1.
Major League Baseball
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Major League Baseball is a professional baseball organization, the oldest of the four major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada. A total of 30 teams now play in the National League and American League, the NL and AL operated as separate legal entities from 1876 and 1901 respectively. After cooperating but remaining legally separate entities since 1903, the merged into a single organization led by the Commissioner of Baseball in 2000. The organization also oversees Minor League Baseball, which comprises about 240 teams affiliated with the Major League clubs, with the World Baseball Softball Confederation, MLB manages the international World Baseball Classic tournament. Baseballs first professional team was founded in Cincinnati in 1869,30 years after Abner Doubleday supposedly invented the game of baseball, the first few decades of professional baseball were characterized by rivalries between leagues and by players who often jumped from one team or league to another. The period before 1920 in baseball was known as the dead-ball era, Baseball survived a conspiracy to fix the 1919 World Series, which came to be known as the Black Sox Scandal. The sport rose in popularity in the 1920s, and survived potential downturns during the Great Depression, shortly after the war, baseballs color barrier was broken by Jackie Robinson. The 1950s and 1960s were a time of expansion for the AL and NL, then new stadiums, Home runs dominated the game during the 1990s, and media reports began to discuss the use of anabolic steroids among Major League players in the mid-2000s. In 2006, an investigation produced the Mitchell Report, which implicated many players in the use of performance-enhancing substances, today, MLB is composed of thirty teams, twenty-nine in the United States and one in Canada. Baseball broadcasts are aired on television, radio, and the Internet throughout North America, MLB has the highest season attendance of any sports league in the world with more than 73 million spectators in 2015. MLB is governed by the Major League Baseball Constitution and this document has undergone several incarnations since 1875, with the most recent revisions being made in 2012. Under the direction of the Commissioner of Baseball, MLB hires and maintains the sports umpiring crews, and negotiates marketing, labor, MLB maintains a unique, controlling relationship over the sport, including most aspects of Minor League Baseball. This ruling has been weakened only slightly in subsequent years, the weakened ruling granted more stability to the owners of teams and has resulted in values increasing at double-digit rates. There were several challenges to MLBs primacy in the sport between the 1870s and the Federal League in 1916, the last attempt at a new league was the aborted Continental League in 1960. The chief executive of MLB is the commissioner, Rob Manfred, the chief operating officer is Tony Petitti. There are five other executives, president, chief officer, chief legal officer, chief financial officer. The multimedia branch of MLB, which is based in Manhattan, is MLB Advanced Media and this branch oversees MLB. com and each of the 30 teams websites. Its charter states that MLB Advanced Media holds editorial independence from the league, MLB Productions is a similarly structured wing of the league, focusing on video and traditional broadcast media
2.
The 40/40 Club
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The 40/40 Club is a chain of sports bars and lounges owned by Jay-Z. The name is borrowed from the term for the exclusive group of Major League Baseball players who have achieved the rare individual feat of 40 home runs and 40 stolen bases in a single season. The Atlantic City and Las Vegas locations have since closed, the venues are known for their live music, celebrity patrons, and sports memorabilia. The decor of The 40/40 Club is a mix of memorabilia from the USAs greatest games, the Hall of Fame connects the main floor with the upstairs VIP rooms and houses autographed jerseys donated by various sports celebrities
3.
Alfonso Soriano
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Alfonso Guilleard Soriano is a Dominican former professional baseball left fielder and second baseman. He played in Major League Baseball for the New York Yankees, Chicago Cubs, Texas Rangers, and Washington Nationals, and in Nippon Professional Baseball for the Hiroshima Toyo Carp. Soriano began his career with Hiroshima in 1996, but signed with the Yankees as a free agent in 1998 and was assigned to play in minor league baseball. The next year, he was the Most Valuable Player in the All-Star Futures Game, the Yankees traded Soriano to the Rangers after the 2003 season, and the Rangers traded Soriano to the Nationals after the 2005 season. He signed a contract as an agent with the Cubs before the 2007 season. The Cubs traded Soriano to the Yankees in 2013, and the Yankees released him in 2014, Soriano was a seven-time MLB All-Star, and won the All-Star Game MVP Award in 2004. He won the Silver Slugger Award four times and he played primarily as a second baseman for the Yankees and Rangers before being converted to an outfielder with the Nationals. Soriano is one of only 54 major league players to hit 400 or more home runs. Soriano began his baseball career in Japan with the Hiroshima Toyo Carp. Soriano spent 1996 playing in Japan in the minor Western League, in 1997, he was promoted to the varsity team, and, wearing uniform number 74, he appeared in nine games, batting.118 with two walks. Soriano disliked the intense Japanese practice schedule, and the Carp denied him an increase from $45,000 to $180,000 per year. Like Hideo Nomo and Hideki Irabu, who had previously left Japan to play in the United States and this prompted Carp executives to file an injunction against Soriano, and to send letters to MLB teams demanding that they cease all negotiations with him. After the Nomo case, NPB officials had amended the Working Agreement without consulting any MLB officials in an attempt to prevent the situation from recurring. Since MLB had not agreed to any changes to the agreement, MLB Commissioner Bud Selig declared that MLB would recognize Soriano as an agent on July 13,1998. Soriano signed as an agent with the New York Yankees in 1998, starting his career as an infielder, first as a third baseman. Soriano was named to the All-Star Futures Game in 1999 and he won the games most valuable player award after hitting two home runs in the contest. He played in New York for five seasons and his first hit in MLB came in 1999 when he hit a game-winning home run against Norm Charlton of the Tampa Bay Devil Rays. He finished in place for Rookie of the Year honors in 2001
4.
Batting (baseball)
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In baseball, batting is the act of facing the opposing pitcher and trying to produce offense for ones team. A batter or hitter is a person whose turn it is to face the pitcher. The three main goals of batters are to become a baserunner, drive home, or advance runners along the bases for others to drive home. Hitting uses a motion that is unique to baseball, one that is rarely used in other sports. Hitting is unique because unlike most sports movements in the plane of movement hitting involves rotating in the horizontal plane. In general, batters try to get hits, however, their primary objective is to avoid making an out, and helping their team to score runs. There are several ways they can help their team score runs and they may draw a walk if they receive and do not swing the bat at four pitches located outside the strike zone. In cases when there is a runner on third and fewer than two outs, they can attempt to hit a fly to drive the runner in by allowing the runner on third to tag up. They might even be hit by a pitch, reach on an error or—if first is empty or there are two outs—on a dropped third strike, the defense attempts to get the batter out. The pitchers main role in this is to throw the ball in such a way that the batter strikes out or cannot hit it cleanly so that the defense can get him or her out. Batting is often cited as one of the most difficult feats in sports because it consists of hitting a small ball, usually moving at high velocity. In fact, if a batter can get a hit in three out of ten at bats, giving him an average of.300, he or she is considered a good hitter. In Major League Baseball, no batter has had over a.400 average at the end of the season since Ted Williams in 1941, an OPS at or near 1.000 is considered to be the mark of an exceptional hitter. A sustained OPS at or above 1.000 over a career is a only a few hitters have ever been able to reach. Batters vary in their approach at the plate, some are aggressive hitters, often swinging at the first pitch. Others are patient, attempting to work the count in order to observe all the types of pitches a pitcher will use. In preparation of hitting, every player has their own particular warm-up routine. Warming up before the game is usually done as a team, at the amateur level, the most notable drill used is the Tee Drill, where you hit a ball off a baseball tee and correct any issues you found during previous games or practices
5.
