1.
2015 in Romania
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The following lists events that have happened during 2015 in Romania. President, Klaus Iohannis Prime Minister, Victor Ponta 1 January – Five people are dead in a sheepfold in Stănilești, Vaslui County. 10 January – Three people die and 14 others are hospitalized, including seven in coma, after drinking smuggled alcohol in Dragalina,12 January – Six children and their father die intoxicated with carbon monoxide in a studio apartment from Rovinari. 27 January – George Maior resigns from the leadership of the Romanian Intelligence Service after months of tensions between SRI and civil authorities. General Florian Coldea takes over as interim,29 January A woman and her six children are found dead in their home in Racovița, Vâlcea County, most likely intoxicated during sleep with carbon monoxide. Elena Udrea suspends herself from the leadership of the Peoples Movement Party due to investigation in the Microsoft licensing corruption scandal. Eugen Tomac becomes the president of the party. 6 February – The oldest stable human settlement in Europe is discovered in Schela Cladovei,24 February – The Electoral Code Commission decides the return to vote on the list and the renunciation to uninominal voting system used in the 2008 and 2012 legislative elections. 15 March – Minister of Finance, Darius Vâlcov, resigns as the National Anticorruption Directorate prompts his criminal investigation for influence peddling in his capacity as mayor of Slatina and his resignation was demanded by President Klaus Iohannis and members of the National Liberal Party. 10 April – A fire kills six people in Satu Mare,20 June – Romania becomes full member of the European Organization for Nuclear Research. Romania experiences the most severe drought in 50 years, over 900,000 hectares of crops are compromised across the country. 24 July – Alexandru Vișinescu, a former Communist-era prison commander, is sentenced to 20 years in jail after being convicted of crimes against humanity in the first such trial in Romania. 3 August – Romania charges units of Russian oil producer OAO Lukoil with complicity in money laundering in an estimated at 1.77 billion euros. 9 August – Two people are killed and 48 injured, including 21 children,19 August – A coach carrying tourists overturns on the Brăila–Galați road, killing three people and injuring 28. 27 August – One person dies and another 14 are injured, after a minibus carrying 19 passengers collides with a car in Bobicești,6 September – The mayor of Bucharest, Sorin Oprescu, is arrested at home in an investigation into allegations of taking bribes. 21 October – Former President Ion Iliescu is accused of crimes against humanity in June 1990 Mineriad case,30 October – A fire at a nightclub in downtown Bucharest kills 60 people and injures 151 more. 4 November – Prime Minister Victor Ponta resigns under the pressure of countrywide anti-corruption protests, mayor of Sector 4 of Bucharest, Cristian Popescu Piedone, also submits his mandate. 10 November – Former European Commissioner for Agriculture Dacian Cioloș is nominated by President Klaus Iohannis to form a new government,17 November – Cioloș Cabinet is validated by the Parliament
2.
2014 in Romania
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This is a list of 2014 events that occurred in Romania. President – Klaus Iohannis Prime Minister – Victor Ponta 6 January – Former Prime Minister of Romania and his wife, Dana Năstase, is also sentenced to three years imprisonment with suspension. Moreover, they are forced to pay damages of 700,000 euros,15 January – The Constitutional Court unanimously decides that the changes to the Penal Code in Black Tuesday are unconstitutional. 20 January Six people, including three children, are killed after their car plunges into a lake near the Cernavodă Nuclear Power Plant, Two people are killed and five injured after a medical aircraft crashes near Beliș, Cluj County. 23 January – Interior Minister Radu Stroe resigns after accusations of mismanagement of operations for survivors of the Apuseni Mountains plane crash. 25 January – A snowstorm engulfs southern Romania, disrupting traffic on national roads. For the first time in the history of Romanian meteorology, authorities establish red code for blizzard,30 January – Former Transport Minister Relu Fenechiu is sentenced to five years imprisonment for corruption in the Transformer file. 6 February – Daniel Chițoiu resigns from functions of Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Finance,25 February – Romanias ruling coalition collapses as PNL leaves Government and asks current Prime Minister Victor Ponta to resign. 4 March Crin Antonescu resigns as President of the Senate and demands the resignation of Prime Minister Victor Ponta,10 March – Law enforcers are attacked with stones and firecrackers during a meeting commemorating the Szeklers killed in 1854. The meeting takes place in Târgu Mureș and is attended by more than 4,000 people,12 March –102 house searches occur in 18 counties within the pale of Meat Mafia file. Hundreds of tons of meat are withdrawn from the market or destroyed,5 April – Three dancers die burned alive and four other people are injured in a devastating fire at a restaurant in Constanța. 22 April – Four people are killed and two others are missing after days of rainfall caused widespread flooding in the south of the country. 26 May Crin Antonescu announces his resignation as President of PNL,16 June – Mugur Isărescu is unanimously advised by joint commissions of Budget, Finance-Banks in Parliament for a fifth term as governor of the National Bank of Romania. 18 June – After seven years of complicated investigations, the case of lawyer Elodia Ghinescu concludes, the main suspect of murder, her husband, policeman Cristian Cioacă, is sentenced to 15 years and eight months in prison and payment of 380,000 euros injury. 21 June – Authorities constitute a crisis cell inasmuch as over 1,000 Romanian tourists are stranded on the Bulgarian littoral, severely affected by floods,29 July – Two people die and several hundreds are forced to evacuate as surging floodwaters submerge villages in Oltenia. 21 August The governments of Romania and Hungary sign an agreement for opening 20 cross-border roads. The first case of disease in Romanian history is reported in Buzău County. 27 August – Iași–Ungheni gas pipeline is inaugurated in the presence of ministers of Romania
3.
