interim or temporary legislation and their continuance is subject to parliamentary approval, ordinances remain valid for no more than six weeks from the date the Parliament is convened unless approved by it earlier. Re-promulgation of ordinances after failing to get approval within stipulated time of the houses of parliament is unconstitutional act by the President
7.
Vice-President of India
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The Vice-President of India is the second-highest constitutional office in India, after the President. Article 63 of Indian Constitution states that there shall be a Vice-President of India, the Vice-President acts as President in the absence of the President due to death, resignation, impeachment, or other situations. The Vice-President of India is also ex officio Chairperson of the Rajya Sabha, when a bill is introduced in Rajya Sabha, vice-president decides whether it is a financial bill or not. If he is of the opinion, a bill introduced in the Rajya Sabha is a money bill, Article 66 of the Indian Constitution states the manner of election of the Vice-President. The current Vice-President is Mohammad Hamid Ansari, since 11 August 2007 and this difference is because the Vice-President is to act as the ex officio Chairman of the Rajya Sabha. The Vice-President is elected indirectly, by a college consisting of members of both houses of the Parliament. The nomination of a candidate for election to the office of the Vice-President must be subscribed by at least 20 electors as proposers and 20 electors as seconders, every candidate has to make a security deposit of Rs.15,000 in the Reserve Bank of India. The Election Commission of India, which is an autonomous body. The election is to be no later than 60 days of the expiry of the term of office of the outgoing Vice-President. A Returning Officer is appointed for the election, usually the Secretary-General of either House of the Parliament, the Returning Officer issues a public notice of the intended election, inviting nomination of candidates. The nomination papers are scrutinized by the Returning Officer, and the names of all candidates are added to the ballot. The election is proportional representation by means of a single transferable vote by secret ballot, voters stack-rank the candidates, assigning 1 to their first preference,2 to their second preference, and so on. The number of votes required by a candidate to secure the election is calculated by dividing the number of votes by two, and adding one to the quotient by disregarding any remainder. If no candidate obtains the required number of votes, the candidate with the least number of first-preference votes is eliminated. The process is repeated until a candidate obtains the requisite number of votes, nominated members can also participate in the election. After the election has been held and the votes counted, the Returning Officer declares the result of the election to the electoral college, the Vice-President may resign his office by submitting his resignation to the President. The resignation becomes effective from the day it is accepted, all disputes arising in connection with the election of the Vice-President are petitioned to the Supreme Court of India, which inquires into the matter. The petition is heard by a bench of the Supreme Court
8.
Mohammad Hamid Ansari
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Mohammad Hamid Ansari is the 12th and current Vice President of India, in office since 2007. Ansari is the person to get re-elected for the post of Vice President of India after Dr. Radhakrishnan. He also presently serves as President of the Indian Institute of Public Administration and Chancellor of Panjab University, Ansari worked as an ambassador and served as Vice-Chancellor of the Aligarh Muslim University from 2000 to 2002. Later he was Chairman of the National Commission for Minorities from 2006 to 2007 and he was elected as Vice President of India on 10 August 2007 and took office on 11 August 2007. He was re-elected on 7 August 2012 and was sworn-in by Pranab Mukherjee, the oath taking ceremony was conducted at Rashtrapati Bhavan on 11 August 2012. Hamid Ansari was born in Calcutta, West Bengal, India on 1 April 1937 though his family belongs to Ghazipur in Uttar Pradesh and he is the grand nephew of former Congress President Mukhtar Ahmad Ansari, a leader of the Indian independence movement. Ansari studied at St. Edwards School, Shimla, the St. Xaviers College of the University of Calcutta and he started his career as Officer in the Indian Foreign Service in 1961. He was Permanent Representative of India to the United Nations, Indian High Commissioner to Australia and Ambassador to the United Arab Emirates, Afghanistan, Iran and he was awarded the Padma Shree in 1984. He was also Professor & Vice-Chancellor of the Aligarh Muslim University from May 2000 to March 2002 and he is known for his role in ensuring compensation to the victims of the Gujarat riots and pushing for a complete re-look into the relief and rehabilitation for riot victims since 1984. Ansari became the chairman of Indias National Commission for Minorities on 6 March 2006, in June 2007, Ansari, in his capacity as NCM chairman, upheld the decision of St. Stephens College to earmark a small percentage of seats for Dalit Christians. He resigned as NCM chairman soon after his nomination for the post of Indias Vice President, on 20 July 2007, Ansari was named by the UPA-Left, the ruling coalition in India, as its candidate for the post of Vice President for the upcoming election. When asked, Ansari said he felt humbled over the UPA-Left decision naming him as their candidate, I am humbled by the confidence reposed in me. Ansari refused to say more when asked about his prospects in the August 2007 vice Presidential election, Ansari secured 455 votes, and won the election by a margin of 233 votes against his nearest rival Najma Heptullah. The NDA nominated Jaswant Singh, former Finance, External Affairs, the NDA cited Ansaris conduct in the Rajya Sabha during the The Lokpal Bill,2011 debate when he had abruptly adjourned the House sine die. Hamid Ansari was re-elected as Vice President for the term on 7 August 2012. According to the Constitution of India, Ansari, as Vice President of the Republic, Ansari is a West Asia scholar and has written on the Palestinian issue and taken positions inconvenient to the Indian official line on Iraq and Iran. He questioned India’s vote in the International Atomic Energy Agency on Iran’s nuclear programme where India voted against Iran and he said that though the Indian Government claimed to have acted on its own judgement, this was not borne out by facts. The report of the group was adopted by the Third round Table in April 2007
9.
Prime Minister of India
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The Prime Minister of India is the Head of Government and leader of the executive branch of the Government of India. The Prime Minister is also the adviser to the President of India. He or she can be a member of any of the two houses of Parliament, but has to be the leader of the party, having a majority in the Lok Sabha. The Prime Minister is the member of cabinet in the executive branch of government in a parliamentary system. The Prime Minister selects and can dismiss other members of the cabinet, allocates posts to members within the Government, is the presiding member and chairman of the cabinet. The federal or union cabinet headed by the Prime Minister is appointed by the President of India to assist the latter in the administration of the affairs of the executive, Union cabinet is collectively responsible to the Lok Sabha as per Article 75. The Prime Minister shall always enjoy the confidence of Lok Sabha, India follows a parliamentary system in which the prime minister is the presiding, actual head of the government and chief of the executive branch. In such systems, the head of state or the head of states official representative usually holds a ceremonial position. The Prime Minister shall become a member of parliament within six months of beginning his/her tenure, he/She is expected to work with other central ministers to ensure the passage of bills by the Parliament. There shall be a Council of Ministers with the minister at the head to aid and advise the president who shall, in the exercise of his functions. The Prime Minister shall be appointed by the President and the other Ministers shall be appointed by the President on the advice of the Prime Minister. Like most parliamentary democracies, a Presidents duties are mostly ceremonial as long as the constitution and the rule of law is obeyed by the Union Cabinet, the Prime Minister of India is the head of union government and has the responsibility for executive power. The prime minister leads the functioning and exercise of authority of the government of India. President of India invites a person who is commanding support of majority members of Lok Sabha to form government at the federal level, in practice the prime minister nominates the members of their Council of Ministers to the president. They also work upon to decide a core group of Ministers as in-charge of the important functions, some specific ministries/department are not allocated to anyone in the cabinet but the prime minister himself. Per Article 78 of the constitution, the communication between the union cabinet and the president are through the prime minister. Other wise constitution recognises the prime minister as a member of the cabinet only outside the sphere of union cabinet. Be a member of the Lok Sabha or the Rajya Sabha
10.
