1.
Album
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Album, is a collection of audio recordings issued as a single item on CD, record, audio tape, or another medium. Albums of recorded music were developed in the early 20th century, first as books of individual 78rpm records, vinyl LPs are still issued, though in the 21st century album sales have mostly focused on compact disc and MP3 formats. The audio cassette was a format used from the late 1970s through to the 1990s alongside vinyl, an album may be recorded in a recording studio, in a concert venue, at home, in the field, or a mix of places. Recording may take a few hours to years to complete, usually in several takes with different parts recorded separately. Recordings that are done in one take without overdubbing are termed live, the majority of studio recordings contain an abundance of editing, sound effects, voice adjustments, etc. With modern recording technology, musicians can be recorded in separate rooms or at times while listening to the other parts using headphones. Album covers and liner notes are used, and sometimes additional information is provided, such as analysis of the recording, historically, the term album was applied to a collection of various items housed in a book format. In musical usage the word was used for collections of pieces of printed music from the early nineteenth century. Later, collections of related 78rpm records were bundled in book-like albums, the LP record, or 33 1⁄3 rpm microgroove vinyl record, is a gramophone record format introduced by Columbia Records in 1948. It was adopted by the industry as a standard format for the album. Apart from relatively minor refinements and the important later addition of stereophonic sound capability, the term album had been carried forward from the early nineteenth century when it had been used for collections of short pieces of music. Later, collections of related 78rpm records were bundled in book-like albums, as part of a trend of shifting sales in the music industry, some commenters have declared that the early 21st century experienced the death of the album. Sometimes shorter albums are referred to as mini-albums or EPs, Albums such as Tubular Bells, Amarok, Hergest Ridge by Mike Oldfield, and Yess Close to the Edge, include fewer than four tracks. There are no rules against artists such as Pinhead Gunpowder referring to their own releases under thirty minutes as albums. These are known as box sets, material is stored on an album in sections termed tracks, normally 11 or 12 tracks. A music track is a song or instrumental recording. The term is associated with popular music where separate tracks are known as album tracks. When vinyl records were the medium for audio recordings a track could be identified visually from the grooves
2.
Soulfly
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Soulfly is a heavy metal band formed in 1997 and based in Phoenix, Arizona. The original lyrical content revolved around spirituality, political and religious themes, with later albums encompassing other themes including war, violence, aggression, slavery, hatred and anger. Soulfly is led by former Sepultura frontman Max Cavalera, who formed the band after he left the Brazilian group in 1996, to date the band has released ten studio albums, one tour EP, twenty-three singles, one video album, and twelve music videos. All of their first six studio albums debuted on the United States Billboard 200, with a position at number 32 for their second album. Soulfly has been certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America, the band has gone through numerous line-up changes, with Cavalera being the only constant member. Cavalera was troubled during the recording of Soulflys first album, and on the website he said that he founded the band with the idea of combined sounds. As well as leaving Sepultura, one of the worlds most renowned thrash/groove metal bands, he had to deal with the death of his stepson, the self-titled debut album was released in April 1998, and reached number 79 on the Billboard 200. In addition to the band, which at the time consisted of Lúcio Maia on guitar, Cello Dias on bass. The album was recorded at Indigo Ranch Studios in Malibu, California and was overseen by producer Ross Robinson, in addition to fronting Soulfly, Cavalera also branched out into other areas not usually associated with heavy metal musicians. He became a speaker at conventions, appearing at CMJs New Music Marathon in New York and Hollands Crossing Border Festival. After recording the first album, Jackson Bandeira returned to Brazil with Nação Zumbi and was replaced by Logan Mader of Machine Head for the tour that followed. Soulfly played on the 1998 Ozzfest mainstage alongside Ozzy Osbourne, Megadeth, and Tool, after the world tour in support of Soulfly, Logan Mader was replaced by Mikey Doling who had just been displaced by the breakup of Snot. Joe Nunez, from Chicago, replaced Roy Mayorga on drums for Primitive, in addition, artwork was created by longtime Bob Marley artist Neville Garrick. The release of the album was followed by tours with the likes of Pantera, Morbid Angel. In late 2001, Joe Nunez left Soulfly to join Stripping the Pistol, Roy Mayorga departed from his band Medication to rejoin Soulfly for the recording of their third album. 3 was the first Soulfly album which was produced by Max Cavalera, other musicians performing on 3 included Cristian Machado of Ill Niño, and guitarist Wiley Arnet and drummer Greg Hall, and Maxs stepson Richie Cavalera. The album reached number 46 on the Billboard 200 in that year, after the release of 3 on June 25,2002, Soulfly toured throughout Europe and North America with bands such as Slayer, In Flames, God Forbid, and Will Haven. Cavalera recruited a new lineup in October 2003 for the recording of Soulflys Prophecy album, Joe Nunez returned on drums with New Jersey native Marc Rizzo, formerly of Ill Niño, on guitar and Kentucky native Bobby Burns, formerly of Primer 55, on bass
3.
Phoenix, Arizona
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Phoenix is the capital and most populous city of the U. S. state of Arizona. Phoenix is the anchor of the Phoenix metropolitan area, also known as the Valley of the Sun, the metropolitan area is the 12th largest by population in the United States, with approximately 4.3 million people as of 2010. Settled in 1867 as a community near the confluence of the Salt and Gila Rivers. Located in the reaches of the Sonoran Desert, Phoenix has a subtropical desert climate. Despite this, its canal system led to a farming community, many of the original crops remaining important parts of the Phoenix economy for decades, such as alfalfa, cotton, citrus. The city averaged a four percent annual growth rate over a 40-year period from the mid-1960s to the mid-2000s. This growth rate slowed during the Great Recession of 2007–09, and has rebounded slowly, Phoenix is the cultural center of the Valley of the Sun, as well as the entire state. For more than 2,000 years, the Hohokam people occupied the land that would become Phoenix, the Hohokam created roughly 135 miles of irrigation canals, making the desert land arable. Paths of these canals would later used for the modern Arizona Canal, Central Arizona Project Canal. The Hohokam also carried out trade with the nearby Anasazi, Mogollon and Sinagua. It is believed that between 1300 and 1450, periods of drought and severe floods led to the Hohokam civilizations abandonment of the area. After the departure of the Hohokam, groups of Akimel Oodham, Tohono Oodham and Maricopa tribes began to use the area, as well as segments of the Yavapai and Apache. The Oodham were offshoots of the Sobaipuri tribe, who in turn were thought to be the descendants of the formerly urbanized Hohokam and their crops included corn, beans, and squash for food, while cotton and tobacco were also cultivated. Mostly a peaceful group, they did together with the Maricopa for their mutual protection against incursions by both the Yuma and Apache tribes. The Tohono Oodham lived in the region as well, but their concentration was to the south. Living in small settlements, the Oodham were seasonal farmers who took advantage of the rains and they also hunted local game such as deer, rabbit, and javalina for meat. When the Mexican–American War ended in 1848, Mexico ceded its northern zone to the United States, the Phoenix area became part of the New Mexico Territory. In 1863 the mining town of Wickenburg was the first to be established in what is now Maricopa County, at the time Maricopa County had not yet been incorporated, the land was within Yavapai County, which included the major town of Prescott to the north of Wickenburg
4.
Nu metal
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Nu metal is a form of alternative metal that combines elements of heavy metal music with elements of other music genres such as hip hop, alternative rock, funk and grunge. Nu metal bands have drawn elements and influences from a variety of musical styles, Nu metal rarely features guitar solos, the genre is heavily syncopated and based on guitar riffs. Many nu metal guitarists use seven-string guitars that are down-tuned to play a heavier sound, DJs are occasionally featured in nu metal to provide instrumentation such as sampling, turntable scratching and electronic backgrounds. Vocal styles in nu metal include singing, rapping, screaming and growling, Nu metal is one of the key genres of the New Wave of American Heavy Metal. Nu metal became popular in the late 1990s with bands and artists such as Korn, Limp Bizkit, Slipknot, many heavy metal fans have criticized nu metal, and do not regard it as true heavy metal. Many nu metal musicians have rejected the nu metal label and also have rejected being labeled as heavy metal, Nu metal is also known as nü-metal and aggro-metal. It is a subgenre of alternative metal, MTV states that the early nu metal group Korn arrived in 1993 into the burgeoning alternative metal scene, which would morph into nü-metal the way college rock became alternative rock. Stereogum has similarly claimed that nu metal was a outgrowth of the Lollapalooza-era alt-metal scene. Nu metal merges elements of metal music with elements of other music genres such as grunge, hip hop, funk. Nu metal bands also are influenced by and use elements of genres of metal music such as death metal, rap metal, groove metal, funk metal, alternative metal. Some nu metal bands such as Static-X and Dope made nu metal music elements of industrial metal. Nu metal music is heavily syncopated and is based mostly on guitar riffs, mid-song bridges and a general lack of guitar solos contrasts it with other genres of heavy metal. N its efforts to tune down and simplify riffs, nu-metal effectively drove a stake through the heart of the guitar solo. Another contrast with other metal genres is nu metals emphasis on rhythm, rather than on complexity or mood. The wah pedal is occasionally featured in nu metal music, Nu metal guitar riffs occasionally are similar to death metal guitar riffs. Nu metal bassists and drummers are often influenced by funk and hip hop, respectively, blast beats, which are common in heavy metal subgenres such as black metal and death metal, are extremely rare in nu metal. sound a Mack truck being crushed by a collapsing skyscraper. Some nu metal bands use seven-string guitars that are generally down-tuned, likewise, some bass guitarists use five-string and six-string instruments. Bass guitar-playing in nu metal often features an emphasis on elements such as slap bass, a percussive style of playing in which the thumb slaps the low strings
5.