Home run
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In modern baseball, the feat is typically achieved by hitting the ball over the outfield fence between the foul poles without first touching the ground, resulting in an automatic home run. There is also the home run, increasingly rare in modern baseball. When a home run is scored, the batter is credited with a hit and a run scored. Likewise, the pitcher is recorded as having given up a hit, a batted ball is also a home run if it touches either foul pole or its attached screen before touching the ground, as the foul poles are by definition in fair territory. A batted ball that goes over the wall after touching the ground is not a home run. A fielder is allowed to reach over the wall to attempt to catch the ball as long as his feet are on or over the field during the attempt. If the fielder successfully catches the ball while it is in flight the batter is out, however, since the fielder is not part of the field, a ball that bounces off a fielder and over the wall without touching the ground is still a home run. A home run accomplished in any of the above manners is a home run. This stipulation is in Approved Ruling of Rule 7.10, an inside-the-park home run occurs when a batter hits the ball into play and is able to circle the bases before the fielders can put him out. Unlike with a home run, the batter-runner and all preceding runners are liable to be put out by the defensive team at any time while running the bases. This can only happen if the ball does not leave the ballfield, with outfields much less spacious and more uniformly designed than in the games early days, inside-the-park home runs are now a rarity. They are usually the result of a ball being hit by a very fast runner, either way, this sends the ball into open space in the outfield and thereby allows the batter-runner to circle the bases before the defensive team can put him out. The speed of the runner is crucial as even triples are relatively rare in most modern ballparks, all runs scored on such a play, however, still count. An example of an unexpected bounce occurred during the 2007 Major League Baseball All-Star Game at AT&T Park in San Francisco on July 10,2007, by the time the ball was relayed, Ichiro had already crossed the plate standing up. This was the first inside-the-park home run in All-Star Game history, Home runs are often characterized by the number of runners on base at the time. A home run hit with the bases empty is seldom called a one-run homer, with one runner on base, two runs are scored and thus the home run is often called a two-run homer or two-run shot. Similarly, a home runs with two runners on base is a three-run homer or three-run shot, the term four-run homer is seldom used, instead, it is nearly always called a grand slam. Hitting a grand slam is the best possible result for the turn at bat
6.
Stolen base
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In baseball, a stolen base occurs when a runner advances to a base to which he is not entitled and the official scorer rules that the advance should be credited to the action of the runner. The umpires determine whether the runner is safe or out at the next base, a stolen base most often occurs when a baserunner advances to the next base while the pitcher is pitching the ball to home plate. Successful base stealers are not only fast but have good baserunning instincts, ned Cuthbert, playing for the Philadelphia Keystones in either 1863 or 1865, was the first player to steal a base in a baseball game, although the term stolen base was not used until 1870. For a time in the 19th century, stolen bases were credited when a baserunner reached an extra base on a hit from another player. For example, if a runner on first base reached third base on a single, in 1887, Hugh Nicol set a still-standing Major League record with 138 stolen bases, many of which would not have counted under modern rules. Modern steal rules were implemented in 1898. Base stealing was popular in the early decades, with speedsters such as Ty Cobb. Wills record was broken in turn by Lou Brock in 1974, base stealing is an important characteristic of the small ball managing style. Such managers emphasize doing the things to advance runners and score runs, often relying on pitching. The Los Angeles Dodgers of the 1960s, led by pitcher Sandy Koufax, the antithesis of this is reliance on power hitting, exemplified by the Baltimore Orioles of the 1970s, which aspired to score most of its runs via home runs. Often the small ball model is associated with the National League, however, some successful recent American League teams, including the 2002 Anaheim Angels, the 2001 Seattle Mariners and the 2005 Chicago White Sox have excelled at small ball. The Kansas City Royals have embodied this style recently, leading the league in stolen bases but finishing last in home runs in 2013 and 2014. Successful teams often combine both styles, with a runner or two complementing hitters with power, such as the 2005 White Sox, who despite playing small ball, still hit 200 home runs. Baseballs Rule 8 specifies the pitching procedure in detail, a runner intending to steal on the pitcher breaks for the next base the moment the pitcher commits to pitch to home plate. The pitcher cannot abort the pitch and try to put the runner out, if the runner breaks too soon, the pitcher may throw to a base rather than pitch, and the runner is usually picked off by being tagged out between the bases. Past this moment, any delay in the runners break makes it likely that the catcher, after receiving the pitch. Before the pitch, the runner takes a lead-off, walking several steps away from the base as a start toward the next base. Even a runner who does not intend to steal takes a lead of a few more steps
7.