Narendra Modi
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Narendra Damodardas Modi is an Indian politician who is the 14th and current Prime Minister of India, in office since May 2014. He was the Chief Minister of Gujarat from 2001 to 2014, Modi, a member of the Bharatiya Janata Party, is a Hindu nationalist and member of the right-wing Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh. Born to a Gujarati family in Vadnagar, Modi helped his father sell tea as a child and he was introduced to the RSS at the age of eight, beginning a long association with the organisation. He left home after graduating school, partly because of an arranged marriage which he rejected. Modi traveled around India for two years, and visited a number of religious centres and he returned to Gujarat and moved to Ahmedabad in 1969 or 1970. In 1971 he became a worker for the RSS. During the state of emergency imposed across the country in 1975, the RSS assigned him to the BJP in 1985, and he held several positions within the party hierarchy until 2001, rising to the rank of general secretary. Modi was appointed minister of Gujarat in 2001, due to Keshubhai Patels failing health. Modi was elected to the assembly soon after. His administration has been considered complicit in the 2002 Gujarat riots, or otherwise criticised for its handling of it and his policies as chief minister, credited with encouraging economic growth, have received praise, and several industrial projects were begun during his tenure. His administration has been criticised for failing to improve health, poverty. Modi led the BJP in the 2014 general election, which gave the party a majority in the Lok Sabha, Modi himself was elected to parliament from Varanasi. Modi has attempted to improve efficiency in the bureaucracy, and centralised power through the abolition of the planning commission and he has begun a high-profile sanitation campaign, and weakened or abolished environmental and labour laws. Narendra Modi was born on 17 September 1950 to a family of grocers in Vadnagar, Mehsana district and he was the third of six children born to Damodardas Mulchand Modi and Hiraben Modi. Modis family belonged to the Modh-Ghanchi-Teli community, which is categorised as an Other Backward Class by the Indian government, as a child, Modi helped his father sell tea at the Vadnagar railway station, and later ran a tea stall with his brother near a bus terminus. Modi completed his secondary education in Vadnagar in 1967, where a teacher described him as an average student. Modi had a gift for rhetoric in debates, and this was noted by his teachers. Modi preferred playing larger-than-life characters in theatrical productions, which has influenced his political image, when eight years old, Modi discovered the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh, and began attending its local shakhas
11.
Chief Justice of India
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The Chief Justice of India is the head of the judiciary of India and the Supreme Court of India. The CJI also heads their administrative functions, as head of the supreme court, the chief justice is responsible for the allocation of cases and appointment of constitutional benches which deal with important matters of law. It has been a convention for decades now, to appoint the senior-most judge of the supreme court as the CJI. The present CJI is Justice Jagdish Singh Khehar and is the 44th CJI since January 1950, the year the constitution came into effect and the supreme court came into being. He succeeded Justice T. S. Thakur on 4 January 2017 and will remain in office till 28 August 2017, article 124 of the Constitution of India provides for the manner of appointing judges to the Supreme Court. However, this convention has been breached on a few occasions, ray appointed as CJI, superseding three judges senior to him allegedly because he had favoured her government, and when Justice H. R. The Oath of Office is presided by the President, article 124 of Constitution of India lays down the procedure for removal of a Judge of Supreme Court which is applicable to Chief Justice as well. Once appointed, the Chief Justice remains in office until the age of 65 years, when President Zakir Hussain died in office, the Vice President V. V. Giri, acted as the President. Later, Mr. Giri resigned as the Vice President, the CJI, Justice Mohammad Hidayatullah then became the acting President of India. The senior-most judge of the Supreme Court became the acting CJI, accordingly, such provisions have been laid down in The Supreme Court Judges Act,1958. This remuneration was revised in 2006-2008, after the sixth central pay commissions recommendation, list of Chief Justices of India Official website of Supreme Court of India Photo Gallery of Former Chief Justices of India
12.
Non-Nuclear Aggression Agreement
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The treaty was drafted in 1988, and signed by the Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto and her Indian counterparts, Rajiv Gandhi on 21 December 1988, it entered into force on January 1991. The treaty barred its signatories to carry out an attack on each others nuclear installations. Starting in January 1992, India and Pakistan have annually exchanged lists of their respective civilian nuclear-related facilities, in a memoirs written by Pakistani scientist and theorist Munir Ahmad Khan, Pakistan had to be mindful of blatant attack on Pakistans nuclear installations by its eastern competitor, India. The Israeli Air Force surprise attack on Iraqi nuclear program had crippled Iraqs nuclear weapons pursuit, suspicions raised in Pakistan about the parallel attack akin to Opera might be undertaken by Indian Air Force. Though, Munir Ahmad Khans approached to his Indian counterparts at IAEA had neutralize the Indian air force attacks, in 1986-87, the massive exercise, Brasstacks was carried out by the Indian Army, raising the fears of Indian attack on Pakistans nuclear facilities. Since then, the Foreign ministries of both countries had been negotiating to reach an understanding towards the control of nuclear weapons, after the 1988 general elections, Prime minister Benazir Bhutto extended the invitation of Indian Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi. On 21 December 1988, Indian Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi paid a visit to Pakistan. Further discussion brought the negotiations to an end on 21 December 1988, in Islamabad, the treaty was ratified by the parliaments of India and Pakistan on ratified on January 27,1991. The exchanged the first lists of India Pakistans nuclear installations was swapped between two nations on January 1,1992, work of Governments of India and Pakistna
13.