2013 in Romania
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The following lists events that happened during 2013 in Romania. President, Traian Băsescu Prime Minister, Victor Ponta January 9, Four children are found carbonized after their house is destroyed in a fire in the commune of Măgura, Bacău County. January 11, Three people are caught in the act of trying to place a package containing a device in Piatra Neamț. January 17, The Romanian Intelligence Service constitutes a crisis cell inasmuch as several Romanian citizens are taken hostage in Algeria, february 24, Five people die and three others are seriously injured after a collision between a car and a minibus in the town of Călimănești, Vâlcea County. March 7, Two people die and three others are injured after a military helicopter crashes in Bacău County. March 10, More than 5,000 people attend a rally for the autonomy of Székely Land in Târgu Mureș, march 11, Three people from Bihor die and two others are in serious condition, after they get drunk with sanitary alcohol. March 16, Four people drown, after their boat overturns on Lake Murighiol, march 18, Adrian Năstase is released from the Jilava Penitentiary. Former prime minister was sentenced on June 20,2012 to two years imprisonment in the Quality Trophy case, march 22, Two men and a woman are found dead in their house in Constanța County, as a result of carbon monoxide poisoning. March 27, Mona Pivniceru resigns from the Ministry of Justice, april 4, Tens of thousands of people protest in more than 20 cities across the country against exploitation of shale gas through hydraulic fracturing method. April 10, About 2,000 pigs die in a fire at a farm located in the commune of Andrid, Satu Mare County, april 18,80 children get intoxicated at a school in Piatra Neamț, after they eat from a catering company. April 19, First Honorary Consulate of Lithuania in Romania is opened in Ploiești, may 3, About a hundred employees of a garment factory in Calafat are transported to the hospital, after they intoxicate with a substance used to disinfect the hall where they operate. May 23, A violent storm ravages Bucharest, leaving a woman dead,17 people injured,26 cars damaged and 140 trees smitten. June 14 Over 70 students and teachers at a school in Satu Mare are hospitalized with symptoms of food poisoning, Two people die and 13 are injured in a collision between a car and a minibus in Păltiniș, Caraș-Severin County. June 15, Representatives from 24 county organizations of PRM attend a meeting of the National Council. C. V. Tudor says the meeting is non-statutory and illegal, June 26, Prime Minister Victor Ponta decrees national mourning, after 18 Romanian citizens die in a bus crash in Montenegro. July 8, One person is injured, after a homemade bomb explodes in a building of Alexandru Ioan Cuza University. September 1, Hundreds of thousands of people protest in major Romanian cities against the Roșia Montană Project, september 8, Eleven people die when their minibus is hit by a passenger train at a level crossing near Iași. September 12 Flash floods in Galați County leave nine people dead, Three people die and another 29 are injured after two coaches collide in Nădlac, Romania
4.
Romania
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Romania is a sovereign state located in Southeastern Europe. It borders the Black Sea, Bulgaria, Ukraine, Hungary, Serbia and it has an area of 238,391 square kilometres and a temperate-continental climate. With over 19 million inhabitants, the country is the member state of the European Union. Its capital and largest city, Bucharest, is the sixth-largest city in the EU, the River Danube, Europes second-longest river, rises in Germany and flows in a general southeast direction for 2,857 km, coursing through ten countries before emptying into Romanias Danube Delta. The Carpathian Mountains, which cross Romania from the north to the southwest are marked by one of their tallest peaks, Moldoveanu, modern Romania was formed in 1859 through a personal union of the Danubian Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia. The new state, officially named Romania since 1866, gained independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1877, at the end of World War I, Transylvania, Bukovina and Bessarabia united with the sovereign Kingdom of Romania. Romania lost several territories, of which Northern Transylvania was regained after the war, following the war, Romania became a socialist republic and member of the Warsaw Pact. After the 1989 Revolution, Romania began a transition back towards democracy and it has been a member of NATO since 2004, and part of the European Union since 2007. A strong majority of the population identify themselves as Eastern Orthodox Christians and are speakers of Romanian. The cultural history of Romania is often referred to when dealing with artists, musicians, inventors. For similar reasons, Romania has been the subject of notable tourist attractions, Romania derives from the Latin romanus, meaning citizen of Rome. The first known use of the appellation was attested in the 16th century by Italian humanists travelling in Transylvania, Moldavia, after the abolition of serfdom in 1746, the word rumân gradually fell out of use and the spelling stabilised to the form român. Tudor Vladimirescu, a leader of the early 19th century. The use of the name Romania to refer to the homeland of all Romanians—its modern-day meaning—was first documented in the early 19th century. The name has been officially in use since 11 December 1861, in English, the name of the country was formerly spelt Rumania or Roumania. Romania became the predominant spelling around 1975, Romania is also the official English-language spelling used by the Romanian government. The Neolithic-Age Cucuteni area in northeastern Romania was the region of the earliest European civilization. Evidence from this and other sites indicates that the Cucuteni-Trypillian culture extracted salt from salt-laden spring water through the process of briquetage
5.
