1.
Hylands House
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Hylands House is a Grade II* neo-classical villa situated within Hylands Park a 232-hectare park south-west of Chelmsford in Essex in South East England. It is owned and operated by Chelmsford City Council, the last private owner lived in Hylands House until her death until 1962. It was in 1966, with the House in a state of disrepair. Hylands Park was opened to the public only 10 days later and it was agreed by Chelmsford Borough Council that Hylands House should be restored to its former glory and having stood empty for 20 years, the first phase of restoration took place in 1986. The final stage was completed in 2005, completed in 1730, Hylands House was an elegant two-storey red brick building in Queen Anne style architecture. The grounds were set out in the geometric style fashionable at the time, with a pleasure garden. Sir John Comyns died in 1740, without surviving children, and left the estate to his nephew, in 1759, John Comyns commissioned a monument to the life of his beloved uncle, which can be seen at the family vault in Writtle Church. John in turn left Hylands to his son, John Richard Comyns in 1760, in 1797 Cornelius Kortright purchased Hylands House and employed the well-known landscape architect Humphry Repton, who set about redesigning the gardens. Kortright planned to add the east and west wings, a colonnaded portico, however, despite the grand plans Kortright did not see the House through to completion as his ever increasing family required them to relocate to a much larger residence, in nearby Fryerning. Pierre Cesar Labouchere, a Dutch born merchant banker, purchased the estate in 1814 and set about completing Reptons design for expansion and improvement of the house and this resulted in the symmetrical neo-classic facade that can be seen today. Labouchere created the formal Pleasure Gardens and under the guidance of architect Williams Atkinson and he also collected neo-classical sculptures, including works by the Danish sculptor Bertel Thorvaldsen, replicas of which are on display in the house today. After Labouchères death, his son Henry Labouchere sold Hylands House and Estate to Mr John Attwood, Attwood was an ambitious entrepreneur who wanted a property to befit his new status and promote his quest for a peerage. As MP for Harwich, he decided that Hylands was insufficiently grand to reflect his position in society and he purchased over 3,500 acres of additional land surrounding Hylands and privatised the road from Writtle to Margaretting that ran through the estate. Arthur Pryor was a partner in the Truman, Hanbury and Buxton Brewery and he did little to the house other than some redecoration, although some of the exuberant decoration in the Banqueting Room is credited to him. Having originally rented the House and land in 1904, Sir Daniel Gooch purchased Hylands in 1907, the Gooch family entertained regularly, with shooting parties and fetes, including a memorable celebration for the coronation of King George V. During World War I, Hylands House was requisitioned for use as a military hospital, Sir Daniel was also a keen explorer and accompanied Sir Ernest Shackleton on the first leg of his bid to reach the South Pole, but returned home early, suffering from severe frostbite. In 1920, Hylands was sold to a syndicate of local gentlemen, like Arthur Pryor, John was chairman of the brewers Trumans. However, John Hanbury died suddenly in 1923 before taking occupation of Hylands, Christine was later left alone when Jock became one of the first pilots to die in the Second World War in a flying accident
2.
Chelmsford
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Chelmsford is the principal settlement of the City of Chelmsford and the county town of Essex, in the East of England. It is located in the London commuter belt, approximately 32 miles northeast of Charing Cross, London, the urban area of the city has a population of approximately 120,000, whilst the district has a population of 168,310. The communities of Chelmsford, Massachusetts, Chelmsford, Ontario, and Chelmsford, Chelmsfords population consists of a large number of City and Docklands commuters, attracted by the 30–35 minute journey from Central London via the Great Eastern Main Line. The same journey takes approximately 60 minutes by road via the A12, on 14 March 2012, Lord President of the Privy Council and Deputy Prime Minister Nick Clegg announced that Chelmsford, along with Perth, Scotland and St Asaph, Wales, was to be granted city status. The Letters Patent officially granting city status to Chelmsford from The Queen were received on 6 June 2012, the demonym for a Chelmsford resident is Chelmsfordian. An under-cover market, operating Tuesday to Saturday, is still an important part of the city centre over 800 years later, the citys name is derived from Ceolmaers ford which was close to the site of the present High Street stone bridge. In the Domesday Book of 1086, the town was called Celmeresfort and its position on the Londinium – Camulodonum Roman road ensured the early prosperity of Chelmsford. Before 1199, there were nearby from ancient times. A Neolithic and a late Bronze Age settlement have been found in the Springfield suburb, a Roman fort was built in AD60, and a civilian town grew up around it. The remains of a mansio, a combination post office, civic centre and hotel, lie beneath the streets of modern Moulsham, the town disappeared for a while after the Romans left Britain. The town became the seat of the local assize during the early 13th century and by 1218 it was recognised as the county town of Essex, a position it has retained to the present day. Chelmsford was significantly involved in the Peasants Revolt of 1381, the Sleepers and The Shadows, written by Hilda Grieve in 1988 using original sources, states, For nearly a week, from Monday 1st July to Saturday 6th July, Chelmsford became the seat of government. The king probably lodged at his manor house at Writtle. He was attended by his council, headed by the temporary Chancellor, Richard II famously revoked the charters which he had made in concession to the peasants on 2 July 1381, while in Chelmsford. It could be said that given this movement of government power, the road Saxon Way now marks the site. In the 17th century many of the victims of Matthew Hopkins spent their last days imprisoned in Chelmsford, before being tried at the Assizes, Henry VIII purchased the Boleyn estate in 1516, and built Beaulieu Palace on the current site of New Hall School. This later became the residence of his mistress, and later wife Anne. Soon after it became the residence of Henrys daughter, by his first marriage, during World War II Chelmsford, an important centre of light engineering war production, was attacked from the air on several occasions, both by aircraft of the Luftwaffe and by missile
3.
Essex
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Essex /ˈɛsᵻks/ is a county in England immediately north-east of London. It borders the counties of Suffolk and Cambridgeshire to the north, Hertfordshire to the west, Kent across the estuary of the River Thames to the south, the county town is Chelmsford, which is the only city in the county. Essex occupies the part of the old Kingdom of Essex, before this. As well as areas, the county also includes London Stansted Airport, the new towns of Basildon and Harlow, Lakeside Shopping Centre, the port of Tilbury. Originally recorded in AD527, Essex occupied territory to the north of the River Thames, incorporating all of what later became Middlesex and its territory was later restricted to lands east of the River Lea. In changes before the Norman conquest the East Saxons were subsumed into the Kingdom of England and, following the Norman conquest, Essex became a county. During the medieval period, much of the area was designated a Royal forest, including the county in a period to 1204. Gradually, the subject to forest law diminished, but at various times included the forests of Becontree, Chelmsford, Epping, Hatfield, Ongar. County-wide administration Essex County Council was formed in 1889, however County Boroughs of West Ham, Southend-on-Sea and East Ham formed part of the county but were unitary authorities. 12 boroughs and districts provide more localised services such as rubbish and recycling collections, leisure and planning, parish-level administration – changes A few Essex parishes have been transferred to other counties. Before 1889, small areas were transferred to Hertfordshire near Bishops Stortford, Essex became part of the East of England Government Office Region in 1994 and was statistically counted as part of that region from 1999, having previously been part of the South East England region. Two unitary authorities In 1998 the boroughs of Southend-on-Sea and Thurrock were granted autonomy from the county of Essex after successful requests to become unitary authorities. Essex Police covers the county and the two unitary authorities. The county council chamber and main headquarters is at the County Hall in Chelmsford, before 1938 the council regularly met in London near Moorgate, which with significant parts closer to that point and the dominance of railways had been more convenient than any place in the county. It currently has 75 elected councillors, before 1965, the number of councillors reached over 100. The highest point of the county of Essex is Chrishall Common near the village of Langley, close to the Hertfordshire border, the pattern of settlement in the county is diverse. Epping Forest also acts as a barrier to the further spread of London. Part of the southeast of the county, already containing the population centres of Basildon, Southend and Thurrock, is within the Thames Gateway
4.
United Kingdom
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The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom or Britain, is a sovereign country in western Europe. Lying off the north-western coast of the European mainland, the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain, Northern Ireland is the only part of the United Kingdom that shares a land border with another sovereign state—the Republic of Ireland. The Irish Sea lies between Great Britain and Ireland, with an area of 242,500 square kilometres, the United Kingdom is the 78th-largest sovereign state in the world and the 11th-largest in Europe. It is also the 21st-most populous country, with an estimated 65.1 million inhabitants, together, this makes it the fourth-most densely populated country in the European Union. The United Kingdom is a monarchy with a parliamentary system of governance. The monarch is Queen Elizabeth II, who has reigned since 6 February 1952, other major urban areas in the United Kingdom include the regions of Birmingham, Leeds, Glasgow, Liverpool and Manchester. The United Kingdom consists of four countries—England, Scotland, Wales, the last three have devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in their capitals, Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast, respectively. The relationships among the countries of the UK have changed over time, Wales was annexed by the Kingdom of England under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542. A treaty between England and Scotland resulted in 1707 in a unified Kingdom of Great Britain, which merged in 1801 with the Kingdom of Ireland to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Five-sixths of Ireland seceded from the UK in 1922, leaving the present formulation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain, there are fourteen British Overseas Territories. These are the remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in the 1920s, British influence can be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former colonies. The United Kingdom is a country and has the worlds fifth-largest economy by nominal GDP. The UK is considered to have an economy and is categorised as very high in the Human Development Index. It was the worlds first industrialised country and the worlds foremost power during the 19th, the UK remains a great power with considerable economic, cultural, military, scientific and political influence internationally. It is a nuclear weapons state and its military expenditure ranks fourth or fifth in the world. The UK has been a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council since its first session in 1946 and it has been a leading member state of the EU and its predecessor, the European Economic Community, since 1973. However, on 23 June 2016, a referendum on the UKs membership of the EU resulted in a decision to leave. The Acts of Union 1800 united the Kingdom of Great Britain, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have devolved self-government
5.
20th World Scout Jamboree
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It was the second World Jamboree to be held in Southeast Asia after the Philippines hosted the event in 1959. The Jamboree fostered the progress and unity of World Scout Movement and strongly linked it to Asian culture, the theme of the 20th World Scout Jamboree was Share our World, Share our Cultures. As with previous Jamborees, the standard size was 36 youths plus 4 adult leaders. The 20th World Scout Jamboree was held in Sattahip, Chonburi Province, the camp site was located on a beach on the Gulf of Thailand, covering 1,200 hectares and consisting of flat plains, foothills and a white sandy beach. The emblem shows a typical Thai roof, the A-shaped gables in the roof represent Thailands development of traditions and cultures and the sharing of these traditions from generation to generation. At the Closing Ceremony, a message from The Hon. Betty Clay, then 85, the daughter of the Founder, was broadcast
6.
22nd World Scout Jamboree
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The 22nd World Scout Jamboree took place in Rinkaby, Kristianstad, Scania in southern Sweden from 27 July to 7 August 2011. 40,061 Scouts, leaders and adult volunteers participated from 166 different countries, the Jamboree was held on the fields of Rinkaby. In 2001, a national Jamboree took place here with 26,700 participants, the camp area itself lies near the coast on sandy ground surrounded by pine woods. Sandy earth helps rain water run off and thus there is no risk of any parts of the area being waterlogged. The campsite is approximately 1.5 km by 1.5 km, small areas of forest divide the campsite into smaller fields. The temperature is varying, average day temperature in the period is 22 degrees Celsius, the sun rises at 5 oclock in the morning. Sunset is at 9 in the evening, drinking water is available from wells at the field. There is already a water and power system in the ground. In the southern part of the field there is space for the arena with a natural amphitheatre, there are sandy beaches near the camp area with sand dunes formed by the wind, creating their own particular type of landscape. The camp organised shuttle buses to the beach, the opening ceremony took place on 27 July 2011. It included a history and geography of Sweden, with including the jamboree song Changing the world performed by Daniel Lemma. Also included was a procession of flags and the handover from Great Britain to Sweden. Every Scout reaffirmed the Scout Promise, including the king of Sweden, each Town contained six subcamps each consisting of 2,000 Scouts with its own programme of activities. The subcamps were named after different features of Sweden, including cities, rivers, within the subcamps each unit consisted of 4 patrols, a patrol consisting of 9 youth and 1 adult. The Activities were approximately 4–5 hours long, Module Activities Philosophy The Module Activities were meant to provide a memorable, inspiring and engaging Scout programme. Every participant was given the opportunity to see modern and well planned activities which delivered new and exciting experiences, ideas, some Modules focused on the Scout herself/himself, some on the Scout patrol, and some on a wider group in society or the whole world. All the Modules offered several different thoughts, questions, experiences, the Module Activities contributed to a full and positive jamboree experience for the Scouts from all different countries and cultures represented at the camp. Through these new friendships, networks, shared experiences and feelings of solidarity the World Scout Movement continued to develop, through this process the Scouts were encouraged and facilitated to challenge their expectations and assumptions and to develop new ways of thinking
7.
