1.
Hylands House
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Hylands House is a Grade II* neo-classical villa situated within Hylands Park a 232-hectare park south-west of Chelmsford in Essex in South East England. It is owned and operated by Chelmsford City Council, the last private owner lived in Hylands House until her death until 1962. It was in 1966, with the House in a state of disrepair. Hylands Park was opened to the public only 10 days later and it was agreed by Chelmsford Borough Council that Hylands House should be restored to its former glory and having stood empty for 20 years, the first phase of restoration took place in 1986. The final stage was completed in 2005, completed in 1730, Hylands House was an elegant two-storey red brick building in Queen Anne style architecture. The grounds were set out in the geometric style fashionable at the time, with a pleasure garden. Sir John Comyns died in 1740, without surviving children, and left the estate to his nephew, in 1759, John Comyns commissioned a monument to the life of his beloved uncle, which can be seen at the family vault in Writtle Church. John in turn left Hylands to his son, John Richard Comyns in 1760, in 1797 Cornelius Kortright purchased Hylands House and employed the well-known landscape architect Humphry Repton, who set about redesigning the gardens. Kortright planned to add the east and west wings, a colonnaded portico, however, despite the grand plans Kortright did not see the House through to completion as his ever increasing family required them to relocate to a much larger residence, in nearby Fryerning. Pierre Cesar Labouchere, a Dutch born merchant banker, purchased the estate in 1814 and set about completing Reptons design for expansion and improvement of the house and this resulted in the symmetrical neo-classic facade that can be seen today. Labouchere created the formal Pleasure Gardens and under the guidance of architect Williams Atkinson and he also collected neo-classical sculptures, including works by the Danish sculptor Bertel Thorvaldsen, replicas of which are on display in the house today. After Labouchères death, his son Henry Labouchere sold Hylands House and Estate to Mr John Attwood, Attwood was an ambitious entrepreneur who wanted a property to befit his new status and promote his quest for a peerage. As MP for Harwich, he decided that Hylands was insufficiently grand to reflect his position in society and he purchased over 3,500 acres of additional land surrounding Hylands and privatised the road from Writtle to Margaretting that ran through the estate. Arthur Pryor was a partner in the Truman, Hanbury and Buxton Brewery and he did little to the house other than some redecoration, although some of the exuberant decoration in the Banqueting Room is credited to him. Having originally rented the House and land in 1904, Sir Daniel Gooch purchased Hylands in 1907, the Gooch family entertained regularly, with shooting parties and fetes, including a memorable celebration for the coronation of King George V. During World War I, Hylands House was requisitioned for use as a military hospital, Sir Daniel was also a keen explorer and accompanied Sir Ernest Shackleton on the first leg of his bid to reach the South Pole, but returned home early, suffering from severe frostbite. In 1920, Hylands was sold to a syndicate of local gentlemen, like Arthur Pryor, John was chairman of the brewers Trumans. However, John Hanbury died suddenly in 1923 before taking occupation of Hylands, Christine was later left alone when Jock became one of the first pilots to die in the Second World War in a flying accident
2.
Chelmsford
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Chelmsford is the principal settlement of the City of Chelmsford and the county town of Essex, in the East of England. It is located in the London commuter belt, approximately 32 miles northeast of Charing Cross, London, the urban area of the city has a population of approximately 120,000, whilst the district has a population of 168,310. The communities of Chelmsford, Massachusetts, Chelmsford, Ontario, and Chelmsford, Chelmsfords population consists of a large number of City and Docklands commuters, attracted by the 30–35 minute journey from Central London via the Great Eastern Main Line. The same journey takes approximately 60 minutes by road via the A12, on 14 March 2012, Lord President of the Privy Council and Deputy Prime Minister Nick Clegg announced that Chelmsford, along with Perth, Scotland and St Asaph, Wales, was to be granted city status. The Letters Patent officially granting city status to Chelmsford from The Queen were received on 6 June 2012, the demonym for a Chelmsford resident is Chelmsfordian. An under-cover market, operating Tuesday to Saturday, is still an important part of the city centre over 800 years later, the citys name is derived from Ceolmaers ford which