Jose Canseco
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José Canseco Capas Jr. is a Cuban-American former Major League Baseball outfielder, and designated hitter. After retiring from Major League Baseball, he competed in boxing. Canseco is the twin brother of former major league player Ozzie Canseco. Canseco was born in Havana, Cuba, the son of Jose Sr. and he has a twin brother, Ozzie. When Fidel Castro came into power in 1959, Jose Sr. a territory manager for the oil and gasoline corporation Esso as well as a part-time English teacher, lost his job and eventually his home. The younger Jose Canseco played baseball at Miami Coral Park High School and he was named Most Valuable Player of the junior varsity team in his junior year, and of the varsity team the following year. He graduated in 1982 and was drafted by the Oakland Athletics, the Oakland Athletics drafted Canseco in the 15th round of the 1982 Major League Baseball draft. He played minor league baseball with the Medford As, Madison Muskies, Idaho Falls As, Canseco started the 1985 season with the Class-AA Huntsville Stars and became known as Parkway Jose for his long home runs that went close to the Memorial Parkway behind Joe Davis Stadium. In 1985, Canseco won the Baseball America Minor League Player of the Year Award and he made his Major League debut on September 2 and struck out in his one at-bat against the Baltimore Orioles. His first hit was off Ron Guidry of the New York Yankees on September 7. and he played in 29 games in the major leagues in 1985. He established himself in 1986, his first full season, being named the American Leagues Rookie of the Year, in 1987, Mark McGwire joined Canseco on the Athletics, McGwire hit 49 home runs that year and was also named the American League Rookie of the Year. Together, he and Canseco formed a fearsome offensive tandem, known as the Bash Brothers, in April 1988, Canseco guaranteed he would hit at least 40 home runs and steal at least 40 bases in the upcoming season. He went on to record 42 home runs and 40 steals becoming the first player in MLB history to hit the 40-40 mark in a single season. In recognition of his record the street in front of his high school was named after him but was later rescinded in 2008 after he admitted to previously using drugs throughout his career. That same year, he helped the Athletics sweep the Boston Red Sox in 4 games in the ALCS, Canseco hit a grand slam in Game 1 in his first official World Series at bat, but it would be his only hit in the Series. He was unanimously named the American Leagues Most Valuable Player in 1988, with a.307 batting average,120 runs scored,124 RBIs,42 home runs, and 40 stolen bases. Canseco had a solid postseason hitting for a.323 batting average and 2 home runs including one in the ALCS against the Blue Jays that reached the deck of the Sky Dome. Against the Giants in the World Series he hit for a.357 average with a run in game 3
8.
Barry Bonds
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Barry Lamar Bonds is an American former professional baseball left fielder who played 22 seasons in Major League Baseball with the Pittsburgh Pirates and San Francisco Giants. Bonds received seven NL MVP awards and 14 All-Star selections, and is considered to be one of the greatest baseball players of all time, Bonds was regarded as an exceptional hitter, and finished his regular season career with a very high on-base percentage and isolated power. He holds many MLB hitting records, including most career runs, most home runs in a single season. He also received eight Gold Gloves for his defense in the outfield and he is ranked second in career Wins Above Replacement among all major league position players by both Fangraphs and Baseball-Reference. com, behind only Babe Ruth. Bonds led a career, notably as a central figure in baseballs steroids scandal. In 2007, he was indicted on charges of perjury and obstruction of justice for lying to the grand jury during the federal governments investigation of BALCO. The perjury charges against Bonds were dropped, and he was initially convicted of obstruction of justice. Bonds has not been elected into the National Baseball Hall of Fame in his first four years of eligibility, in the 2016 season, Bonds served as the hitting coach for the Miami Marlins. He played on the varsity team during his freshman year. He batted for a.467 batting average his senior year, Bonds attended Arizona State University, hitting.347 with 45 home runs and 175 runs batted in. In 1984 he batted.360 and had 30 stolen bases, in 1985, he hit 23 home runs with 66 RBIs and a.368 batting average. He was a Sporting News All-American selection that year and he tied the NCAA record with seven consecutive hits in the College World Series as sophomore and was named to All-Time College World Series Team in 1996. He graduated from Arizona State in 1986 with a degree in criminology and he was named ASU On Deck Circle Most Valuable Player, other winners include Dustin Pedroia, Willie Bloomquist, Paul Lo Duca, and Ike Davis. During college, he played part of one summer in the amateur Alaska Baseball League with the Alaska Goldpanners, the Pittsburgh Pirates drafted Bonds as the sixth overall pick of the 1985 Major League Baseball draft. He joined the Prince William Pirates of the Carolina League and was named July 1985 Player of the Month for the league, in 1986, he hit.311 in 44 games for the Hawaii Islanders of the Pacific Coast League. Before Bonds made it to the leagues in Pittsburgh, Pirate fan attendance was low. Bonds made his league debut on May 30,1986. In 1986, Bonds led National League rookies with 16 home runs,48 RBI,36 stolen bases and 65 walks and he played center field in 1986, but switched to left field with the arrival of centerfielder Andy Van Slyke in 1987
9.
Alex Rodriguez
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Alexander Emmanuel A-Rod Rodriguez is a Dominican-American former professional baseball shortstop and third baseman. He played 22 seasons in Major League Baseball for the Seattle Mariners, Texas Rangers, Rodriguez was one of the sports most highly touted prospects and is considered one of the greatest baseball players of all time. During his 22-year career, Rodriguez has amassed a.297 batting average,696 home runs, over 2,000 runs batted in, over 2,000 runs scored, and over 3,000 hits. He is a 14-time All-Star and has won three American League Most Valuable Player Awards, ten Silver Slugger Awards, and two Gold Glove Awards, Rodríguez is the career record holder for grand slams with 25. The Mariners selected Rodriguez first overall in the 1993 MLB draft, in 1996, he became the Mariners starting shortstop and finished second in voting for the AL MVP Award. Rodriguezs combination of power, speed, and defense made him a cornerstone of the franchise, the 10-year, $252 million contract he signed was the richest in baseball history. He played at a level in his three years with Texas, highlighted by his first AL MVP Award win in 2003. Prior to the 2004 season, Rodriguez was traded to the Yankees, in his first four seasons with New York, he was twice more named AL MVP. After opting out of his following the 2007 season, Rodriguez signed a new 10-year, $275 million deal with the Yankees. He became the youngest player ever to hit 500 home runs and he won his first World Series in 2009, which was the first year of the new Yankee Stadium. The following year, he became the leader in home runs by a player of Hispanic descent. In recent years, Rodriguez has been hampered by hip and knee injuries and he played his final game as a Yankee on August 12,2016. In August 2013, MLB suspended him 211 games for his involvement in the scandal, had the original suspension been upheld, it would have been the longest non-lifetime suspension in Major League Baseball history. After an arbitration hearing, the suspension was reduced to 162 games, Rodriguez was born in the Washington Heights section of New York City, to a Dominican family. When he was four, Rodriguez and his parents moved to the Dominican Republic, then to Miami, Rodriguezs favorite baseball players growing up were Keith Hernandez, Dale Murphy, and Cal Ripken Jr. and his favorite team was the New York Mets. In 100 games he batted.419 with 90 steals, westminster went on to win the high school national championship in his junior year. He was first team prep All-American as a senior, hitting.505 with nine runs,36 runs batted in. He was selected as the USA Baseball Junior Player of the Year, in 1993, Rodriguez became the first high school player to ever try out for the United States national baseball team
10.