World Scout Jamboree
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The World Scout Jamboree is a Scouting jamboree of the World Organization of the Scout Movement, typically attended by several tens of thousands of Scouts from around the world, aged 14 to 17. The first World Scout Jamboree was organized by The Boy Scout Association in London, the 21st World Scout Jamboree in 2007 was held in Hylands Park, Essex, United Kingdom, and celebrated the Centenary of Scouting. The 22nd World Scout Jamboree was at Rinkaby in Sweden from 27 July 2011 to 8 August 2011, the 23rd World Scout Jamboree was at Kirara-hama, Yamaguchi City in Japan. It opened on 28 July 2015, and closed 8 August 2015, in lexicography, Jamboree is considered an Americanism that traces back to 1860–65 and refers to a joyful, noisy gathering. The term is believed to originate from the words jabber and shivaree, while World Scout Jamboree is the expression used by the World Organization of the Scout Movement, other organizations held events called jamborees for their members. The Scouting program became a success following its founding by Robert Baden-Powell in 1907. With its continuing growth, the founder of the movement saw a need for a gathering of representatives of Scouting from all around the world. The general aim was to foster a worldwide brotherhood, and to help the young Scouts in the movement learn about other peoples, captain Melas proposed the gatherings should repeat every four years, in the same way Olympic Games were held in Ancient Greece. The suggestion was accepted with enthusiasm by Baden-Powell, who named the gatherings Jamborees and it was in 1920 that the first World Scout Jamboree was realized, held in the Olympia halls in Kensington, London. Symbolically, the Jamboree site bore the name of the birthplace of the Olympic Games,8,000 Scouts from 34 countries attended the event. Thereafter, a Jamboree has been held four years. The Jamboree has been held in different countries around the world, the first seven Jamborees were held in Europe. The eighth World Jamboree was held in North America where the tradition of moving the Jamboree among the continents began, as yet, Africa has not hosted a jamboree. To replace the event of 1979, the World Scout Committee determined that an alternative celebration. This Join-in programme was reproduced again as part of the Scouting 2007 Centenary celebrations, so far, the greatest attendance of all Jamborees was in 2011, where over 40,000 members from around the world descended upon Rinkaby in Sweden. This number represented the permanent contingent who remained for the entire event and they were joined by hundreds of thousands of visiting Scouts who participated on a day basis. The first Jamboree was more akin to an exhibition of Scouting, allowing visitors to see how things were done in parts of the world. The 2007 Jamboree coincided with the Scouting Centenary celebrations, because of this, the honour of hosting the event was again bestowed upon the United Kingdom, as the birthplace of Scouting
8.
Scouting 2007 Centenary
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The Scouting 2007 Centenary comprised celebrations around the world in which Scouts celebrated 100 years of the world Scout movement. The original celebrations were focused on the United Kingdom, such as the camp on Brownsea Island, the birthplace of Scouting, in London, there was a New Years Day Parade of Scouts. In towns, flags were flown to celebrate Scouting, europa postage stamps were issued monthly throughout 2007 for the celebration. On 22 February 2007, the 150th anniversary of Robert Baden-Powells birth, several thousand Scouts and Guides from around the world attended the ceremony that included a procession from Baden-Powells old home nearby. The flame was carried by Scouts and Guides through Ethiopia, Sudan, Egypt, Greece, Italy, France, Belgium and finally the UK to arrive on Brownsea Island, the spirit flame was brought to Brownsea Island via Sea Scouts that rowed a small boat across Poole Harbour. After the Sunrise celebrations on 1 August 2007, the flame continued onwards to the 21st World Scout Jamboree. The first Scout Camp opened on 1 August 1907 by the Movements founder General Baden-Powell, at 8am, he blew a kudu horn to gather round the 20 boys that were on the island for that camp. Exactly one hundred years later, around 400,000 Scouts in the UK took part in an event to commemorate this, on Brownsea Island, a Scout read out Baden-Powells words of 100 years ago, calling for peace, comradeship and co-operation. Members of Scout associations worldwide renewed their promise at 8am local time, additionally, at 8am Western European Summer Time, Scouts internationally used the Internet to celebrate and communicate with Scouts on Brownsea Island as part of the World Scout Jamboree. Scout groups turned the event into a day-long celebration, a flame that traveled from Africa was used to light a campfire that burned through the night, marking the passing of the first 100 years of the Scout movement. The 21st World Scout Jamboree was the event of the year. The event started on 27 July 2007, where the camping participants celebrated the Scouting Sunrise in one place, there were several camps on the famous birthplace of Scouting, including a Sunrise Camp, a Replica Camp, and a New Centenary Camp. The replica camp was twice, each 4.5 days camping running around the August celebrations. The activities included historical 1907 activities, several with a modern twist, the first of the replica camps was for purely Boy Scouts and the second included a patrol of girls. As well as Scouts there were boys from the Boys Brigade, the changes made to the modern Brownsea Camp did not always draw positive attention in the media, some reports suggesting that elements of the original spirit of Scouting had been lost. Scouts and Scouting supporters in Australia gathered at public venues to celebrate the Dawn of the New Scouting Centenary, in Canberra, Australias capital, local Scouts joined the Chief Scout of Australia to renew their Scout Promise in a commitment of world peace and social betterment. Other events occurred in Sydney at the Opera House and in Melbourne, the boomerang, an Australian Aboriginal wooden ceremonial tool, returns to the person who throws it, making it a fitting symbol as it traveled for 18 months around Australia. On 28 and 29 April 2007,95,000 members from the five Belgian Scout, the final show was attended by the Belgian crown prince, Prince Filip, who was a Scouting member in his younger days
9.
Scouting
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During the first half of the twentieth century, the movement grew to encompass three major age groups for boys and, in 1910, a new organization, Girl Guides, was created for girls. It is one of worldwide youth organizations. In 1906 and 1907 Robert Baden-Powell, a lieutenant general in the British Army, wrote a book for boys about reconnaissance, in the summer of 1907 Baden-Powell held a camp on Brownsea Island in England to test ideas for his book. This camp and the publication of Scouting for Boys are generally regarded as the start of the Scout movement. The movement employs the Scout method, a programme of education with an emphasis on practical outdoor activities, including camping, woodcraft, aquatics, hiking, backpacking. Distinctive uniform insignia include the fleur-de-lis and the trefoil, as well as badges, the year 2007 marked the centenary of Scouting worldwide, and member organizations planned events to celebrate the occasion. Scouting virtually started itself, but the trigger that set it going was the 1908 publication of Scouting for Boys written by Robert Baden-Powell, at Charterhouse, one of Englands most famous public schools, Baden-Powell had an interest in the outdoors. Later, as an officer, Baden-Powell was stationed in British India in the 1880s where he took an interest in military scouting and in 1884 he published Reconnaissance. These skills eventually formed the basis of what is now called scoutcraft, three years later, in South Africa during the Second Boer War, Baden-Powell was besieged in the small town of Mafeking by a much larger Boer army. The Mafeking Cadet Corps was a group of youths that supported the troops by carrying messages, the Cadet Corps performed well, helping in the defense of the town, and were one of the many factors that inspired Baden-Powell to form the Scouting movement. Each member received a badge that illustrated a combined compass point, the badges logo was similar to the fleur-de-lis shaped arrowhead that Scouting later adopted as its international symbol. In the United Kingdom, the public, through newspapers, followed Baden-Powells struggle to hold Mafeking, and he was urged to rewrite this book for boys, especially during an inspection of the Boys Brigade, a large youth movement drilled with military precision. Baden-Powell thought this would not be attractive and suggested that the Boys Brigade could grow much larger were Scouting to be used and he studied other schemes, parts of which he used for Scouting. In July 1906, Ernest Thompson Seton sent Baden-Powell a copy of his 1902 book The Birchbark Roll of the Woodcraft Indians, Seton, a British-born Canadian-American living in the United States, met Baden-Powell in October 1906, and they shared ideas about youth training programs. In 1907 Baden-Powell wrote a draft called Boy Patrols, in the same year, to test his ideas, he gathered 21 boys of mixed social backgrounds and held a week-long camp in August on Brownsea Island in Poole Harbour, Dorset, England. His organizational method, now known as the Patrol System and a key part of Scouting training, in the autumn of 1907, Baden-Powell went on an extensive speaking tour arranged by his publisher, Arthur Pearson, to promote his forthcoming book, Scouting for Boys. He had not simply rewritten his Aids to Scouting, he omitted the military aspects and transferred the techniques to non-military heroes, backwoodsmen and he also added innovative educational principles by which he extended the attractive game to a personal mental education. At the beginning of 1908, Baden-Powell published Scouting for Boys in six fortnightly parts, the reaction was phenomenal, and quite unexpected
10.
Brownsea Island Scout camp
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Boys from different social backgrounds participated from 1 to 8 August 1907 in activities around camping, observation, woodcraft, chivalry, lifesaving and patriotism. Recognised as the worlds first Scout camp, the event is regarded as the origin of the worldwide Scout movement. Up to the early 1930s, camping by Boy Scouts continued on Brownsea Island, in 1963, a formal 50-acre Scout campsite was opened by Olave Baden-Powell, when the island became a nature conservation area owned by the National Trust. In 1973, a Scout Jamboree was held on the island with 600 Scouts, the worldwide centenary of Scouting took place at the Brownsea Island Scout camp, celebrated on 1 August 2007, the 100th anniversary of the start of the first encampment. Activities by The Scout Association at the campsite included four Scout camps, robert Baden-Powell had become a national hero during the Boer War as a result of his successful defence of the town of Mafeking, which was under siege from October 1899 to May 1900. The Mafeking Cadets, made up of boys aged 12 to 15, acted as messengers throughout the siege. Baden-Powell had also published a number of books on military scouting, including Aids to Scouting for NCOs and Men. Though written for non-commissioned officers, it became a best-seller and was used by teachers, to test his ideas while writing Scouting for Boys, Baden-Powell conceived of an experimental camp, creating a program to take place on Brownsea Island during the summer of 1907. He invited his friend, Major Kenneth McLaren, to attend the camp as an assistant. Baden-Powell had visited Brownsea Island as a boy with his brothers and it covers 560 acres of woodland and open areas, and features two lakes. The island perfectly suited his needs for the camp as it was isolated from the mainland and hence from the press, yet was only a ferry trip from the town of Poole. Baden-Powell invited boys from different social backgrounds to the camp, an idea during the class-conscious Edwardian era. Eleven came from the private boarding schools of Eton and Harrow. Seven came from the Boys Brigade at Bournemouth, and three came from the Brigade at Poole & Hamworthy, Baden-Powells nine-year-old nephew Donald Baden-Powell also attended. The camp fee was dependent on means, one pound for the school boys. The boys were arranged into four patrols, designated as the Wolves, Ravens, Bulls and it is uncertain if 20 or 21 boys attended the camp. At least four authors list attendance at 20 boys, and that they were organised into five patrols with Baden-Powells nephew Donald as camp orderly. These sources included an article in The Scout, Sir Percy Everett in The First Ten Years and Rover Word, in 1964, William Hillcourt added the fourth Rodney brother, Simon, in Two Lives of a Hero, bringing the total to 21
11.
Gilwell Park
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Gilwell Park is a camp site and activity centre for Scouting and Guiding groups, as well as schools and other youth organisations. The site also houses a training and conference centre, including the hosting of events such as weddings. The 44 hectare site is in Sewardstonebury, Epping Forest, close to Chingford, in the late Middle Ages the area was a farm, growing to a wealthy estate that fell into disrepair towards 1900. It was bought in 1919 by Scout Commissioner William de Bois Maclaren and given to The Scout Association of the United Kingdom to provide camping to London Scouts, and training for Scouters. As Scout Leaders from all countries of the world have come to Gilwell Park for their Wood Badge training, the site contains a number of camping fields, indoor accommodation, historical sites, monuments of Scouting, and outdoor adventure activities. The site can accommodate events up to 10,000 people, the history of Gilwell Park can be traced to 1407, when John Crow owned Gyldiefords, the land that would eventually become Gilwell Park. Between 1407 and 1422, Crow sold the land to Richard Rolfe, following Rolfes death in 1422, different sections of the property came to be called Great Gilwell and Little Gilwell. The two areas were named after the Old English wella, or spring, a farmhouse has stood at Gilwell Farm ever since. Around this time, an adjoining 5.6 hectares property was purchased by Richard Osborne, in 1442, he built a large dwelling called Osborne Hall, which stood for 300 years. Legend has it that in the early 16th century, King Henry VIII owned the land, around 1736 the highwayman Dick Turpin began using Gilwells forests to conceal himself and for ambushing travellers and freight along roads leading into London. In 1754, William Skrimshire purchased Great Gilwell, Little Gilwell, Skrimshire demolished Osborne Hall and built a new residence, which he also called Osborne Hall. That building is now called the White House, timbers in the White House can be dated to this time, but not to any previous era. Leonard Tresilian bought the estate in 1771 and expanded the land holdings, Tresilians first wife, Margaret Holland, died young after bearing three daughters. Desiring that Gilwell pass on to his eldest daughter, also named Margaret, by the time of Tresilians death in 1792, the younger Margaret had married William Bassett Chinnery, the elder brother of the painter George Chinnery. The Chinnerys were wealthy and influential, William Chinnerys father, also named William, owned trading ships and named one Gilwell in 1800. William and Margaret Chinnery initially resided in London, and after three years of marriage and inheriting Gilwell in 1792, they moved to Gilwell in 1793 and they soon shocked the populace by renaming Osborne Hall to Gilwell Hall. William Chinnery expanded Gilwells land holdings through significant purchases over 15 years and, with his wife, transformed it into an estate with gardens, paths. Parts of the garden, paths, and dwelling modifications exist into the 21st century, William Chinnery was exposed as the embezzler of a small fortune from the British Treasury where he worked and was dismissed from all his posts on 12 March 1812
12.