was close to the site of the present High Street stone bridge. In the Domesday Book of 1086, the town was called Celmeresfort and its position on the Londinium – Camulodonum Roman road ensured the early prosperity of Chelmsford. Before 1199, there were nearby from ancient times. A Neolithic and a late Bronze Age settlement have been found in the Springfield suburb, a Roman fort was built in AD60, and a civilian town grew up around it. The remains of a mansio, a combination post office, civic centre and hotel, lie beneath the streets of modern Moulsham, the town disappeared for a while after the Romans left Britain. The town became the seat of the local assize during the early 13th century and by 1218 it was recognised as the county town of Essex, a position it has retained to the present day. Chelmsford was significantly involved in the Peasants Revolt of 1381, the Sleepers and The Shadows, written by Hilda Grieve in 1988 using original sources, states, For nearly a week, from Monday 1st July to Saturday 6th July, Chelmsford became the seat of government. The king probably lodged at his manor house at Writtle. He was attended by his council, headed by the temporary Chancellor, Richard II famously revoked the charters which he had made in concession to the peasants on 2 July 1381, while in Chelmsford. It could be said that given this movement of government power, the road Saxon Way now marks the site. In the 17th century many of the victims of Matthew Hopkins spent their last days imprisoned in Chelmsford, before being tried at the Assizes, Henry VIII purchased the Boleyn estate in 1516, and built Beaulieu Palace on the current site of New Hall School. This later became the residence of his mistress, and later wife Anne. Soon after it became the residence of Henrys daughter, by his first marriage, during World War II Chelmsford, an important centre of light engineering war production, was attacked from the air on several occasions, both by aircraft of the Luftwaffe and by missile
3.
Essex
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Essex /ˈɛsᵻks/ is a county in England immediately north-east of London. It borders the counties of Suffolk and Cambridgeshire to the north, Hertfordshire to the west, Kent across the estuary of the River Thames to the south, the county town is Chelmsford, which is the only city in the county. Essex occupies the part of the old Kingdom of Essex, before this. As well as areas, the county also includes London Stansted Airport, the new towns of Basildon and Harlow, Lakeside Shopping Centre, the port of Tilbury. Originally recorded in AD527, Essex occupied territory to the north of the River Thames, incorporating all of what later became Middlesex and its territory was later restricted to lands east of the River Lea. In changes before the Norman conquest the East Saxons were subsumed into the Kingdom of England and, following the Norman conquest, Essex became a county. During the medieval period, much of the area was designated a Royal forest, including the county in a period to 1204. Gradually, the subject to forest law diminished, but at various times included the forests of Becontree, Chelmsford, Epping, Hatfield, Ongar. County-wide administration Essex County Council was formed in 1889, however County Boroughs of West Ham, Southend-on-Sea and East Ham formed part of the county but were unitary authorities. 12 boroughs and districts provide more localised services such as rubbish and recycling collections, leisure and planning, parish-level administration – changes A few Essex parishes have been transferred to other counties. Before 1889, small areas were transferred to Hertfordshire near Bishops Stortford, Essex became part of the East of England Government Office Region in 1994 and was statistically counted as part of that region from 1999, having previously been part of the South East England region. Two unitary authorities In 1998 the boroughs of Southend-on-Sea and Thurrock were granted autonomy from the county of Essex after successful requests to become unitary authorities. Essex Police covers the county and the two unitary authorities. The county council chamber and main headquarters is at the County Hall in Chelmsford, before 1938 the council regularly met in London near Moorgate, which with significant parts closer to that point and the dominance of railways had been more convenient than any place in the county. It currently has 75 elected councillors, before 1965, the number of councillors reached over 100. The highest point of the county of Essex is Chrishall Common near the village of Langley, close to the Hertfordshire border, the pattern of settlement in the county is diverse. Epping Forest also acts as a barrier to the further spread of London. Part of the southeast of the county, already containing the population centres of Basildon, Southend and Thurrock, is within the Thames Gateway
4.