Roadrunner Records
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Roadrunner Records is a major record label that concentrates primarily on heavy metal and hard rock bands. It is a division of Warner Music Group and is based in New York City, the label was launched in 1980 in the Netherlands. Roadrunners initial business was importing North American metal-band recordings into Europe, in 1986, Roadrunner opened its US headquarters in New York City and later opened offices in the United Kingdom, Germany, France, Japan, Australia, Denmark, Russia and the latest in Canada. Early successes included albums from King Diamond and Annihilator, the label also handled early Metallica releases in the Scandinavian region. The end of the 1980s saw the release of two albums that are now considered classics of their genres, Obituarys Slowly We Rot. The 1990s saw the arrival of such as Life of Agony, Machine Head, Suffocation, Type O Negative. As the 1990s wore on, several of Roadrunners bands managed to make an impact on the mainstream, most notably Sepultura, Sepulturas 1993 album, Chaos A. D. became the first Roadrunner band to crack the Top 40 on the Billboard album chart. Type O Negative became the first Roadrunner band to receive a certification from the RIAA, this was a Gold award for the 1993 album Bloody Kisses, the band also became the first Roadrunner band to receive radio play. In 2000, Slipknot became the first Roadrunner band to go Platinum, nickelback were also very successful on the label. Derek Shulman ran the label in the late 90s, beginning in 2001, Roadrunner was distributed by the Universal Music Group through a share of the label owned by The Island Def Jam Music Group. On December 18,2006, Warner Music Group signed an agreement to purchase a majority in shares of Roadrunner Records parent company and this deal became finalized on January 29,2007 after receiving regulatory approval in Germany. On June 11,2008, Roadrunner Records was voted as the Best Metal Label by Metal Hammer at their Golden Gods Awards, the award was accepted by Sharon Den Adel and Ruud Jolie of Within Temptation, one of Roadrunners biggest acts. However, Roadrunner has also accused of being a label only interested in current or trendy alternative music, reflected by their roster of mainly popular. One of the earliest names on the label, King Diamond, left the label due to alleged lack of support for the 1990 King Diamond release. In 2008, punk cabaret chanteuse Amanda Palmer was told by the label that wanted to re-edit her video for Leeds United to make her look slimmer. On April 6,2010, Palmer announced on her Twitter account that Roadrunner had dropped her, the most recent complaints about Roadrunner have come from one of the labels biggest bands Megadeth. Roadrunner Records was significantly affected by Warner Music Groups legal dispute against YouTube, most of the videos on their channel, however, are still viewable. There is even a disclaimer talking about Warners dispute right on the channel, on November 11,2010, Warner Music Group announced they had acquired the remaining of Roadrunners stock
6.
Record producer
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A record producer or music producer oversees and manages the sound recording and production of a band or performers music, which may range from recording one song to recording a lengthy concept album. A producer has many roles during the recording process, the roles of a producer vary. The producer may perform these roles himself, or help select the engineer, the producer may also pay session musicians and engineers and ensure that the entire project is completed within the record companies budget. A record producer or music producer has a broad role in overseeing and managing the recording. Producers also often take on an entrepreneurial role, with responsibility for the budget, schedules, contracts. In the 2010s, the industry has two kinds of producers with different roles, executive producer and music producer. Executive producers oversee project finances while music producers oversee the process of recording songs or albums. In most cases the producer is also a competent arranger, composer. The producer will also liaise with the engineer who concentrates on the technical aspects of recording. Noted producer Phil Ek described his role as the person who creatively guides or directs the process of making a record, indeed, in Bollywood music, the designation actually is music director. The music producers job is to create, shape, and mold a piece of music, at the beginning of record industry, producer role was technically limited to record, in one shot, artists performing live. The role of producers changed progressively over the 1950s and 1960s due to technological developments, the development of multitrack recording caused a major change in the recording process. Before multitracking, all the elements of a song had to be performed simultaneously, all of these singers and musicians had to be assembled in a large studio and the performance had to be recorded. As well, for a song that used 20 instruments, it was no longer necessary to get all the players in the studio at the same time. Examples include the rock sound effects of the 1960s, e. g. playing back the sound of recorded instruments backwards or clanging the tape to produce unique sound effects. These new instruments were electric or electronic, and thus they used instrument amplifiers, new technologies like multitracking changed the goal of recording, A producer could blend together multiple takes and edit together different sections to create the desired sound. For example, in jazz fusion Bandleader-composer Miles Davis album Bitches Brew, producers like Phil Spector and George Martin were soon creating recordings that were, in practical terms, almost impossible to realise in live performance. Producers became creative figures in the studio, other examples of such engineers includes Joe Meek, Teo Macero, Brian Wilson, and Biddu
7.
Max Cavalera
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Massimiliano Antonio Max Cavalera is a Brazilian singer, guitarist, and songwriter who currently plays in heavy metal bands Soulfly, Cavalera Conspiracy, and Killer Be Killed. In 1984, he co-founded the acclaimed heavy metal band Sepultura with his brother Igor Cavalera and was the lead singer. Cavalera was also involved in a side project called Nailbomb. Max Cavaleras father, Graziano Cavalera, was an employee of the Italian Consulate in Belo Horizonte and he died at 40 years of age, Cavalera was nine when his father died. Cavaleras family was in a state of crisis and family turbulence when he formed Sepultura with his younger brother Igor. In the early 1990s, he relocated to Phoenix, Arizona and he did not begin to make spiritual music until after he quit Sepultura. His earlier lyrics for Soulfly were influenced by religion and spirituality and his later albums, starting with Dark Ages, began to incorporate lyrical themes of violence, warfare, anger and hatred. I mean if you look at Christ, He was hanging around with the lowlifes, prostitutes, when asked in an interview whether he was a Christian and whether Soulfly was a Christian band, he said, No. I mean, if I was a Christian I would wear all these different kinds of omens, because Christian people are so close-minded. A priest would not accept that, so I dont like the concept of Christianity in terms of being so close-minded. It is the same with music, sometimes I compare preachers to close-minded musicians or close-minded listeners, who only like one kind of music. And they dont tolerate Hindus, Buddhists or whatever, so Soulfly is not a Christian band at all. Spiritual has nothing to do with Christianity anyway and it has been here since the beginning of time. In another interview, he was asked about the Varg Vikernes church burnings and he quoted, I support church burnings 100 percent, but why dont we just burn everything. However, he claimed his views changed about the church burnings. He has stated that he believe in God, But it might be different than the God the preacher preaches about. Of enduring influence to his music, is the death of his stepson, Dana Wells. The songs Bleed, First Commandment, Pain, Tree of Pain and Revengeance are tributes to Wells, as well as Deftones song Headup, in which Cavalera featured and co-wrote
8.
Primitive (Soulfly album)
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Primitive is the second studio album by the metal band Soulfly released in 2000 through Roadrunner Records. Primitive has sold over 226,569 copies, the first track of Primitive is Back to the Primitive, which plays berimbau to begin the song and the album. Back to the Primitive is one of three singles released from the album, others were Son Song and Jumpdafuckup, Jumpdafuckup features Corey Taylor of Slipknot on vocals, as well as sludgy guitar riffs. Mulambo appears in the movie The Forsaken, Terrorist incorporates lyrics from songs recorded by other bands, Inner Self by Sepultura and Criminally Insane by Slayer. In addition, Terrorist features Slayer vocalist Tom Araya, Son Song pays tribute both singers fathers who died young. Sean Lennons father, John Lennon, was shot, while Maxs father was killed by a heart attack, musically, Son Song has Alice in Chains-like grungy riffs and Layne Staley-like vocals by Lennon. The song appears on the Valentine OST, although its not included in the film, is unique for Soulfly in that it contains rap elements. Soulfly II is the sequel to the first eponymously titled song, which uses a number of instruments, including Congo drums, piano, sitar, twang. Asha Rabouin makes her first Soulfly appearance on Flyhigh, in which she sings lines like Just let my soul fly free. Rolling Stone -3.5 stars out of 5 - Old-school. Primitive is deeper. in the sound of Max Cavaleras lived-in growl, the churning effect of a 4-string guitar and his concerns. Q magazine -3 stars out of 5 - While percussive, ethnic grooves certainly make an impact, CMJ - More relaxed than their debut, the low-end slaughterhouse riffs are still embellished with Cavaleras beloved tribal percussion. Locks its teeth into the jugular, melody Maker -4 stars out of 5 - The metal album of the year so far. An incendiary blend of nu metal, reggae and Brazilian rhythms. NME -7 out of 10 - Draws on Maxs political rage at colonial history, all tracks written by Max Cavalera except where noted
9.
Prophecy (Soulfly album)
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Prophecy is the fourth studio album by the metal band Soulfly and it was released in 2004. The album has gone on to sell over 275,000 copies, Cavalera recruited a whole new line-up for the Prophecy album. Joe Nunez was back behind the drum kit having worked on the Primitive album with Marc Rizzo formerly of Ill Niño on guitar, there are two bassists playing as members of Soulfly on Prophecy – David Ellefson of Megadeth and Bobby Burns of Primer 55. Cavalera took this decision to have a mixture of old school metal, Max Cavalera explains on Roadrunner Records website that he wants to use different musicians as part of the group for each album. This is an approach that Ive wanted to do for a while, I never wanted Soulfly to be a band like Metallica, with the same four guys. On every Soulfly album, weve changed the line-up and it will continue that way. In order to do that, I had to start from the out and bring in people who caught my attention, that I had never played with before. After the release of album, he would go on to keep these musicians as he felt they worked with him the best. In Sepultura, Cavelera had shown an interest in music as shown on the 1996 Roots album featuring elements of the music of Brazils indigenous peoples. This approach continues on the Prophecy album with Cavalera travelling to Serbia to record with traditional musicians, on the track Moses, an explicit statement of his religious beliefs he works with Serbian band Eyesburn featuring reggae influences. Other tracks on the album feature instruments from the Middle Ages, sheepskin bagpipes, on the bands website, Max Cavelera said that he founded the band with the idea of combined sounds and spiritual beliefs. The Prophecy album contains the clearest statement of his beliefs with I Believe containing a part in the middle where Cavelera expresses his faith. According to CMJ from 3/22/04 pg,18, he tracks on Prophecy have worldly textures and a distinct vibe that furthers Soulflys status as a fluid musical tribe. John Serba of Allmusic praised Cavalera for their most well-done album possibly since his career with Sepultura and he also praised that there are many organic influences, the album was tagged the Bob Marley of metal. Vik Bansal of musicOMH noted that the album serves as testaments to legendary metal bands from the 1980s, according to Cavalera, Prophecy is dedicated “to God, the Most High”, and is littered with religious art and professions of faith. Adrien Begrand of PopMatters says Although a bit inconsistent for about half an hour in the second half. In 2005, Prophecy was ranked number 306 in Rock Hard magazines book of The 500 Greatest Rock & Metal Albums of All Time, All lyrics written by Max Cavalera except where noted, all music composed by Max Cavalera except where noted
10.
AllMusic
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AllMusic is an online music guide service website. It was launched in 1991 by All Media Guide which later became All Media Network, AllMusic was launched in 1991 by Michael Erlewine of All Media Guide. The aim was to discographic information on every artist whos made a record since Enrico Caruso gave the industry its first big boost and its first reference book was published the following year. When first released onto the Internet, AMG predated the World Wide Web and was first available as a Gopher site, the AMG consumer web properties AllMusic. com, AllMovie. com and AllGame. com were sold by Rovi in July 2013 to All Media Network, LLC. All Media Network, LLC. was formed by the founders of SideReel. com. The following are contributors to AllMusic, as of this date, All Media Network also produced the AllMusic guide series that includes the AllMusic Guide to Rock, the All Music Guide to Jazz and the All Music Guide to the Blues. Vladimir Bogdanov is the president of the series, in August 2007, PC Magazine included AllMusic in its Top 100 Classic Websites list. All Media Network AllGame AllMovie SideReel All Music Guide to the Blues All Music Guide to Jazz Stephen Thomas Erlewine Official website
11.