President of Romania
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The President of Romania is the head of state of Romania. The President is directly elected by a system for a five-year term. An individual may serve two terms, during his/her term in office, the President may not be a member of any political party. The office of President was created in 1974, when Communist leader Nicolae Ceaușescu elevated the presidency of the State Council to an executive presidency. It gradually took its current form in stages after the Romanian Revolution, the current President of Romania is Klaus Iohannis, since 21 December 2014. In the Communist era, the president was elected for a term of five years by the Great National Assembly and he served as ex officio president of the State Council, and had the right to act on any matter that didnt require a State Council plenum. He also appointed and dismissed ministers and heads of central agencies, Ceaușescu created the post in order to make himself chief decision-maker in both name and in fact. Previously, he had nominally been first among equals on the State Council, in practice, he used his power to act on all matters that didnt require a plenum to rule by decree, and frequently usurped many powers that belonged to the State Council as a whole. After the Constitutional Court acknowledges the legality of the election, the Houses of Parliament meet in a joint session, the prerogatives of the President of Romania are set out in Title II, Chapter III of the Constitution. In internal affairs, Representing the Romanian State and safeguarding of the independence, unity. Guarding the observance of the Constitution and the functioning of public authorities, designating and appointing the Prime Minister, subject to parliamentary approval. Appointing and removing ministers, on the proposal of the Prime Minister, consulting the Government on major policy matters. Addressing messages to Parliament on issues of national interest, summoning the Houses of Parliament after a legislative election. Requesting the convocation of a session of Parliament. In foreign affairs, Concluding international treaties negotiated by the Government, on proposal by the Government, accrediting and recalling diplomatic envoys. Receiving letters of credence from foreign diplomatic envoys, approving the setting up, closing down or change in rank of diplomatic missions. In defence issues, Exerting the role of Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces, presiding over the Supreme Council of National Defence. Declaring mobilisation of the Armed Forces, subject to approval of Parliament
6.
Klaus Iohannis
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Klaus Werner Iohannis is the current President of Romania. He became leader of the National Liberal Party in 2014, after having served as leader of the Democratic Forum of Germans in Romania from 2002 to 2013, Iohannis was a physics teacher and a school inspector before entering full-time politics. Iohannis was first elected mayor of the city of Sibiu in 2000, Iohannis is credited with turning his city into one of Romanias most popular tourist destinations, and the city was declared the European Capital of Culture in 2007. He was again the candidate for Prime Minister of the National Liberal Party, Iohannis is the first Romanian president to come from an ethnic minority. He is a Transylvanian Saxon, part of Romanias German minority which settled in Transylvania in the 12th century, thus, he is the fourth president of German origin from Eastern Europe in the post-communist period, after Rudolf Schuster and Ferenc Mádl and Pál Schmitt. He is also the first president since the Romanian Revolution with no past ties to Communism, born in the historic centre of Sibiu to a Transylvanian Saxon family, Klaus Iohannis is the eldest child of Susanne and Gustav Heinz Johannis. He has a sister, Krista Johannis. His father worked as a technician at an enterprise, while his mother was a nurse, however, he chose to live and work in Romania. As of 2014, his parents, sister and a live in Würzburg. Iohannis has stated that his family settled in Transylvania in present-day Romania 850 years ago, Iohannis is fluent in German and Romanian at a native level and also speaks English. The original spelling of his name is Johannis, but the name was registered by a Romanian official as Iohannis on his birth certificate, in 1989, he married ethnic Romanian Carmen Lăzurcă, an English teacher at the Gheorghe Lazăr National College in Sibiu. Iohannis is a member of the Evangelical Church of Augustan Confession in Romania, the German-speaking Lutheran church in Transylvania. He joined the Democratic Forum of Germans in Romania in 1990, and served as a member of its board of education in Transylvania from 1997, in 2001, he was elected President of the Democratic Forum of Germans in Romania. In 2000, the Democratic Forum of Germans in Romania in Sibiu decided to back him as a candidate for mayor and he is the first ethnic German mayor of a Romanian city since Albert Dörr, who served from 1940 to 1945. The small German minority is popular in Romania, where they are viewed as hard-working, precise. Many Romanians also remember that the country experienced some of its best moments under German kings over a century ago, throughout his tenure as mayor, he has worked to restore the towns infrastructure and to tighten the city administration. Iohannis is also credited with turning the city into one of Romanias most popular tourist destinations thanks to the extensive renovation of the old downtown. During his first term, Iohannis worked with a city council that had a social democrat majority, since 2004, during his second and third terms, his own party, FDGR, had the majority
7.
Prime Minister of Romania
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The Prime Minister of Romania is the head of the Government of Romania. Initially, the office was styled President of the Council of Ministers, when the term Government included more than the Cabinet, the title was officially changed to Prime Minister during the communist regime. Sorin Grindeanu has been the incumbent prime minister since 4 January,2017, one of the roles of the President of the Republic is to designate a candidate for the office of Prime Minister. The President must consult with the party that has the majority in the Parliament or, if no such majority exists, once designated, the candidate assembles a proposal for the governing program and the cabinet. The proposal must be approved by the Parliament within ten days, both the program and the cabinet membership are debated by the Parliament in a joint session of the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate. The proposal is accepted if a majority of all Deputies. Once the vote of confidence is obtained, the candidate becomes the Prime Minister, the Prime Minister, the Ministers, and other members of the Government take an oath before the President, as stipulated under Article 82 of the Constitution. The Government as a whole and each of its members exercise their mandate from the date of the oath, the Prime Minister directs Government actions and co-ordinates the activities of its members. He submits to the Chamber of Deputies or the Senate reports and statements on Government policy, the President cannot dismiss the Prime Minister, but the Parliament can withdraw its support through a vote of no-confidence. List of Prime Ministers of Romania Nicolae C
8.