500 home run club
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In Major League Baseball, the 500 home run club is a group of batters who have hit 500 or more regular-season home runs in their careers. On August 11,1929, Babe Ruth became the first member of the club, Ruth ended his career with 714 home runs, a record which stood from 1935 until Hank Aaron surpassed it in 1974. Aarons ultimate career total,755, remained the record until Barry Bonds set the current mark of 762 during the 2007 season, twenty-seven players are members of the 500 home run club. At.344, Ted Williams holds the highest batting average among the members while Harmon Killebrew holds the lowest at.256. Of these 27 players,14 were right-handed batters,11 were left-handed, five 500 home run club members—Aaron, Mays, Eddie Murray, Rafael Palmeiro, and Alex Rodriguez—are also members of the 3,000 hit club. Gary Sheffields 500th home run was his first career run with the New York Mets. Five eligible club members—Barry Bonds, Mark McGwire, Rafael Palmeiro, Gary Sheffield and Sammy Sosa—have not been elected to the Hall. Bonds and Sosa made their first appearance on the Hall of Fame ballot in 2013, Bonds received only 36. 2% and Sosa 12. 5% of the total votes, with 75% required for induction. Some believe the milestone has become less important with the number of new members,10 players joined the club from 1999 to 2009. Additionally, several of these recent members have had ties to performance-enhancing drugs, some believe that by not electing McGwire to the Hall the voters were establishing a referendum on how they would treat players from the Steroid Era. On January 8,2014, Rafael Palmeiro became the first member of the 500 Home Run Club to be removed from the BBWAA Hall of Fame ballot. As the BBWAA announced the selections for the Baseball Hall of Fame Class of 2014, players must be named on at least of 5. 0% of ballots to remain on future ballots. As of Opening Day 2017, Albert Pujols is the active member of the 500 home run club. Stats updated as of April 2,2017, Ted Williams Museum and Hitters Hall of Fame List of Major League Baseball career home run leaders 3,000 hit club General Career Leaders & Records for Home Runs. 500 Home Run Club – Milestones
11.
Major League Baseball Most Valuable Player Award
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The Major League Baseball Most Valuable Player Award is an annual Major League Baseball award, given to one outstanding player in the American League and one in the National League. Since 1931, it has been awarded by the Baseball Writers Association of America, MVP voting takes place before the postseason, but the results are not announced until after the World Series. The BBWAA began by polling three writers in each city in 1938, reducing that number to two per league city in 1961. The BBWAA does not offer a definition of what most valuable means. First basemen, with 34 winners, have won the most MVPs among infielders, followed by second basemen, third basemen, of the 24 pitchers who have won the award,15 are right-handed while 9 are left-handed. Walter Johnson, Carl Hubbell, and Hal Newhouser are the pitchers who have won multiple times. Barry Bonds has won the most often and the most consecutively, jimmie Foxx was the first player to win multiple times,9 players have won three times, and 19 have won twice. Frank Robinson is the player to win the award in both the American and National Leagues. The awards only tie occurred in the National League in 1979, there have been 18 unanimous winners, who received all the first-place votes. The New York Yankees have the most winning players with 22, the award has never been presented to a member of the following four teams, Arizona Diamondbacks, Miami Marlins, New York Mets, and Tampa Bay Rays. The most recent recipients are Mike Trout in the American League, in recent decades, pitchers have rarely won the award. When Justin Verlander won the AL award in 2011, he became the first pitcher in league to be named the MVP since Dennis Eckersley in 1992. Verlander also became the first starting pitcher to win this award since Roger Clemens had accomplished the feat in 1986. The National League went even longer without an MVP award to a pitcher—after Bob Gibson won in 1968, the 1910 race for best average in the American League was between the Detroit Tigers widely disliked Ty Cobb and Nap Lajoie of the Cleveland Indians. On the last day of the season, Lajoie overtook Cobbs batting average with seven bunt hits against the St. Louis Browns, American League President Ban Johnson said a recalculation showed that Cobb had won the race anyway, and Chalmers ended up awarding cars to both players. The following season, Chalmers created the Chalmers Award, a committee of baseball writers were to convene after the season to determine the most important and useful player to the club and to the league. Since the award was not as effective at advertising as Chalmers had hoped, in 1922 the American League created a new award to honor the baseball player who is of the greatest all-around service to his club. Winners, voted on by a committee of eight baseball writers chaired by James Crusinberry, received a bronze medal, voters were required to select one player from each team and player-coaches and prior award winners were ineligible
12.
Baseball
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Baseball is a bat-and-ball game played between two teams of nine players each, who take turns batting and fielding. A run is scored when a player advances around the bases, Players on the batting team take turns hitting against the pitcher of the fielding team, which tries to prevent runs by getting hitters out in any of several ways. A player on the team who reaches a base safely can later attempt to advance to subsequent bases during teammates turns batting. The teams switch between batting and fielding whenever the team records three outs. One turn batting for both teams, beginning with the team, constitutes an inning. A game is composed of nine innings, and the team with the number of runs at the end of the game wins. Baseball has no clock, although almost all games end in the ninth inning. Baseball evolved from older bat-and-ball games already being played in England by the mid-18th century and this game was brought by immigrants to North America, where the modern version developed. By the late 19th century, baseball was widely recognized as the sport of the United States. Baseball is now popular in North America and parts of Central and South America, the Caribbean, in the United States and Canada, professional Major League Baseball teams are divided into the National League and American League, each with three divisions, East, West, and Central. The major league champion is determined by playoffs that culminate in the World Series, the top level of play is similarly split in Japan between the Central and Pacific Leagues and in Cuba between the West League and East League. The evolution of baseball from older bat-and-ball games is difficult to trace with precision, a French manuscript from 1344 contains an illustration of clerics playing a game, possibly la soule, with similarities to baseball. Other old French games such as thèque, la balle au bâton, consensus once held that todays baseball is a North American development from the older game rounders, popular in Great Britain and Ireland. Baseball Before We Knew It, A Search for the Roots of the Game, by David Block, suggests that the game originated in England, recently uncovered historical evidence supports this position. Block argues that rounders and early baseball were actually regional variants of other. It has long believed that cricket also descended from such games. The earliest known reference to baseball is in a 1744 British publication, A Little Pretty Pocket-Book, David Block discovered that the first recorded game of Bass-Ball took place in 1749 in Surrey, and featured the Prince of Wales as a player. William Bray, an English lawyer, recorded a game of baseball on Easter Monday 1755 in Guildford and this early form of the game was apparently brought to Canada by English immigrants
13.