United Kingdom
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The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom or Britain, is a sovereign country in western Europe. Lying off the north-western coast of the European mainland, the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain, Northern Ireland is the only part of the United Kingdom that shares a land border with another sovereign state—the Republic of Ireland. The Irish Sea lies between Great Britain and Ireland, with an area of 242,500 square kilometres, the United Kingdom is the 78th-largest sovereign state in the world and the 11th-largest in Europe. It is also the 21st-most populous country, with an estimated 65.1 million inhabitants, together, this makes it the fourth-most densely populated country in the European Union. The United Kingdom is a monarchy with a parliamentary system of governance. The monarch is Queen Elizabeth II, who has reigned since 6 February 1952, other major urban areas in the United Kingdom include the regions of Birmingham, Leeds, Glasgow, Liverpool and Manchester. The United Kingdom consists of four countries—England, Scotland, Wales, the last three have devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in their capitals, Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast, respectively. The relationships among the countries of the UK have changed over time, Wales was annexed by the Kingdom of England under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542. A treaty between England and Scotland resulted in 1707 in a unified Kingdom of Great Britain, which merged in 1801 with the Kingdom of Ireland to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Five-sixths of Ireland seceded from the UK in 1922, leaving the present formulation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain, there are fourteen British Overseas Territories. These are the remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in the 1920s, British influence can be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former colonies. The United Kingdom is a country and has the worlds fifth-largest economy by nominal GDP. The UK is considered to have an economy and is categorised as very high in the Human Development Index. It was the worlds first industrialised country and the worlds foremost power during the 19th, the UK remains a great power with considerable economic, cultural, military, scientific and political influence internationally. It is a nuclear weapons state and its military expenditure ranks fourth or fifth in the world. The UK has been a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council since its first session in 1946 and it has been a leading member state of the EU and its predecessor, the European Economic Community, since 1973. However, on 23 June 2016, a referendum on the UKs membership of the EU resulted in a decision to leave. The Acts of Union 1800 united the Kingdom of Great Britain, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have devolved self-government
5.
20th World Scout Jamboree
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It was the second World Jamboree to be held in Southeast Asia after the Philippines hosted the event in 1959. The Jamboree fostered the progress and unity of World Scout Movement and strongly linked it to Asian culture, the theme of the 20th World Scout Jamboree was Share our World, Share our Cultures. As with previous Jamborees, the standard size was 36 youths plus 4 adult leaders. The 20th World Scout Jamboree was held in Sattahip, Chonburi Province, the camp site was located on a beach on the Gulf of Thailand, covering 1,200 hectares and consisting of flat plains, foothills and a white sandy beach. The emblem shows a typical Thai roof, the A-shaped gables in the roof represent Thailands development of traditions and cultures and the sharing of these traditions from generation to generation. At the Closing Ceremony, a message from The Hon. Betty Clay, then 85, the daughter of the Founder, was broadcast
6.
22nd World Scout Jamboree
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The 22nd World Scout Jamboree took place in Rinkaby, Kristianstad, Scania in southern Sweden from 27 July to 7 August 2011. 40,061 Scouts, leaders and adult volunteers participated from 166 different countries, the Jamboree was held on the fields of Rinkaby. In 2001, a national Jamboree took place here with 26,700 participants, the camp area itself lies near the coast on sandy ground surrounded by pine woods. Sandy earth helps rain water run off and thus there is no risk of any parts of the area being waterlogged. The campsite is approximately 1.5 km by 1.5 km, small areas of forest divide the campsite into smaller fields. The temperature is varying, average day temperature in the period is 22 degrees Celsius, the sun rises at 5 oclock in the morning. Sunset is at 9 in the evening, drinking water is available from wells at the field. There is already a water and power system in the ground. In the southern part of the field there is space for the arena with a natural amphitheatre, there are sandy beaches near the camp area with sand dunes formed by the wind, creating their own particular type of landscape. The camp organised shuttle buses to the beach, the opening ceremony took place on 27 July 2011. It included a history and geography of Sweden, with including the jamboree song Changing the world performed by Daniel Lemma. Also included was a procession of flags and the handover from Great Britain to Sweden. Every Scout reaffirmed the Scout Promise, including the king of Sweden, each Town contained six subcamps each consisting of 2,000 Scouts with its own programme of activities. The subcamps were named after different features of Sweden, including cities, rivers, within the subcamps each unit consisted of 4 patrols, a patrol consisting of 9 youth and 1 adult. The Activities were approximately 4–5 hours long, Module Activities Philosophy The Module Activities were meant to provide a memorable, inspiring and engaging Scout programme. Every participant was given the opportunity to see modern and well planned activities which delivered new and exciting experiences, ideas, some Modules focused on the Scout herself/himself, some on the Scout patrol, and some on a wider group in society or the whole world. All the Modules offered several different thoughts, questions, experiences, the Module Activities contributed to a full and positive jamboree experience for the Scouts from all different countries and cultures represented at the camp. Through these new friendships, networks, shared experiences and feelings of solidarity the World Scout Movement continued to develop, through this process the Scouts were encouraged and facilitated to challenge their expectations and assumptions and to develop new ways of thinking
7.