Smoking ban
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Smoking bans are public policies, including criminal laws and occupational safety and health regulations, that prohibit tobacco smoking in workplaces and other public spaces. Legislation may also define smoking as more generally being the carrying or possessing of any lit tobacco product, the rationale for smoking bans posits that smoking is optional, whereas breathing is not. Therefore, proponents say, smoking bans are enforced to protect people from the effects of smoke, which include an increased risk of heart disease, cancer, emphysema. Along with tax measures, cessation measures, and education, smoking bans are viewed by public health experts as an important element in reducing smoking rates, when effectively implemented they are seen as an important element of policy to support behaviour change in favour of a healthy lifestyle. Banning smoking in places has helped to cut premature births by 10 percent, according to new research from the United States. Specifically, meta-analyses show that lifelong non-smokers with partners who smoke in the home have a 20–30% greater risk of cancer than non-smokers who live with non-smokers. Non-smokers exposed to smoke in the workplace have an increased lung cancer risk of 16–19%. Sidestream smoke contains 69 known carcinogens, particularly benzopyrene and other aromatic hydrocarbons. Several well-established carcinogens have been shown by the companies own research to be present at higher concentrations in second-hand smoke than in mainstream smoke. Scientific organisations confirming the effects of second-hand smoke include the U. S. National Cancer Institute, centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the U. S. National Institutes of Health, the Surgeon General of the United States, and the World Health Organization. Restrictions upon smoking in bars and restaurants can substantially improve the air quality in such establishments, the CDC concluded that their results were similar to other studies which also showed substantially improved indoor air quality after smoking bans were instituted. A2004 study showed New Jersey bars and restaurants had more than nine times the levels of air pollution of neighbouring New York City. Research has also shown that air quality translates to decreased toxin exposure among employees. For example, among employees of the Norwegian establishments that enacted smoking restrictions and they stated that There is strong evidence supporting smoking bans and restrictions as effective public health interventions aimed at decreasing exposure to secondhand smoke. One of the worlds earliest smoking bans was a 1575 Roman Catholic church regulation which forbade the use of tobacco in any church in Mexico. In 1604, King James I of England published a treatise, A Counterblaste to Tobacco. The Ottoman Sultan Murad IV prohibited smoking in his empire in 1633 and had smokers executed, pope Urban VII also prohibited smoking in the Church in 1590 followed by Urban VIII in 1624. The earliest citywide European smoking bans were enacted shortly thereafter, such bans were enacted in Bavaria, Kursachsen, and certain parts of Austria in the late 17th century
9.
Crimes against humanity
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The first prosecution for crimes against humanity took place at the Nuremberg trials. The law of crimes against humanity has developed through the evolution of customary international law. Crimes against humanity are not codified in a convention, although there is currently an international effort to establish such a treaty. Unlike war crimes, crimes against humanity can be committed during peace or war and they are not isolated or sporadic events, but are part either of a government policy or of a wide practice of atrocities tolerated or condoned by a government or a de facto authority. The term crimes against humanity is potentially ambiguous because of the ambiguity of the word humanity, the history of the term shows that the latter sense is intended. The term crimes against humanity was used by George Washington Williams, in a pamphlet published in 1890, the preamble of the two Conventions referenced the “laws of humanity” as an expression of underlying inarticulated humanistic values. The term is part of what is known as the Martens Clause, on May 24,1915, the Allied Powers, Britain, France, and Russia, jointly issued a statement explicitly charging for the first time ever another government of committing a crime against humanity. At the conclusion of the war, a war crimes commission recommended the creation of a tribunal to try violations of the laws of humanity. However, the US representative objected to references to law of humanity as being imprecise and insufficiently developed at that time, the drafters of this document were faced with the problem of how to respond to the Holocaust and grave crimes committed by the Nazi regime. A traditional understanding of war crimes gave no provision for crimes committed by a power on its own citizens, the legal basis for the trial was established by the Charter of the International Military Tribunal for the Far East that was proclaimed on 19 January 1946. The tribunal convened on May 3,1946, and was adjourned on November 12,1948, in the Tokyo Trial, Crimes against Humanity was not applied for any suspect. This was because the values of lives of Asian civilians were considered to be less than the lives of Caucasian or Jewish civilians. Prosecutions related to the Nanking Massacre were categorised as infringements upon the Laws of War, War crimes charges against more junior personnel were dealt with separately, in other cities throughout Far East Asia, such as the Nanjing War Crimes Tribunal and the Khabarovsk War Crimes Trials. A panel of eleven judges presided over the IMTFE, one each from victorious Allied powers, the different types of crimes which may constitute crimes against humanity differs between definitions both internationally and on the domestic level. The Charter of the United Nations makes actions of the General Assembly advisory to the Security Council, in regard to apartheid in particular, the UN General Assembly has not made any findings, nor have apartheid-related trials for crimes against humanity been conducted. The statutes of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, there are eleven international texts defining crimes against humanity, but they all differ slightly as to their definition of that crime and its legal elements. In 2008, the Crimes Against Humanity Initiative was launched to address this gap in international law, the Initiative represents the first concerted effort to address the gap that exists in international criminal law by enumerating a comprehensive international convention on crimes against humanity. On July 30,2013, the United Nations International Law Commission voted to include the topic of crimes against humanity in its program of work
10.