Scout leader
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A Scout leader or Scouter generally refers to the trained adult leader of a Scout unit. The terms used vary from country to country, over time, there are many different roles a leader can fulfill depending on the type of unit. Positions are usually voluntary and are divided between uniform and lay roles. For many, this volunteerism is an avocation, uniformed Scout Leaders are primarily responsible for organizing the activities of the group, and training the youth members through the Scout program. Other roles include liaison with parents, districts, or other such as the units sponsoring organization. Lay supporters are not always termed Scout Leaders, although they may assist with activities and training, they do not always hold a formal position and may not have received training. Beyond the Scout programme, lay supporters may take responsibility for administrative tasks such as budgets, managing properties, recruitment, equipment, transport, and many other roles. Beyond the group are further uniformed positions at such as district, county, council or province. They also work along with lay teams and professionals, Training teams and other related functions are often formed at these levels. Some countries appoint a Chief Scout or Chief Commissioner as the most senior uniformed member, Scout Leaders participate in a series of training courses, typically aiming for the Wood Badge as the main qualification of an adult leader in Scouting. In most countries, Wood Badge holders can wear a Gilwell scarf, Turks head knot woggle, Scout Leaders are given a formal appointment. Before appointing a leader, most associations perform background checks on candidates to ensure their suitability for working with children. Robert Baden-Powell initially used the terms Scoutmaster and Cubmaster for adult leaders, in Scouts Australia, all five sections have a Leader, although a Joey Leader has a much more driving role than a Venturer Leader, who should be standing back and assisting the elected Unit Chair. Rover Leaders stepped back during the 1970s, becoming Rover Advisors, there are several different types of Leader in Australia, all of them have the opportunity to complete the Wood Badge training scheme Sectional Leaders Run a Troop, Pack, Unit or Mob each week. They are the ones who go away every weekend with the Scouts, Group Leaders Run the Group as a whole, liaising between the Committee, who see to the needs of the Group, hall, power, gear, etc. and the Sectional Leaders. Activity Leaders Have qualifications in activities from Water Activities to Abseilling to Radio and Four Wheel Driving and First Aid and these leaders often have another role in Scouting at the same time. Leader Trainers Provide the Training to other Leaders and usually have been in Scouting for several years, Training is not usually their only role in Scouting. District Leaders Provide help and assistance to local groups, most Districts try to have at least one District Leader for each Section, as well as Public Relations, Adult Training & Development and Water Activities
13.
World Organization of the Scout Movement
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The World Organization of the Scout Movement is the largest international Scouting organization. These members are recognized national Scout organizations, which collectively have over 40 million participants, WOSM was established in 1922, and has its operational headquarters at Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia and its legal seat in Geneva, Switzerland. It is the counterpart of the World Association of Girl Guides, WOSM is organized into regions and operates with a conference, committee and bureau. The WOSM is associated with three World Scout Centres, the World Scout Jamboree is held roughly every four years under the auspices of the WOSM, with members of WAGGGS also invited. WOSM also organises the World Scout Moot, a Jamboree for 17- to 26-year-olds, and has organised the World Scout Indaba, a gathering for Scout leaders. The World Scout Foundation is a perpetual fund governed by a separate Board of Governors, WOSM is a non-governmental organization with General Consultative Status to the United Nations Economic and Social Council. As a result of a conference held during the first World Scout Jamboree at Olympia, London in 1920. The first task of the bureau was to co-ordinate the discussions, at the 1922 Paris conference The International Conference of the Boy Scout Movement, its committee and BSIB were constituted by the founding member organizations. In 1961 The International Conference of the Boy Scout Movement reconstituted the organization introducing the name World Organization of the Scout Movement, the World Scout Conference is the governing body and meets every three years, preceded by the World Scout Youth Forum. The World Scout Conference is the assembly of Scouting and is composed of six delegates from each of the member Scout associations. If a country has more than one association, the form a federation for coordination. The Conference meets every three years and is hosted by a member association, at the World Scout Conference basic cooperative efforts are agreed upon and a plan of mutual coordination is adopted. The World Scout Committee is the body of the World Scout Conference and is composed of elected volunteers. The World Scout Committee represents World Scout Conference between the meetings of the full conference, the World Scout Committee is responsible for the implementation of the resolutions of the World Scout Conference and for acting on its behalf between its meetings. The Committee meets twice a year, usually in Geneva and its Steering Committee, consisting of the Chairman, two Vice-Chairmen and the Secretary General, meet as needed. Twelve, each from a different country, are elected for three-year terms by the World Scout Conference, the members, elected without regard to their nationality, represent the interests of the movement as a whole, not those of their country. The Secretary General and the Treasurer of WOSM are ex-officio members of the Committee, the chairmen of the regional Scout committees participate in the World Scout Committee meetings in a consultative capacity. The Bronze Wolf Award is the only awarded by WOSM
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World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts
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The World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts is a global association supporting the female-oriented and female-only Guiding and Scouting organizations in 145 countries. It was established in 1928 in Parád, Hungary, and has its headquarters in London and it is the counterpart of the World Organization of the Scout Movement. WAGGGS is organized into five regions and operates four international Guiding centers and it holds full member status in the European Youth Forum, which operates within the Council of Europe and European Union areas and works closely with these bodies. The mission of the WAGGGS is to enable girls and young women to develop their fullest potential as responsible citizens of the world, WAGGGS provides a non-formal educational program that provides training in life skills, leadership and decision making. It also offers projects and programs at a level that enable Girl Guides and Girl Scouts to be responsible world citizens through action. WAGGGS is run by women for girls and young women, Girl Guides and Girl Scouts are trained in leadership and decision-making, and are encouraged to participate in the governance and leadership of WAGGGS. Each individual unit is run with Girl Guides and Girl Scouts actively involved in leadership. Girl Guiding/Girl Scouting is open to all girls and young women without distinction of creed, race, nationality, WAGGGS believes that the education of girls, and the education of boys, includes education for equal partnership. Young men and young women are taught to recognize their differences and their similarities, there are over 10 million Girl Guides and Girl Scouts in 145 countries. Girl Guides and Girl Scouts from around the world can meet each other at events at one of the four World Centers. There are many opportunities to attend international events run by the United Nations or other organizations on behalf of the Association. The WOSM is the organization, that represents the Scouting movement at the United Nations. The WOSM and WAGGGS both have General Consultative Status with the United Nations Economic and Social Council, Girl Guiding/Girl Scouting is based on a core set of values that are found in the Girl Guide/Girl Scout Promise and Law. Each Girl Guide and Girl Scout promises to do her best to her faith and to others, Girl Guiding and Girl Scouting uses non-formal educational methods. Non-formal education is organized educational activity outside schools and colleges, the key components of non-formal education are that, Young people can develop life skills and attitudes based on an integrated value system based on the Promise and Law. Young people learn from their peer group, each Guide/Girl Scout defines her own progress and development according to her needs and aspirations within the framework program provided. This contrasts with many formal education systems where people must fit themselves into a rigid structure with little recognition of individual needs. The Girl Guide/Girl Scout method is the way that the leadership works with girls
15.
Guinness World Records
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The book itself holds a world record, as the best-selling copyrighted book of all time. As of the 2017 edition, it is now in its 63rd year of publication, the international franchise has extended beyond print to include television series and museums. On 10 November 1951, Sir Hugh Beaver, then the director of the Guinness Breweries, went on a shooting party in the North Slob, by the River Slaney in County Wexford. After missing a shot at a golden plover, he involved in an argument over which was the fastest game bird in Europe. That evening at Castlebridge House, he realised that it was impossible to confirm in reference books whether or not the golden plover was Europes fastest game bird. Beaver knew that there must be numerous other questions debated nightly in pubs throughout Ireland and abroad and he realised then that a book supplying the answers to this sort of question might prove successful. Beavers idea became reality when Guinness employee Christopher Chataway recommended University friends Norris and Ross McWhirter, the twin brothers were commissioned to compile what became The Guinness Book of Records in August 1954. A thousand copies were printed and given away, after the founding of The Guinness Book of Records at 107 Fleet Street, the first 198-page edition was bound on 27 August 1955 and went to the top of the British best seller lists by Christmas. The following year, it launched in the US, and sold 70,000 copies, since then, Guinness World Records has become a household name and the global leader in world records. Because the book became a hit, many further editions were printed, eventually settling into a pattern of one revision a year, published in September/October. The McWhirters continued to compile it for many years, Ross McWhirter was assassinated by the Provisional Irish Republican Army in 1975. Following Ross assassination, the feature in the show where questions about records posed by children were answered was called Norris on the Spot, Guinness Superlatives Limited was formed in 1954 to publish the first book. Sterling Publishing owned the rights to the Guinness book in the US for decades, and, under their management, the group was owned by Guinness PLC and subsequently Diageo until 2001, when it was purchased by Gullane Entertainment. Gullane was itself purchased by HIT Entertainment in 2002, with offices in New York City and Tokyo, Guinness World Records global headquarters remain in London, while its museum attractions are based at Ripley headquarters in Orlando, Florida, US. Recent editions have focused on record feats by person competitors, many records also relate to the youngest person who achieved something, such as the youngest person to visit all nations of the world, being Maurizio Giuliano. Each edition contains a selection of the records from the Guinness database, as well as new records. The majority of records are no longer listed in the book or on the website. For those unable to wait the 4–6 weeks for a reply, the Guinness Book of Records is the worlds most sold copyrighted book, earning it an entry within its own pages
16.
Bangladesh Scouts
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The Bangladesh Scouts is the national Scouting organization of Bangladesh. Following its independence, in 1972, the Bangladesh Boy Scout Association was officially formed as successor of the Pakistan Boy Scouts Association, Bangladesh became an independent member of the World Organization of the Scout Movement in 1974. The organization changed its name to Bangladesh Scouts in 1978, the organization has 1,474,460 members as of 2015. Scouting in modern Bangladesh started as part of the British Indian branch of The Scout Association, after the partition of India, the East Pakistan Boy Scout Association was formed as a regional association within the Pakistan Boy Scouts Association. Scouting was officially founded in British India in 1909, first starting at the Bishop Cotton Boys School in Bangalore. Scouting for native Indians was started by Justice Vivian Bose, Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya, Pandit Hridayanath Kunzru, Girija Shankar Bajpai, Annie Besant and George Arundale, prior to this date, Scouting was open only for British and foreign Scouts. On February 4 of 1914, Sir Robert Scallon, British Commander of the Concentration at Dhaka, as the Boy Scouts were unknown in Dhaka—for that matter, only four Troops existed down in Calcutta. Sir Robert invited the boys to try and establish a troop, Mr. Francis, Organiser of the Boy Scouts, came with Captain Pakenham Walsh and his lantern photos on the work of the Boy Scouts. That was on March 2,1914, Mr. Francis, as Scoutmaster of the area, the final approval by the Bengal Provincial Commissioner was signed by Mr. H Beuran. R Narnett, Inspector of Police as pro-tem Scoutmaster, Brother Bertin, then the Headmaster of the School gave all encouragement, vital was named as Assistant Scoutmaster on probation. The Troop was officially named, The FIRST DHAKA, St. Gregorys Troop. NUMBER ONE, the date on the Approval was 7 May 1914. The total strength of the Troop was forty boys, as of 27 April 1914, the Britist Official Approval, Dalil lists St. Gregorys as the First Troop in the Dhaka or East Bengal area. Later on, separate groups in Calcutta were entitled One to Four, the first scouts were David Pogose, Peter Gomes, Alfred Ferguson, Harold Armstead, Cyril Lucas and Osmund DSilva. The school had Five Patrols and Mr. Francis listed the number of Scouts as 40. In 1916, a Cub section was started, followed by the Rover section in 1918, in 1916, Calcuttas Senior Deputy Commissioner of Police J. S. Wilson introduced Scouting for Boys as a textbook in the Calcutta Police Training School. Colonel Wilson volunteered his services to the District Scout Commissioner, Alfred Pickford, shortly Wilson was acting as Cubmaster and Scoutmaster, and succeeded Pickford as District Commissioner in May 1919 when Pickford was promoted to Chief Scout Commissioner for India. As a way of getting around the Government Order, the Boy Scouts of Bengal was founded, with identical aims, lord and Lady Baden-Powell arrived in Bombay in late January 1921 for a short tour of the subcontinent before leaving Calcutta for Rangoon. Alfred Pickford accompanied them and became one of their closest friends, the result of this visit was a union of all of the Scout organizations except the Seva Samiti Scout Association into The Boy Scouts Association in India
17.
Israel
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Israel, officially the State of Israel, is a country in the Middle East, on the southeastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea and the northern shore of the Red Sea. The country contains geographically diverse features within its small area. Israels economy and technology center is Tel Aviv, while its seat of government and proclaimed capital is Jerusalem, in 1947, the United Nations adopted a Partition Plan for Mandatory Palestine recommending the creation of independent Arab and Jewish states and an internationalized Jerusalem. The plan was accepted by the Jewish Agency for Palestine, next year, the Jewish Agency declared the establishment of a Jewish state in Eretz Israel, to be known as the State of Israel. Israel has since fought several wars with neighboring Arab states, in the course of which it has occupied territories including the West Bank, Golan Heights and it extended its laws to the Golan Heights and East Jerusalem, but not the West Bank. Israels occupation of the Palestinian territories is the worlds longest military occupation in modern times, efforts to resolve the Israeli–Palestinian conflict have not resulted in peace. However, peace treaties between Israel and both Egypt and Jordan have successfully been signed, the population of Israel, as defined by the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics, was estimated in 2017 to be 8,671,100 people. It is the worlds only Jewish-majority state, with 74. 8% being designated as Jewish, the countrys second largest group of citizens are Arabs, at 20. 8%. The great majority of Israeli Arabs are Sunni Muslims, including significant numbers of semi-settled Negev Bedouins, other minorities include Arameans, Armenians, Assyrians, Black Hebrew Israelites, Circassians, Maronites and Samaritans. Israel also hosts a significant population of foreign workers and asylum seekers from Africa and Asia, including illegal migrants from Sudan, Eritrea. In its Basic Laws, Israel defines itself as a Jewish, Israel is a representative democracy with a parliamentary system, proportional representation and universal suffrage. The prime minister is head of government and the Knesset is the legislature, Israel is a developed country and an OECD member, with the 35th-largest economy in the world by nominal gross domestic product as of 2016. The country benefits from a skilled workforce and is among the most educated countries in the world with one of the highest percentage of its citizens holding a tertiary education degree. The country has the highest standard of living in the Middle East and the third highest in Asia, in the early weeks of independence, the government chose the term Israeli to denote a citizen of Israel, with the formal announcement made by Minister of Foreign Affairs Moshe Sharett. The names Land of Israel and Children of Israel have historically used to refer to the biblical Kingdom of Israel. The name Israel in these phrases refers to the patriarch Jacob who, jacobs twelve sons became the ancestors of the Israelites, also known as the Twelve Tribes of Israel or Children of Israel. The earliest known artifact to mention the word Israel as a collective is the Merneptah Stele of ancient Egypt. The area is known as the Holy Land, being holy for all Abrahamic religions including Judaism, Christianity, Islam
18.