Jaish-e-Mohammed
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Jaish-e-Mohammed is a Deobandi jihadist group active in Kashmir. The groups primary motive is to separate Kashmir from India and merge it into Pakistan and it has carried out several attacks primarily in the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir. It also maintained relations with Taliban and Al-Qaeda in Afghanistan. It has been banned in Pakistan since 2002 and it has reportedly resurfaced under other names. It continues to operate several facilities in the country. Raman, Jaish-e-Mohammed is viewed as the deadliest and the principal terrorist organisation in Jammu, the group has been designated as a terrorist organisation by Pakistan, Australia, Canada, India, the United Arab Emirates, the United Kingdom, the United States and the United Nations. In 2016, Jaish was suspected of being responsible for an attack on the Pathankot airbase in India, the Indian government, and some other sources, accused Pakistan of assisting Jaish in conducting the attack. Pakistan denied assisting Jaish, and arrested members of Jaish in connection with the attack. Pakistan called the report a fabrication, Pakistans Inter-Services Intelligence is said to have created Jaish-e-Mohammed by working with several Deobandi terrorists associated with Harkat-ul-Mujahideen. By the late 1990s, states Ahmed Rashid, the Pakistani military justified jihad in Kashmir as a part of its foreign policy. Harkat had been set up in mid-1990s with ISI support to carry out acts of terrorism. The United States declared it a terrorist group in 1998 and bombed its training camps in Afghanistan, the released prisoners were escorted to Pakistan by the ISI, and Masood Azhar was chosen to head the new group Jaish-e-Mohammed. The ISI is said to have paraded him on a tour through Pakistan to raise money for the new organisation. Some analysts argue that ISI built up the JeM to counter the power of Lashkar-e-Taiba. Many analysts believed that around 1999, Pakistans Inter-Services Intelligence used JeM to fight in Kashmir and other places, although the JeM has been officially banned in Pakistan since 2002, it continues to openly operate several facilities in the country. Azhars leadership is said to be nominal, the group has a largely decentralised structure. JeMs membership, drawn from the members of Harkat-ul-Mujahideen, was allied to the Taliban in Afghanistan. The members had shared the Al Qaeda training camps in Afghanistan, a majority of the members of Harkat are said to have followed Azhar into the newly founded group, leaving Harkat under-funded and under-supported
14.
Indian Air Force
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The Indian Air Force is the air arm of the Indian armed forces. It is the fourth largest air force in terms of both personnel and aircraft. Its primary responsibility is to secure Indian airspace and to conduct aerial warfare during a conflict and it was officially established on 8 October 1932 as an auxiliary air force of the British Empire and the prefix Royal was added in 1945 in recognition of its services during World War II. After India became independent from the United Kingdom in 1947, the Royal Indian Air Force served the Dominion of India, since independence, the IAF has been involved in four wars with neighbouring Pakistan and one with the Peoples Republic of China. Other major operations undertaken by the IAF include Operation Vijay, Operation Meghdoot, Operation Cactus, apart from conflicts, the IAF has been an active participant in United Nations peacekeeping missions. The President of India serves as Supreme Commander of the IAF, the Chief of Air Staff, an air chief marshal, is a four-star officer and commands the Air Force. There is never more than one serving ACM at any time in the IAF. The IAF provides close air support to the Indian Army troops in the battlefield and also provides strategic, IAF also provides infantry and artillery transportations or secondary Airlift for the Indian Army. The IAF provided extensive assistance to relief operations during natural calamities such as the Gujarat cyclone in 1998, the IAF also provides assistance to other countries during relief activities such as Operation Rainbow in Sri Lanka. On 1 April 1933, the IAF commissioned its first squadron, No.1 Squadron, with four Westland Wapiti biplanes, the Indian pilots were led by RAF Commanding officer Flight Lieutenant Cecil Bouchier. During World War II, the IAF played a role in blocking the advance of the Japanese army in Burma. It also carried out missions against the Japanese airbases at Mae Hong Son, Chiang Mai. The IAF was mainly involved in Strike, Close Air Support, Aerial reconnaissance, Bomber Escort, RAF Pilots were embedded in IAF units and vice versa to gain combat experience. IAF pilots participated in air operations in Europe as part of the RAF, during the war, the IAF went through a phase of steady expansion. New aircraft, including the US built Vultee Vengeance, Douglas DC-3, in recognition of the services rendered by the IAF, King George VI conferred the prefix Royal in 1945. Thereafter the IAF was referred to as the Royal Indian Air Force, in 1950, when India became a republic, the prefix was dropped and it reverted to being the Indian Air Force. After it became independent from the British Empire in 1947, British India was partitioned into the new states of the Dominion of India, along the lines of the geographical partition, the assets of the air force were divided between the new countries. The RIAF Roundel was changed to an interim Chakra roundel derived from the Ashoka Chakra, around the same time, conflict broke out between them over the control of the princely state of Jammu & Kashmir
15.
Pathankot
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Pathankot is a city in the Punjab state of India. Pathankot was officially declared as District of Punjab state On 27 July 2011, Pathankot district is at the meeting point of the three northern states of India -- Punjab, Himachal Pradesh and Jammu & Kashmir. Pathankot district is a district which shares international border with Pakistan on its West. Due to its location, Pathankot serves as a hub for those three northerly states. Pathankot also serves as hub for the nearby areas of Jammu & Kashmir. Many students basically from rural areas of these come to study here. Pathankot is an ancient city and has historical significance, from various accounts, It may be believed that Audumbara was the name of it. Pathankot was the capital of Nurpur State and its name was changed to Dhameri in the time of Akbar, the Pathania clan of Rajput derived its name from ancient name of Pathankot which was Paithan at that time. After the independence of India, Pathankot, has developed as an important town in many aspects, the strategic point of location has prompted the establishment of the army and for the air force station for the defence of India. The Indian army and Indian air force has successfully defended the territory of India in times of war, traders supplying the army needs have also increased their business. After the partition of India, like in most other North Indian cities a huge amount of People came from West Punjab and settled in and around Pathankot. Most of them started trades of different kinds, contributed to the growth of the city and area, Pathankot has an average elevation of 332 metres. It is a town surrounded by the Ravi and Chakki rivers. Shiwalik foothills on the south and east and snow-capped Himalayas in the drop in north. Spring, The climate remains the most enjoyable part of the year during the spring season, temperatures vary between 16 °C to 25 °C and 9 °C to 18 °C. Autumn, In autumn, the temperature may rise to a maximum of 30 °C, temperatures usually remain between 16° to 27° in autumn. The minimum temperature is around 11 °C, summer, The temperature in summer may rise to a maximum of 46 °C. Temperatures generally remain between 34 °C to 46 °C, monsoon, During monsoon, Pathankot receives moderate to heavy rainfall and sometimes heavy to very heavy rainfall
16.