Bucharest
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Bucharest is the capital and largest city of Romania, as well as its cultural, industrial, and financial centre. It is located in the southeast of the country, at 44°25′57″N 26°06′14″E, on the banks of the Dâmbovița River, less than 60 km north of the Danube River, Bucharest was first mentioned in documents in 1459. It became the capital of Romania in 1862 and is the centre of Romanian media, culture and its architecture is a mix of historical, interbellum, communist-era and modern. In the period between the two World Wars, the citys elegant architecture and the sophistication of its elite earned Bucharest the nickname of Little Paris. Although buildings and districts in the city centre were heavily damaged or destroyed by war, earthquakes. In recent years, the city has been experiencing an economic, in 2016, the historical city centre was listed as endangered by the World Monuments Watch. According to the 2011 census,1,883,425 inhabitants live within the city limits, the urban area extends beyond the limits of Bucharest proper and has a population of about 1.9 million people. Adding the satellite towns around the area, the proposed metropolitan area of Bucharest would have a population of 2.27 million people. According to Eurostat, Bucharest has an urban zone of 2,183,091 residents. According to unofficial data, the population is more than 3 million, Bucharest is the sixth-largest city in the European Union by population within city limits, after London, Berlin, Madrid, Rome, and Paris. Economically, Bucharest is the most prosperous city in Romania and is one of the industrial centres. The city has big convention facilities, educational institutes, cultural venues, traditional shopping arcades, the Romanian name București has an uncertain origin. Tradition connects the founding of Bucharest with the name of Bucur, who was a prince, an outlaw, a fisherman, in Romanian, the word stem bucurie means joy, and it is believed to be of Dacian origin. Other etymologies are given by scholars, including the one of an Ottoman traveler, Evliya Çelebi. A native or resident of Bucharest is called a Bucharester, Bucharests history alternated periods of development and decline from the early settlements in antiquity until its consolidation as the national capital of Romania late in the 19th century. First mentioned as the Citadel of București in 1459, it became the residence of the famous Wallachian prince Vlad III the Impaler, the Ottomans appointed Greek administrators to run the town from the 18th century. A short-lived revolt initiated by Tudor Vladimirescu in 1821 led to the end of the rule of Constantinople Greeks in Bucharest, the Old Princely Court was erected by Mircea Ciobanul in the mid-16th century. Under subsequent rulers, Bucharest was established as the residence of the royal court
11.
Prahova County
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Prahova is a county of Romania, in the historical region Muntenia, with the capital city at Ploiești. In 2011, it had a population of 762,886 and it is Romanias third most populated county, having a population density double that of the countrys mean. The county received an inflow of population who have moved due to the industrial development. More info on, This county has an area of 4,716 km². The relief is split in approximately equal parts between the mountains, the hills and the plain, in the North side there are mountains from the southern end of the Eastern Carpathians - the Curvature Carpathians group, and the Bucegi Mountains the Eastern end of the Southern Carpathians group. The two groups are separated by the Prahova River Valley, the south side of the county is a plain, on the North West side of the Romanian Plain. The main river is the eponymous Prahova River and it flows from the mountains, through the Prahova Valley collecting many other rivers - the Doftana River, the Teleajen River and others. Ialomița County and Ilfov County in the South, the area contains the main oil reserves in Romania with a longstanding tradition in extracting and refining the oil. The county is heavily industrialised, more than 115,000 people being involved in industrial activities and it contributes to over 8% of the countrys industrial production. Some of the biggest international corporations like Coca-Cola, Unilever, InBev, Johnson Controls, Cameron, Weatherford, Michelin, Timken, the predominant industries in the county are, Oil industry - almost 50% of the countys industrial production. Agriculture is also developed - in the southern part mainly extensive agriculture, in total it realises about 3% of the countrys agricultural production. The Prahova Valley is one of the areas with the highest tourist potential in the country having one of the best tourism facilities in Romania, the main tourist destinations are, On the Prahova Valley, The Sinaia Resort. On the Teleajen River Valley, The Vălenii de Munte Resort, the Zăganul Mountains The Ciucaș Mountains. On the Doftana River Valley, The Teleaga Resort
12.
Dolj County
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Dolj is a county of Romania on the border with Bulgaria, in Oltenia, with the capital city at Craiova. In 2011, it had a population of 660,544, romanians – over 96% Romani – 3% Others almost 1%. This county has an area of 7,414 km2. The entire area is a plain with the Danube on the forming a wide valley crossed by the Jiu River in the middle. Other small rivers flow through the county, each one forming a small valley, There are some lakes across the county and many ponds and channels in the Danube valley. 6% of the area is a desert. Gorj County and Vâlcea County to the north, Bulgaria – Vidin Province to the southwest, Montana and Vratsa provinces to the south. Agriculture is the main industry. The county has a land that is ideal for growing cereals, other industries are mainly located in the city of Craiova, the largest city in southwestern Romania. The countys main industries, Automotive industry – Ford has a factory, heavy electrical and transport equipment – Electroputere Craiova is the largest factory plant in Romania. Aeronautics Chemicals processing Foods and beverages Textiles Mechanical parts and components There are two ports on the shore of the Danube river – Bechet and Calafat
13.