Brazil
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Brazil, officially the Federative Republic of Brazil, is the largest country in both South America and Latin America. As the worlds fifth-largest country by area and population, it is the largest country to have Portuguese as an official language. Its Amazon River basin includes a vast tropical forest, home to wildlife, a variety of ecological systems. This unique environmental heritage makes Brazil one of 17 megadiverse countries, Brazil was inhabited by numerous tribal nations prior to the landing in 1500 of explorer Pedro Álvares Cabral, who claimed the area for the Portuguese Empire. Brazil remained a Portuguese colony until 1808, when the capital of the empire was transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro, in 1815, the colony was elevated to the rank of kingdom upon the formation of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves. Independence was achieved in 1822 with the creation of the Empire of Brazil, a state governed under a constitutional monarchy. The ratification of the first constitution in 1824 led to the formation of a bicameral legislature, the country became a presidential republic in 1889 following a military coup détat. An authoritarian military junta came to power in 1964 and ruled until 1985, Brazils current constitution, formulated in 1988, defines it as a democratic federal republic. The federation is composed of the union of the Federal District, the 26 states, Brazils economy is the worlds ninth-largest by nominal GDP and seventh-largest by GDP as of 2015. A member of the BRICS group, Brazil until 2010 had one of the worlds fastest growing economies, with its economic reforms giving the country new international recognition. Brazils national development bank plays an important role for the economic growth. Brazil is a member of the United Nations, the G20, BRICS, Unasul, Mercosul, Organization of American States, Organization of Ibero-American States, CPLP. Brazil is a power in Latin America and a middle power in international affairs. One of the worlds major breadbaskets, Brazil has been the largest producer of coffee for the last 150 years and it is likely that the word Brazil comes from the Portuguese word for brazilwood, a tree that once grew plentifully along the Brazilian coast. In Portuguese, brazilwood is called pau-brasil, with the word brasil commonly given the etymology red like an ember, formed from Latin brasa and the suffix -il. As brazilwood produces a red dye, it was highly valued by the European cloth industry and was the earliest commercially exploited product from Brazil. The popular appellation eclipsed and eventually supplanted the official Portuguese name, early sailors sometimes also called it the Land of Parrots. In the Guarani language, a language of Paraguay, Brazil is called Pindorama
19.
Prince William, Duke of Cambridge
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Prince William, Duke of Cambridge, KG, KT, PC, ADC is the elder son of Charles, Prince of Wales, and Diana, Princess of Wales. He is second in line to succeed his grandmother, Queen Elizabeth II, William was educated at four schools in the United Kingdom and obtained a degree from the University of St Andrews. He spent parts of a gap year in Chile, Belize, in December 2006, he completed 44 weeks of training as an officer cadet and was commissioned in the Blues and Royals regiment. In April 2008, he qualified as a pilot by completing training at Royal Air Force College Cranwell. He then underwent helicopter flying training in order to become a pilot with the RAF Search. His service with the British Armed Forces ended in September 2013, William married Catherine Middleton, on 29 April 2011 at Westminster Abbey. Hours before the wedding, he was created Duke of Cambridge, Earl of Strathearn, the couples first child, Prince George, was born on 22 July 2013, and their second, Princess Charlotte, was born on 2 May 2015. William, the first child of the Prince and Princess of Wales, was born at St Marys Hospital and his names, William Arthur Philip Louis, were announced by Buckingham Palace a week later on 28 June. He was baptised in the Music Room of Buckingham Palace on 4 August by the Archbishop of Canterbury and he was the first child born to a Prince and Princess of Wales since Prince John in 1905. William was affectionately called Wombat by his parents or Wills, Williams first public appearance was on 1 March 1991, during an official visit of his parents to Cardiff, Wales. After arriving by aeroplane, William was taken to Llandaff Cathedral where he signed the visitors book, on 3 June 1991, William was admitted to Royal Berkshire Hospital after being accidentally hit on the side of the forehead by a fellow student wielding a golf club. He did not lose consciousness, but suffered a fracture of the skull and was operated on at Great Ormond Street Hospital. In a 2009 interview, he dubbed this scar a Harry Potter scar and he was reported to have said, I call it that because it glows sometimes and some people notice it—other times they dont notice it at all. His mother wanted him and his younger brother Harry to have wider experiences than are usual for royal children and she took them to Walt Disney World and McDonalds as well as AIDS clinics and shelters for the homeless. She bought them typical teenage items, such as video games, Diana, who was by then divorced from the Prince of Wales, died in a car accident in the early hours of 31 August 1997. William, then aged 15, along with his brother who was 12, the Prince of Wales waited until his sons woke the following morning to tell them about their mothers death. At his mothers funeral, William accompanied his father, brother, paternal grandfather, William began to accompany his parents on official visits at an early age. William was educated at independent schools, starting at Jane Mynors nursery school, following this, he attended Ludgrove School near Wokingham, Berkshire, and was privately tutored during summers by Rory Stewart
20.
Duke of Kent
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The title of Duke of Kent has been created several times in the peerages of Great Britain and the United Kingdom, most recently as a royal dukedom for the fourth son of King George V. Since 1942, the title has held by Prince Edward. A title associated with Kent first appears anciently with the Kingdom of Kent, the Kings of Cantware date back to about 449. After 825, when the Kingdom of Kent was taken over by Egbert, King of Wessex, Kent became a dependency of Wessex and was ruled by sub-kings, usually related to the Wessex rulers. The titular kingship became something like the title, as Aethelwulf, Egberts son. By 860, Kent lost its status as a kingdom, becoming absorbed into Wessex, in the peerage of England the first title of Kent was that of the Earl of Kent. After the death of his father, Godwin the Earl of Wessex, Leofwine and it is possible that Godwin was the first Earl of Kent, since he ruled over that area as well as many others. After Leofwines death at Hastings in 1066, William the Conqueror named his half-brother, Odo of Bayeux, who was also Bishop of Bayeux, however, Odo was twice removed from this title. The first occasion was in 1082, when he was imprisoned and it was not until 1141 that the title returned, this time for William de Ipres, but he was deprived of the title in 1155. In 1227 it was revived for Hubert de Burgh, but became extinct with his death. In 1321, it was revived for Edmund of Woodstock, and through the marriage of Joan Plantagenet to Thomas Holland, the title passed to the Holland family. In 1461 it was revived for William Neville, and then in 1465 for Edmund Grey, the Grey family held the title until Henry Grey died without male heirs. Henry Grey succeeded his father, Anthony Grey, as the 12th Earl of Kent in 1702, in 1706, he was elevated to Marquess of Kent, along with Earl of Harold and Viscount Goderich. In 1710 he was elevated again as Duke of Kent. Henry had one son and five daughters with his first wife, Jemima Crew, by the time of Henrys death in 1740, both of his sons had died, Anthony and George, leaving the Duke of Kent without a male heir. On 23 April 1799 the double dukedom of Kent and Strathearn was given, with the earldom of Dublin, to King George IIIs fourth son, Edward had only one child, a daughter, Princess Alexandrina Victoria. Upon Edwards death in 1820, the dukedom of Kent and Strathearn became extinct, the Duke of Edinburgh had only one son, Prince Alfred, who would have inherited his fathers titles had he not died before his father in 1899. With Prince Alfreds death in 1900, Kents title became extinct, in 1934, Prince George, the fourth son of King George V of the United Kingdom and Queen Mary, was created Duke of Kent, Earl of St Andrews and Baron Downpatrick
21.
Elizabeth II
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Elizabeth II has been Queen of the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand since 6 February 1952. Elizabeth was born in London as the eldest child of the Duke and Duchess of York, later King George VI and Queen Elizabeth and her father acceded to the throne on the abdication of his brother Edward VIII in 1936, from which time she was the heir presumptive. She began to undertake duties during the Second World War. Elizabeths many historic visits and meetings include a visit to the Republic of Ireland. She has seen major changes, such as devolution in the United Kingdom, Canadian patriation. She has reigned through various wars and conflicts involving many of her realms and she is the worlds oldest reigning monarch as well as Britains longest-lived. In October 2016, she became the longest currently reigning monarch, in 2017 she became the first British monarch to commemorate a Sapphire Jubilee. Elizabeth has occasionally faced republican sentiments and press criticism of the family, however, support for the monarchy remains high. Elizabeth was born at 02,40 on 21 April 1926, during the reign of her paternal grandfather and her father, Prince Albert, Duke of York, was the second son of the King. Her mother, Elizabeth, Duchess of York, was the youngest daughter of Scottish aristocrat Claude Bowes-Lyon, 14th Earl of Strathmore and she was delivered by Caesarean section at her maternal grandfathers London house,17 Bruton Street, Mayfair. Elizabeths only sibling, Princess Margaret, was born in 1930, the two princesses were educated at home under the supervision of their mother and their governess, Marion Crawford, who was casually known as Crawfie. Lessons concentrated on history, language, literature and music, Crawford published a biography of Elizabeth and Margarets childhood years entitled The Little Princesses in 1950, much to the dismay of the royal family. The book describes Elizabeths love of horses and dogs, her orderliness, others echoed such observations, Winston Churchill described Elizabeth when she was two as a character. She has an air of authority and reflectiveness astonishing in an infant and her cousin Margaret Rhodes described her as a jolly little girl, but fundamentally sensible and well-behaved. During her grandfathers reign, Elizabeth was third in the line of succession to the throne, behind her uncle Edward, Prince of Wales, and her father, the Duke of York. Although her birth generated public interest, she was not expected to become queen, many people believed that he would marry and have children of his own. When her grandfather died in 1936 and her uncle succeeded as Edward VIII, she became second-in-line to the throne, later that year, Edward abdicated, after his proposed marriage to divorced socialite Wallis Simpson provoked a constitutional crisis. Consequently, Elizabeths father became king, and she became heir presumptive, if her parents had had a later son, she would have lost her position as first-in-line, as her brother would have been heir apparent and above her in the line of succession
22.
The Scout Association
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The Scout Association is the largest Scouting organisation in the United Kingdom and is the World Organization of the Scout Movements recognised member for the United Kingdom. Following the origin of Scouting in 1907, the Association was formed in 1910, the Association is the largest national scout organisation in Europe, representing 35% of the membership of the European Scout Region. The Association claims to provide activities to 452,000 young people in the UK with over 122,000 adult volunteers which is more than one adult for each 4 young people. Its programmes include Beaver Scouts, Cub Scouts, Scouts, Explorer Scouts up to adult Network members, the Associations president is The Duke of Kent and its Patron is Queen Elizabeth II. The Association is a member of the National Council for Voluntary Youth Services, from 1912 to 1967 the associations name was The Boy Scouts Association and until 1976 only boys were admitted to its programmes. In 1976, girls were allowed to join the Venture Scouts section for 16- to 20-year-olds and this expanded to all the Associations programme sections in 1991, although the admission of girls was optional and has only been compulsory since 2007. Girls now make up 25% of participants with a total of 94,366 female participants aged between 6 and 25 and a further 50,600 women involved in volunteer roles.2014 Annual Report. The Scout Associations activities and adult leadership positions are open to lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans-sexual, the Association is open to all faiths with variations to the Scout Promise available to accommodate to those of different religious obligations or national beliefs. For the origins of Boy Scouts and the Scout Movement before the formation of The Scout Association see Scouting, originally, Scouting was for boys aged between 11 and 18. However, many girls and younger boys wanted to join in, one group of Girl Scouts participated in the 1909 Crystal Palace Rally. The solution for younger boys was the creation of the younger Wolf Cubs Section, later, many of those who had grown out of Scouts still wanted to be a part of Scouting resulting in another section, the Rover Scouts, for those over 18 being created in 1918. Scouting spread throughout the British Empire and wider world, during the First World War, more than 50,000 Scouts participated in some form of war work on the home front. Scout buglers sounded the all clear after air raids, others helped in hospitals and made up aid parcels, Sea Scouts assisted the Coastguard in watching the vulnerable East coast. In 1929, the Boy Scouts Association hosted the 3rd World Scout Jamboree at Arrowe Park in Cheshire, some 56,000 Scouts from 35 countries attended, the first Gang Show, produced by Ralph Reader, opened at the Scala Theatre in London in October 1932. Following the outbreak of World War II, over 50,000 Scouts trained under the National War Service scheme, tasks undertaken included police messengers and stretcher bearers. The Air Scout branch was launched in January 1941, allowing Scout Troops to specialise in related to aircraft. Lord Baden-Powell died in 1941 and was succeeded as the Associations Chief Scout by Lord Somers, Scouts were prominent in their support of the 1948 Summer Olympics, playing leading roles in the open and closing ceremonies at Wembley Stadium and the sailing events at Torbay. The first Bob a Job Week took place in April 1949, in which Scouts did small tasks for the public in return for a bob to raise funds for the Association and for C. Arthur Pearsons fund for the blind
23.