Heavy metal music
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Heavy metal is a genre of rock music that developed in the late 1960s and early 1970s, largely in the United Kingdom and the United States. Heavy metal lyrics and performance styles are associated with aggression. The first heavy metal such as Led Zeppelin, Black Sabbath. During the mid-1970s, Judas Priest helped spur the evolution by discarding much of its blues influence, Motörhead introduced a punk rock sensibility. Beginning in the late 1970s, bands in the new wave of British heavy metal such as Iron Maiden, before the end of the decade, heavy metal fans became known as metalheads or headbangers. During the 1980s, glam metal became popular with such as Mötley Crüe. Since the mid-1990s popular styles have further expanded the definition of the genre and these include groove metal and nu metal, the latter of which often incorporates elements of grunge and hip hop. Heavy metal is characterized by loud distorted guitars, emphatic rhythms, dense bass-and-drum sound. Metal subgenres variously emphasize, alter, or omit one or more of these attributes, the typical band lineup includes a drummer, a bassist, a rhythm guitarist, a lead guitarist, and a singer, who may or may not be an instrumentalist. Keyboard instruments are used to enhance the fullness of the sound. Deep Purples Jon Lord played an overdriven Hammond organ, in 1970, John Paul Jones used a Moog synthesizer on Led Zeppelin III, by the 1990s, in. almost every subgenre of heavy metal synthesizers were used. The electric guitar and the power that it projects through amplification has historically been the key element in heavy metal. The heavy metal guitar sound comes from a use of high volumes. Guitar solos are an element of the heavy metal code. That underscores the significance of the guitar to the genre, most heavy metal songs featur at least one guitar solo, which is a primary means through which the heavy metal performer expresses virtuosity. One exception is nu metal bands, which tend to omit guitar solos, with rhythm guitar parts, the heavy crunch sound in heavy metal. Palm muting the strings with the hand and using distortion. Palm muting creates a tighter, more sound and it emphasizes the low end
12.
Om
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Om is a sacred sound and a spiritual icon in Hindu religion. It is also a mantra in Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, Om is part of the iconography found in ancient and medieval era manuscripts, temples, monasteries and spiritual retreats in Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism. The symbol has a meaning in all Indian dharmas, but the meaning. In Hinduism, Om is one of the most important spiritual symbols and it refers to Atman and Brahman. The syllable is found at the beginning and the end of chapters in the Vedas, the Upanishads. The syllable is also referred to as omkara, aumkara, the syllable Om is referred to as praṇava. Other used terms are akṣara or ekākṣara, and omkāra, Udgitha, a word found in Sama Veda and bhasya based on it, is also used as a name of the syllable. The syllable Om is first mentioned in the Upanishads, the texts associated with the Vedanta philosophy. It has variously been associated with concepts of cosmic sound or mystical syllable or affirmation to something divine, in the Aranyaka and the Brahmana layers of Vedic texts, the syllable is so widespread and linked to knowledge, that it stands for the whole of Veda. The etymological foundations of Om are repeatedly discussed in the oldest layers of the Vedantic texts, the Brahmana layer of Vedic texts equate Om with Bhur-bhuvah-Svah, the latter symbolizing the whole Veda. The Sama Veda, the poetical Veda, orthographically maps Om to the audible, the syllable Om evolves to mean many abstract ideas in the earliest Upanishads. Phonologically, the syllable ओम् represents /aum/, which is regularly monophthongised to in Sanskrit phonology.1.95. It is sometimes also written ओ३म्, notably by Arya Samaj, the Om symbol is a ligature in Devanagari, combining ओ and chandrabindu. In Unicode, the symbol is encoded at U+0950 ॐ Devanagari OM, the Om or Aum symbol is found on ancient coins, in regional scripts. In Sri Lanka, Anuradhapura era coins are embossed with Aum along with other symbols, the Om symbol, with epigraphical variations, is also found in many southeast Asian countries. For example, it is called Unalom or Aum in Thailand and has been a part of various flags, the Cambodian official seal has similarly incorporated the Aum symbol. In traditional Chinese characters, it is written as 唵, there have been proposals that the Om syllable may already have had written representations in Brahmi script, dating to before the Common Era. A proposal by Deb held that the swastika is a representation of the syllable Om
13.
Indian religions
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These religions are also classified as Eastern religions. Although Indian religions are connected through the history of India, they constitute a wide range of religious communities, evidence attesting to prehistoric religion in the Indian subcontinent derives from scattered Mesolithic rock paintings. The Harappan people of the Indus Valley Civilisation, which lasted from 3300 to 1300 BCE, had an early urbanised culture which predates the Vedic religion. The documented history of Indian religions begins with the historical Vedic religion, the practices of the early Indo-Iranians. The period of the composition, redaction and commentary of these texts is known as the Vedic period, the Reform or Shramanic Period between 800–200 BCE marks a turning point between the Vedic religion and Hindu religions. This period also saw the writing of the Upanishads and the rise of Vedanta, the early Islamic period also gave rise to new movements. Sikhism was founded in the 15th century on the teachings of Guru Nanak, the vast majority of its adherents originate in the Punjab region. With the colonial dominance of the British a reinterpretation and synthesis of Hinduism arose, james Mill, in his The History of British India, distinguished three phases in the history of India, namely Hindu, Muslim and British civilisations. This periodisation has been criticised, for the misconceptions it has given rise to, another periodisation is the division into ancient, classical, medieval and modern periods, although this periodization has also received criticism. The division in Ancient-Medieval-Modern overlooks the fact that the Muslim-conquests took place between the eight and the century, while the south was never completely conquered. According to Thapar, a periodisation could also be based on significant social and economic changes, smart and Michaels seem to follow Mills periodisation, while Flood and Muesse follow the ancient, classical, mediaeval and modern periods periodisation. Evidence attesting to prehistoric religion in the Indian subcontinent derives from scattered Mesolithic rock paintings such as at Bhimbetka, depicting dances, neolithic agriculturalists inhabiting the Indus River Valley buried their dead in a manner suggestive of spiritual practices that incorporated notions of an afterlife and belief in magic. Marshalls interpretations have been debated, and sometimes disputed over the following decades. One Indus valley seal shows a seated, possibly ithyphallic and tricephalic, figure with a horned headdress, surrounded by animals. Marshall identified the figure as a form of the Hindu god Shiva, who is associated with asceticism, yoga, and linga, regarded as a lord of animals. The seal has hence come to be known as the Pashupati Seal, after Pashupati, while Marshalls work has earned some support, many critics and even supporters have raised several objections. Doris Srinivasan has argued that the figure does not have three faces, or yogic posture, and that in Vedic literature Rudra was not a protector of wild animals. Despite the criticisms of Marshalls association of the seal with a proto-Shiva icon, historians like Heinrich Zimmer, Thomas McEvilley are of the opinion that there exists some link between first Jain Tirthankara Rishabha & Indus Valley civilisation
14.
Single (music)
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In music, a single or record single is a type of release, typically a song recording of fewer tracks than an LP record, an album or an EP record. This can be released for sale to the public in a variety of different formats, in most cases, a single is a song that is released separately from an album, although it usually also appears on an album. Typically, these are the songs from albums that are released separately for promotional uses such as digital download or commercial radio airplay and are expected to be the most popular, in other cases a recording released as a single may not appear on an album. As digital downloading and audio streaming have become prevalent, it is often possible for every track on an album to also be available separately. Nevertheless, the concept of a single for an album has been retained as an identification of a heavily promoted or more popular song within an album collection. Despite being referred to as a single, singles can include up to as many as three tracks on them. The biggest digital music distributor, iTunes, accepts as many as three tracks less than ten minutes each as a single, as well as popular music player Spotify also following in this trend. Any more than three tracks on a release or longer than thirty minutes in total running time is either an Extended Play or if over six tracks long. The basic specifications of the single were made in the late 19th century. Gramophone discs were manufactured with a range of speeds and in several sizes. By about 1910, however, the 10-inch,78 rpm shellac disc had become the most commonly used format, the inherent technical limitations of the gramophone disc defined the standard format for commercial recordings in the early 20th century.26 rpm. With these factors applied to the 10-inch format, songwriters and performers increasingly tailored their output to fit the new medium, the breakthrough came with Bob Dylans Like a Rolling Stone. Singles have been issued in various formats, including 7-inch, 10-inch, other, less common, formats include singles on digital compact cassette, DVD, and LD, as well as many non-standard sizes of vinyl disc. Some artist release singles on records, a more common in musical subcultures. The most common form of the single is the 45 or 7-inch. The names are derived from its speed,45 rpm. The 7-inch 45 rpm record was released 31 March 1949 by RCA Victor as a smaller, more durable, the first 45 rpm records were monaural, with recordings on both sides of the disc. As stereo recordings became popular in the 1960s, almost all 45 rpm records were produced in stereo by the early 1970s
15.
3 (Soulfly album)
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3 is the third studio album by the metal band Soulfly released in 2002 through Roadrunner Records. 3 has sold 195,000 copies as of March 11,2008, the album artwork features an Om, a spiritual icon in Indian religions. Both of the first two tracks were the singles released from the album, Downstroy and Seek n Strike. One fuses growling vocals from Max Cavalera with gripping vocals from Ill Nino’s Christian Machado. The song uses this title as first word of the two word clauses per line, One soul / One heart / One man / One truth / One tribe / One life / One God. L. O. T. M is a Native American-themed metal song named after the 1826 novel of the same name, brasil is a Brazilian metal song, especially featuring berimbau, as well as several percussions performed by Cavalera. Brasil is about overcoming the poor government of Rio de Janeiro by praying the past, One Nation plays a recorded pledge of allegiance to begin and end the song, since One Nation appears in pledge of allegiance. One Nation was originally recorded by Sacred Reich, 09-11-01 is a one-minute silence used for listeners to tribute to the victims of the September 11th,2001 terrorism acts on the World Trade Center. Call to Arms is about addressing the terrorists in a usual way, tree of Pain is noted for its ballad lasting 2.3 minutes on both ends with typical metal riff with Cavaleras growls in the middle. This song tributes to Cavalera’s stepson Dana, who was killed, zumbi and Soulfly III are world music songs. the band remains a hard-charging, tribal-drumming monster fierce enough to kick the bulldozers out of the rainforest.3 could be the charm for Soulfly. Alternative Press rated the album a 7 out of 10 stating that Streamlined, CMJ stated that This one is a winner, dont miss out. All tracks written by Max Cavalera unless stated, album – Billboard 3 at MusicBrainz
16.