Punjab, India
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Punjab is a state in North India, forming part of the larger Punjab region. The state capital is located in Chandigarh, a Union Territory, after the partition of India in 1947, the Punjab province of British India was divided between India and Pakistan. The Indian Punjab was divided on the basis of language in 1966 and it was divided into 3 parts. Haryanvi speaking areas were carved out as Haryana, Hilly regions, Punjab is the only Sikh majority state in India with Sikhs being 57. 69% of the population. Agriculture is the largest industry in Punjab, Punjab has the largest number of steel rolling mill plants in India, which are located in Steel Town—Mandi Gobindgarh in the Fatehgarh Sahib district. The word Punjab is a compound of the Persian words panj, thus Panjāb roughly means the land of five rivers. The five rivers are the Sutlej, Beas, Ravi, Chenab, traditionally, in English, there used to be a definite article before the name, i. e. The name is sometimes spelled as Panjab. During the period when the epic Mahabharata was written, around 800–400 BCE, Punjab was known as Trigarta, the Indus Valley Civilization spanned much of the Punjab region with cities such as Rupar. The Vedic Civilization spread along the length of the Sarasvati River to cover most of northern India including Punjab and this civilisation shaped subsequent cultures in the Indian subcontinent. The Punjab region was conquered by many ancient empires including the Gandhara, Nandas, Mauryas, Shungas, Kushans, Guptas, Palas, Gurjara-Pratiharas, the furthest eastern extent of Alexander the Greats exploration was along the Indus River. Agriculture flourished and trading cities such as Jalandhar, Sangrur and Ludhiana grew in wealth, due to its location, the Punjab region came under constant attack and influence from both west and east. Punjab faced invasions by the Achaemenids, Greeks, Scythians, Turks and this resulted in the Punjab witnessing centuries of bitter bloodshed. Its culture combines Hindu, Buddhist, Islamic, Sikh and British influences, the regions of Azad Kashmir and Jammu have also been historically associated with the Punjab. The Punjab is the Sapta Sindhu region mentioned in the Rig Veda, among the classic books that were wholly or partly composed in this region are the following. The Brahmins of this region are called Saraswata after the legendary Saraswati river region, Hinduism has been prevalent in Punjab since historical times before the arrival of Islam and birth of Sikhism in Punjab. Some of the influential Sikh figures such as Guru Nanak, Banda Singh Bahadur, Bhai Mati Das, many of Punjabs Hindus converted to Sikhism. Punjabi Hindus can trace their roots from the time of the Vedas, many modern day cities in Indian Punjab and Pakistani Punjab are still named from that period like Lahore, Jalandhar, Chandigarh and so on
17.
Imphal
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The city of Imphal is the capital of the Indian state of Manipur. Ruins of the Palace of Kangla, the seat of the erstwhile Kingdom of Manipur, are in the city centre. It is the second largest busiest city in North-east India after Guwahati, Imphal is located at 24. 8074°N93. 9384°E /24.8074,93.9384 in extreme eastern India, with an average elevation of 786 metres. It has a subtropical climate with mild, dry winters. July temperatures average about 29 °C, January is the coldest month, with lows near 4 °C. The city receives about 1,320 mm of rain, with June the wettest month, the highest recorded temperature was 35.6 °C, most recently on 22 May 2009, and the lowest average temperature was −2.7 °C on 10 January 1970. Kangla Fort is on the banks of the Imphal River, and is known as the Palace of Kangla. Kangla means dry land in the Meitei language, the fort was the palace of King Pakhangba, and also has religious significance. In the fort are a number of temples, and it is surrounded on three sides by a lake, a religious site and a tourist attraction, the temple complex is noted for its annual Durga Puja festival in September or October. The temple was considered the apex of cultural activity during the reign of the Maharajas, near the palace, it has two domes and a raised congregation hall. This cemetery remembers British and Indian soldiers who fought and died in the Second World War, the market stalls are all run by women, and it is reportedly the only such market in the world. Imphal International Airport is 8 kilometres south of the city, in October 2012, Indias Cabinet Committee on Infrastructure approved an extension of the Jiribam-Silchar railway to Imphal. The extension is expected to reach the city by March 2016
18.
Bihar
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Bihar is a state in the eastern part of India. It is the 13th-largest state of India, with an area of 94,163 km2. The third-largest state of India by population, it is contiguous with Uttar Pradesh to its west, Nepal to the north, the Bihar plain is split by the river Ganges which flows from west to east. On November 15,2000, southern Bihar was ceded to form the new state of Jharkhand, only 11. 3% of the population of Bihar lives in urban areas, which is lowest in India after Himachal Pradesh. Additionally, almost 58% of Biharis are below the age of 25, the official languages of the state are Hindi and Urdu. Other languages commonly used within the state include Bhojpuri, Maithili, Magahi, Bajjika, in ancient and classical India, Bihar was considered a centre of power, learning, and culture. From Magadha arose Indias first empire, the Maurya empire, as well as one of the worlds most widely adhered-to religions, Magadha empires, notably under the Maurya and Gupta dynasties, unified large parts of South Asia under a central rule. Another region of Bihar is Mithila which was a centre of Brahmanical learning. Since the late 1970s, Bihar has lagged far behind other Indian states in terms of social, the state government has, however, made significant strides in developing the state. The name Bihar is derived from the Sanskrit and Pali word, Vihara, the region roughly encompassing the present state was dotted with Buddhist vihara, the abodes of Buddhist monks in the ancient and medieval periods. Medieval writer Minhaj al-Siraj Juzjani records in the Tabakat-i-Nasiri that in 1198, Bakhtiyar Khalji committed a massacre in a town now known as Bihar Sharif, chirand, on the northern bank of the Ganga River, in Saran district, has an archaeological record from the Neolithic age. Regions of Bihar—such as Magadha, Mithila and Anga—are mentioned in religious texts, the power centre of ancient Bihar was in the region of modern-day southwestern Bihar called Magadha, which remained the centre of power, learning, and culture in India for 1000 years. The Haryanka dynasty, founded in 684 BC, ruled Magadha from the city of Rajgriha, the two well-known kings from this dynasty were Bimbisara and his son Ajatashatru, who imprisoned his father to ascend the throne. Ajatashatru founded the city of Pataliputra which later became the capital of Magadha and he declared war and conquered the Vajji of north Bihar, another powerful Mahajanapada north of Ganges with its capital at Vaishali. Vaishali was ruled by the Licchavi clan, who had a form of government where the king was elected from the number of rajas. The Haryanka dynasty was followed by the Shishunaga dynasty, later the Nanda Dynasty ruled a vast tract stretching from Bengal to Punjab. The Nanda dynasty was replaced by the Maurya Empire, Indias first empire, the Maurya Empire and the religion of Buddhism arose in the region that now makes up modern Bihar. The Mauryan Empire, which originated from Magadha in 325 BC, was founded by Chandragupta Maurya and it had its capital at Pataliputra
19.