United Nations
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The United Nations is an intergovernmental organization to promote international co-operation. A replacement for the ineffective League of Nations, the organization was established on 24 October 1945 after World War II in order to prevent another such conflict, at its founding, the UN had 51 member states, there are now 193. The headquarters of the UN is in Manhattan, New York City, further main offices are situated in Geneva, Nairobi, and Vienna. The organization is financed by assessed and voluntary contributions from its member states, the UNs mission to preserve world peace was complicated in its early decades by the Cold War between the US and Soviet Union and their respective allies. The organization participated in actions in Korea and the Congo. After the end of the Cold War, the UN took on major military, the UN has six principal organs, the General Assembly, the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council, the Secretariat, the International Court of Justice, and the UN Trusteeship Council. UN System agencies include the World Bank Group, the World Health Organization, the World Food Programme, UNESCO, the UNs most prominent officer is the Secretary-General, an office held by Portuguese António Guterres since 2017. Non-governmental organizations may be granted consultative status with ECOSOC and other agencies to participate in the UNs work, the organization won the Nobel Peace Prize in 2001, and a number of its officers and agencies have also been awarded the prize. Other evaluations of the UNs effectiveness have been mixed, some commentators believe the organization to be an important force for peace and human development, while others have called the organization ineffective, corrupt, or biased. Following the catastrophic loss of life in the First World War, the earliest concrete plan for a new world organization began under the aegis of the US State Department in 1939. It incorporated Soviet suggestions, but left no role for France, four Policemen was coined to refer to four major Allied countries, United States, United Kingdom, Soviet Union, and China, which emerged in the Declaration by United Nations. Roosevelt first coined the term United Nations to describe the Allied countries, the term United Nations was first officially used when 26 governments signed this Declaration. One major change from the Atlantic Charter was the addition of a provision for religious freedom, by 1 March 1945,21 additional states had signed. Each Government pledges itself to cooperate with the Governments signatory hereto, the foregoing declaration may be adhered to by other nations which are, or which may be, rendering material assistance and contributions in the struggle for victory over Hitlerism. During the war, the United Nations became the term for the Allies. To join, countries had to sign the Declaration and declare war on the Axis, at the later meetings, Lord Halifax deputized for Mr. Eden, Wellington Koo for T. V. Soong, and Mr Gromyko for Mr. Molotov. The first meetings of the General Assembly, with 51 nations represented, the General Assembly selected New York City as the site for the headquarters of the UN, and the facility was completed in 1952. Its site—like UN headquarters buildings in Geneva, Vienna, and Nairobi—is designated as international territory, the Norwegian Foreign Minister, Trygve Lie, was elected as the first UN Secretary-General
24.
Spice World (film)
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Spice World is a 1997 British musical comedy film directed by Bob Spiers and written by Kim Fuller and Jamie Curtis. The film stars pop girl group the Spice Girls who all play themselves and this is the second feature-length film directed by Spiers, following That Darn Cat. The film features Richard E. Grant, Claire Rushbrook, Naoko Mori, Meat Loaf, Barry Humphries, filming took place in London, England for six of the eight filming weeks and also inside Twickenham Studios, as well as at over 40 famous British landmarks. Shooting featured several fourteen-hour shooting sessions and a constant, heavy media presence due to the Spice Girls large popularity at the time, the film premiered on 15 December 1997 and was released in British cinemas on the British holiday Boxing Day. In North America, the film was distributed by Columbia Pictures, PolyGram Filmed Entertainment, in the United States, Spice World became a box office hit and broke the record for the highest-ever weekend debut for Super Bowl Weekend with box office sales of $10,527,222. The film grossed $77 million at the box office worldwide and over $100 million including DVD sales, despite being a box office success, the film received primarily negative reviews. The film begins with the Spice Girls performing Too Much on Top of the Pops, meanwhile, sinister newspaper owner Kevin McMaxford is attempting to ruin the girls reputation for his newspapers ratings. McMaxford dispatches photographer Damien to take pictures and tape recordings of the girls, less threatening but more annoying is Piers Cuthbertson-Smyth, who stalks the girls along with his camera crew, hoping to use them as subjects for his next project. Amid this, the girls must prepare for their concert at the Royal Albert Hall in three days, the biggest performance of their career. The stress and overwork compound, which culminate in an argument between Clifford and the girls. The girls suddenly storm out on the evening before their gig at the Albert Hall, the girls separately think back on their humble beginnings and their struggle to the top. They reunite by chance outside the now-abandoned café where they practiced during their years, they reconcile. However, Nicola goes into labor at the nightclub and is rushed to the hospital in the girls bus, giving birth to a healthy baby girl. When Damien sees the girls standing over him, he tells them that they have made him see the error of his ways, and he goes after McMaxford, after noticing the girls bus driver, Dennis is missing, Victoria decides to take the wheel. It becomes a race against time as Victoria drives like a maniac through London, while approaching Tower Bridge, the bridge begins to raise to let a boat through the River Thames. Victoria drives up the bridge and over the gap, the bus finally lands safely on the other side, but when Emma opens a trapdoor in the floor, she discovers a bomb, and the girls scream before Emma slams the trapdoor shut again. The girls finally arrive at the Royal Albert Hall for their performance, however, the girls have one more obstacle to overcome, a London policeman charged the girls with, dangerous driving, criminal damage, flying a bus without a license, and frightening the pigeons. Emma pushes forward and tells the policeman that she and the girls were late for their performance at the Albert Hall
25.
Epping Forest
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Epping Forest is an area of ancient woodland near Epping, straddling the border between Greater London and Essex. It is a royal forest, and is managed by the City of London Corporation. It covers 2,476 hectares and contains areas of woodland, grassland, heath, rivers, bogs and ponds, and most of it is a Site of Special Scientific Interest and a Special Area of Conservation. The forest lies on a ridge between the valleys of the rivers Lea and Roding, its elevation and thin gravelly soil historically made it unsuitable for agriculture and it gives its name to the Epping Forest local government district which covers part of it. The name Epping Forest was first recorded in the 17th century, the area which became known as Waltham, and then Epping Forest has been continuously forested since Neolithic times. The former lime/linden Tilia-dominated woodland was permanently altered during Saxon times by cutting of trees. Todays beech-birch and oak-hornbeam-dominated forest was the result of partial forest clearance in Saxon times, the forest is thought to have been given legal status as a royal forest by Henry II in the 12th century. This status allowed commoners to use the forest to gather wood and foodstuffs, and to graze livestock and turn out pigs for mast, but only the king was allowed to hunt there. Forest in the sense of royal forest meant an area of land reserved for royal hunting, where the forest laws applied. In Tudor times, Henry VIII and Queen Elizabeth I may have hunted in the forest, in 1543, Henry commissioned a building, known as Great Standing, from which to view the chase at Chingford. The building was renovated in 1589 for Queen Elizabeth I and can still be today in Chingford. The building is now known as Queen Elizabeths Hunting Lodge, and is open to the public, there is another hunt standing, which now forms the core of the Forest HQ at the Warren, Loughton. There were disputes between landowners and commoners, one group of commoners was led by Thomas Willingale who on behalf of the villagers of Loughton continued to lop the trees after the Lord of the Manor had enclosed 550 hectares of forest in Loughton. This led to an injunction against further enclosures, the Epping Forest Act 1878 was passed, saving the forest from enclosure, and halting the shrinkage of the forest that this had caused. Epping Forest ceased to be a royal forest and was placed in the care of the City of London Corporation who act as Conservators, in addition, the Crowns right to venison was terminated, and pollarding was no longer allowed, although grazing rights continued. This act laid down a stipulation that the Conservators shall at all times keep Epping Forest unenclosed and unbuilt on as a space for the recreation. In compensation for the loss of lopping rights, Lopping Hall in Loughton was built as a community building, the City of London Corporation still manages Epping Forest in strict conformity with the Epping Forest Act. This care is funded from Citys Cash, the funds of the Corporation rather than any money for its upkeep coming from local rates or taxes
26.
Wi-Fi
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Wi-Fi or WiFi is a technology for wireless local area networking with devices based on the IEEE802.11 standards. Wi-Fi is a trademark of the Wi-Fi Alliance, which restricts the use of the term Wi-Fi Certified to products that successfully complete interoperability certification testing. Devices that can use Wi-Fi technology include personal computers, video-game consoles, smartphones, digital cameras, tablet computers, digital audio players, Wi-Fi compatible devices can connect to the Internet via a WLAN network and a wireless access point. Such an access point has a range of about 20 meters indoors, hotspot coverage can be as small as a single room with walls that block radio waves, or as large as many square kilometres achieved by using multiple overlapping access points. Wi-Fi most commonly uses the 2.4 gigahertz UHF and 5 gigahertz SHF ISM radio bands, having no physical connections, it is more vulnerable to attack than wired connections, such as Ethernet. In 1971, ALOHAnet connected the Hawaiian Islands with a UHF wireless packet network, ALOHAnet and the ALOHA protocol were early forerunners to Ethernet, and later the IEEE802.11 protocols, respectively. A1985 ruling by the U. S. Federal Communications Commission released the ISM band for unlicensed use and these frequency bands are the same ones used by equipment such as microwave ovens and are subject to interference. In 1991, NCR Corporation with AT&T Corporation invented the precursor to 802.11, the first wireless products were under the name WaveLAN. They are the credited with inventing Wi-Fi. In 1992 and 1996, CSIRO obtained patents for a method used in Wi-Fi to unsmear the signal. The first version of the 802.11 protocol was released in 1997 and this was updated in 1999 with 802. 11b to permit 11 Mbit/s link speeds, and this proved to be popular. In 1999, the Wi-Fi Alliance formed as an association to hold the Wi-Fi trademark under which most products are sold. Wi-Fi uses a number of patents held by many different organizations. In April 2009,14 technology companies agreed to pay CSIRO $1 billion for infringements on CSIRO patents and this led to Australia labeling Wi-Fi as an Australian invention, though this has been the subject of some controversy. In 2016, the local area network Test Bed was chosen as Australias contribution to the exhibition A History of the World in 100 Objects held in the National Museum of Australia. The name Wi-Fi, commercially used at least as early as August 1999, was coined by the brand-consulting firm Interbrand, the Wi-Fi Alliance had hired Interbrand to create a name that was a little catchier than IEEE802. 11b Direct Sequence. Phil Belanger, a member of the Wi-Fi Alliance who presided over the selection of the name Wi-Fi, has stated that Interbrand invented Wi-Fi as a pun upon the word hi-fi. Interbrand also created the Wi-Fi logo, the yin-yang Wi-Fi logo indicates the certification of a product for interoperability
27.
Pioneering (Scouting)
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In the Scout Movement, pioneering is the art of using ropes and wooden spars joined by lashings and knots to create a structure. Pioneering can be used for constructing small items such as camp gadgets up to larger structures such as bridges and these may be recreational, decorative, or functional. Pioneering is used to teach practical skills, teamwork and problem solving and it is widely used in Scouting and Girl Guiding. Many Scout and Guide groups train their members in pioneering skills and construct projects, in camp, Scouts may construct functional items like tables, camp dressers and gadgets, as well as decorative camp gateways. Pioneering is a merit badge in many countries, and was required for the Eagle Scout rank in the 1920s and 1930s. The name comes from the 18th and 19th century military engineers who went ahead of an army to pioneer a route, which could involve building bridges and towers with rope and timber. Pioneering skills include knot tying, lashing, whipping, splicing, both of this lashing need more line and objects to be complited. Running Square Lashing is option for these two lashing, for the first time Rajesh Gaiju used this RS Lashing at 2nd Scout Bhaktapur Adventure Trail 2015. RS Lashing start with Clove hitch on base object an 1 run in another object, then 1 wrap and 1frap and again 1run and these basic structures are the building blocks for a number of pioneering projects, A-Frame, The basis of many tower structures. The horizontal member of the A-frame also makes a convenient springing point for a such as a table-top. Trestle, Used as an element for building bridges and towers. Also used as a chariot for inter-Patrol chariot races, often referred to as X-Trestle or H-Trestle Tripod, As end supports for swingbridges, dining tables, etc. and as the basis for the hourglass tower. A tripod is not considered secure unless its legs connected with cross braces, or are staked or otherwise attached to the ground. com—photos, diagrams, illustrations and procedures PioneeringProjects
28.
European Scout Jamboree
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The European Scout Jamboree is an international Scouting jamboree, which is organized at irregular times by the European Scout Region of the World Organization of the Scout Movement. About 10,000 Scouts from 67 countries were involved, it was considered the biggest Scout gathering in Europe for over 10 years and 50 years in the United Kingdom. It was also a dry run allowing the team of the 21st World Scout Jamboree to test a number of aspects of the upcoming event. Traffic issues, necessary infrastructures and logistics, the event was made for Scouts and Guides aged 15–18 in summer 2005 from Europe and beyond. There were 5 main groups of people at EuroJam, the different border colors of their official EuroJam scarves identified them. International Service Team used mid-blue border, contingent, National and Regional Staff used navy-blue border. Jamboree Organizing Team used purple border, sub-camps were Home areas for the duration of EuroJam. There were 8 sub-camps for participants, named rivers and mountains in Europe. They were separated by Hubs, Mountain Hub and River Hub, Mountain Hub sub-camps, Alp, Carpathian, Pyrenees, Snowdonia. River Hub sub-camps, Danube, Oder, Rhine, Tagus, there was also an adult sub-camp, Lake Geneva. The Plaza was the area of the campsite, located in front of Hylands House. The Plaza was the location for all services that the participants needed during EuroJam, euroVille was packed full of activities ranging from sports to music, from culture to technology, and from creativity to global development. There were 5 EuroVilles around the site, named after seas in Europe, Adriatic Sea, Baltic Sea, Irish Sea, Mediterranean Sea, euroVille activities were specially created by Scouts and Guides from across Europe for EuroJam. Global Development Village gave the participants the chance to learn how to change the world for good – through hands-on activities run by some of the organisations already doing so. Choice Time provided participants with areas around the EuroJam campsite to meet new friends, participants could also explore other Programme areas as, Energise, Challenges and activities, covering topics such as survival, teamwork, relaxation and a full-size circus. Global Development Boulevard, A special exhibition area with display and drop-in activities for anyone to visit, represented religions were Buddhism, Islam, Catholicism, Anglicanism. Touring the SubCamps were 5 specially-modified double-decker London Buses, each GloBus had a different theme to introduce participants to topics affecting the world today. Other international Scout associations have also organized events under the name Eurojam and these agencies include the Confédération Européenne de Scoutisme and the Union Internationale des Guides et Scouts dEurope
29.