The Last of the Mohicans
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The Last of the Mohicans, A Narrative of 1757 is a historical novel by James Fenimore Cooper. It is the book of the Leatherstocking Tales pentalogy and the best known to contemporary audiences. The Pathfinder, published 14 years later in 1840, is its sequel, the Last of the Mohicans is set in 1757, during the French and Indian War, when France and Great Britain battled for control of North America. The novel is set in the upper New York wilderness. Among the caravan guarding the women are the frontiersman Natty Bumppo, Major Duncan Heyward, and the Indians Chingachgook and Uncas and these characters are sometimes seen as a microcosm of the budding American society, particularly with regards to their racial composition. The novel has one of the most popular English-language novels since its publication and is frequently assigned reading in American literature courses. It has been adapted numerous times and in different languages for films, TV movies, at the time of Coopers writing, many people believed that the Native Americans were disappearing, and would ultimately be assimilated or fail to survive. Especially in the East, their numbers continued to decline, at the same time, the author was interested in the period of the frontier of transition, when more colonists were increasing pressure on the Native Americans. He grew up in Cooperstown, New York, which his father had established on what was then a frontier of settlement. The conflict arrayed British colonial settlers and minimal regular forces against royal French forces, the war was fought primarily along the frontiers of the British colonies from Virginia to Nova Scotia. In the spring of 1757, Lieutenant Colonel George Monro became garrison commander of Fort William Henry, in early August, Major General Louis-Joseph de Montcalm and 7,000 troops besieged the fort. On 2 August General Webb, who commanded the area from his base at Fort Edward, in the novel, this is the relief column with which Monros daughters travel. He wrote to Munro on 4 August that he should negotiate the best terms possible, in Coopers version, the missive was being carried by Bumppo when he, and it, fell into French hands. On 7 August Montcalm sent men to the fort under a flag to deliver Webbs dispatch. By then the walls had been breached, many of its guns were useless. After another day of bombardment by the French, Monro raised the white flag, when the withdrawal began, some of Montcalms Indian allies, angered at the lost opportunity for loot, attacked the British column. Coopers account of the attack and aftermath is lurid and somewhat inaccurate, a detailed reconstruction of the action and its aftermath indicates that the final tally of British missing and dead ranges from 70 to 184, more than 500 British were taken captive. They are guided through the forest by a native named Magua, Heyward is dissatisfied with Maguas shortcut, and the party roam unguided and finally join Natty Bumppo, a scout for the British, and his two Mohican friends, Chingachgook and his son Uncas
17.
Berimbau
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The berimbau is a single-string percussion instrument, a musical bow, from Brazil. The instrument is known for being the matter of a popular song by Brazilian guitarist Baden Powell. The instrument is also a part of Candomblé-de-caboclo tradition, the berimbaus origins have not been fully researched, though it is most likely an adaptation of African gourde musical bows, as no Indigenous Brazilian or European people use musical bows. One belief, popularized by Ana Palmer, states that the berimbau may have started as a weapon disguised as an instrument. The way the berimbau and the mbulumbumba of southwest Angola are made and played are very similar, as well as the tuning and basic patterns performed on these instruments. The assimilation of this African instrument into the Brazilian capoeira is evident also in other Bantu terms used for bows in Brazilian, including urucungo. By the twentieth century, the instrument was with the jogo de capoeira, which had come to be known as the berimbau, the Portuguese used this word for their musical instrument the guimbarde, also known as a Jews harp. The smaller type of the African bow was called the berimbau de boca whereas the type became the berimbau de barriga. The berimbau slowly came to replace the drum as the instrument for the jogo de capoeira. The berimbau consists of a bow, about 4 to 5 feet long, with a steel string tightly strung. A gourd, dried, opened and hollowed-out, attached to the portion of the Verga by a loop of tough string. To play the berimbau, one holds it in one hand, wrapping the two middle fingers around the verga, and placing the little finger under the cabaças string loop, and balancing the weight there. A small stone or coin is held between the index and thumb of the hand that holds the berimbau. The cabaça is rested against the abdomen, in the other hand, one holds a stick and a shaker. One strikes the arame with the vaqueta to produce the sound, the dobrão is moved back and forth from the arame to change the pitch produced by the berimbau. The sound can also be altered by moving the back and forth from the abdomen. The berimbaus quality does not depend on the length of the verga or the size of the gourd, rather on the diameter and hardness of the vergas wood and the quality of the gourd. The berimbau, as played for capoeira, basically has three sounds, the string sound, the high sound, and the buzz sound
18.
Percussion
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A percussion instrument is a musical instrument that is sounded by being struck or scraped by a beater, struck, scraped or rubbed by hand, or struck against another similar instrument. The percussion family is believed to include the oldest musical instruments, the percussion section of an orchestra most commonly contains instruments such as timpani, snare drum, bass drum, cymbals, triangle and tambourine. However, the section can also contain non-percussive instruments, such as whistles and sirens, percussive techniques can also be applied to the human body, as in body percussion. On the other hand, keyboard instruments, such as the celesta, are not normally part of the percussion section, Percussion instruments may play not only rhythm, but also melody and harmony. Percussion is commonly referred to as the backbone or the heartbeat of an ensemble, often working in close collaboration with bass instruments. In jazz and other popular ensembles, the pianist, bassist, drummer. Most classical pieces written for full orchestra since the time of Haydn and Mozart are orchestrated to place emphasis on the strings, woodwinds, however, often at least one pair of timpani is included, though they rarely play continuously. Rather, they serve to provide additional accents when needed, in the 18th and 19th centuries, other percussion instruments have been used, again generally sparingly. The use of percussion instruments became more frequent in the 20th century classical music, in almost every style of music, percussion plays a pivotal role. In classic jazz, one almost immediately thinks of the rhythm of the hi-hats or the ride cymbal when the word swing is spoken. Because of the diversity of instruments, it is not uncommon to find large musical ensembles composed entirely of percussion. Rhythm, melody, and harmony are all represented in these ensembles, music for pitched percussion instruments can be notated on a staff with the same treble and bass clefs used by many non-percussive instruments. Music for percussive instruments without a pitch can be notated with a specialist rhythm or percussion-clef. The word percussion has evolved from Latin terms, percussio, as a noun in contemporary English it is described in Wiktionary as the collision of two bodies to produce a sound. Hornbostel–Sachs has no high-level section for percussion, Most percussion instruments are classified as idiophones and membranophones.1 Concussion idiophones or clappers, played in pairs and beaten against each other, such as zills and clapsticks. 111.2 Percussion idiophones, includes many percussion instruments played with the hand or by a mallet, such as the hang, gongs and the xylophone. 21 Struck drums, includes most types of drum, such as the timpani, snare drum, (Included in most drum sets or 412. Stringed instruments played with such as the hammered dulcimer
19.
Rio de Janeiro
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Rio de Janeiro, or simply Rio, is the second-most populous municipality in Brazil and the sixth-most populous in the Americas. The metropolis is anchor to the Rio de Janeiro metropolitan area, Rio de Janeiro is the capital of the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazils third-most populous state. Part of the city has designated as a World Heritage Site, named Rio de Janeiro. Founded in 1565 by the Portuguese, the city was initially the seat of the Captaincy of Rio de Janeiro, later, in 1763, it became the capital of the State of Brazil, a state of the Portuguese Empire. Rio stayed the capital of the pluricontinental Lusitanian monarchy until 1822 and this is one of the few instances in history that the capital of a colonising country officially shifted to a city in one of its colonies. Rio de Janeiro has the second largest municipal GDP in the country, the home of many universities and institutes, it is the second-largest center of research and development in Brazil, accounting for 17% of national scientific output according to 2005 data. The Maracanã Stadium held the finals of the 1950 and 2014 FIFA World Cups, the 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup, the city is divided into 33 administrative regions. Europeans first encountered Guanabara Bay on 1 January 1502, by a Portuguese expedition under explorer Gaspar de Lemos captain of a ship in Pedro Álvares Cabrals fleet, allegedly the Florentine explorer Amerigo Vespucci participated as observer at the invitation of King Manuel I in the same expedition. The region of Rio was inhabited by the Tupi, Puri, Botocudo, in 1555, one of the islands of Guanabara Bay, now called Villegagnon Island, was occupied by 500 French colonists under the French admiral Nicolas Durand de Villegaignon. Consequently, Villegagnon built Fort Coligny on the island when attempting to establish the France Antarctique colony, Rio de Janeiro was the name of Guanabara Bay. Until early in the 18th century, the city was threatened or invaded by several, mostly French, pirates and buccaneers, such as Jean-François Duclerc, on 27 January 1763, the colonial administration in Portuguese America was moved from Salvador to Rio de Janeiro. The kingdoms capital was transferred to the city, which, thus, as there was no physical space or urban structure to accommodate hundreds of noblemen who arrived suddenly, many inhabitants were simply evicted from their homes. The first printed newspaper in Brazil, the Gazeta do Rio de Janeiro, from the colonial period until the first independent decades, Rio de Janeiro was a city of slaves. There was an influx of African slaves to Rio de Janeiro, in 1819. In 1840, the number of slaves reached 220,000 people, the Port of Rio de Janeiro was the largest port of slaves in America. As a political center of the country, Rio concentrated the political-partisan life of the Empire and it was the main stage of the abolitionist and republican movements in the last half of the 19th century. Rio continued as the capital of Brazil after 1889, when the monarchy was replaced by a republic, until the early years of the 20th century, the city was largely limited to the neighbourhood now known as the historic city centre, on the mouth of Guanabara Bay. Expansion of the city to the north and south was facilitated by the consolidation and electrification of Rios streetcar transit system after 1905, though many thought that it was just campaign rhetoric, Kubitschek managed to have Brasília built, at great cost, by 1960
20.
Pledge of Allegiance (United States)
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The official name of The Pledge of Allegiance was adopted in 1945. The last change in language came on Flag Day 1954 when the words under God were added, congressional sessions open with the recital of the Pledge, as do many government meetings at local levels, and meetings held by many private organizations. All states except four give time for the pledge to be recited as part of the school day, when not in uniform men should remove any non-religious headdress with their right hand and hold it at the left shoulder, the hand being over the heart. Persons in uniform should remain silent, face the flag, members of the Armed Forces not in uniform and veterans may render the military salute in the manner provided for persons in uniform. However, there existed a version created by Colonel George Balch. Balchs pledge, which existed parallel to the Bellamy version until the 1923 National Flag Conference, read, We give our heads and hearts to God and our country, one country, one language, one flag. Bellamy, however, did not approve of the pledge as Balch had written it, referring to the text as too juvenile, the event was conceived and promoted by James B. Upham, a marketer for the magazine, as a campaign to instill the idea of American nationalism in students, according to author Margarette S. Miller, this campaign was in line both with Uphams patriotic vision as well as with his commercial interest. Bellamys original Pledge read, I pledge allegiance to my Flag, the Pledge was supposed to be quick and to the point. Bellamy designed it to be recited in 15 seconds and this arrangement was formalized when Harrison issued Presidential Proclamation 335. In his recollection of the creation of the Pledge Francis Bellamy said, At the beginning of the nineties patriotism, the patriotic ardor of the Civil War was an old story. The time was ripe for a reawakening of simple Americanism and the leaders in the new movement rightly felt that education should begin in the public schools. Would have a flag raising, under the most impressive conditions, Bellamy recalled that the event had to be more than a list of exercises. The ritual must be prepared with simplicity and dignity, edna Dean Proctor wrote an ode for the event, and There was also an oration suitable for declamation. Bellamy held that Of course, the nub of the program was to be the raising of the flag and he found There was not a satisfactory enough form for this salute. The Balch salute, which ran, I give my heart and my hand to my country, one country, one language, one flag, seemed to him too juvenile and lacking in dignity. After working on the idea with Upham, Bellamy concluded, It was my thought that a vow of loyalty or allegiance to the flag should be the dominant idea, I especially stressed the word allegiance. Bellamy considered the country, nation, or Republic, choosing the last as it distinguished the form of government chosen by the founding fathers
21.