World Scout Jamboree
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The World Scout Jamboree is a Scouting jamboree of the World Organization of the Scout Movement, typically attended by several tens of thousands of Scouts from around the world, aged 14 to 17. The first World Scout Jamboree was organized by The Boy Scout Association in London, the 21st World Scout Jamboree in 2007 was held in Hylands Park, Essex, United Kingdom, and celebrated the Centenary of Scouting. The 22nd World Scout Jamboree was at Rinkaby in Sweden from 27 July 2011 to 8 August 2011, the 23rd World Scout Jamboree was at Kirara-hama, Yamaguchi City in Japan. It opened on 28 July 2015, and closed 8 August 2015, in lexicography, Jamboree is considered an Americanism that traces back to 1860–65 and refers to a joyful, noisy gathering. The term is believed to originate from the words jabber and shivaree, while World Scout Jamboree is the expression used by the World Organization of the Scout Movement, other organizations held events called jamborees for their members. The Scouting program became a success following its founding by Robert Baden-Powell in 1907. With its continuing growth, the founder of the movement saw a need for a gathering of representatives of Scouting from all around the world. The general aim was to foster a worldwide brotherhood, and to help the young Scouts in the movement learn about other peoples, captain Melas proposed the gatherings should repeat every four years, in the same way Olympic Games were held in Ancient Greece. The suggestion was accepted with enthusiasm by Baden-Powell, who named the gatherings Jamborees and it was in 1920 that the first World Scout Jamboree was realized, held in the Olympia halls in Kensington, London. Symbolically, the Jamboree site bore the name of the birthplace of the Olympic Games,8,000 Scouts from 34 countries attended the event. Thereafter, a Jamboree has been held four years. The Jamboree has been held in different countries around the world, the first seven Jamborees were held in Europe. The eighth World Jamboree was held in North America where the tradition of moving the Jamboree among the continents began, as yet, Africa has not hosted a jamboree. To replace the event of 1979, the World Scout Committee determined that an alternative celebration. This Join-in programme was reproduced again as part of the Scouting 2007 Centenary celebrations, so far, the greatest attendance of all Jamborees was in 2011, where over 40,000 members from around the world descended upon Rinkaby in Sweden. This number represented the permanent contingent who remained for the entire event and they were joined by hundreds of thousands of visiting Scouts who participated on a day basis. The first Jamboree was more akin to an exhibition of Scouting, allowing visitors to see how things were done in parts of the world. The 2007 Jamboree coincided with the Scouting Centenary celebrations, because of this, the honour of hosting the event was again bestowed upon the United Kingdom, as the birthplace of Scouting
8.
Scouting 2007 Centenary
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The Scouting 2007 Centenary comprised celebrations around the world in which Scouts celebrated 100 years of the world Scout movement. The original celebrations were focused on the United Kingdom, such as the camp on Brownsea Island, the birthplace of Scouting, in London, there was a New Years Day Parade of Scouts. In towns, flags were flown to celebrate Scouting, europa postage stamps were issued monthly throughout 2007 for the celebration. On 22 February 2007, the 150th anniversary of Robert Baden-Powells birth, several thousand Scouts and Guides from around the world attended the ceremony that included a procession from Baden-Powells old home nearby. The flame was carried by Scouts and Guides through Ethiopia, Sudan, Egypt, Greece, Italy, France, Belgium and finally the UK to arrive on Brownsea Island, the spirit flame was brought to Brownsea Island via Sea Scouts that rowed a small boat across Poole Harbour. After the Sunrise celebrations on 1 August 2007, the flame continued onwards to the 21st World Scout Jamboree. The first Scout Camp opened on 1 August 1907 by the Movements founder General Baden-Powell, at 8am, he blew a kudu horn to gather round the 20 boys that were on the island for that camp. Exactly one hundred years later, around 400,000 Scouts in the UK took part in an event to commemorate this, on Brownsea Island, a Scout read out Baden-Powells words of 100 years ago, calling for peace, comradeship and co-operation. Members of Scout associations worldwide renewed their promise at 8am local time, additionally, at 8am Western European Summer Time, Scouts internationally used the Internet to celebrate and communicate with Scouts on Brownsea Island as part of the World Scout Jamboree. Scout groups turned the event into a day-long celebration, a flame that traveled from Africa was used to light a campfire that burned through the night, marking the passing of the first 100 years of the Scout movement. The 21st World Scout Jamboree was the event of the year. The event started on 27 July 2007, where the camping participants celebrated the Scouting Sunrise in one place, there were several camps on the famous birthplace of Scouting, including a Sunrise Camp, a Replica Camp, and a New Centenary Camp. The replica camp was twice, each 4.5 days camping running around the August celebrations. The activities included historical 1907 activities, several with a modern twist, the first of the replica camps was for purely Boy Scouts and the second included a patrol of girls. As well as Scouts there were boys from the Boys Brigade, the changes made to the modern Brownsea Camp did not always draw positive attention in the media, some reports suggesting that elements of the original spirit of Scouting had been lost. Scouts and Scouting supporters in Australia gathered at public venues to celebrate the Dawn of the New Scouting Centenary, in Canberra, Australias capital, local Scouts joined the Chief Scout of Australia to renew their Scout Promise in a commitment of world peace and social betterment. Other events occurred in Sydney at the Opera House and in Melbourne, the boomerang, an Australian Aboriginal wooden ceremonial tool, returns to the person who throws it, making it a fitting symbol as it traveled for 18 months around Australia. On 28 and 29 April 2007,95,000 members from the five Belgian Scout, the final show was attended by the Belgian crown prince, Prince Filip, who was a Scouting member in his younger days
9.