National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum
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The National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum is an American history museum and hall of fame, located at 25 Main Street in Cooperstown, New York, and operated by private interests. The Halls motto is Preserving History, Honoring Excellence, Connecting Generations, the word Cooperstown is often used as shorthand for the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum. The Hall of Fame was established in 1939 by Stephen Carlton Clark, Clark had sought to bring tourists to a city hurt by the Great Depression, which reduced the local tourist trade, and Prohibition, which devastated the local hops industry. A new building was constructed, and the Hall of Fame was dedicated on June 12,1939, the erroneous claim that U. S. Civil War hero Abner Doubleday invented baseball in Cooperstown was instrumental in the early marketing of the Hall. An expanded library and research facility opened in 1994, dale Petroskey became the organizations president in 1999. In 2002, the Hall launched Baseball As America, an exhibit that toured ten American museums over six years. The Hall of Fame has since also sponsored educational programming on the Internet to bring the Hall of Fame to schoolchildren who might not visit, the Hall and Museum completed a series of renovations in spring 2005. The Hall of Fame also presents an annual exhibit at FanFest at the Major League Baseball All-Star Game, Jeff Idelson replaced Petroskey as president on April 16,2008. In 2012, Congress passed and President Barack Obama signed a law ordering the United States Mint to produce and sell commemorative, non-circulating coins to benefit the private, non-profit Hall. The bill, House Bill H. R.2527, was introduced in the United States House of Representatives by Rep. Richard Hanna, a Republican from New York, the coins, which depict baseball gloves and balls, are the first concave designs produced by the Mint. The mintage included 50,000 gold coins,400,000 silver coins, the Mint released them on March 27,2014, and the gold and silver editions quickly sold out. The Hall receives money from surcharges included in the sale price,114 members of the Hall of Fame have been inducted posthumously, including four who died after their selection was announced. Of the 35 Negro league members,29 were inducted posthumously, the Hall of Fame includes one female member, Effa Manley. The newest inductees, enshrined on July 24,2016, are players Mike Piazza, the incoming class of 2017, to be formally enshrined on July 30, consists of executives John Schuerholz and Bud Selig and players Jeff Bagwell, Tim Raines, and Iván Rodríguez. In addition to honoring Hall of Fame inductees, the National Baseball Hall of Fame has presented 40 men with the Ford C, while Frick and Spink Award honorees are not members of the Hall of Fame, they are recognized in an exhibit in the Hall of Fames library. ONeil Award honorees are also not Hall of Fame members, but are listed alongside a permanent statue of the namesake and first recipient, Buck ONeil. From a final ballot typically including 25–40 candidates, each writer may vote for up to 10 players, until the late 1950s, any player named on 75% or more of all ballots cast is elected. A player who is named on fewer than 5% of ballots is dropped from future elections, players receiving 5% or more of the votes but fewer than 75% are reconsidered annually until a maximum of ten years of eligibility
14.
Mitchell Report
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The report also advances certain recommendations regarding the handling of past illegal drug use and future prevention practices. In addition, the report names 89 MLB players who are alleged to have used steroids or other performance-enhancing drugs, the appointment was made after several influential members of the U. S. Congress made negative comments about the effectiveness and honesty of MLBs drug policies. Mitchells investigation focused on high-profile players, without investigating the role teams played, Mitchell reported that the Major League Baseball Players Association was largely uncooperative. According to Mitchell, the Players Association effectively discouraged players from cooperating with the investigation, in a memorandum to players, the Association advised, Confidentiality was not an idle concern. The Players Association had agreed to testing in 2003, only to find out the list of players testing positive was turned over to the government. Mitchell agreed to give Commissioner Selig an advanced copy of the report while refusing to do the same for the Players Association, only two active players were interviewed for the report. Kirk Radomski, a former batboy and clubhouse employee for the New York Mets, Mitchell was able to secure Radomskis cooperation through San Francisco, California, U. S. Attorney Scott Schools. Radomski had been charged with distribution of a substance and money laundering. He reached a plea bargain that was conditioned upon his cooperation with the Mitchell investigation, brian McNamee is a personal trainer who was most notably employed by Andy Pettitte, Roger Clemens, and Chuck Knoblauch. He is a strength coach for the New York Yankees. The Mitchell Report alleges that McNamee helped acquire performance-enhancing drugs including steroids, amphetamines, McNamee told the Mitchell Commission that he began injecting Clemens with steroids in 1998 and that he continued to provide these steroids through 2001. Larry Starr was a trainer for 30 years with the Cincinnati Reds, Starr was interviewed by Mitchells investigators at least four times but his information was entirely omitted from the final Report. Starr has spoken freely about the subject with the press and he told a reporter, I have notes from the Winter Meetings where the owners group and the players association sat in meetings with the team physicians and team trainers. And team physicians stood up and said, Look, we need to do something about this, weve got a problem here if we dont do something about it. In another interview, Starr said, I dont totally blame the players, the system was such that there was no testing so. The bad thing was it really put the people in a bad situation. If we couldnt test, there was no way we could accuse somebody point blank that they were using some type of performance-enhancing substance, if I cant test, if I cant do anything objective with them, what I told my players was come on in. If youve got any questions, well close the door, close the blinds, there will be no papers, no pencils, and Id tell them everything I knew
15.
Steroids
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A steroid is an organic compound with four rings arranged in a specific configuration. Examples include the dietary lipid cholesterol, the sex hormones estradiol and testosterone, the steroid core structure is composed of seventeen carbon atoms, bonded in four fused rings, three six-member cyclohexane rings and one five-member cyclopentane ring. Steroids vary by the groups attached to this four-ring core. Sterols are forms of steroids with a group at position three and a skeleton derived from cholestane. They can also vary more markedly by changes to the ring structure, hundreds of steroids are found in plants, animals and fungi. All steroids are manufactured in cells from the sterols lanosterol or cycloartenol, lanosterol and cycloartenol are derived from the cyclization of the triterpene squalene. The three cyclohexane rings form the skeleton of a derivative of phenanthrene. The D ring has a cyclopentane structure, when the two methyl groups and eight carbon side chains are present, the steroid is said to have a cholestane framework. The following are some categories of steroids. In eukaryotes, steroids are found in fungi, animals, animal steroids include compounds of vertebrate and insect origin, the latter including ecdysteroids such as ecdysterone. Steroid hormones include, Sex hormones, which influence sex differences and these include androgens, estrogens, and progestagens. In popular use, the term often refers to anabolic steroids. Plant steroids include steroidal alkaloids found in Solanaceae, the phytosterols, in prokaryotes, biosynthetic pathways exist for the tetracyclic steroid framework – where its origin from eukaryotes is conjectured – and the more-common pentacyclic triterpinoid hopanoid framework. One example of how MeSH performs this classification is available at the Wikipedia MeSH catalog, examples of this classification include, The gonane is the parent 17-carbon tetracyclic hydrocarbon molecule with no alkyl sidechains. Secosteroids are a subclass of steroidal compounds resulting, biosynthetically or conceptually, major secosteroid subclasses are defined by the steroid carbon atoms where this scission has taken place. Norsteroids and homosteroids are structural subclasses of steroids formed from biosynthetic steps, the former involves enzymic ring expansion-contraction reactions, and the latter is accomplished or through ring closures of acyclic precursors with more ring atoms than the parent steroid framework. Combinations of these alterations are known in nature. Ingestion of these C-nor-D-homosteroids results in defects in lambs, cyclopia from cyclopamine
16.