Sacred Reich
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Sacred Reich is an American thrash metal band based in Phoenix, Arizona, that was formed in 1985. Singer/songwriter Phil Rinds interest was in conscious and political speed metal. After several albums on Metal Blade Records, they signed to Hollywood Records for a short stint, former drummer Dave McClain went on to join Machine Head in 1995. Lead guitarist Wiley Arnett went on to form The Human Condition with St. Madness vocalist Prophet in July 2000, in November 2006, the band announced they would play several shows in the summer of 2007 in Europe, including Wacken Open Air. However, according to an interview with bassist/vocalist Phil Rind, there are no plans to record a new Sacred Reich album
22.
September 11 attacks
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The September 11 attacks were a series of four coordinated terrorist attacks by the Islamic terrorist group al-Qaeda on the United States on the morning of Tuesday, September 11,2001. The attacks killed 2,996 people, injured over 6,000 others, two of the planes, American Airlines Flight 11 and United Airlines Flight 175, were crashed into the North and South towers, respectively, of the World Trade Center complex in New York City. A third plane, American Airlines Flight 77, was crashed into the Pentagon in Arlington County, Virginia and it was the deadliest incident for firefighters and law enforcement officers in the history of the United States, with 343 and 72 killed respectively. Suspicion for the attack fell on al-Qaeda. The United States responded to the attacks by launching the War on Terror and invading Afghanistan to depose the Taliban, many countries strengthened their anti-terrorism legislation and expanded the powers of law enforcement and intelligence agencies to prevent terrorist attacks. Although al-Qaedas leader, Osama bin Laden, initially denied any involvement, al-Qaeda and bin Laden cited U. S. support of Israel, the presence of U. S. troops in Saudi Arabia, and sanctions against Iraq as motives. Having evaded capture for almost a decade, bin Laden was located and killed by SEAL Team Six of the U. S. Navy in May 2011. S. many closings, evacuations, and cancellations followed, out of respect or fear of further attacks. Cleanup of the World Trade Center site was completed in May 2002, on November 18,2006, construction of One World Trade Center began at the World Trade Center site. The building was opened on November 3,2014. The origins of al-Qaeda can be traced to 1979 when the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan, Osama bin Laden traveled to Afghanistan and helped organize Arab mujahideen to resist the Soviets. Under the guidance of Ayman al-Zawahiri, bin Laden became more radical, in 1996, bin Laden issued his first fatwā, calling for American soldiers to leave Saudi Arabia. Bin Laden used Islamic texts to exhort Muslims to attack Americans until the stated grievances are reversed, Muslim legal scholars have throughout Islamic history unanimously agreed that the jihad is an individual duty if the enemy destroys the Muslim countries, according to bin Laden. Bin Laden, who orchestrated the attacks, initially denied but later admitted involvement, in November 2001, U. S. forces recovered a videotape from a destroyed house in Jalalabad, Afghanistan. In the video, bin Laden is seen talking to Khaled al-Harbi, on December 27,2001, a second bin Laden video was released. In the video, he said, It has become clear that the West in general and it is the hatred of crusaders. Terrorism against America deserves to be praised because it was a response to injustice, aimed at forcing America to stop its support for Israel, the transcript refers several times to the United States specifically targeting Muslims. He said that the attacks were carried out because, we are free, and want to regain freedom for our nation. As you undermine our security we undermine yours, Bin Laden said he had personally directed his followers to attack the World Trade Center and the Pentagon
23.
World Trade Center (1973-2001)
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The World Trade Center was a large complex of seven buildings in Lower Manhattan, New York City, United States. It featured landmark twin towers, which opened on April 4,1973, and were destroyed as a result of the September 11 attacks. At the time of their completion, the Twin Towers—the original 1 World Trade Center, at 1,368 feet, the other buildings in the complex included the Marriott World Trade Center,4 WTC,5 WTC,6 WTC, and 7 WTC. All these buildings were built between 1975 and 1985, with a construction cost of $400 million, the complex was located in New York Citys Financial District and contained 13,400,000 square feet of office space. The World Trade Center experienced a fire on February 13,1975, a bombing on February 26,1993, and a robbery on January 14,1998. In 1998, the Port Authority decided to privatize the World Trade Center, leasing the buildings to a company to manage. On the morning of September 11,2001, Al-Qaeda-affiliated hijackers flew two Boeing 767 jets into the North and South Towers within minutes of other, two hours later, both had collapsed. The attacks killed 2,606 people in and within the vicinity of the towers, the cleanup and recovery process at the World Trade Center site took eight months, during which time what remained of the other World Trade Center buildings was demolished. The World Trade Center complex was rebuilt over a span of more than a decade, the site is being rebuilt with six new skyscrapers, while a memorial to those killed in the attacks and a new rapid transit hub have both opened. One World Trade Center, the tallest building in the United States, is the building for the new complex. The western portion of the World Trade Center site was originally under the Hudson River and they built the first European settlement in Manhattan. The remains of the ship were buried under landfill when the shoreline was extended starting in 1797, the remains of a second ship from the eighteenth century were discovered in 2010 during excavation work at the site. The ship, believed to be a Hudson River sloop, was found just south of where the Twin Towers used to stand, later, the area became Radio Row. New York Citys Radio Row, which existed from 1921 to 1966, was a district on the Lower West Side in the Financial District. Harry Schneck opened City Radio on Cortlandt Street in 1921, and eventually the area several blocks of electronics stores. The used radios, war surplus electronics, junk, and parts often piled so high they would spill out onto the street, according to a business writer, it also was the origin of the electronic component distribution business. The idea of establishing a World Trade Center in New York City was first proposed in 1943, the New York State Legislature passed a bill authorizing New York Governor Thomas E. Dewey to begin developing plans for the project but the plans were put on hold in 1949. During the late 1940s and 1950s, economic growth in New York City was concentrated in Midtown Manhattan, to help stimulate urban renewal in Lower Manhattan, David Rockefeller suggested that the Port Authority build a World Trade Center in Lower Manhattan
24.
Ballad
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A ballad /ˈbæləd/ is a form of verse, often a narrative set to music. Ballads derive from the medieval French chanson balladée or ballade, which were originally danced songs, Ballads were particularly characteristic of the popular poetry and song of the British Isles from the later medieval period until the 19th century. They were widely used across Europe, and later in the Americas, Australia, Ballads are 13 lines with an ABABBCBC form, consisting of couplets of rhymed verse, each of 14 syllables. Many ballads were written and sold as single sheet broadsides, the form was often used by poets and composers from the 18th century onwards to produce lyrical ballads. In the later 19th century, the took on the meaning of a slow form of popular love song and is now often used for any love song. The ballad derives its name from medieval French dance songs or ballares, from which ballet is also derived, as a narrative song, their theme and function may originate from Scandinavian and Germanic traditions of storytelling that can be seen in poems such as Beowulf. Musically they were influenced by the Minnesinger, the earliest example of a recognizable ballad in form in England is Judas in a 13th-century manuscript. This means that the two words, ballad and ballet, are derived from the French language. Ballads were originally written to accompany dances, and so were composed in couplets with refrains in alternate lines and these refrains would have been sung by the dancers in time with the dance. Most northern and west European ballads are written in ballad stanzas or quatrains of alternating lines of iambic tetrameter and iambic trimeter, known as ballad meter. Usually, only the second and fourth line of a quatrain are rhymed, there is considerable variation on this pattern in almost every respect, including length, number of lines and rhyming scheme, making the strict definition of a ballad extremely difficult. Ballads usually use the dialect of the people and are heavily influenced by the region in which they originate. Scottish ballads in particular are distinctively un-English, even showing some pre-Christian influences in the inclusion of elements such as the fairies in the Scottish ballad Tam Lin. The ballads do not have any known author or correct version, instead, having passed down mainly by oral tradition since the Middle Ages. The ballads remained a tradition until the increased interest in folk songs in the 18th century led collectors such as Bishop Thomas Percy to publish volumes of popular ballads. In all traditions most ballads are narrative in nature, with a story, often concise, and rely on imagery, rather than description. Themes concerning rural laborers and their sexuality are common, and there are many ballads based on the Robin Hood legend. Another common feature of ballads is repetition, sometimes of fourth lines in succeeding stanzas, as a refrain, sometimes of third and fourth lines of a stanza and sometimes of entire stanzas
25.
World music
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The term was popularized in the 1980s as a marketing category for non-Western traditional music. Globalization has facilitated the expansion of world musics audiences and scope and it has grown to include hybrid subgenres such as world fusion, global fusion, ethnic fusion, and worldbeat. To enhance the process of learning, he invited more than a dozen visiting performers from Africa and Asia, the term became current in the 1980s as a marketing/classificatory device in the media and the music industry. There are several conflicting definitions for world music, one is that it consists of all the music in the world, though such a broad definition renders the term virtually meaningless. The term also is taken as a classification of music that combines Western popular music styles with one of many genres of music that are also described as folk music or ethnic music. However, world music is not exclusively traditional folk music and it may include cutting edge pop music styles as well. Succinctly, it can be described as music from out there. It is a nebulous term with an increasing number of genres that fall under the umbrella of world music to capture musical trends of combined ethnic style and texture. As a result, definitions of the genre have become particularly varied, similar terminology between distinctly different sub-categories under primary music genres, such as world, rock and pop can be as ambiguous and confusing to industry moguls as it is to consumers. In a report on the 2014 globalFEST National Public Radios Anastasia Tsioulcas said Even within the music community. Whats more, I believe that in peoples imaginations, world music means a kind of fairly awful, gloppy, hippy-ish. Its a problematic, horrible term that satisfies absolutely no one, the Breton musician Alan Stivell pioneered the connection between traditional folk music, modern rock music and world music with his 1972 album Renaissance of the Celtic Harp. At this time, Stivells contemporary, Welsh singer-songwriter Meic Stevens popularised Welsh folk music, more recently, other Welsh-language bands such as Calan and 9 Bach have achieved international acclaim. The broad category of music includes isolated forms of ethnic music from diverse geographical regions. These dissimilar strains of music are commonly categorized together by virtue of their indigenous roots. World fusion / Worldbeat / Ethnic fusion / Global fusion can also blend specific indigenous sounds with more blatant elements of Western pop. Depending on style and context, world music can sometimes share the music genre. Good examples are Tibetan bowls, Tuvan throat singing, Gregorian chant or Native American flute music, World music blended with new-age music is a sound, loosely classified as the hybrid genre, ethnic fusion
26.