Bacterium
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Bacteria constitute a large domain of prokaryotic microorganisms. Typically a few micrometres in length, bacteria have a number of shapes, ranging from spheres to rods, Bacteria were among the first life forms to appear on Earth, and are present in most of its habitats. Bacteria inhabit soil, water, acidic hot springs, radioactive waste, Bacteria also live in symbiotic and parasitic relationships with plants and animals. Most bacteria have not been characterised, and only half of the bacterial phyla have species that can be grown in the laboratory. The study of bacteria is known as bacteriology, a branch of microbiology, There are typically 40 million bacterial cells in a gram of soil and a million bacterial cells in a millilitre of fresh water. There are approximately 5×1030 bacteria on Earth, forming a biomass which exceeds that of all plants, Bacteria are vital in many stages of the nutrient cycle by recycling nutrients such as the fixation of nitrogen from the atmosphere. The nutrient cycle includes the decomposition of bodies and bacteria are responsible for the putrefaction stage in this process. In March 2013, data reported by researchers in October 2012, was published and it was suggested that bacteria thrive in the Mariana Trench, which with a depth of up to 11 kilometres is the deepest known part of the oceans. Other researchers reported related studies that microbes thrive inside rocks up to 580 metres below the sea floor under 2.6 kilometres of ocean off the coast of the northwestern United States. According to one of the researchers, You can find microbes everywhere—theyre extremely adaptable to conditions, the vast majority of the bacteria in the body are rendered harmless by the protective effects of the immune system, though many are beneficial particularly in the gut flora. However several species of bacteria are pathogenic and cause diseases, including cholera, syphilis, anthrax, leprosy. The most common fatal diseases are respiratory infections, with tuberculosis alone killing about 2 million people per year. In developed countries, antibiotics are used to treat infections and are also used in farming, making antibiotic resistance a growing problem. Once regarded as constituting the class Schizomycetes, bacteria are now classified as prokaryotes. Unlike cells of animals and other eukaryotes, bacterial cells do not contain a nucleus and these evolutionary domains are called Bacteria and Archaea. The ancestors of modern bacteria were unicellular microorganisms that were the first forms of life to appear on Earth, for about 3 billion years, most organisms were microscopic, and bacteria and archaea were the dominant forms of life. In 2008, fossils of macroorganisms were discovered and named as the Francevillian biota, however, gene sequences can be used to reconstruct the bacterial phylogeny, and these studies indicate that bacteria diverged first from the archaeal/eukaryotic lineage. Bacteria were also involved in the second great evolutionary divergence, that of the archaea, here, eukaryotes resulted from the entering of ancient bacteria into endosymbiotic associations with the ancestors of eukaryotic cells, which were themselves possibly related to the Archaea
14.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
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NATO
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The North Atlantic Treaty Organization, also called the North Atlantic Alliance, is an intergovernmental military alliance based on the North Atlantic Treaty which was signed on 4 April 1949. The organization constitutes a system of collective defence whereby its member states agree to mutual defence in response to an attack by any external party, three NATO members are permanent members of the United Nations Security Council with the power to veto and are officially nuclear-weapon states. NATOs headquarters are located in Haren, Brussels, Belgium, while the headquarters of Allied Command Operations is near Mons. NATO is an Alliance that consists of 28 independent member countries across North America and Europe, an additional 22 countries participate in NATOs Partnership for Peace program, with 15 other countries involved in institutionalized dialogue programmes. The combined military spending of all NATO members constitutes over 70% of the global total, Members defence spending is supposed to amount to 2% of GDP. The course of the Cold War led to a rivalry with nations of the Warsaw Pact, politically, the organization sought better relations with former Warsaw Pact countries, several of which joined the alliance in 1999 and 2004. N. The Treaty of Brussels, signed on 17 March 1948 by Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, France, the treaty and the Soviet Berlin Blockade led to the creation of the Western European Unions Defence Organization in September 1948. However, participation of the United States was thought necessary both to counter the power of the USSR and to prevent the revival of nationalist militarism. He got a hearing, especially considering American anxiety over Italy. In 1948 European leaders met with U. S. defense, military and diplomatic officials at the Pentagon, marshalls orders, exploring a framework for a new and unprecedented association. Talks for a new military alliance resulted in the North Atlantic Treaty and it included the five Treaty of Brussels states plus the United States, Canada, Portugal, Italy, Norway, Denmark and Iceland. The first NATO Secretary General, Lord Ismay, stated in 1949 that the goal was to keep the Russians out, the Americans in. Popular support for the Treaty was not unanimous, and some Icelanders participated in a pro-neutrality, the creation of NATO can be seen as the primary institutional consequence of a school of thought called Atlanticism which stressed the importance of trans-Atlantic cooperation. The members agreed that an attack against any one of them in Europe or North America would be considered an attack against them all. The treaty does not require members to respond with military action against an aggressor, although obliged to respond, they maintain the freedom to choose the method by which they do so. This differs from Article IV of the Treaty of Brussels, which states that the response will be military in nature. It is nonetheless assumed that NATO members will aid the attacked member militarily, the treaty was later clarified to include both the members territory and their vessels, forces or aircraft above the Tropic of Cancer, including some Overseas departments of France. The creation of NATO brought about some standardization of allied military terminology, procedures, and technology, the roughly 1300 Standardization Agreements codified many of the common practices that NATO has achieved