Scouting
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During the first half of the twentieth century, the movement grew to encompass three major age groups for boys and, in 1910, a new organization, Girl Guides, was created for girls. It is one of worldwide youth organizations. In 1906 and 1907 Robert Baden-Powell, a lieutenant general in the British Army, wrote a book for boys about reconnaissance, in the summer of 1907 Baden-Powell held a camp on Brownsea Island in England to test ideas for his book. This camp and the publication of Scouting for Boys are generally regarded as the start of the Scout movement. The movement employs the Scout method, a programme of education with an emphasis on practical outdoor activities, including camping, woodcraft, aquatics, hiking, backpacking. Distinctive uniform insignia include the fleur-de-lis and the trefoil, as well as badges, the year 2007 marked the centenary of Scouting worldwide, and member organizations planned events to celebrate the occasion. Scouting virtually started itself, but the trigger that set it going was the 1908 publication of Scouting for Boys written by Robert Baden-Powell, at Charterhouse, one of Englands most famous public schools, Baden-Powell had an interest in the outdoors. Later, as an officer, Baden-Powell was stationed in British India in the 1880s where he took an interest in military scouting and in 1884 he published Reconnaissance. These skills eventually formed the basis of what is now called scoutcraft, three years later, in South Africa during the Second Boer War, Baden-Powell was besieged in the small town of Mafeking by a much larger Boer army. The Mafeking Cadet Corps was a group of youths that supported the troops by carrying messages, the Cadet Corps performed well, helping in the defense of the town, and were one of the many factors that inspired Baden-Powell to form the Scouting movement. Each member received a badge that illustrated a combined compass point, the badges logo was similar to the fleur-de-lis shaped arrowhead that Scouting later adopted as its international symbol. In the United Kingdom, the public, through newspapers, followed Baden-Powells struggle to hold Mafeking, and he was urged to rewrite this book for boys, especially during an inspection of the Boys Brigade, a large youth movement drilled with military precision. Baden-Powell thought this would not be attractive and suggested that the Boys Brigade could grow much larger were Scouting to be used and he studied other schemes, parts of which he used for Scouting. In July 1906, Ernest Thompson Seton sent Baden-Powell a copy of his 1902 book The Birchbark Roll of the Woodcraft Indians, Seton, a British-born Canadian-American living in the United States, met Baden-Powell in October 1906, and they shared ideas about youth training programs. In 1907 Baden-Powell wrote a draft called Boy Patrols, in the same year, to test his ideas, he gathered 21 boys of mixed social backgrounds and held a week-long camp in August on Brownsea Island in Poole Harbour, Dorset, England. His organizational method, now known as the Patrol System and a key part of Scouting training, in the autumn of 1907, Baden-Powell went on an extensive speaking tour arranged by his publisher, Arthur Pearson, to promote his forthcoming book, Scouting for Boys. He had not simply rewritten his Aids to Scouting, he omitted the military aspects and transferred the techniques to non-military heroes, backwoodsmen and he also added innovative educational principles by which he extended the attractive game to a personal mental education. At the beginning of 1908, Baden-Powell published Scouting for Boys in six fortnightly parts, the reaction was phenomenal, and quite unexpected