Spin (magazine)
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Spin is an American music magazine founded in 1985 by publisher Bob Guccione, Jr. The magazine stopped running in print in 2012 and currently runs as a webzine, in its early years, the magazine was known for its broad music coverage with an emphasis on college rock, grunge, indie rock, and the ongoing emergence of hip-hop. The magazine was eclectic and bold, if sometimes haphazard and it pointedly provided a national alternative to Rolling Stones more establishment-oriented style. Spin prominently placed newer artists such as R. E. M, Spins extensive coverage of hip-hop music and culture, especially that of contributing editor John Leland, was notable at the time. Editorial contributions by musical and cultural figures included Lydia Lunch, Henry Rollins, David Lee Roth, the magazine also reported on cities such as Austin, Texas, or Glasgow, Scotland, as cultural incubators in the independent music scene. A1990 article on the country blues scene brought R. L. Burnside to national attention for the first time. During this time, it was published by Camouflage Associates, in 1997, Guccione sold Spin to Miller Publishing. In February 2006, Miller Publishing sold the magazine to a San Francisco-based company called the McEvoy Group LLC and that company formed Spin Media LLC as a holding company. The new owners replaced editor-in-chief Sia Michel with Andy Pemberton, an editor at Blender. The first issue to be published under his command was the July 2006 issue—sent to the printer in May 2006—which featured Beyoncé on the cover. Pemberton and Spin parted ways the next month, in June 2006, the following editor, Doug Brod, was executive editor during Michels tenure. For Spins 20th anniversary, it published a book chronicling the prior two decades in music. The book has essays on grunge, Britpop, and emo, among other genres of music, as well as pieces on musical acts including Marilyn Manson, Tupac Shakur, nirvana, Weezer, Nine Inch Nails, Limp Bizkit, and the Smashing Pumpkins. In July 2012, Spin was sold to Buzzmedia, which renamed itself SpinMedia. The September/October 2012 issue of Spin was the magazines last print edition, in December 2016, Eldridge Industries acquired SpinMedia via the Hollywood Reporter-Billboard Media Group for an undisclosed amount. In 1995, Spin produced its first book, entitled Spin Alternative Record Guide, although the book was not a sales success, it inspired a disproportionate number of young readers to pursue music criticism. Notable contributors to Spin have included, SPIN began compiling year-end lists in 1990, note, The 2000 album of the year was awarded to your hard drive, acknowledging the impact that filesharing had on the music listening experience in 2000. Kid A was listed as number 2, the highest ranking given to an actual album,1994 roadside attack on Spin magazine journalists Anon
27.
NME
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New Musical Express is a British music journalism magazine published since 1952. It was the first British paper to include a singles chart, in the 1970s it became the best-selling British music newspaper. It started as a newspaper, and gradually moved toward a magazine format during the 1980s and 1990s. An online version of NME, NME. com, was launched in 1996 and it became the worlds biggest standalone music site, with over seven million users per month. With newsstand sales falling across the UK magazine sector, the paid circulation in the first half of 2014 was 15,830. In 2013, the list of NMEs The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time, NME magazine was relaunched in September 2015 as a nationally distributed free publication. NMEs headquarters are in Southwark, London, England, the brands editor-in-chief is Mike Williams, who replaced Krissi Murison in 2012. The paper was established in 1952, the Accordion Times and Musical Express was bought by London music promoter Maurice Kinn, for the sum of £1,000, just 15 minutes before it was due to be officially closed. It was relaunched as the New Musical Express, and was published in a non-glossy tabloid format on standard newsprint. On 14 November 1952, taking its cue from the US magazine Billboard, it created the first UK Singles Chart, the first of these was, in contrast to more recent charts, a top twelve sourced by the magazine itself from sales in regional stores around the UK. The first number one was Here in My Heart by Al Martino, during the 1960s the paper championed the new British groups emerging at the time. The NME circulation peaked under Andy Gray, Editor 1957–1972, with a figure of 306,881 for the period from January to June 1964, the Beatles and the Rolling Stones were frequently featured on the front cover. These and other artists appeared at the NME Poll Winners Concert. The concert also featured a ceremony where the winners would collect their awards. The NME Poll Winners Concerts took place between 1959 and 1972, from 1964 onwards they were filmed, edited and transmitted on British television a few weeks after they had taken place. The latter part of the 1960s saw the chart the rise of psychedelia. During this period some sections of pop music began to be designated as rock, in early 1972 the paper found itself on the verge of closure by its owner IPC. Alan Smith was made editor and in 1972 was told by IPC to turn things around quickly or face closure, according to The Economist, the New Musical Express started to champion underground, up-and-coming music. NME became the gateway to a more rebellious world
28.
Alternative Press (magazine)
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Alternative Press is an American music magazine based in Cleveland, Ohio. It generally provides readers with band interviews, photos, information on upcoming releases and it was founded in 1985 by Mike Shea, who is the current president. Joe Scarpelli is the current general manager, jason Pettigrew is editor in chief. The first issue of Alternative Press was simply a punk rock fanzine, distributed at concerts in Cleveland, Ohio beginning in June 1985 by APs founder. He disliked the music that was then being broadcast on stations and believed that bands playing underground music should be given more media coverage all in the same spot. He said, It has really always been about covering music for the misfits, Shea began working on his first issue in his mothers house in Aurora, Ohio. Shea and a friend, Jimmy Kosicki, targeted the Cleveland neighborhood of Coventry, I took my high school newspaper from Aurora High that looked nice and clean and offset print. Id walk into these flower shops and Hallmark shops, and Id say Were going to put out an entertainment publication, and theyd look at my high school newspaper and say, Its really professional. Thats how we got enough money to make the first issue, financial problems plagued AP in its early years. However, by the end of 1986, publication had ceased due to its financial problems, with the growth of alternative rock in the early 1990s, circulation began to increase. APs covers included bands such as Red Hot Chili Peppers and Soundgarden, by 1994, the magazine was doing cover stories on Beastie Boys, Henry Rollins and Love and Rockets. Did we sometimes protest too much, maybe, but we were up against a lot, we were underfinanced and still underappreciated in some corners of the music business, so we had to fight scrappily and mean when it was called for. Nobody takes you seriously unless you take yourself seriously, and thats what Norman brings to his position to this day. By the early 2000s, after resisting attempts to purchase the magazine, when asked the magazines audience, Shea said, It went from heartfelt emo, to screamo, to post-hardcore, to metalcore… but, there will always be a suburban kid full of angst. At the time of its 20th anniversary in 2005, AP had grown to a size of 112 pages per issue. AP introduced its own ceremony in 2014. In 2015, the ceremony was moved to Clevelands Quicken Loans Arena. It featured hosts Alex Gaskarth and Jack Barakat of All Time Low and performances by Rob Zombie, New Found Glory with Hayley Williams of Paramore, Panic. at the Disco, due to the Republican National Convention, the 2016 APMAs were moved to Columbus Value City Arena
29.
Cristian Machado
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Cristian Machado is the vocalist for the heavy metal band Ill Niño and was a lead singer for Roadrunner United. He has also played in Headclamp and La Familia, in addition to making numerous guest appearances on such as Sepulturas Nation. Cristian Machado was born as the son of a Brazilian musician, in 1986 they moved to New Jersey where he spent the rest of his teens. He only knew his father, Marcello Machado, halfway through his teenage years and his mother told him his stepfather was his father, and he found out only when his father called him, and told him he was his real father. Cristian Machado told his father he did not want to see him, today, however, he communicates with his father through e-mail and phone. Most of Cristian Machados music influence is from his childhood without a father, even when touring he would meet people that he felt left an impact on his life and he would show in his music how that person helped or ruined his life. The songs Unframed and How Can I Live are both about his father, Cristian Machado uses Dave Williams of Drowning Pools microphone. They were good friends and both created a bond and friendship while doing the Jägermeister tour. After Williams died, Drowning Pool and Daves family gave him the mic in respect
30.
Incite (band)
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Incite is an American groove metal band from Phoenix, Arizona formed in 2004. The band currently consists of Richie Cavalera, Christopher EL and Lennon Lopez, frontman Richie Cavalera is best known as the stepson of former Sepultura and Nailbomb, and current Soulfly and Cavalera Conspiracy frontman Max Cavalera. Incite have released two EPs, Murder and Divided We Fail and they have released four full-length albums, The Slaughter, the Logan Mader produced All Out War, Up in Hell, and Oppression in. The band are signed to minus HEAD Records. 2007 also saw an overhaul of the original Incite lineup with Richie Cavalera the sole remaining original member as he sought to make the more professional. 2009 saw the release of début LP The Slaughter and tours supporting groups such as Soulfly and The Dillinger Escape Plan, however soon the group parted ways with their record label. After the group signed a deal with minus HEAD records, they began working on their sophomore effort All Out War, the album was produced by former Machine Head and Soulfly guitarist Logan Mader, and has been supported by the Maximum Cavalera Tour, with Soulfly and Lody Kong. During this time, guitarist Dis left the band and was replaced by Gene Macazan, the song Die Alone was released as a free download by SkullsNBones on November 15,2012. A music video for the song Hopeless was released on November 29, drummer Zak Sofaly, Bassist Luis Marrufo and Guitarist Gene Macazan left the group in 2013 for personal reasons. Extended Plays Murder Divided We Fall Albums The Slaughter All Out War Up in Hell Oppression Music videos Divided We Fail Hopeless Fallen WTF
31.
Surf Nicaragua
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Surf Nicaragua is an EP from Arizona thrash metal band, Sacred Reich. It was released in October 1988 on Metal Blade Records and follows the bands album, Ignorance. The EP contains a version of the Black Sabbath song, War Pigs. The song Surf Nicaragua contains a part from the song Wipe Out as well as the part from the Hawaii 5-0 theme song. All CD versions contain two bonus live tracks, heavy metal band Soulfly covered the song One Nation on their 2002 album,3
32.