NC Dinos
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The NC Dinos are a Korean professional baseball team founded in 2011. Their home stadium is Masan Baseball Stadium in the city of Changwon. They were a member of the Freedom Division of the Korea Baseball Futures League, on May 8,2012, the Korean Baseball Organization officially approved NC Dinos admission to the KBO League to start off the 2013 season. On April 11,2013, the NC Dinos won their first game in the history against the LG Twins. On July 1,2010, three cities, which were Changwon, Masan and Jinhae, ware integrated into one city, after the integration, Changwon drove forward the project, which attracted a baseball team in the city. On December 22,2010, video game company NCSOFT submitted a plan that it wanted to found a team to KBO. The NC Dinos have three dinosaurs for their mascots, the first is Dandi, the Tyrannosaurus. The second is Sseri, the Brachiosaurus, the third is Crong, the baby dinosaur. General Complete league history and statistics
17.
Eric Thames
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Eric Allyn Thames is an American professional baseball first baseman for the Milwaukee Brewers of Major League Baseball. He previously played as an outfielder for the Toronto Blue Jays and Seattle Mariners of MLB, Thames played college baseball for the Pepperdine Waves, and was chosen by the Blue Jays in the 2008 MLB draft. He made his MLB debut for Toronto in 2011, and was traded to the Mariners in 2012, after spending the 2013 season in Minor League Baseball, he signed with the Dinos for the 2014 season. He won the KBO League Most Valuable Player Award in 2015, eric Thames grew up in the San Jose-Santa Clara area. He attended Bellarmine College Preparatory in San Jose, where he was an All-League player for two years and a team MVP as a senior in 2004, Thames then attended West Valley Community College after sitting a year at Cabrillo College in 2005. During the 2006 season Thames made the Northern California all-state team, from there, Thames transferred to Pepperdine University to play for the Pepperdine Waves. The New York Yankees selected Thames in the 39th round of the 2007 Major League Baseball draft and he chose to stay at Pepperdine for his senior year. He was drafted the year by the Toronto Blue Jays in the seventh round of the 2008 Major League Baseball draft. Thames began his career with the Dunedin Blue Jays of the Florida State League in 2009. He made his MLB debut on May 18,2011 against the Tampa Bay Rays recording his first career hit and RBI, Thames also recorded his first career walk and run scored in that game. Thames hit his first career double against the Houston Astros on May 21, on June 3, Thames was optioned to the Triple-A Las Vegas 51s to make room for the return of Adam Lind. On June 23, he was recalled to Toronto, on June 29, Thames hit his first career home run off Pittsburgh Pirates starter Paul Maholm. Thames played 95 games in 2011, finishing with a.262 batting average,12 home runs, Thames made the Blue Jays roster out of spring training in 2012, and appeared in 46 games before being sent down to Triple-A Las Vegas. In 46 games, Thames hit.243 with 3 home runs and 11 RBI, on July 31,2012 Thames was traded to the Seattle Mariners for pitcher Steve Delabar. On March 20,2013, Thames was optioned to the Mariners Triple-A affiliate Tacoma Rainiers, on June 22, the Mariners designated Thames for assignment in order to clear room on the 40-man roster for the return of Franklin Gutierrez from the 60-day disabled list. Thames was traded by the Mariners to the Baltimore Orioles for minor league infielder Ty Kelly on June 30,2013, Thames was immediately optioned to the Triple-A Norfolk Tides. He was designated for assignment on September 1, the Houston Astros claimed Thames off waivers on September 5. He played for the Triple-A Oklahoma City Redhawks the next day and he had 2 hits in 4 at-bats as Oklahoma lost and was eliminated from the playoffs
18.
Korea Baseball Organization
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The Korea Baseball Organization is the governing body for the professional leagues of baseball in South Korea. The KBO was founded in 1981 and has governed two leagues, the KBO League and KBO Futures League (Hangul, KBO 퓨처스리그 since 1982. It is one of two major baseball governing bodies, the other is the Korea Baseball Association, which is the body for amateur baseball competitions. The KBO is a member of the International Baseball Federation, and is responsible for the baseball team for the World Baseball Classic. National team participation in competitions is governed by the Korea Baseball Association
19.
Oakland Athletics
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The Oakland Athletics are an American professional baseball team based in Oakland, California. The Athletics compete in Major League Baseball as a club of the American League West division. The club plays its games at the Oakland–Alameda County Coliseum. The club has won nine World Series championships, the third most of all current Major League Baseball teams, the Athletics 2017 season will be the teams 50th season in Oakland. One of the American Leagues eight charter franchises, the club was founded in Philadelphia and they won three World Series championships from 1910 to 1913 and two in a row in 1929 and 1930. The teams owner and manager for its first 50 years was Connie Mack and Hall of Fame players included Chief Bender, Frank Home Run Baker, Jimmie Foxx, the team left Philadelphia for Kansas City in 1955 and became the Kansas City Athletics before moving to Oakland in 1968. They won three World Championships in a row from 1972 to 1974, led by players including Catfish Hunter, Reggie Jackson, ace reliever Rollie Fingers, after being sold by Finley to Walter A. Haas, Jr. The film Moneyball, and the book on which it is based, the As made their Bay Area debut on Wednesday, April 17,1968, with a 4-1 loss to the Baltimore Orioles at the Coliseum, in front of an opening-night crowd of 50,164. The Athletics name originated in the term Athletic Club for local gentlemens clubs—dates to 1860 when an amateur team, the team later turned professional through 1875, becoming a charter member of the National League in 1876, but were expelled from the N. L. after one season. A later version of the Athletics played in the American Association from 1882–1891, McGraw and Mack had known each other for years, and McGraw accepted it graciously. By 1909, the As were wearing an elephant logo on their sweaters, over the years the elephant has appeared in several different colors. In 1963, when the As were located in Kansas City and this is rumored to have been done by Finley in order to appeal to fans from the region who were predominantly Democrats at the time. Since 1988, the Athletics 21st season in Oakland, an illustration of an elephant has adorned the sleeve of the As home. Beginning in the mid 1980s, the on-field costumed incarnation of the As elephant mascot went by the name Harry Elephante, in 1997, he took his current form, Stomper. Through the seasons, the Athletics uniforms have usually paid homage to their forebears to some extent. Until 1954, when the uniforms had Athletics spelled out in script across the front, furthermore, neither Philadelphia nor the letter P ever appeared on the uniform or cap. The typical Philadelphia uniform had only a script A on the left front, in the early days of the American League, the standings listed the club as Athletic rather than Philadelphia, in keeping with the old tradition. Eventually, the city came to be used for the team
20.