Jayalalithaa
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Jayaram Jayalalithaa was an Indian actor turned politician who served five terms as the Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu for over fourteen years between 1991 and 2016. From 1989 she was the secretary of the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam. Jayalalithaa first came into prominence as a film in the mid-1960s. Though she had entered the profession reluctantly, upon the urging of her mother to support the family and she appeared in 140 films between 1961 and 1980, primarily in the Tamil, Telugu and Kannada languages. Jayalalithaa received praise for her versatility as an actor and for her dancing skills, among her frequent co-stars was M. G. Ramachandran, or MGR, a Tamil cultural icon who leveraged his immense popularity with the masses into a successful political career. In 1982, when MGR was chief minister, Jayalalithaa joined the AIADMK and her political rise was rapid, within a few years she became AIADMK propaganda secretary and was elected to the Rajya Sabha, the upper house of Indias Parliament. After MGRs death in 1987, Jayalalithaa proclaimed herself his political heir and, having fought off the faction headed by Janaki Ramachandran, MGRs widow, following the 1989 election, she became Leader of the Opposition to the DMK-led government headed by Karunanidhi, her bête noire. In 1991 Jayalalithaa became chief minister, Tamil Nadus youngest, for the first time, the successful cradle-baby scheme, which enabled mothers to anonymously offer their newborns for adoption, emerged during this time. Despite an official salary of only a rupee a month, Jayalalithaa indulged in public displays of wealth, in the 1996 election, the AIADMK was nearly wiped out at the hustings, Jayalalithaa herself lost her seat. The new Karunanidhi government filed several cases against her. The AIADMK returned to power in 2001, although Jayalalithaa was personally disbarred from contesting due to the corruption cases. Within a few months of her oath as chief minister, in September 2001, she was disqualified from holding office. Upon her acquittal six months later, Jayalalithaa returned as minister to complete her term. During this term she was noted for her ruthlessness to political opponents, another period in the opposition followed, before Jayalalithaa was sworn in as chief minister for the fourth time after the AIADMK swept the 2011 assembly election. Her government received attention for its extensive social-welfare agenda, which included several subsidised Amma-branded goods such as canteens, bottled water, three years into her tenure, she was convicted in a disproportionate-assets case, rendering her disqualified to hold office. She returned as minister after being acquitted in May 2015. In the 2016 assembly election, she became the first Tamil Nadu chief minister since MGR in 1984 to be voted back into office and it was announced that she died on December 5 after having cardiac arrest. However, months after her death former chief minister O, however Sasikala and other co-accused were sentenced to four years of imprisonment and fined 10 crore rupees each
20.
All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
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All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam is an Indian political party in the states of Tamil Nadu and Puducherry. It is currently in power in Tamil Nadu and is the third largest party in the Indian Parliament and it is a Dravidian party and was founded by M. G. Ramachandran on 17 October 1972 as a breakaway faction of the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam. From 1989 to 2016, AIADMK was led by Late J. Jayalalithaa, the party has won majorities in the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly seven times, making it the most successful political outfit in the states history. The party headquarters is located in Royapettah, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, following the death of Jayalalithaa on December 5,2016, V. K. Sasikala was chosen unanimously as the Party General Secretary of AIADMK on December 29,2016. Ms. Sasikala attempted to be sworn in as CM without facing election, Mr O. Paneerselvam and his supporting MLAs and MPs started claiming party leadership. On 23 March 2017, the commission of India gave separate party symbols to the two factions, consisting of Mr O. Paneerselvam and V. K. Mr O. Paneerselvams faction is AIADMK, while V. K, later, MGR prefixed the All India tag to the partys name. Since its inception, the relationship between the AIADMK and DMK has been marked by mutual contempt, MGR used his fan network for building the party cadre, and estimates claim his party recruited more than a million members from the first two months of creation. The party tasted victory for the first time by winning the Dindigul parliamentary by-election in 1973, as of 2 April 1973, AIADMK emerged as the third largest political party represented by 11 MLAs in the Assembly. By 31 January 1976, AIADMK emerged as the second largest political party represented by 16 MLAs in the Assembly, AIADMK grew close to the Congress by supporting the Emergency which occurred between 1975 and 1977. The DMK-led government was dismissed by a Central promulgation of corruption charges in 1976, the AIADMK swept to power in 1977, trouncing DMK in the assembly elections. MGR was sworn in as the 7th Chief Minister of the state on 30 June 1977, MGR remained in power till his death in December 1987, winning three consecutive assembly elections held in 1977,1980 and 1984. Relations between the Congress and the AIADMK slowly became strained, in the mid-term parliamentary elections of January 1980, the Congress aligned with the DMK and the alliance won 37 out of the 39 parliamentary seats in the state, the AIADMK won just two seats. After returning to power, the new minister, Indira Gandhi, dismissed a number of state governments belonging to the opposition parties. Elections to the assembly were held in late May 1980 with the opposition DMK continuing the electoral alliance with the Congress. In 1984, even with MGRs failing health and subsequent hospitalisation abroad, MGR continued to enjoy popular support in his third tenure, which ended with his demise on 24 December 1987. The assembly elections in 1989 saw the DMK regaining power after 12 years in the opposition with Karunanidhi returning as the Chief Minister for the third time. AIADMK, due to its split, suffered heavily in the elections, with the Janaki and Jayalalithaa factions winning only 2 and 27 seats, following AIADMKs rout in the elections, the factions led by Jayalalithaa and Janaki merged under the formers leadership
21.
West Bengal Legislative Assembly election, 2016
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A Legislative Assembly election was held in 2016 for the 294 seats of the Vidhan Sabha in the state of West Bengal in India. All India Trinamool Congress under Mamata Banerjee won 211 seats, like in the 2011 election, the poll was held in six phases. The first phase was held in Naxalite-Maoist affected Red corridor areas with two polling dates, April 4 and April 11, the other phases were held on April 17,21,25,30 and May 5. The result of the election was declared on May 19, in the previous election in 2011, the All India Trinamool Congress in a coalition with INC won a majority and ended the 34-year rule of the Left Front government. In the previous election in 2011, the All India Trinamool Congress, under the leadership of Mamata Banerjee, won a majority. During 2011 election, the theme of TMC was paribartan. However, during the five year rule of TMC, urban population, also, newspapers reported that chief minister Banerjee has been only trying to consolidate votes from the sizable Muslim minority. Prior to the West Bengal elections, on 3 January 2016, Mamata Banerjees government was severely criticised for not handling the situation better. As per updated voter list for the year 2016 published by the Election Commission of India in January 2016, West Bengal has surpassed the rest of the country in elector-population ratio with 0.68. The final electoral roll in West Bengal for 2016 with 6.55 crore voters has 3.39 crore male and 3.16 crore female voters. The Kolkata flyover collapse also happened in the midst of poll process. Assembly elections in West Bengal are to be held in phases from 4 April to 5 May 2016, on 4 March 2016, Election Commission of India announced that 22 assembly constituencies in West Bengal would have Voter-verified paper audit trail machines attached along with EVMs. Voter-verified paper audit trail machines were to be in place in more than 5,993 polling stations, AITC released its candidate list on 5 March, the same day the elections were announced On 10 March, BJP released its first candidate list of 52 members. Left Front consisting of CPI, CPI, RSP and All India Forward Bloc anlong with INC released their respective candidate list in several rounds after consultations and bargaining. The first signs came when in the Siliguri municipal election, CPI made some local understanding with INC resulting in CPI leader Ashok Bhattacharya being appointed as the mayor inspi and this success got popularity as Siliguri Model. After the success of the model in the run, some Congress. This gradually materialized into Alliance between INC and Left Front in all the seats except in Murshidabad district. After much dispute and secession of SUCI and CPI from Left Front,79. 22% voting was recorded in third phase of West Bengal Polls held on 21 April 2016. 79. 51% voting was recorded in second phase of West Bengal polls, the election results were announced along with other four state assemblies on 19 May 2016
22.