Al Jourgensen
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Alain David Jourgensen, is a Cuban-American musician and music producer, best known as the founder and frontman of the industrial metal band Ministry. He is sometimes credited as Alain Jourgensen, Alien Jourgensen, Uncle Al, Hypo Luxa, Dog, Alien Dog Star and he is a member and/or founder of several industrial rock bands, performing as a singer, guitarist or keyboard player. Alejandro Ramírez Casas was born in Havana to Cuban parents on October 9,1958, soon after, he relocated to the United States to live with his mother and his Norwegian stepfather, who changed the familys name to Jourgensen. Jourgensens stepfather Ed was a car driver, and mechanic for Formula One driver Dan Gurney. Jourgensen eventually attended the University of Illinois - Chicago, after enrolling at both the University of Northern Colorado and the University of Colorado. He worked as a radio DJ after college until he decided to pursue a career as a professional musician, Jourgensen formed Ministry in 1981 after leaving Special Affect, a new wave/synthpop band. Early singles by Ministry and Jourgensens other projects were released on Wax Trax and he also produced Skinny Puppys Rabies album. During that time, Jourgensen befriended Nivek Ogre, who toured with Ministry. The band broke into the mainstream with 1992s Psalm 69, The Way to Succeed, One of its tracks, N. W. O. was nominated for a 1993 Grammy Award for Best Metal Performance, losing to Nine Inch Nails Wish. However, its album, Filth Pig, divided their fan base. At the specific request of director Stanley Kubrick, Jourgensen appeared with Ministry in the film A. I and he related his conversation with Kubrick in an interview, Well, first of all, I hung up on him. I thought it was a crank call and his secretary was calling and I was like, Yeah, right. And then he called back personally and then talked to me, I mean, who wouldnt be freaked out. In a November 2008 issue of Hustler Magazine, Jourgensen announced that Ministry was officially finished, as the band up so much time and releasing new albums was difficult. He also explained that he was responsible for six other bands, however, despite Jourgensens insistence that Ministry would never return, a reunion was announced on August 7,2011. A new album, entitled Relapse, was released on March 26,2012, revolting Cocks, also known as RevCo, is an American industrial rock band that began as a musical side-project for Richard 23 of Front 242, Luc Van Acker, and Jourgensen. As he ejected the trio, the owner — a man who Jourgensen recalls was named Dess — shouted and you guys are a bunch of revolting cocks. The trio decided to use the name for their band, the band have changed lineups several times
33.
Ian MacKaye
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Ian Thomas Garner MacKaye is an American singer, songwriter, guitarist, musician, record label owner and producer. MacKaye was also the frontman for the short lived bands The Teen Idles, Embrace and Pailhead, MacKaye is a member of The Evens, a two-piece indie rock group he formed with his wife Amy Farina in 2001. Ian MacKaye was born in Washington D. C. on April 16,1962, in his capacities as a journalist in the White House Press Corps, MacKayes father was in the presidential motorcade when John F. Kennedy was killed in 1963. Ian Mackayes Grandmother on his fathers side was Dorothy Cameron Disney Mackaye and she worked with Paul Popenoe on marriage advice columns. She was a member of the Cosmopolitan Club and his Grandfather was Milton MacKaye, also a magazine writer, and he was an executive with the Office of War Information. According to MacKayes longtime friend, singer Henry Rollins, MacKayes parents raised their kids in a tolerant, super-intellectual, MacKaye first learned to play piano as a child. He eventually took lessons, but quit when his mother placed him in an academic environment to continue his instrument. He first attempted guitar at around ten due to such as Jimi Hendrix. He was particularly influenced by the California hardcore scene, MacKaye looked up to hardcore bands like Bad Brains and Black Flag and was childhood friends with Henry Garfield. Ian MacKayes first band consisted of one performance as The Slinkees in the summer of 1979, the band also recorded two demo tapes of covers as well as songs that would later be recorded by the Teen Idles. Ian MacKayes next project, The Teen Idles, he played guitar and sang back up vocals in from 1979–1980. After feeling creatively limited in the Teen Idles, MacKaye was determined to be the frontman, MacKaye cited the dynamic performance of singer Joe Cocker in Woodstock as a major influence on his own animated stage persona. In his early teens, MacKaye saw the effects of drug abuse on several close friends and one immediate family member. After Minor Threat broke up, MacKaye was active with several relatively short-lived groups, including Embrace, Pailhead, a collaboration between MacKaye and the industrial metal band Ministry, then consisting of Al Jourgensen, Paul Barker, and William Rieflin, featured MacKaye on lead vocals. It has been cited as one of the most important post-hardcore groups, Fugazi set itself apart from most other bands by never playing a show with high-priced tickets. The band famously turned down at least one offer to headline Lollapalooza because festival organizers refused to price tickets cheaply, MacKaye disagreed with a $30 ticket price. MacKaye also has never conducted an interview with Rolling Stone magazine or any other similar publication, MacKaye estimates that for every concert Fugazi played, they turned down another 50 venue options. Fugazi were active until 2003 and have since been on an indefinite hiatus, MacKaye currently sings and plays baritone guitar in The Evens with drummer and vocalist Amy Farina of the Warmers
34.
William Rieflin
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William Frederick Bill Rieflin is an American musician. He worked regularly with R. E. M. following the retirement of Bill Berry in 1997 and he is currently a member of King Crimson. Rieflin began his career in his hometown of Seattle. In 1975, he was in The Telepaths, a band which played backup for a couple of gigs by the pre-The Screamers band The Tupperwares. He played drums for The Blackouts starting in 1979 and his bandmates included his brother Raymond, Paul Barker, Roland Barker and Erich Werner. Eventually that band dissolved and Paul Barker joined the nascent Ministry, Rieflins earliest collaboration with Al Jourgensen was on the second single by the Revolting Cocks, You Often Forget. Later, he participated in the creation of Ministrys ground-breaking album The Land of Rape and he was noted for his performance in the live video In Case You Didnt Feel Like Showing Up. His work with Ministry and its side projects lasted through to the mid-Nineties, though he notes that he was never credited as a member of Ministry proper, always as an other musician. Therefore, when he parted ways with the band during the Filth Pig sessions, Rieflin helped Atkins kick off Pigface, the industrial collective that would grow to incorporate hundreds of artists, formed a friendship with labelmate Chris Connelly and founded First World Music. Like Connelly, Rieflins work has grown beyond his industrial roots and they have collaborated on several recordings, two in particular, The Ultimate Seaside Companion and Largo, showcase Rieflins frequently overlooked keyboard skills. E. M. Fripp contributed to Rieflins solo debut, Birth of a Giant, improvisations from these sessions turned up later on the CD The Repercussions of Angelic Behavior. Rieflin appeared on all KMFDM records released from 1995–2003 as a drummer, programmer and he toured with the band as a bassist in 2002 in support of its comeback album, Attak and performed on the 2011 KMFDM album, WTF. He also drummed for McCaugheys band, The Minus 5, which included guitarist Peter Buck. Eventually Buck offered Rieflin the opportunity to sit in with R. E. M. who were missing a permanent drummer since the 1997 departure of Bill Berry, the band gave him the live drummer slot in its 2003 tour. They later announced that Rieflin would fill the role indefinitely, though once again as a musician rather than as an official member. In recordings, Rieflin also contributed bouzouki, keyboards and guitars to the group, Rieflin formed an experimental ensemble under the name Slow Music in 2005 in which he plays synthesizers rather than drums. As the name suggests, its approach is geared toward the musicians leaving space for each other, the group played a small handful of live dates in 2005 and 2006 and went inactive for several years. Rieflin is involved in a collaboration project entitled The Humans
35.
Black Sabbath
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The band experienced multiple line-up changes, with Iommi being the only constant member throughout its history. Originally formed as a rock band, the group soon adopted the Black Sabbath moniker and began incorporating occult themes with horror-inspired lyrics. They also composed songs about social instability, political corruption and drugs, Osbournes regular use of alcohol and other drugs led to his dismissal from the band in 1979. He was replaced by former Rainbow vocalist Ronnie James Dio, in 1992, Iommi and Butler rejoined Dio and drummer Vinny Appice to record Dehumanizer. The original line-up reunited with Osbourne in 1997 and released a live album Reunion, Black Sabbaths final studio album and nineteenth overall,13, features all of the original members but Ward. A year after embarking on a tour, the band played their final concert in their home city of Birmingham on 4 February 2017. Iommi has stated, however, that he has not ruled out the possibility of new material or one-off shows under the Black Sabbath name, Black Sabbath are often cited as pioneers of heavy metal music. The band helped define the genre with releases such as Black Sabbath, Paranoid and they were ranked by MTV as the Greatest Metal Band of all time, and placed second in VH1s 100 Greatest Artists of Hard Rock list. Rolling Stone magazine ranked them number 85 in their 100 Greatest Artists of All Time and they have sold over 70 million records worldwide. Black Sabbath were inducted into the UK Music Hall of Fame in 2005 and they have also won two Grammy Awards for Best Metal Performance. Following the break-up of their previous band Mythology in 1968, guitarist Tony Iommi and drummer Bill Ward sought to form a blues rock band in Aston. The new group was named the Polka Tulk Blues Band, the name taken either from a brand of talcum powder or an Indian/Pakistani clothing shop. The Polka Tulk Blues Band featured slide guitarist Jimmy Phillips, a friend of Osbournes. After shortening the name to Polka Tulk, the band changed their name to Earth and continued as a four-piece without Phillips. Iommi became concerned that Phillips and Clarke lacked the dedication and were not taking the band seriously. Rather than asking them to leave, they decided to break up. While the band was performing under the Earth title, they recorded several demos written by Norman Haines such as The Rebel, Song for Jim, the demo titled Song for Jim was in reference to Jim Simpson. Jim Simpson was a manager for the bands Bakerloo Blues Line, Simpson was also a trumpet player for the group Locomotive
36.
Ozzy Osbourne
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John Michael Ozzy Osbourne is an English singer, songwriter, and actor. He rose to prominence in the early 1970s as the lead vocalist of the metal band Black Sabbath. He was fired from Black Sabbath in 1979 and went on to have a solo career, releasing 11 studio albums. Osbourne has since reunited with Black Sabbath on several occasions, recording the album 13 in 2013 and his longevity and success have earned him the informal title of Godfather of Heavy Metal. Osbournes total album sales from his years in Black Sabbath, combined with his work, is over 100 million. As a member of Black Sabbath, he was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, at the 2014 MTV Europe Music Awards, he received the Global Icon Award. Osbourne appeared with son Jack in the 2016 worldwide travelogue docuseries Ozzy & Jacks World Detour, Osbourne was born in the Aston area of Birmingham, England. His mother, Lillian, was Catholic but non-religious, and she worked days at a factory and his father, John Thomas Jack Osbourne, worked night shifts as a toolmaker at the General Electric Company. Osbourne has three sisters named Jean, Iris, and Gillian, and two younger brothers named Paul and Tony. The family lived in a small two-bedroom home at 14 Lodge Road in Aston, Osbourne has had the nickname Ozzy since primary school. Osbourne dealt with dyslexia at school, drawn to the stage, he took part in school plays such as Gilbert and Sullivans The Mikado and HMS Pinafore. As a Birmingham native, he has a strong Brummie accent, upon hearing their first hit single at age 14, he became a great fan of The Beatles. He credits the bands 1963 song She Loves You for inspiring him to become a musician and he said in the 2011 documentary God Bless Ozzy Osbourne that as soon as heard She Loves You on the radio, knew wanted to be a rock star for the rest of life. Osbourne left school at 15 and was employed as a construction site labourer, trainee plumber, apprentice toolmaker, car factory horn-tuner and he attempted to commit burglary, stealing a television, a handful of baby clothes, and some T-shirts. He spent six weeks in Winson Green Prison when he was unable to pay a fine after being found guilty of robbing a shop, to teach his son a lesson. In late 1967, Geezer Butler formed his first band, Rare Breed, the band played two shows, then broke up. Osbourne and Butler reunited in Polka Tulk Blues, along with guitarist Tony Iommi and drummer Bill Ward and they renamed themselves Earth, but after being accidentally booked for a show instead of a different band with the same name, they decided to change their name again. They finally settled on the name Black Sabbath in August 1969, the band had noticed how people enjoyed being frightened, inspired, the band decided to play a heavy blues style of music laced with gloomy sounds and lyrics
37.