San Francisco Giants
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The San Francisco Giants are an American professional baseball franchise based in San Francisco, California. Founded in 1883 as the New York Gothams, and renamed three years later to the New York Giants, the team moved to San Francisco in 1958. The Giants compete in Major League Baseball as a club of the National League West division. As one of the longest-established and most successful baseball teams. The team was the first major team based in New York City. They have won 23 NL pennants and have played in 20 World Series competitions – both NL records, the Giants eight World Series championships rank second in the National League and are tied for fourth overall. The Giants have played in the World Series 20 times –14 times in New York, six in San Francisco –, the Giants franchise has the most Hall of Fame players in all of professional baseball. The Giants rivalry with the Dodgers is one of the longest-standing, the teams began their rivalry as the New York Giants and Brooklyn Dodgers, respectively, before both franchises moved west for the 1958 season. The Giants have won six pennants and three World Series championships since arriving in San Francisco and those three championships have come in 2010,2012, and most recently in 2014, having defeated the Kansas City Royals four games to three during the 2014 World Series. The Giants began as the baseball club founded by millionaire tobacconist John B. Day and veteran amateur baseball player Jim Mutrie, the Gothams, as the Giants were originally known, entered the National League in 1883, while their other club, the Metropolitans played in the American Association. Nearly half of the original Gotham players were members of the disbanded Troy Trojans, Louis Browns in a pre-modern-era World Series. They repeated as champions the year with a pennant and Championship victory over the Brooklyn Bridegrooms. It is said that one particularly satisfying victory over the Philadelphia Phillies, Mutrie. From then on, the club was known as the Giants, the Giants original home stadium, the Polo Grounds, dates from this early era. It was originally located north of Central Park adjacent to 5th and 6th Avenues and 110th and 112th Streets, the Giants were a powerhouse in the late 1880s, winning their first two National League Pennants and World Championships in 1888 and 1889. But nearly all of the Giants stars jumped to the upstart Players League, whose New York franchise was named the Giants. The new team built a stadium next door to the Polo Grounds
21.
Seattle Mariners
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The Seattle Mariners are an American professional baseball team based in Seattle, Washington. The Mariners compete in Major League Baseball as a club of the American League West division. The team joined the AL as a team in 1977. Since July 1999, the Mariners home ballpark has been Safeco Field, the Mariners name originates from the prominence of marine culture in the city of Seattle. They are nicknamed the Ms, a featured in their primary logo from 1987 to 1992. The current team colors of Navy blue, Northwest green, and silver were adopted prior to the 1993 season after having been royal blue and their mascot is the Mariner Moose. The organization did not field a team until 1991, and any real success eluded them until 1995 when they won their first division championship. The Mariners won 116 games in 2001, which set the American League record for most wins in a single season, through the 2016 season, the franchise has finished with a losing record in 27 of 40 seasons. The Mariners are one of eight Major League Baseball teams who have never won a World Series championship, the Mariners were created as a result of a lawsuit. Confident that Major League Baseball would return to Seattle within a few years, King County built the multi-purpose Kingdome, the name Mariners was chosen by club officials in August 1976 from over 600 names submitted by 15,000 entrants in a name-the-team contest. The Mariners played their first game on April 6,1977, to a crowd of 57,762 at the Kingdome. The first home run in history was hit on April 10,1977. That year, star pitcher Diego Seguí, in his last major league season, the Mariners finished with a 64–98 record, echoing the record the 1969 Pilots once held. In 1979, Seattle hosted the 50th Major League Baseball All-Star Game, after the 1981 season, the Mariners were sold to California businessman and future U. S. Ambassador to Spain George Argyros. During the 1992–93 offseason, the Mariners hired manager Lou Piniella, Mariner fans embraced Piniella, and he would helm the team from 1993 through 2002, winning two American League Manager of the Year Awards along the way. In doing so, the broke the 1998 Yankees American League single-season record of 114 wins. On October 22,2008 the Mariners announced the hiring of Jack Zduriencik, formerly scouting director of the Milwaukee Brewers, weeks later, on November 18, the team named Oakland Athletics bench coach Don Wakamatsu as its new field manager. Wakamatsu and Zduriencik hired a new coaching staff for 2009
22.
Washington Nationals
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The Washington Nationals are a professional baseball team based in Washington, D. C. The Nationals compete in Major League Baseball as a club of the National League East division. From 2005 to 2007, the played in RFK Stadium. The Nationals are the major league franchise to be based in Washington, D. C. The original Washington Senators, who were referred to as the Nationals. They were followed by a second Washington Senators franchise in 1901, a member of the new American League. The second Senators franchise moved to Minnesota in 1961 and became the Minnesota Twins and they were replaced that season by a third Senators franchise, who eventually moved to Arlington, Texas, after the 1971 season and became the Texas Rangers. The current National League club was founded in 1969 as the Montreal Expos, part of the MLB expansion, which included the Seattle Pilots, Kansas City Royals, based in Montreal, the Expos were the first Major League team in Canada. Home games were played at Jarry Park Stadium and later in Olympic Stadium, the franchise had its highest winning percentage in the strike-shortened season of 1994, when the team had the best record in baseball. While the team struggled after moving to Washington, the Nationals have experienced moderate success in recent years, winning division titles in 2012,2014. Two of the teams first overall picks in the MLB Draft, Stephen Strasburg in 2009 and Bryce Harper in 2010, attracted new levels of attention to the team. At the time of his selection, Strasburg was called the pick in draft history. The Montreal Expos joined the National League in 1969, along with the San Diego Padres, with a majority held by Charles Bronfman. Named after the Expo 67 Worlds Fair, the Expos initial home was Jarry Park, starting in 1977, the teams home venue was Montreals Olympic Stadium, built for the 1976 Summer Olympics. Two years later, the team won a franchise-high 95 games, the team spent most of the 1980s in the middle of the NL East pack, finishing in third or fourth place in eight out of nine seasons from 1982 to 1990. Buck Rodgers was hired as manager before the 1985 season and guided the Expos to a.500 or better five times in six years, with the highlight coming in 1987. They finished third, but were just four games behind the division-winning Cardinals, Bronfman sold the team to a consortium of owners in 1991, with Claude Brochu as the managing general partner. Rodgers, at that second only to Gene Mauch in number of Expos games managed, was replaced partway through the 1991 season
23.