Mamata Banerjee
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Mamata Banerjee is an Indian politician who has been Chief Minister of West Bengal since 2011. She is the first woman to hold the office, Banerjee founded the party All India Trinamool Congress in 1997 and became its chairperson, after separating from the Indian National Congress. She is often referred to as Didi, in 2012, Time magazine named her one of the 100 Most influential People in the World. In September 2012 Bloomberg Markets magazine listed her among the 50 most influential people in the world of finance, the TMC leader was voted in May 2013 as Indias most honest politician in an internal poll by members of India Against Corruption, Indias largest anti-corruption coalition. Banerjee was born in Calcutta, West Bengal in a Bengali Brahmin family to Promileswar Banerjee and she grew up in a lower middle class family. Banerjees father died due to lack of treatment, when she was 17. In 1970, Banerjee completed the secondary board examination from Deshbandhu Sishu Sikshalay. Banerjee graduated with a degree in History from the Jogamaya Devi College. Later she earned a degree in Islamic History from the University of Calcutta. This was followed by a degree in education from the Shri Shikshayatan College and she also earned a law degree from the Jogesh Chandra Chaudhuri Law College, Kolkata. She was honored with DLitt from Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Banerjee became involved with politics when she was only 15. She continued in Congress Party in West Bengal serving a variety of positions within the party, as a young woman in the 1970s, she quickly rose through the ranks to become the general secretary of the state Mahila Congress. Banerjee is a painter and a poet. Throughout her political life, Banerjee has maintained publicly an austere lifestyle, dressing in simple traditional Bengali clothes and she has remained single throughout her life. She also became the General-Secretary of the Indian Youth Congress, losing her seat in 1989 in an anti-Congress wave, she was back in 1991 general elections, having settled into the Calcutta South constituency. She retained the Kolkata South seat in the 1996,1998,1999,2004 and 2009 general elections. In the Rao government formed in 1991, Mamata Banerjee was made the Union Minister of State for Human Resources Development, Youth Affairs and Sports and she was discharged of her portfolios in 1993. In April 1996, she alleged that Congress was behaving as a stooge of the CPI-M in West Bengal and she claimed that she was the lone voice of reason and wanted a clean Congress
23.
Hypersonic Flight Experiment
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Hypersonic Flight Experiment or HEX was the first test flight in the RLV Technology Demonstration Programme of the Indian Space Research Organisation. The demonstration trials will pave the way for a two-stage-to-orbit fully re-usable launch vehicle, HEX was launched on 23 May,2016. First stage, live,9 ton solid booster Second stage, dummy In 2009, aerodynamic characterization of technology demonstration vehicle was completed at NAL, VSSC and IIST. Computational flow simulation and supersonic combustion in ground testing were also completed, HEX was the first test flight of a reusable launch vehicle developed by India. The RLV-TD vehicle was launched from the first launchpad of Satish Dhawan Space Centre on 23 May 2016 at 7,00 AM local time, onboard an HS9 rocket booster. After a successful lift that lasted 91.1 seconds to a height of about 56 km, the RLV-TD then began its descent at about Mach 5. The vehicle was tracked during its flight from ground stations at Sriharikota, the total flight duration from launch to splashdown lasted about 770 seconds. The unit was not planned to be recovered, ISRO plans to construct an airstrip greater than 4 km long in Sriharikota island in the near future. Critical technologies such as navigation, guidance & control, reusable thermal protection system
24.
Indian Space Research Organisation
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The Indian Space Research Organisation is the space agency of the Government of India headquartered in the city of Bengaluru. Its vision is to space technology for national development, while pursuing space science research. The establishment of ISRO thus institutionalised space activities in India and it is managed by the Department of Space, which reports to the Prime Minister of The Republic of India. ISRO built Indias first satellite, Aryabhata, which was launched by the Soviet Union on 19 April 1975 and it was named after the Mathematician Aryabhata. In 1980, Rohini became the first satellite to be placed in orbit by an Indian-made launch vehicle and these rockets have launched numerous communications satellites and earth observation satellites. Satellite navigation systems like GAGAN and IRNSS have been deployed, in January 2014, ISRO successfully used an indigenous cryogenic engine in a GSLV-D5 launch of the GSAT-14. On 18 June 2016 ISRO successfully set a record with a launch of 20 satellites in a single payload, on 15 February 2017, ISRO launched 104 satellites in a single rocket and created a world record. Raman and Meghnad Saha contributed to scientific principles applicable in space sciences, however, it was the period after 1945 which saw important developments being made in coordinated space research in India. Studies were carried out at research laboratories, universities, and independent locations, in 1950, the Department of Atomic Energy was founded with Homi Bhabha as its secretary. The Department provided funding for research throughout India. During this time, tests continued on aspects of meteorology and the Earths magnetic field, in 1954, the Uttar Pradesh state observatory was established at the foothills of the Himalayas. The Rangpur Observatory was set up in 1957 at Osmania University, Space research was further encouraged by the technically inclined Prime Minister of India, Jawaharlal Nehru. In 1957, the Soviet Union successfully launched Sputnik and opened up possibilities for the rest of the world to conduct a space launch, the Indian National Committee for Space Research was set up in 1962 by Jawaharlal Nehru, Indias first Prime Minister. The prime objective of ISRO is to space technology and its application to various national tasks. The Indian space programme was driven by the vision of Vikram Sarabhai, in 2008 India launched as many as 11 satellites, including nine from other countries and went on to become the first nation to launch 10 satellites on one rocket. ISRO has successfully put into two major satellite systems, Indian National Satellites for communication services and Indian Remote Sensing satellites for management of natural resources. In July 2012, the former President, A. P. J. Abdul Kalam said that research was being done by ISRO, ISRO is managed by the Department of Space of the Government of India. Development and Educational Communication Unit, Ahmedabad, ISRO Telemetry, Tracking and Command Network, Bangalore
25.