Tony Iommi
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Anthony Frank Tony Iommi is an English guitarist, songwriter and producer. While working in a factory as a teenager, Iommi lost the tips of the middle and ring finger of his hand in an accident. Iommi briefly left Black Sabbaths forerunner, Earth, in 1968 to join Jethro Tull, after which he returned to Black Sabbath in 1969, in 2000, he released his first solo album Iommi, followed by 2005s Fused, which featured his former bandmate Glenn Hughes. After releasing Fused, he joined Heaven & Hell, which disbanded after Ronnie James Dios death in 2010, Iommi was ranked number 25 in Rolling Stone magazines list of the 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time. In 2011, he published his autobiography, entitled Iron Man, My Journey through Heaven, Anthony Frank Iommi was born in Birmingham, the only child of Anthony Frank and Sylvia Maria Iommi. His mothers family were owners in Italy. The family were Catholic but rarely attended mass, the family home in the Park Lane area of Aston also housed a shop which was a popular meeting place in the neighbourhood. The family living room doubled as the shops stockroom and his mother ran the shop while his father was a carpenter by trade. Born and raised in Handsworth, Birmingham, Iommi attended Birchfield Road School, at age 8 or 9, Iommi fell and badly cut his upper lip as another boy chased him. As a result, he gained the nickname Scarface which caused him to become self-conscious of the scar, and he eventually grew his trademark mustache as a means of covering it. At about age ten, Iommi began working out and learned judo, karate and he became so good at boxing that he envisioned a future as a bouncer in a nightclub, thus avoiding a career in a boring factory job. Iommi initially wanted to play the drums, but due to the noise he chose the guitar instead as a teenager, after being inspired by the likes of Hank Marvin. He has always played guitar left-handed, after completing school, Iommi worked briefly as a plumber and later in a factory manufacturing rings. He states that at one point he worked in a music store, at the age of 17, Iommi lost the tips of the middle and ring finger of his right hand in an industrial accident on his last day of work in a sheet metal factory. Was told youll never play again, I sat in the hospital with my hand in this bag and I thought thats it - Im finished. But eventually I thought Im not going to accept that, there must be a way I can play. After the injury Iommi considered abandoning the guitar entirely, however, his factory foreman played him a recording of famous jazz guitarist Django Reinhardt, which encouraged him to continue as a musician. As Iommi would later write, My friend said, Listen to this guy play, listening to someone play the guitar is the very last thing I want to do right now
38.
Geezer Butler
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Terence Michael Joseph Geezer Butler is an English musician and songwriter. Butler is best known as the bassist and primary lyricist of the metal band Black Sabbath. He has also recorded with Heaven & Hell, GZR, Butler received the nickname Geezer at approximately age eight, because he used to call everybody Geezer at school. It was just a term for a man. Butler grew up in an working-class Irish Catholic family and was influenced by the writing of Aleister Crowley as a teenager. Butler formed his first band, Rare Breed, in the autumn of 1967, Butler dated a girl who lived near Tony Iommi, and Iommis earliest memories of Butler involved seeing him walking past his house in Birmingham quite often to visit her. Later, Iommi and Butler became acquainted when their bands played at a nearby nightclub, separated for a time, Osbourne and Butler reunited in the blues foursome, Polka Tulk, along with guitarist Iommi and drummer Bill Ward. They renamed their band Earth, but after finding a band in the small-time English circuit with the same name, inspired by John Lennon, Butler played rhythm guitar in his pre-Sabbath days, including with Rare Breed. When Sabbath was formed, Iommi made it clear that he would not want to play with another guitarist, Butler lists Jack Bruce of Cream as his biggest influence as a bassist. Iommi described Butler as being another planet in the bands early days, he took LSD, wore Indian hippie dresses. At the time Black Sabbath was formed, Butler was studying to become an accountant, Butler briefly left Black Sabbath during the recording of their 1980 album Heaven and Hell to deal with personal problems. He again left the band in 1984 after touring in support of their 1983 album, in 1988 he joined his former Sabbath bandmate Osbourne to take part in the No Rest for the Wicked World Tour. Butler re-joined Black Sabbath in 1991 for the reunion of the Mob Rules line-up, in 1995 Butler joined with Osbourne to play on the Ozzmosis album. After recording Ozzmosis, he formed G/Z/R, issuing Plastic Planet in 1995 and his next solo album, Black Science, followed in 1997. Butler returned to Sabbath once more for the 1997 edition of Ozzfest, in 2005 he released Ohmwork, his third solo album. Butler is married to Gloria Butler, who managed Heaven & Hell and he also shares his Los Angeles home with several cats, of whom he has posted pictures on his website. His son, Biff Butler, was the frontman in the nu metal band Apartment 26, butlers other son James is a graduate of Oxford and resides in London. According to Ozzy Osbournes autobiography I Am Ozzy, Geezer never uses foul language, an avowed vegan, Butler appeared in an advertisement for People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals in 2009
39.
Bill Ward (musician)
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William Thomas Bill Ward is an English musician and visual artist, best known as the original drummer of the British heavy metal band Black Sabbath. He also performed vocals on two Black Sabbath songs, Its Alright from the album Technical Ecstasy and Swinging the Chain from the album Never Say Die. Ward is known for his unorthodox style of playing the drums, often using snare-drills. Bill Ward started to play drums as a child, listening to the big bands of the 1940s and his influences were Gene Krupa, Buddy Rich. Later he was influenced by such as Larrie Londin, Bernard Purdie, Joe Morello, Keef Hartley, Hughie Flint, John Bonham, Ringo Starr, Jim Capaldi. In the mid-1960s Ward sang and played drums in a band called The Rest, the new band called themselves Earth, but were soon renamed Black Sabbath. Wards drug and alcohol use increased throughout Black Sabbaths heyday, by the late 1970s he was drinking during gigs, something he had never done before. He also began experiencing panic attacks, Ward has said he cannot remember the recording of the 1980 album Heaven and Hell due to his alcohol abuse. He then briefly played in a band called Max Havoc and he sat out one album before returning to Black Sabbath for 1983s Born Again album. Ward once again left for health reasons before the band toured in support of Born Again and he again rejoined Black Sabbath in the mid-1980s, though the band did not record or tour during this period. According to Tony Iommi, he and the band would often set Wards beard on fire, on one occasion, Ward even received third-degree burns. In an interview with Guitar World, Tony described it as follows, Bill and I were in the studio rehearsing one day and out of the blue I asked him, May I set you on fire, and he said, Well, not now, not now. And then I forgot about it, later on when the day ended, he said to me, Well, Im going home now, you still want to set me on fire or what. So I took a small can of fluid and sprayed it on him, lit a match. He was wearing these polyester pants so they burned really quickly, I could not help him because I was so busy laughing. It actually turned out to be quite serious, I felt really bad for him. He was sent to the hospital, later on, his mother called me on the phone and said, You barmy bastard, its about time you grew up. Our Bill is going to have his leg off, but things like that always happened to Bill
40.
Eye for an Eye (song)
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Eye for an Eye is the first single by metal band Soulfly, released in 1998. The song is the first track of the debut album Soulfly, however, Eye for an Eye is the tenth single written by Max Cavalera overall. His last single was Sepulturas Ratamahatta before he left the band and it has become Soulflys trademark song, and is used at the closing of every Soulfly show since 1998. The first Soulfly song features Fear Factory members Dino Cazares and Burton C, bell as guests and plays fast, groovy riff lasting over 3½ minutes
41.
Chino Moreno
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Chino Moreno is an American musician. He is best known as the lead vocalist and contributing guitarist of Deftones and he is also a member of the side-project groups Team Sleep, Crosses, Saudade, and Palms. Moreno is well known for his screams, as well as his soothing. In 2007, he was placed at number 51 in Hit Paraders Top 100 Metal Vocalists of All Time, Moreno was born in Sacramento, California, the second of five children. His father is Mexican and his mother is Chinese and he grew up in the Oak Park area and attended McClatchy High School, where he met Abe Cunningham and Stephen Carpenter, with whom he found Deftones in 1988. Before becoming a musician, Moreno had a day job at Tower Records shipping department. With his high-school friends Abe Cunningham and Stephen Carpenter, Moreno started jamming in Carpenters garage regularly circa 1988, after Chi Cheng joined the three, Deftones was formed. Within two years, the group started playing club shows and they were signed to Maverick Records after one of their representatives saw them play in Los Angeles. Their first commercially released album was Adrenaline, produced by Terry Date, for 1997s Around the Fur, the band expanded its sound, spending more time with Date, and giving more thought to the albums production. The record was highly anticipated and propelled Deftones to fame in the metal scene on the strength of radio and MTV airplay for the singles My Own Summer and Be Quiet. White Pony was released in 2000 to critical acclaim and unprecedented commercial success, frank Delgado had become a full-time band member, adding new elements to the bands music, while Moreno himself contributed guitar lines in addition to vocals. With influences of new wave, dream pop, and trip hop, singles Change and Digital Bath supported the albums release. A single entitled Back to School was released as a rap-influenced reinterpretation of White Ponys closing track, while commercially successful and a fan favourite, the band have vociferously objected to its publication. White Pony was subsequently re-released with Back to School as the opening track. For the song Elite, Deftones received the 2001 Grammy Award for Best Metal Performance, in 2001, Moreno developed a throat injury due to heavy screaming and was forced to miss at least four shows. He suffered inflammation on his vocal cord and partial paralysis of the left vocal cord. The eponymous Deftones was released in 2003, and saw the band being praised for the albums progression. Moreno was quoted as saying, Its all on record and we told motherfuckers not to lump us in with nu metal because when those bands go down we arent going to be with them