Europe
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Europe is a continent that comprises the westernmost part of Eurasia. Europe is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, yet the non-oceanic borders of Europe—a concept dating back to classical antiquity—are arbitrary. Europe covers about 10,180,000 square kilometres, or 2% of the Earths surface, politically, Europe is divided into about fifty sovereign states of which the Russian Federation is the largest and most populous, spanning 39% of the continent and comprising 15% of its population. Europe had a population of about 740 million as of 2015. Further from the sea, seasonal differences are more noticeable than close to the coast, Europe, in particular ancient Greece, was the birthplace of Western civilization. The fall of the Western Roman Empire, during the period, marked the end of ancient history. Renaissance humanism, exploration, art, and science led to the modern era, from the Age of Discovery onwards, Europe played a predominant role in global affairs. Between the 16th and 20th centuries, European powers controlled at times the Americas, most of Africa, Oceania. The Industrial Revolution, which began in Great Britain at the end of the 18th century, gave rise to economic, cultural, and social change in Western Europe. During the Cold War, Europe was divided along the Iron Curtain between NATO in the west and the Warsaw Pact in the east, until the revolutions of 1989 and fall of the Berlin Wall. In 1955, the Council of Europe was formed following a speech by Sir Winston Churchill and it includes all states except for Belarus, Kazakhstan and Vatican City. Further European integration by some states led to the formation of the European Union, the EU originated in Western Europe but has been expanding eastward since the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991. The European Anthem is Ode to Joy and states celebrate peace, in classical Greek mythology, Europa is the name of either a Phoenician princess or of a queen of Crete. The name contains the elements εὐρύς, wide, broad and ὤψ eye, broad has been an epithet of Earth herself in the reconstructed Proto-Indo-European religion and the poetry devoted to it. For the second part also the divine attributes of grey-eyed Athena or ox-eyed Hera. The same naming motive according to cartographic convention appears in Greek Ανατολή, Martin Litchfield West stated that phonologically, the match between Europas name and any form of the Semitic word is very poor. Next to these there is also a Proto-Indo-European root *h1regʷos, meaning darkness. Most major world languages use words derived from Eurṓpē or Europa to refer to the continent, in some Turkic languages the originally Persian name Frangistan is used casually in referring to much of Europe, besides official names such as Avrupa or Evropa
30.
Steel
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Steel is an alloy of iron and other elements, primarily carbon, that is widely used in construction and other applications because of its high tensile strength and low cost. Steels base metal is iron, which is able to take on two forms, body centered cubic and face centered cubic, depending on its temperature. It is the interaction of those allotropes with the elements, primarily carbon. In the body-centred cubic arrangement, there is an atom in the centre of each cube. Carbon, other elements, and inclusions within iron act as hardening agents that prevent the movement of dislocations that otherwise occur in the lattices of iron atoms. The carbon in steel alloys may contribute up to 2. 1% of its weight. Steels strength compared to pure iron is possible at the expense of irons ductility. With the invention of the Bessemer process in the mid-19th century and this was followed by Siemens-Martin process and then Gilchrist-Thomas process that refined the quality of steel. With their introductions, mild steel replaced wrought iron, further refinements in the process, such as basic oxygen steelmaking, largely replaced earlier methods by further lowering the cost of production and increasing the quality of the product. Today, steel is one of the most common materials in the world and it is a major component in buildings, infrastructure, tools, ships, automobiles, machines, appliances, and weapons. Modern steel is generally identified by various grades defined by assorted standards organizations, the noun steel originates from the Proto-Germanic adjective stakhlijan, which is related to stakhla. The carbon content of steel is between 0. 002% and 2. 1% by weight for plain iron–carbon alloys and these values vary depending on alloying elements such as manganese, chromium, nickel, iron, tungsten, carbon and so on. Basically, steel is an alloy that does not undergo eutectic reaction. In contrast, cast iron does undergo eutectic reaction, too little carbon content leaves iron quite soft, ductile, and weak. Carbon contents higher than those of steel make an alloy, commonly called pig iron, while iron alloyed with carbon is called carbon steel, alloy steel is steel to which other alloying elements have been intentionally added to modify the characteristics of steel. Common alloying elements include, manganese, nickel, chromium, molybdenum, boron, titanium, vanadium, tungsten, cobalt, and niobium. Additional elements are important in steel, phosphorus, sulfur, silicon, and traces of oxygen, nitrogen, and copper. Alloys with a higher than 2. 1% carbon content, depending on other element content, cast iron is not malleable even when hot, but it can be formed by casting as it has a lower melting point than steel and good castability properties
31.
Ferris wheel
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Some of the largest modern Ferris wheels have cars mounted on the outside of the rim, with electric motors to independently rotate each car to keep it upright. These wheels are sometimes referred to as wheels and their cars referred to as capsules. The original Ferris Wheel was designed and constructed by George Washington Gale Ferris Jr. as a landmark for the 1893 Worlds Columbian Exposition in Chicago. The generic term Ferris wheel is now used for all such structures, since the original 1893 Chicago Ferris wheel there have been nine worlds tallest-ever Ferris wheels. The current record holder is the 167. 6-metre High Roller in Las Vegas, US, pleasure wheels, whose passengers rode in chairs suspended from large wooden rings turned by strong men, may have originated in 17th-century Bulgaria. A Frenchman, Antonio Manguino, introduced the idea to America in 1848, a much earlier description of a Ferris-type wheel can be seen in The Death of Arthur, a volume of the Vulgate Cycle dating from around 1220. The text describes King Arthur in a dream being approached by Fortuna, the following year he was granted the first U. S. patent for a Roundabout. George Washington Gale Ferris Jr. rode on Somers wheel in Atlantic City prior to designing his wheel for the Worlds Columbian Exposition, the original Ferris Wheel, sometimes also referred to as the Chicago Wheel, was designed and constructed by George Washington Gale Ferris Jr. With a height of 80.4 metres it was the largest attraction at the Worlds Columbian Exposition in Chicago, Illinois and it was intended to rival the 324-metre Eiffel Tower, the centerpiece of the 1889 Paris Exposition. Ferris was a graduate of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute and a Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and he began his career in the railroad industry and then pursued an interest in bridge building. Ferris understood the growing need for steel and founded G. W. G. Ferris & Co. in Pittsburgh, a firm that tested and inspected metals for railroads, the wheel rotated on a 71-ton,45. There were 36 cars, each fitted with 40 revolving chairs and able to accommodate up to 60 people, the Exposition ended in October 1893, and the wheel closed in April 1894 and was dismantled and stored until the following year. It was then rebuilt on Chicagos North Side, near Lincoln Park and this prompted William D. Boyce, then a local resident, to file a Circuit Court action against the owners of the wheel to have it removed, but without success. The Wiener Riesenrad is an example of nineteenth-century Ferris wheels. A demolition permit for the Riesenrad was issued in 1916, but due to a lack of funds with which to carry out the destruction, following the demolition of the 100-metre Grande Roue de Paris in 1920, the Riesenrad became the worlds tallest extant Ferris wheel. Still in operation today, it is one of Viennas most popular tourist attractions, chronology of worlds tallest-ever wheels 1893, the original Ferris Wheel was 80.4 metres tall. Built for the Worlds Columbian Exposition in Chicago, Illinois, it was moved to St. Louis, Missouri, in 1904 for the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, and demolished there in 1906
32.
Sweden
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Sweden, officially the Kingdom of Sweden, is a Scandinavian country in Northern Europe. It borders Norway to the west and Finland to the east, at 450,295 square kilometres, Sweden is the third-largest country in the European Union by area, with a total population of 10.0 million. Sweden consequently has a low density of 22 inhabitants per square kilometre. Approximately 85% of the lives in urban areas. Germanic peoples have inhabited Sweden since prehistoric times, emerging into history as the Geats/Götar and Swedes/Svear, Southern Sweden is predominantly agricultural, while the north is heavily forested. Sweden is part of the area of Fennoscandia. The climate is in very mild for its northerly latitude due to significant maritime influence. Today, Sweden is a monarchy and parliamentary democracy, with a monarch as head of state. The capital city is Stockholm, which is also the most populous city in the country, legislative power is vested in the 349-member unicameral Riksdag. Executive power is exercised by the government chaired by the prime minister, Sweden is a unitary state, currently divided into 21 counties and 290 municipalities. Sweden emerged as an independent and unified country during the Middle Ages, in the 17th century, it expanded its territories to form the Swedish Empire, which became one of the great powers of Europe until the early 18th century. Swedish territories outside the Scandinavian Peninsula were gradually lost during the 18th and 19th centuries, the last war in which Sweden was directly involved was in 1814, when Norway was militarily forced into personal union. Since then, Sweden has been at peace, maintaining a policy of neutrality in foreign affairs. The union with Norway was peacefully dissolved in 1905, leading to Swedens current borders, though Sweden was formally neutral through both world wars, Sweden engaged in humanitarian efforts, such as taking in refugees from German-occupied Europe. After the end of the Cold War, Sweden joined the European Union on 1 January 1995 and it is also a member of the United Nations, the Nordic Council, Council of Europe, the World Trade Organization and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Sweden maintains a Nordic social welfare system that provides health care. The modern name Sweden is derived through back-formation from Old English Swēoþēod and this word is derived from Sweon/Sweonas. The Swedish name Sverige literally means Realm of the Swedes, excluding the Geats in Götaland, the etymology of Swedes, and thus Sweden, is generally not agreed upon but may derive from Proto-Germanic Swihoniz meaning ones own, referring to ones own Germanic tribe
33.
Liberty X
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Liberty X were a British-Irish pop group consisting of Michelle Heaton, Tony Lundon, Kevin Simm, Jessica Taylor and Kelli Young. The group was formed by the five finalists of the ITV talent show Popstars who failed to make it into the group HearSay, Liberty X went on to achieve ten consecutive UK Top 20 singles, and various charting singles worldwide, leading to greater commercial success than HearSay. The group released their debut album Thinking It Over on 27 May 2002 which featured their biggest single Just a Little and they released their second studio album Being Somebody a year later on 3 November 2003 although not matching the success of their debut. Following disappointing sales the group were dropped and later signed with V2, Liberty X disbanded in early 2007, though not officially confirming a split due to their popularity in the media eye declining. However they re-formed a year later in 2008, for an appearance in Belfast performing their biggest hits. On 18 October 2012, it was announced that Liberty X would be reforming for the ITV2 documentary series The Big Reunion, along with Five, Atomic Kitten,911, B*Witched and Honeyz. The show, which aired from 31 January to 28 March 2013, Lundon confirmed that Liberty X would not continue following the series and that this would be their chance to say a proper goodbye to fans. However, on 2 February 2014, the group announced via their Facebook page that they had signed to 365 Artists Management for our future creative and business affairs. While the five winning contestants of Popstars formed HearSay, the five runner-up contestants—Michelle Heaton, Tony Lundon, Kevin Simm, Jessica Taylor, the name Liberty was chosen to reflect the freedom the members experienced following their participation in Popstars. Amidst pejorative media commentary, the act signed a record contract with Richard Bransons independent record label. Branson said, From our first meeting I was completely wowed by their determination, optimism, but it was when I heard their music that I knew they were going to be a huge success. The original Liberty claimed that the newly formed Liberty was taking advantage of the goodwill that had created by the formers success. The final judgment was in favour of the funk R&B band, the winning name was X Liberty, but the group used the entry as the basis for the official title, Liberty X. On 24 September 2001, whilst the group were known as Liberty, they released their debut single and it was an instant hit, reaching number five on the UK Singles Chart, the singles physical release featured remixes by the Wideboys and Boy George. The follow-up single, Doin It, released on 3 December 2001, following a five-month gap, in which the band were involved with the High Court dispute regarding their original name, their third single, Just a Little, was released. That song reached number one in the UK and became the ninth best-selling single of 2002 and it was also the fifth most played song on the radio of the 2000s. Just a Little preceded the release of Liberty Xs debut album, the album reached number three on the UK Albums Chart, eventually selling over one million copies worldwide. The final single was Holding on for You, released in December 2002, the single peaked at number five
34.