Satish Dhawan Space Centre
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Satish Dhawan Space Centre or Sriharikota High Altitude Range is a rocket launch centre operated by Indian Space Research Organisation. It is located in Sriharikota in Andhra Pradesh, Sriharikota Launching Range was renamed in 2002 after ISROs former chairman Satish Dhawan. SDSCs current director is P. Kunhikrishnan and he took over from M. Y. S. Prasad on 1 June 2015 after the latter retired from service. Sriharikota island was chosen in 1969 for a launching station. The centre became operational in 1971 when an RH-125 sounding rocket was launched, SHAR was named as Satish Dhawan Space Centre SHAR, on 5 September 2002, in memory of Satish Dhawan, former Chairman of the ISRO. The SHAR facility now consists of two pads, with the second built in 2005. The second launch pad was used for beginning in 2005 and is a universal launch pad. The two launch pads will allow multiple launches in a year, which was not possible earlier. Indias lunar orbiter Chandrayaan-1 launched from the centre at 6,22 AM IST on 22 October 2008, Indias first Mars orbiter Mangalyaan was launched from the centre on November 52013, which was successfully placed into Mars orbit on 24 Sep 2014. SHAR will be the base for the Indian human spaceflight program. A new third launchpad will be specifically to meet the target of launching a manned space mission by 2017. Satish Dhawan Space Centre is located in Sriharikota, an island on the east coast of Andhra Pradesh. Features like a good launch azimuth corridor for various missions, nearness to the equator, SHAR covers a total area of about 145 km2 with a coastal length of 27 km. Prior to its acquisition for ISRO by the Indian Government, it was a plantation of Eucalyptus. This island is affected by both south-westerly and north-easterly monsoons, but heavy rains come only in October and November, thus many clear days are available for out-door static tests and launchings. SHAR is linked to Sullurupeta by a road across Pulicat Lake, Sullurupeta has connectivity with other parts of India by Indian Railways and is on a National Highway 5 that connects it to Chennai and Kolkata. Originally known as the Sriharikota High Altitude Range and later named after Satish Dhawan, the first flight-test of Rohini-125, a small sounding rocket which took place on 9 October 1971 was the first ever spaceflight from SHAR. Since then technical, logistic and administrative infrastructure have been enhanced, together with the northerly Balasore Rocket Launching Station, the facilities are operated under the ISRO Range Complex headquartered at SHAR
26.
Pulgaon
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Pulgaon is a city and a municipal council in Wardha district in the Indian state of Maharashtra. Bridgetown Pulgaon is located at 20°43′34″N 78°19′01″E It has an elevation of 285 metres. The nearby towns are Nachangaon, Kautha, Talni and Gunjkheda on Now It is a junction on the Wardha-Badnera section. Hence its name Pul=Bridge_&_gaon=Town => Pulgaon = a Town by the Bridge and its rapid rise in importance is due to the favorable position it occupies in the center of a large cotton growing tract. Again Pulgaon is on the Mumbai-Nagpur trunk route and hence can avail itself of the speedy transport, added to the post and telegraph, is the telephone exchange which highly facilitates commercial transactions. Pulgaon was created as a municipality in 1901 and has an area of 5.3 square miles under its jurisdiction, nineteen elected councilors constitute the municipal committee. A president is elected by the councilors from among themselves to preside over its meetings, in 1961-62 the total municipal receipts were Rs.2,87,337 of which receipts from municipal taxes amounted to Rs.1,12,347. Plugaon_CAD CAD Camp or Central Ammunition Depot Camp is a military area and it is located near Pulgaon in Wardha district in the Indian state of Maharashtra. It was a place of security risk until around 1999-2000. After 11 September attacks and the Indian parliament attack in 2001, the security of the area was increased, on 31 May 2016, a major fire broke out in the ammunition depot. At least 2 army and 18 DSC personnel were killed and 19 were injured and it is at the bank of the Wardha river and easily accessible to three districts, Wardha, Amravati & Yavatmal. Two companies in the town, Shri Krushna Industries Cotton Mills erstwhile Pulgaon Cotton Mills Ltd, there are also some ginning and pressing factories. Hand-loom cloth industry is also picking up gradually, the town has a rest house too. The town is built on soil and derives its water supply mainly from the Wardha river. In dry years when the water runs low a scarcity of water is felt, so many temples, Panchadhara in Wardha river, & so on. The Ganesh Festival in PCM was the biggest in Vidarbha region and that was the real charm & entertainment in the town, for 10 days in Aug-Sept of every year. CAD camp CAD Camp or Central Ammunition Depot Camp is a military area and it is located near Pulgaon in Wardha district in the Indian state of Maharashtra. It was a place of security risk until around 1999-2000
27.
Wardha district
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Wardha district is one of the 36 districts in Maharashtra state in western India. This district is a part of Nagpur Division, the city of Wardha is the administrative headquarters of the district. The district had a population of 1,300,774 of which 26. 28% were urban as of 2011, the Wardha district is noable for having the highest legal drinking age in the world. You have to be 30 to drink in the Wardha district, the History of Wardha dates back to prehistoric period. It has a place in the Indian Natural History, since the Ostrich egg-shell has been found at Sindi in Wardha district. It was included in the empire of Mauryas, Shungas, Satavahanas and Vakatakas Pravarpur, Vakatakas were contemporary of Imperial Guptas. The daughter of Chandragupta II was married with Vakataka ruler Rudrasena, the period of Vakatakas was the 2nd to 5th centuries AD and their empire stretches from Arabian sea in west to Bay of Bengal in east, Narmada river in north to Krishna-Godavari delta in south. Later on, Wardha was ruled by Chalukyas, Rashtrakutas, Yadavas, Delhi Sultanate, Bahamani Sultanate, Muslim ruler of Berar, Gonds, raja Buland Shaha of Gonds, Raghuji of Bhonsale were the prominent rulers in Medieval period. Nearby 1850s Wardha, fell into the hands of British and they included Wardha in the Central Provenance. The existing Wardha district was part of Nagpur district till 1862, further it was separated for convenient administrative purpose and Kawatha near Pulgaon was the district headquarters. In the year 1866, the headquarters moved at Palakwadi village which is the existing place. In Wardha there is one village called Pavanar where Acharya Vinoba Bhave lived, the Prime Minister of India Dr. Manmohan Singh visited this district, review the situation and announced the economic help package for farmers. According to the 2011 census Wardha district has a population of 1,300,774 and this gives it a ranking of 377th in India. The district has a density of 205 inhabitants per square kilometre. Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 4. 8%, Wardha has a sex ratio of 946 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 87. 22%. Lok Sabha Seat Wardha = Ramdas Tadas Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Seats Wardha = Dr. Abhay Mahalley Wardha district website Wardha Zilla Parishad
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Maharashtra