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Footbridge
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A footbridge is a bridge designed for pedestrians and in some cases cyclists, animal traffic, and horse riders, instead of vehicular traffic. Footbridges complement the landscape and can be used decoratively to visually link two distinct areas or to signal a transaction, in many developed countries, footbridges are both functional and can be beautiful works of art and sculpture. Simple suspension bridge designs have developed to be sustainable and easily constructible in such rural areas using only local materials. An enclosed footbridge between two buildings is known as a skyway. Bridges providing for both pedestrians and cyclists are often referred to as greenbridges and form an important part of sustainable transport movement towards more sustainable cities. Footbridges are often situated to allow pedestrians to cross water or railways in areas where there are no roads to necessitate a road bridge. They are also located across roads to let pedestrians cross safely without slowing down the traffic, the latter is a type of pedestrian separation structure, examples of which are particularly found near schools, to help prevent children running in front of moving cars. Small footbridges can also be used for an effect in ornamental gardens. Complicated engineering is not needed and the footbridges are built with readily available materials, most footbridges are equipped with guard rails to reduce the risk of pedestrians falling. Where they pass over busy roads or railways, they may include a fence or other such barrier to prevent pedestrians from jumping. Much rural travel takes place on local paths, tracks and village roads and these provide essential access to water, firewood, farm plots and the classified road network. Communities and/or local government are responsible for this infrastructure. Pedestrian overpasses over highways or railroads are expensive, especially when elevators or long ramps for users are required. Without elevators or ramps, people with mobility handicaps will not be able to use the structure, often, people will prefer to walk across a busy road at grade rather than expend the effort to climb up the bridge and go over it. Overpasses should only be used where the number of users justify the costs, narrow, enclosed structures can result in perceptions of low personal security among users. Wider structures and good lighting can reduce this. Footbridges are small, but important, because they are presented in townscape. The appearance of footbridges, and indeed of any other bridges, people have to live with these structures, usually seeing them every day
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Social Democratic Party (Romania)
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The Social Democratic Party is the major social-democratic political party in Romania. PSD traces its origins to the Democratic National Salvation Front, a group established in 1992 from the post-communist National Salvation Front. In 1993 this merged with three parties to become the Party of Social Democracy in Romania. The present name was adopted after a merger with the smaller Romanian Social Democratic Party in 2001, since its formation, it has always been one of the two dominant parties of the country. The PDSR governed Romania from 1992 to 1996, while the PSDR was a coalition partner between 1996 and 2000. The party left government after Prime Minister Victor Ponta resigned in November 2015, the founder of the party, Ion Iliescu, became President of the Republic, in office from the end of Communism in 1989 to 1996, and again from 2000 to 2004. On 22 April 2016, Liviu Dragnea was found guilty for vote rigging in the 2012 referendum, dragneas electoral rights and party membership were not suspended, thus he refused to step down as President of the PSD, having the support of almost the entire party. FDSN won the 1992 elections and went on to govern Romania until 1996, on 10 July 1993 it took the name of Party of Social Democracy in Romania upon merger with the Socialist Democratic Party of Romania, the Republican Party and the Cooperative Party. From 1994 to 1996 the PDSR ruled in coalition with the right-wing Romanian National Unity Party and Greater Romania Party, PUNR had ministers in the cabinet chaired by Nicolae Văcăroiu from March 1994 to September 1996. PRM was not present at the Cabinet, but was given some posts in the State administration, the PDSR went into opposition after the 1996 election, which was won by the right-wing coalition Romanian Democratic Convention. PSDR merged with PDSR on 16 June 2001, and the party took its present name. Mircea Geoană was elected president of the party in April 2005 by delegates at a PSD Party Congress held in Bucharest and his victory represented a surprise defeat for former President Ion Iliescu, who was expected to defeat Geoană handily. On 17 April 2008, the Social Democratic Party and the Conservative Party announced they would form an alliance for the 2008 local elections. In February 2010, the Congress elected Victor Ponta as president, on 5 February 2011, the PSD formed a political alliance known as the Social Liberal Union with the Conservative Party and National Liberal Party. The USL was disbanded on 25 February 2014 with exit of the National Liberal Party which immediately entered opposition, a number of its current or former senior members have also been accused of corruption, interfering in the judiciary and using their political positions for personal enrichment. Alleged text transcripts of PSD meetings surfaced on an anonymous Web site just before the 2004 Romanian presidential election, Năstase and his ministers are shown talking about political involvement in corruption trials of the governments members, or involvement in suppressing disobedient media. Năstase stated that the transcripts were fake, but several party members, including former PSD president, adrian Năstase temporarily self-suspended himself from the position on 16 January 2006 pending investigation of a scandal provoked by his wealth declaration, where he was accused of corruption. Politicians of the party have occasionally employed utilitarian anti-Semitism and this means that politicians who may usually not be anti-Semites played off certain anti-Semitic prejudices, in order to serve their political necessities