Lemar
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Lemar Obika, professionally known simply as Lemar, is an English singer, songwriter and record producer. Lemar has had a run of success in the United Kingdom, Europe. He rose to fame after finishing in place on the first series of British talent show Fame Academy. Since then, Lemar has had seven top ten UK singles and he is seen as one of the most successful artists to come out of a reality TV show. Lemar has also won two Brit Awards and three MOBO Awards to date and released his studio album in 2012. Lemar Obika was born in Tottenham, North London, England to Nigerian parents of Enugu State and he grew up listening to R&B and soul music. He used to sing at home with his brothers and sister and he was 17 when he had his first concert at the Junior Jam at The Temple in Tottenham supporting Usher. Later on he gave up an opportunity to study pharmacy at Cardiff University to pursue a musical career, following this, he released his debut single Got Me Saying Ooh. His record deal with BMG fell through in less than a year due to restructuring at the record label and he had to eventually take a job working as an accounts manager at NatWest in Enfield, North London. Lemar was most notably brought to attention on the BBCs Fame Academy in 2002. He made the finals of the show winning plaudits for his version of Lets Stay Together by Al Green, sony Music was so impressed with his potential that they signed him to a five-year record deal worth £1 million. He was also the contestant from Fame Academy chosen to represent the UK in Eurobest, Lemars second single Dance reached number two on the UK Singles Chart in early 2003. His first album Dedicated was released late in 2003 with additional singles 50/50, following the success of the album, he commenced his first headlining tour of the UK. After completing his UK tour, Lemar was the act for Justin Timberlakes UK tour dates. On 12 November 2004 Lemar guested on Radio 1s Live Lounge and he has also performed for Prince Charles Princes Trust. In early November 2004, Lemar released his first single from the album Time to Grow, If Theres Any Justice reached number three on the UK Singles Chart, and has become one of Lemars most recognised songs. Time to Grow was released following the single and peaked at number 8 on the UK Albums Chart, to date, two other singles were released from the album, Time to Grow and Dont Give It Up. He is also one of the artists included on Band Aid 20s single Do They Know Its Christmas,4 September 2006 saw Lemar return with his eighth single, entitled Its Not That Easy, which became his sixth UK top ten hit
35.
BBC Radio 1
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Radio 1 provides alternative genres after 7,00 pm, including electronic dance, hip hop, rock, indie or interviews. It was launched in 1967 to meet the demand for music generated by radio stations. Recently, the BBC claimed that it targets the 15–29 age group. BBC Radio 1 started 24-hour broadcasting on 1 May 1991, Radio 1 was established in 1967 as a successor to the BBC Light Programme, which had broadcast popular music and other entertainment since 1945. Radio 1 was conceived as a response to the popularity of offshore pirate radio stations such as Radio Caroline and Radio London. Radio 1 was launched at 7,00 am on Saturday 30 September 1967. The first words on Radio 1 – after a countdown by the Controller of Radios 1 and 2, Robin Scott, welcome to the exciting new sound of Radio 1. This was the first use of US-style jingles on BBC radio, the first complete record played on Radio 1 was Flowers in the Rain by The Move. The second single was Massachusetts by The Bee Gees, the breakfast show remains the most prized slot in the Radio 1 schedule, with every change of breakfast show presenter exciting considerable media interest. Despite this, it gained massive audiences, becoming the most listened to station in the world with audiences of over 10 million claimed for some of its shows, in the early-mid-1970s Radio 1 presenters were rarely out of the British tabloids, thanks to the Publicity Departments high-profile work. Alan Freemans Saturday Rock Show was voted Best Radio Show 5 years running by readers of a music publication. In his last few months as controller, Johnny Beerling commissioned a handful of new shows that in some set the tone for what was to come under Matthew Bannister. One of these Loudnproud was the UKs first national radio series aimed at a gay audience, far from being a parting quirk, the show was a surprise hit and led to the networks first coverage of the large outdoor Gay Pride event in 1994. Bannister took the reins fully in October 1993 and his aim was to rid the station of its Smashie and Nicey image and make it appeal to the under 25s. Although originally launched as a station, by the early 1990s. Many listeners rebelled as the first new DJs to be introduced represented a crossover from other parts of the BBC with Emma Freud, Evans was a popular but controversial presenter who was eventually sacked in 1997 after he demanded to present the breakfast show for only four days per week. Evans was replaced from 17 February 1997 by Mark and Lard – Mark Radcliffe and they were replaced by Zoë Ball and Kevin Greening eight months later in October 1997, with Greening moving on and leaving Ball as solo presenter. Documentaries like John Peels Lost in Music which looked at the influence that the use of drugs have had over popular musicians received critical acclaim but were slated inside Broadcasting House, later in the 1990s the Britpop boom declined, and manufactured chart pop came to dominate the charts
36.
CBBC
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CBBC is a BBC childrens television strand aimed for older children aged from 6 to 12. BBC programming aimed at under six year old children is broadcast on the CBeebies channel, CBBC broadcasts from 7 am to 9 pm on the digital CBBC Channel, available on most UK digital platforms. CBBC programmes were also broadcast in high definition alongside other BBC content on BBC HD, generally at afternoons on weekends and this ended when BBC HD closed on 26 March 2013, but CBBC HD launched on 10 December 2013. BBC-produced childrens programming, in languages of Scotland and Wales, also airs on BBC Alba. The BBC has produced and broadcast television programmes for children since the 1930s, the first children-specific strand on BBC television was For the Children, first broadcast on what was then the single BBC Television Service on Saturday 24 April 1937, it was only ten minutes long. It lasted for two years before being taken off air when the service closed due to the Second World War in September 1939, the 1964 launch of BBC Two allowed additional room for childrens programming with an edition of Play School technically being the first official programme. On 1 October 1980, Watch with Mother was replaced by See-Saw, meanwhile, weekday afternoon childrens programmes on BBC One were introduced by the usually off-screen continuity announcer, though often specially-designed menus and captions would be used. On 9 September 1985, this block of childrens programming was rebranded as Childrens BBC, and for the first time the childrens block had dedicated idents. Previously the BBC had broadcast childrens programming using BBC1s team of regular duty announcers, the launch presenter for this block, and thus the first Childrens BBC presenter of the current format, was Phillip Schofield. During the 1990s, Childrens BBC began to be referred to informally on-air as CBBC, the official billing name of Childrens BBC remained in place, however, until the BBCs network-wide branding refresh of October 1997, when the official on-air branding changed to CBBC. From 1996 to 1999, CBBC programmes were shown on the channel Nickelodeon, in 2002, the launch of the CBBC Channel and the CBeebies Channel saw a wide variety of programmes, both new and archive, being shown again on the new channels from 6/7 am until 7pm. Ms Jowell responded that it was the Governments job to develop a charter for the BBC, and then the BBCs job to determine standards of taste, decency and appropriateness. In 2009, a report published by the BBC Trust found that changes which took place in February 2008. It was found that the majority of viewers watched the programmes on these channels already. Childrens programming on BBC One ended on 21 December 2012 with the CBeebies morning strand on BBC Two ending on 4 January 2013, the two new hours are aimed towards an older youth audience. On 14 March 2016, CBBC unveiled a new logo and on-air presentation, featuring an abstract, CBBC controller Cheryl Taylo stated that the new brand was designed to be fun and unpredictable and would appeal to both ends of our broad age spectrum. The logo was meant to be suitable for use across digital platforms. On 11 April 2016, CBBC officially extended its broadcast day to be from 7,00 a. m. to 9,00 p. m. CBBC is operated by the BBC Childrens division, part of BBC North
37.
Peter Duncan (actor)
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Peter Duncan is an English actor and television presenter, best known as a former presenter of Blue Peter and for his later family travel documentaries. Duncan was a student at the Italia Conti Academy of Theatre Arts, Duncans early career was as a stage actor, appearing as Jim Hawkins in Treasure Island followed by two years at Sir Laurence Oliviers National Theatre. His notable television roles include work on The Tomorrow People, Space 1999, King Cinder, Play for Today, Warship, Oranges & Lemons, and season 2 of Survivors. The guitarist Kevin in Stardust, Kit Nubbles in Mister Quilp, the luckless Richard in The Lifetaker, Duncan played leading roles in King Cinder for the BBC as Kerry and as Jimmy Carter, in the 1977-1978 ITV childrens television series The Flockton Flyer. He joined Blue Peter in 1980, and shortly afterwards it was revealed in a newspaper that Duncan had appeared nude in the film The Lifetaker. In The Times the BBC denied that he was ever a porn star and he ran in the first London Marathon in 1981 and ran again in the 1991,2001 and 2012 events. In 1987, Duncans book Duncan Dares was published, giving details of his activities on Blue Peter. Unusually, Duncan had two periods with Blue Peter, being on the team from 1980 to 1984, and again from 1985 to 1986 and this badge has been awarded in his role as Chief Scout of the UK. In the 1990s he appeared in pantomimes, some of which he also produced through his company Heres One I Made Earlier. He wrote and directed the Oxford Playhouse pantomime from 2006 to 2013 He played Charlie Peace at Nottingham Playhouse in 2013 and he played Wilbur Turnblad in the touring production of Hairspray in 2015/16. Between 1999 and 2005, Duncan filmed and produced three travelogue documentary series, each series consisted of six episodes and featured his family embarking on backpacking trips around the world. The family also consists of Duncans wife Annie, and their four children, Lucy, Katie, Georgia, the first series, Travel Bug, charted a six-month tour of the world. Filmed in 1999 when the children were aged 7 to 13, the next series, Chinese Breakaway, charted the familys two-month backpacking trip across China in 2002. The series was aired on Five and Sky Travel, in the third series, Arthurs trip to India, Duncans 13-year-old son was featured as the chief presenter. A one-off additional episode followed his son to the heart of the Middle East, Duncan was appointed as the 9th Chief Scout for The Scout Association in the UK, for a five-year tenure from 5 September 2004. There was some controversy over this appointment because of his ever having been a Cub Scout before rejoining the organisation as an adult. The number of Scouts and volunteers rose during his leadership, Peter Duncans five-year tenure ended in July 2009, when Bear Grylls was officially made Chief Scout at Gilwell 242009. The handover event featured Duncan and was in front of a crowd of over 3,000 Explorer Scouts on 11 July 2009, in 2007, Duncan took part in the Channel 4 series The Games
38.
Law enforcement in the United Kingdom
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Law enforcement in the United Kingdom is organised separately in each of the legal systems of the United Kingdom, England and Wales, Northern Ireland and Scotland. Most law enforcement is carried out by police serving in regional police services within one of these jurisdictions. Police officers are granted powers to enable them to execute their duties. Their primary duties are the protection of life and property, preservation of the peace, in the British model of policing, officers exercise their powers to police with the implicit consent of the public. Policing by consent is the used to describe this. In England and Wales, the vast majority of attested constables enjoy full powers of arrest and search as granted by the Police, all police officers are constables in law, irrespective of rank. Although police officers have wide ranging powers, they are subject to the same laws as members of the public. However, there are additional legal restrictions on police officers such as the illegality of taking industrial action. There are 45 territorial police services as of 2013 that cover an area and have an independent police authority or local authority or joint police board. Some territorial police services host specialist bodies that operate in more than one area of the United Kingdom, National law enforcement bodies, including the National Crime Agency and British Transport Police. The Serious Organised Crime and Police Act 2005 refers to these as special police forces, the National Crime Agency operates across the United Kingdom against organised crime and acts as the UK point of contact for foreign agencies. There are also non-police law enforcement agencies whose officers, while not police constables, miscellaneous police services, mostly having their foundations in older legislation or common law. Until the passing of Railways and Transport Safety Act 2003, the British Transport Police was such a force, the list of law enforcement agencies in the United Kingdom details the various services. Territorial police constables have certain powers of arrest in one of the UKs three legal jurisdictions than they were attested in. Detention under these powers, which in Scotland normally lasts for twelve hours, a constable from one legal jurisdiction has, in the other jurisdictions, the same powers of arrest as a constable of that jurisdiction would have. When a constable arrests a person in England & Wales, the constable is subject to the requirements of section 28, section 30, when a constable arrests a person in Northern Ireland, the constable is subject to the requirements of Article 30, Article 32 and Article 34. Referred to as aid, constables loaned from one force to another have the powers. Constables from the Metropolitan Police who are on protection duties in Scotland or Northern Ireland have all the powers, a constable who is taking a person to or from a prison retains all the powers, authority, protection and privileges of his office regardless of his location
39.
V Festival
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V Festival, often referred to simply as V Fest or VF is an annual music festival held in England during the penultimate weekend in August. The event is held at two parks simultaneously which share the bill, artists perform at one location on Saturday. The sites are located at Hylands Park in Chelmsford and Weston Park in South Staffordshire, the V represents the Virgin Group, with the event being sponsored by Virgin Media. The idea for V came in 1996 when Pulps front man Jarvis Cocker said that he would love to two outdoor venues in two days. Pulps promoters got together and came up with the idea of putting the gig into Victoria Park Warrington, then came the idea of adding more bands to the bill, putting on a second stage and letting people camp for the weekend. In the end Victoria Park was just too small for 3 stages, so in August 1996 there was one day of artists in Victoria Park and 2 days at Hylands Park with camping. The northern leg of V97 was switched to Temple Newsam, Leeds to provide room for camping, in 1999 the Northern leg of the festival was moved to Weston Park in Staffordshire, and has remained there since. Previously it had held at Temple Newsam in Leeds, before being replaced by Carlings Leeds Festival. Originally, the festival took the name of the current year, since 2003 it has been known as simply the V Festival. Its weekend format, low queuing times and professional organisation have given it a loyal audience, the festival sold out in record time in 2006. Mel C, Dido, and N. E. R. D. have all performed at the festival, girls Aloud also performed at the 2006 show, and received rave reviews for their performance. V97 was the first V Festival to be webcast and this was audio-only, and had about 30,000 unique listeners The first V festival took place on Saturday 17 and Sunday 18 August 1996, and had two stages and one tent. C, Matthew B Richard Ashcroft goes solo and Travis unveil their cover of Britney Spears, tickets for the festival went on sale on Monday 27 February, exclusively to Virgin Mobile customers, and went on general sale on Friday 3 March. Despite knowing the numbers attending, the print run of programmes was sold out, the Road To V competition for 2006 was won by Bombay Bicycle Club and Keith. Foo Fighters also performed a set under the name 606. JJB/Puma Arena, Damien Rice, Corinne Bailey Rae, Iggy Pop & The Stooges, Lemar, Willy Mason, Rilo Kiley, McFly, Sophie Ellis-Bextor, Mutya Buena, Seth Lakeman. Primal Scream, Happy Mondays, Jarvis Cocker, Ocean Colour Scene, Dizzee Rascal, Sinéad OConnor, Beverley Knight, Martha Wainwright, Glenn Tilbrook & The Fluffers, Jesse Malin, amy Winehouse was supposed to play but cancelled due to admittance into rehab. She was replaced by Happy Mondays, babyshambles were four hours late for their set at Weston Park after being held up by traffic
40.