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Four Maharashtra is a state in the western region of India and is Indias second-most populous state and third-largest state by area. It is the wealthiest Indian state and it is also the worlds second-most populous sub-national entity. It has over 112 million inhabitants and its capital, Mumbai, has a population of approximately 18 million, Nagpur is Maharashtras second capital as well as its winter capital. Maharashtras business opportunities along with its potential to offer a standard of living attract migrants from all over India. Ancient and medieval Maharashtra included the empires of the Satavahana dynasty, Rashtrakuta dynasty, Western Chalukyas, Mughals, the major rivers of the state are Godavari, and Krishna. The Narmada and Tapti Rivers flow near the border between Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat, Maharashtra is the second most urbanised state in India. The state has several popular Hindu places of pilgrimage including Pandharpur, Dehu and Alandi, other places that attract pilgrims from other parts of India and beyond include Hazur Sahib Gurudwara at Nanded, Sai Baba shrine at Shirdi and Dikshabhumi at Nagpur. Maharashtra is the wealthiest and one of the most developed states in India, as of 2011, the state had a per capita income of ₹1.0035 lakh, more than the national average of ₹0.73 lakh. Its GDP per capita crossed the ₹1.20 lakh threshold for the first time in 2013, however, as of 2014, the GDP per capita reduced to ₹1.03 lakh Agriculture and industries are the largest parts of the states economy. Major industries include chemical products, electrical and non-electrical machinery, textiles, petroleum, Jai Maharashtra The modern Marathi language developed from the Maharashtri Prakrit, and the word Mahratta is found in the Jain Maharashtri literature. The terms Maharashtra, Maharashtri, Marathi and Maratha may have derived from the same root, however, their exact etymology is uncertain. But the Marathas as a people do not seem to be mentioned before the thirteenth or fourteenth century, the most widely accepted theory among the linguistic scholars is that the words Maratha and Maharashtra ultimately derived from a combination of Maha and rashtrika. The word rashtrika is a Sanskritized form of Ratta, the name of a tribe or dynasty of petty chiefs ruling in the Deccan region. Another theory is that the term is derived from Maha and ratha / rathi, an alternative theory states that the term derives from the word Maha and Rashtra. However, this theory has not found acceptance among scholars who believe it to be the Sanskritised interpretation of later writers. Maharashtra was ruled by the Maurya Empire in the 4th and 3rd centuries BCE, around 230 BCE Maharashtra came under the rule of the Satavahana dynasty for 400 years. The greatest ruler of the Satavahana Dynasty was Gautamiputra Satakarni, in 90 CE Vedishri, son of the Satavahana king Satakarni, the Lord of Dakshinapatha, wielder of the unchecked wheel of Sovereignty, made Junnar, thirty miles north of Pune, the capital of his kingdom. The state was ruled by Western Satraps, Gupta Empire, Gurjara-Pratihara, Vakataka, Kadambas, Chalukya Empire, Rashtrakuta Dynasty, and Western Chalukya before finally
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Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle
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The Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle, commonly known by its abbreviation PSLV, is an expendable launch system developed and operated by the Indian Space Research Organisation. It was developed to allow India to launch its Indian Remote Sensing satellites into Sun-synchronous orbits, PSLV can also launch small size satellites into geostationary transfer orbit. In 2015 India successfully launched 17 foreign satellites belonging to Canada, Indonesia, Singapore, the United Kingdom, some notable payloads launched by PSLV include Indias first lunar probe Chandrayaan-1, Indias first interplanetary mission, Mangalyaan and Indias first space observatory, Astrosat. PSLV was designed and developed in the early 1990s at Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre near Thiruvananthapuram, the inertial systems are developed by ISRO Inertial Systems Unit at Thiruvananthapuram. The solid propellant motors are processed at Satish Dhawan Space Centre at Sriharikota, the PSLV was first launched on 20 September 1993. The first and second stages performed as expected, but an attitude control problem led to the collision of the second and third stages at separation, after this initial setback, the PSLV successfully completed its second mission in 1994. The fourth launch of PSLV suffered a failure in 1997. Since then, the PSLV has launched 34 times with no further failures, PSLV continues to support Indian and foreign satellite launches especially for low Earth orbit satellites. It has undergone improvements with each subsequent version, especially those involving thrust. In November 2013, it was used to launch the Mars Orbiter Mission, the PSLV has four stages using solid and liquid propulsion systems alternately. The 2. 8-m diameter motor case is made of maraging steel and has an empty mass of 30,200 kg, the solution is stored in two cylindrical aluminium tanks strapped to the solid rocket motor and pressurised with nitrogen. Roll control is provided by two small engines on opposite sides of the stage, the Roll Control Thrusters. On the PSLV and PSLV-XL, first stage thrust is augmented by six strap-on solid boosters, four boosters are ground-lit and the remaining two ignite 25 seconds after launch. In the standard PSLV, each booster carries nine tonnes of propellant, the PSLV-XL uses larger boosters which carry 12 tonnes of propellant and produce 719 kN thrust. Two strap-on boosters are equipped with SITVC for additional attitude control, the PSLV-CA uses no strap-on boosters. The second stage employs the Vikas engine and carries 41.5 tonnes of liquid propellant – unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine as fuel and it generates a maximum thrust of 800 kN. The engine is hydraulically gimbaled to provide pitch and yaw control, the third stage uses 7 tonnes of HTPB-based solid propellant and produces a maximum thrust of 240 kN. It has a Kevlar-polyamide fibre case and a submerged nozzle equipped with a flex-bearing-seal gimbaled nozzle thrust-vector engine for pitch & yaw control, Roll control is provided by the fourth stage reaction control system
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Government of India
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It is located in New Delhi, the capital of India. There is a bicameral Parliament with the Lok Sabha as a lower house, the judicial branch systematically contains an apex Supreme Court,24 high courts, and several district courts, all inferior to the Supreme Court. Similar to the government, individual state governments each consist of executive, legislative. The legal system as applicable to the federal and individual state governments is based on the English Common, the full name of the country is the Republic of India. No other name appears in the Constitution, and this is the name appears on legal banknotes, in treaties. The Union Government, Central Government or Government of India are often used in an official and unofficial capacity to refer to the Government of India, because the seat of government is in New Delhi, New Delhi is commonly used as a metonym for the Central Government. Legislative branch in India is exercised by the Parliament and a legislature consisting of the Rajya Sabha. The latter is considered the house or the House of the people. The Parliament does not have control and sovereignty, as its laws are subject to judicial review by the Supreme Court of India. However, it does exercise some control over the executive branch, the members of the cabinet, including the prime minister and the Council of Ministers, are either chosen from parliament or elected there to within six months of assuming office. The cabinet as a whole is responsible to the Lok Sabha, the Lok Sabha is a temporary house and can only be dissolved when the party in power loses the support of the majority of the house. Whereas the Rajya Sabha is a permanent house which can never be dissolved though the members of the Rajya Sabha who are elected for a six-year term, the Executive Branch of government is the one that has sole authority and responsibility for the daily administration of the state bureaucracy. The division of power into separate branches of government is central to the idea of the separation of powers. The executive power is vested mainly in the President of India, the President has all constitutional powers and exercises them directly or through officers subordinate to him as per the aforesaid Article 53. The President is to act in accordance with aid and advice tendered by the Prime Minister, the Council of Ministers remains in power during the pleasure of the President. However, in practice, the Council of Ministers must retain the support of the Lok Sabha, if a President were to dismiss the Council of Ministers on his or her own initiative, it might trigger a constitutional crisis. Thus, in practice, the Council of Ministers cannot be dismissed as long as it holds the support of a majority in the Lok Sabha, the President is responsible for making a wide variety of appointments. His/Her work is to facilitate smooth transaction of business in Ministries/ Departments of the Government, the President is de jure the Commander in Chief of the Indian Armed Forces