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National Liberal Party (Romania)
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The National Liberal Party is a conservative-liberal political party in Romania. Founded in 1990, it claims the legacy of the political party of the same name. Based on this legacy, it presents itself as the first formally constituted political party in the country. It is the second-largest party in the Romanian Parliament, with 102 seats in the Chamber of Deputies and 51 in the Senate, until 2014, the PNL was a member of the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe. The party statutes adopted in June 2014 dropped any reference to international affiliation, on 12 September 2014, it was admitted as a full member of the European Peoples Party, and subsequently merged with the Democratic Liberal Party. The party is also a member of the Liberal International and Centrist Democrat International, the PNL contested the 1996 general election as part of the successful Democratic Convention of Romania electoral alliance. The 2004 general election was fought by the PNL under the Justice and Truth Alliance banner, in April 2007, then Prime Minister Călin Popescu-Tăriceanu, who was also the party leader, formed a minority government only with the UDMR. In the 2009 Romanian presidential elections its new leader, Crin Antonescu, finished third, on 5 February 2011, the PNL formed the Social Liberal Union political alliance with the PSD, National Union for the Progress of Romania and Conservative Party. The PNL exited the USL on 25 February 2014, disbanding the alliance, on 26 May 2014, following the 2014 European elections, PNL party president Crin Antonescu announced that he was seeking membership of the European Peoples Party. At the beginning of the 8th European Parliament,5 of the PNL MEPs sat with the EPP Group, and 1 with the ALDE Group, who later became an independent MEP within ALDE. In late May 2014 the party agreed to a merger with the Democratic Liberal Party. The PNL-PDL presidential candidate was agreed to run under a banner called the Christian Liberal Alliance. On 27 June 2014, former PNL leader Călin Popescu-Tăriceanu announced his intention to found a liberal party to run for president. The breakaway party, called the Liberal Reformist Party, was founded by Popescu-Tăriceanu on 3 July 2014, on 26 July 2014, a joint party congress of the PNL and PDL approved the merger. In the first round of the 2014 presidential election on 2 November 2014, ACL presidential candidate Klaus Iohannis, PNL party president, Iohannis won the runoff election held on 16 November 2014 with 54. 5% of the vote. The party adheres to the doctrine of liberalism, advocating economic and social liberalization. In recent years, it has focused more on economic liberalism, for example, one of its main election promises for the 2004 legislative election was the introduction of a flat tax rate of 16% for personal income and corporate profits. Because the Liberal Party became part of the coalition, it managed to introduce this change
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1991
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It was the year that is usually considered the final year of the Cold War that had begun in the late 1940s. During the year, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics collapsed into fifteen sovereign republics, a U. N. -authorized coalition force from thirty-four nations fought against Iraq, which had invaded Kuwait in the previous year,1990. The conflict would be called the Gulf War and would mark the beginning of a since-constant American military presence in the Middle East, the clash between Serbia and the other Yugoslav republics would lead into the beginning of the Yugoslav Wars, which ran through the rest of the decade. The Japanese asset price bubble collapsed this year, leading to the Lost Years, January 1 Czechoslovakia becomes the second Eastern European country to abandon its command economy. The first anti-stalking law, passed in 1990, goes into effect in California, dublin begins its year as the European Capital of Culture. January 2 – In eastern El Salvador, Salvadoran rebels shoot down a United States Army helicopter, January 4 – The United Nations Security Council votes unanimously to condemn Israels treatment of the Palestinians. January 5 – Georgian troops attack Tskhinvali, the capital of South Ossetia, January 6 The runoff for the Guatemalan presidential election is won by Jorge Serrano Elías. The All India Federation of Anganwadi Workers and Helpers is founded in Udaipur, January 7 – In Haiti, an attempted coup by an associate of former dictator Jean-Claude Duvalier is thwarted by Loyalist troops. January 9 United States Secretary of State James Baker meets with the Foreign Minister of Iraq Tariq Aziz, in Sebokeng, South Africa, gunmen fire on mourners attending the funeral of a leader of the African National Congress, killing 13 people. January 12 – Gulf War, The Congress of the United States passes a resolution authorizing the use of force to expel Iraqi forces from Kuwait. January 13 – Singing Revolution, Soviet forces storm Vilnius to stop Lithuanian independence, January Events and the Time of Barricades in Latvia. January 15 The United Nations deadline for the withdrawal of Iraqi forces from occupied Kuwait expires, Prime Minister of Cape Verde Pedro Pires resigns following his partys loss in the January 13 Cape Verdean parliamentary election, the first ever multiparty election in an African nation. January 16 U. S. serial killer Aileen Wuornos confesses to the murders of six men, Gulf War, Operation Desert Storm begins with air strikes against Iraq. January 17 Gulf War, Iraq fires 8 Scud missiles into Israel, Harald V of Norway becomes king on the death of his father, Olav V. The volcano Hekla erupts on Iceland, January 18 – Eastern Air Lines shuts down after 62 years, citing financial problems. January 19 An Iraqi Scud attack on Tel Aviv in Israel injures 15 people, the Party of the Alliance of Youth, Workers and Farmers of Angola is founded in Luanda, Angola. January 21 – Harald Vs investiture ceremony as King of Norway, January 22 Three Iraqi Scuds and one Patriot missile hit Ramat Gan in Israel, injuring 96 people, three elderly people die of heart attacks. The British Army SAS patrol, Bravo Two Zero, is deployed in Iraq during the Gulf War, January 24 – The government of Papua New Guinea signs a peace agreement with separatist leaders from Bougainville Island, ending fighting that had gone on since 1988
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