Jamboree (Scouting)
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In Scouting, a jamboree is a large gathering of Scouts who rally at a national or international level. The 1st World Scout Jamboree was held in 1920, and was hosted by the United Kingdom, since then, there have been twenty three World Scout Jamborees, hosted in various countries, generally every four years. The 24th World Jamboree is to be held in North America in 2019, there are also national and continental jamborees held around the world with varying frequency. Many of these events will invite and attract Scouts from overseas, according to the Canadian Oxford Dictionary, the etymology is 19th century, origin unknown. The OED identifies it as coming from American slang and identifies a use in the New York Herald in 1868, Robert Graves in The Crowning Privilege, The Clark Lectures, 1954–1955 suggests Baden-Powell might have known the word through his regiments Irish links rather than from the US slang. Poet Robert W. Service used the well before the first Scouting jamboree. It appears in the poem Athabaska Dick in his Rhymes of a Rolling Stone, at the time, the word meant a rowdy, boisterous gathering. Baden-Powell was once asked why he chose jamboree and he replied, What else would you call it. A response that makes sense if the word means a boisterous gathering. Nonetheless, it is believed within the Scout Movement that the word was coined by Baden-Powell. It is said that the word has several origins, ranging from Hindi to Swahili to Native American dialects. It is said that the name is derived from the Swahili for hello, Baden-Powell chose the name as rally, meeting and gathering did not fully capture the spirit of this then-new concept. At the first world jamboree at Olympia in 1920, Lord Baden-Powell said People give different meanings for this word and it will be associated to the largest gathering of youth that ever took place. Sometimes the word jamborette is used to smaller, either local or international. Girl Guides rarely use the term jamboree for their gatherings, girl Scouts, however, do use the word
41.
BBC
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The British Broadcasting Corporation is a British public service broadcaster. It is headquartered at Broadcasting House in London, the BBC is the worlds oldest national broadcasting organisation and the largest broadcaster in the world by number of employees. It employs over 20,950 staff in total,16,672 of whom are in public sector broadcasting, the total number of staff is 35,402 when part-time, flexible, and fixed contract staff are included. The BBC is established under a Royal Charter and operates under its Agreement with the Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport. The fee is set by the British Government, agreed by Parliament, and used to fund the BBCs radio, TV, britains first live public broadcast from the Marconi factory in Chelmsford took place in June 1920. It was sponsored by the Daily Mails Lord Northcliffe and featured the famous Australian Soprano Dame Nellie Melba, the Melba broadcast caught the peoples imagination and marked a turning point in the British publics attitude to radio. However, this public enthusiasm was not shared in official circles where such broadcasts were held to interfere with important military and civil communications. By late 1920, pressure from these quarters and uneasiness among the staff of the licensing authority, the General Post Office, was sufficient to lead to a ban on further Chelmsford broadcasts. But by 1922, the GPO had received nearly 100 broadcast licence requests, John Reith, a Scottish Calvinist, was appointed its General Manager in December 1922 a few weeks after the company made its first official broadcast. The company was to be financed by a royalty on the sale of BBC wireless receiving sets from approved manufacturers, to this day, the BBC aims to follow the Reithian directive to inform, educate and entertain. The financial arrangements soon proved inadequate, set sales were disappointing as amateurs made their own receivers and listeners bought rival unlicensed sets. By mid-1923, discussions between the GPO and the BBC had become deadlocked and the Postmaster-General commissioned a review of broadcasting by the Sykes Committee and this was to be followed by a simple 10 shillings licence fee with no royalty once the wireless manufactures protection expired. The BBCs broadcasting monopoly was made explicit for the duration of its current broadcast licence, the BBC was also banned from presenting news bulletins before 19.00, and required to source all news from external wire services. Mid-1925 found the future of broadcasting under further consideration, this time by the Crawford committee, by now the BBC under Reiths leadership had forged a consensus favouring a continuation of the unified broadcasting service, but more money was still required to finance rapid expansion. Wireless manufacturers were anxious to exit the loss making consortium with Reith keen that the BBC be seen as a service rather than a commercial enterprise. The recommendations of the Crawford Committee were published in March the following year and were still under consideration by the GPO when the 1926 general strike broke out in May. The strike temporarily interrupted newspaper production and with restrictions on news bulletins waived the BBC suddenly became the source of news for the duration of the crisis. The crisis placed the BBC in a delicate position, the Government was divided on how to handle the BBC but ended up trusting Reith, whose opposition to the strike mirrored the PMs own
42.
1st World Scout Jamboree
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The 1st World Scout Jamboree was held from 30 July 1920 to 8 August 1920 and was hosted by the United Kingdom at Kensington Olympia in London. 8,000 Scouts from 34 nations attended the event, which was hosted in a glass-roofed building covering an area of 6 acres and it was at this event that Baden-Powell, the founder of Scouting, was acclaimed the Chief Scout of the World. The Olympia arena was filled with a layer of earth. However, around 5,000 of the Scouts were encamped at the Old Deer Park in nearby Richmond, the Scouts rotated in and out of Olympia to give them all the opportunity to participate in the events there. The Thames flooded the campsite one night and Scouts had to be evacuated, Olympia hosted numerous exhibitions, pageants and contests during the Jamboree event. However, during the ceremony, one of the young Scouts shouted out Long live the Chief Scout of the World. No other Scouter has held the title since Baden-Powell, as it cannot be conferred by any sovereign or premier. Baden-Powell gave a speech at the end of the Jamboree. Differences exist between the peoples of the world in thought and sentiment, just as they do in language, the Jamboree has taught us that if we exercise mutual forbearance and give and take, then there is sympathy and harmony. Many lessons were learnt from the first World Scout Jamboree, including the acknowledgement that a venue was too restrictive for the activities. There was later a badge made to make the set of reminder badges complete. World Scout Jamboree Jamboree Histories at ScoutBase Jamboree Histories at Scout. org The Jamboree Book
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2nd World Scout Jamboree
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The 2nd World Scout Jamboree was held from August 9 to 17,1924 and was hosted by Denmark at Ermelunden. Great Britain held an Imperial Jamboree at Wembley, Middlesex at the beginning of August 1924, over 1,000 Scouts from 25 parts of the Commonwealth and Empire accepted the invitation. 10,000 Scouts were present from the United Kingdom, the displays and ceremonies took place in Wembley Stadium. The Scouts were camped nearby in Wembley Paddocks in very cramped quarters, the Prince of Wales witnessed the displays in the stadium, presided at a campfire and stayed the night at a tent in the Paddocks. The Wembley Jamboree helped to provide a variety of members at the Second World Jamboree at Ermelunden, a few miles north of Copenhagen, Denmark. Denmark has a comparatively small Scout population and doubts were expressed beforehand as to whether it would be possible for the Danish Scouts to make a success of the undertaking. The main host was Christian Holm, President of Det Danske Spejderkorps, whose daughter became known as Kim, the three Scouters responsible for the preparation, organization and administration were very young men, but they made a success of the Jamboree. The Second World Jamboree was officially opened on August 10,1924 by Rear-Admiral Carl Carstensen, the Boy Scouts of America won the competition, Great Britain came second and Hungary third. It was decided, however, not to renewing the idea, lord Baden-Powell arrived at the Jamboree after opening day, and was received by a welcoming parade of all the Scouts. Just as he was about to speak, rain came down in torrents, the name given him was Bademester, Danish for Bath Superintendent. Because of the one part of the camp even had to evacuate temporarily. King Christian X and Queen Alexandrine took part in the ceremony of the Jamboree. The Third International Conference was held concurrently in Copenhagen, contrasting with the 1st World Scout Jamboree in Olympia Hall, the Danish Scouts wanted everyone placed in tents, and the Scouts were organized in troops and patrols, the model used thereafter. The Scouts homestayed with Danish families during the week after the jamboree, World Scout Jamboree Scouting Round the World, John S. Wilson, first edition, Blandford Press 1959 p.62
44.
3rd World Scout Jamboree
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The 3rd World Scout Jamboree was held in 1929 at Arrowe Park in Upton, Merseyside, United Kingdom. As it was commemorating the 21st birthday of Scouting for Boys, with about 30,000 Scouts and over 300,000 visitors attending, this jamboree was the largest jamboree so far. From 29 July to 12 August 1929, the third World Scout Jamboree was held at Arrowe Park, in Birkenhead and this jamboree commemorated the 21st birthday of Scouting, counting from the publication of the book Scouting for Boys by General Baden-Powell. Therefore, this jamboree is also known as the Coming of Age Jamboree, the Jamboree on a site of 450 acres was opened by the Duke of Connaught, the president of the Boy Scout Association, and thirty thousand Scouts and Girl Guides of many countries attended. During the first week, the weather was poor, turning the park grass into ankle deep mud, the camp was organized in eight subcamps, around a specially built town in the middle, called Midway, where Scouts could purchase materials. Each subcamp provided pitches for a contingent of Scouts troops, the organization of daily chores such as cooking, campfire collecting, etc. were done in turn by the groups. The Girl Guides in Cheshire were asked to run a hospital under canvas, there were 321 cases admitted and 2323 out-patient cases during the Jamboree. Only 52 cases had to be sent to other hospitals, staff dealt with a range of problems from minor cuts, burns and sprains to fractures and head injuries. Two Guiders ran a dispensary providing both prescription and non-prescription medicines, there was also a dental clinic and an operating theatre. The hospital canteen provided meals for patients and the 50 members of staff, including many special diets, staff were asked to accommodate lost boys after the Wolf Cub rally. The hospital was also proud to be asked to provide the bedding and this hospital had the far-reaching effect that many heads of Boy Scout movements from other countries saw the excellent work of the Girl Guides and changed their attitudes towards them. On Baden-Powell a peerage was to be conferred by King George V, the formal title of Baron Baden-Powell, of Gilwell, co. On 10 August, the Chief Scout Sir Robert Baden-Powell was given special attention, on behalf of all Scouts worldwide, he was presented with a Rolls-Royce motor car and a caravan trailer. The caravan was nicknamed Eccles and is now on display at Gilwell Park and these gifts were paid for by penny donations of more than 1 million Scouts worldwide. The car, nicknamed Jam Roll, was sold after his death by Olave Baden-Powell in 1945, Jam Roll and Eccles were reunited at Gilwell for the 21st World Scout Jamboree in 2007. Recently it has been purchased on behalf of Scouting and is owned by a charity, funds are being raised to repay the loan that was used to purchase the car. Also he was given an oil painted portrait by David Jagger and it is on display in the Baden-Powell House. Lastly, Baden-Powell was given a cheque for £2,750, while burying a hatchet in a cask of gilded wooden arrows, Baden-Powell addressed the gathered Scouts
45.
4th World Scout Jamboree
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The 4th World Scout Jamboree, a gathering of Boy Scouts from all over the world, was hosted by Hungary and held from 2 to 13 August 1933. It was attended by 25,792 Scouts, representing 46 different nations and they encamped around the Royal Palace in the Royal Forest of Gödöllő, about 11 miles from the capital of Budapest. It was the second-to-last Jamboree for the founder of Scouting, Robert Baden-Powell, Baden-Powell and Hungarian head of state, Regent Horthy, addressed the Scouts from the grandstand built to accommodate over 5000 guests during an opening ceremony at the rally ground. Regent Horthy told the Scouts, Scouts and you have come to Hungary from all parts of the world to testify to the magnificent and uplifting powers of brotherhood represented by Scouting. The noble ties of friendship will, I believe, become even stronger among you through this Fourth World Jamboree, I am convinced that the Jamboree will do much toward the promotion of good-will and peaceful cooperation, for the general good of humanity. The Hungarian nation offers you with love these wood-girt fields for your camping, the Hungarian nation welcomes you and your leader, the founder of the World Scout Movement, Lord Baden Powell. I hope you feel at home. The Jamboree Camp Chief was the Chief Scout of Hungary, Count Teleki Pál, the General Camp Manager was Vitez Kisbarnaki Ferenc Farkas, a general staff officer of the Hungarian Royal Army, who was later appointed the Chief Scout of Hungary upon Teleki Páls death in 1941. This event was notable as the first international gathering where Air Scouts were represented, including the pilots, László Almásy. A meeting of Skolta Esperanto Ligo took also place at the Jamboree, the Jamboree daily paper, Magyar Cserkész, was printed in Hungarian, English, French and German, with contributions in other languages. Every foreign group at the Jamboree was assigned a cousin—a Hungarian Scout who spoke their language and served as translator and they wore on their right arm a white band displaying two interlocked hands embroidered in red. Over their shirt pocket they wore an embroidered patch stating their language specialty, for example, Parle Francais, the total expenditure was 1,660,000 Pengő, total income was 1,668,000 Pengő. The white stag of Hungarian mythology was the symbol of Hungary. Suddenly, from a thicket, jumped the most beautiful deer they had ever seen, over mountain sides, through valleys and forests, across rivers, they followed the magnificent animal, until, with darkness, they lost track of it. There was nothing for them to do except make camp right where they were, when they awoke the next morning, a gorgeous sight greeted their eyes. Hunor and Magyar, decided that this was the land of their choice and they went back for their fathers blessing and then returned with their wives to their new rich country. The descendants of Hunor became the Huns and of Magor, the Magyars, Baden-Powell also referred to the symbol of the Hungarian people in his farewell address to the assembled Scouts, Each one of you wears the badge of the White Stag of Hungary. I want you to treasure that badge when you go from here and to remember that, like the Golden Arrow, it also has its message and its meaning for you