Ken Williams (baseball)
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Kenneth Roy Williams was an American professional baseball player. He played as an outfielder in Major League Baseball from 1915 to 1929, Williams began his major league career with the Cincinnati Reds before spending the majority of his playing days with the St. Louis Browns, and finally ended his career playing for the Boston Red Sox. He batted left-handed and threw right-handed, Williams was the first member of Major League Baseballs 30–30 club, for players who have reached the 30 home runs and 30 stolen bases plateaus in the same season. Williams began his baseball career in 1913 at the age of 23. In 1914, he played for the Edmonton Eskimos before moving to the Spokane Indians in 1915, after posting a.340 batting average in 79 games for the Indians, he made his major league debut with the Cincinnati Reds on July 14,1915. He hit for a.242 average in 71 games for the Reds during the peak of the era when only 6 players in the league hit above the.300 mark. He played in only 10 games for the Reds in 1916, spending most of the season with Spokane, Williams hit 24 home runs along with a.313 batting average for Portland in 1917 before being purchased by the St. Louis Browns. Williams was drafted into the United States Army in April 1918 and he returned to the Browns in 1919 and hit.300 with 6 home runs in 65 games. In 1920, Major League Baseball outlawed specialty pitches such as the spitball, in Williamss first full season as a regular player in 1920, he posted a.307 batting average along with 10 home runs and 72 runs batted in. He continued to improve in 1921 with a.347 batting average with 24 home runs,117 runs batted in,32 of his 39 home runs were hit at home in Sportsmans Park. On August 7,1922, during a game against the Washington Senators and he was one of only two players to break Babe Ruths twelve-year string in which he led the American League in home runs. In August 1923, the Washington Senators came into possession of one of Williams bats and discovered that it had been bored out and plugged with a lighter wood. The bat was turned over to National League umpire George Hildebrand for investigation, Williams explained that he had ordered the bat specially made, but when he received it, he found it to be too heavy, so he plugged it with a lighter wood. He was cited in the 1924 Reach Guide for using a corked bat and he finished the 1923 season with a career-high.357 batting average along with 29 home runs and 91 runs batted in and ended the season 15th in Most Valuable Player Award balloting. In November 1924, it was rumored that the Yankees were trying to trade for Williams, however, St. Louis manager George Sislers insistence on the Yankees trading Waite Hoyt for Williams was too high a price for Yankees owner Jacob Ruppert. Williams had another season in 1925, hitting.331 with 25 home runs and 105 runs batted in. Williams continued to hit well for the remainder of his career with St. Louis until December 15,1927 and he played two more seasons for the Red Sox, hitting for a.345 average in 1929 at the age of 39. Williams returned to the leagues in 1930 to play two more seasons for the Portland Beavers before retiring in 1931 at the age of 41
24.
Willie Mays
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He was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1979, his first year of eligibility. Mays shares the record of most appearances in the All-Star Games,24, with Hank Aaron, in appreciation of his All-Star record, Ted Williams said They invented the All-Star Game for Willie Mays. In 1999, Mays placed second on The Sporting Newss List of the 100 Greatest Baseball Players, later that year, he was also elected to the Major League Baseball All-Century Team. Mays is one of five National League players to have had eight consecutive 100-RBI seasons, along with Mel Ott, Sammy Sosa, Chipper Jones, and Albert Pujols. Mays hit over 50 home runs in 1955 and 1965, representing the longest time span between 50-plus home run seasons for any player in Major League Baseball history and his final Major League Baseball appearance came on October 16 during Game 3 of the 1973 World Series. Mays was born in Westfield, Alabama, just outside Fairfield and his father, Cat Mays, was a talented baseball player with the Negro team for the local iron plant. His mother, Annie Satterwhite, was a basketball and track star in high school. His parents never married each other, as a baby, Mays was cared for by his mothers younger sisters Sarah and Ernestine. Sarah became the female role model in Mays life. His father exposed him to baseball at an age. At age 10, Mays was allowed to sit on the bench of his fathers League games, Mays played multiple sports at Fairfield Industrial High School, averaging a then-record 17 points a game in basketball and more than 40 yards a punt in football, while also playing quarterback. Mays graduated from Fairfield in 1950, Mays professional baseball career began in 1947, while he was still in high school and played briefly with the Chattanooga Choo-Choos in Tennessee during the summer. A short time later, Mays left the Choo-Choos and returned to his state to join the Birmingham Black Barons of the Negro American League. Mays helped them win their pennant and advance to the 1948 Negro League World Series, Mays hit a respectable.262 for the season, but it was also his excellent fielding and baserunning that made him a standout. By playing professionally with the Black Barons, Mays jeopardized his opportunities to high school sports in Alabama. This created some problems for him with school administrators at Fairfield. Over the next years, a number of Major League baseball franchises sent scouts to watch him play. The first was the Boston Braves, the scout who discovered him, Bud Maughn, had been following him for over a year and referred him to the Braves, who then packaged a deal which called for $7,500 down and $7,500 in 30 days
25.
Mickey Mantle
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Mickey Charles Mantle, nicknamed The Commerce Comet and The Mick, was an American professional baseball player. Mantle played his entire Major League Baseball career with the New York Yankees as a fielder and first baseman. Mantle was one of the best players and sluggers, and is regarded by many as the greatest switch hitter in baseball history, Mantle was inducted into the National Baseball Hall of Fame in 1974 and was elected to the Major League Baseball All-Century Team in 1999. Mantle was arguably the greatest offensive threat of any center fielder in baseball history and he has the highest career OPS+ of any center fielder and he had the highest stolen base percentage in history at the time of his retirement. He also had an excellent 0.984 fielding percentage when playing center field, Mantle was noted for his ability to hit for both average and power, especially tape measure home runs. He hit 536 MLB career home runs, batted.300 or more ten times, Mantle won the Triple Crown in 1956, leading the major leagues in batting average, home runs, and runs batted in, he later wrote a book about his best year in baseball. He was an All-Star for 16 seasons, playing in 16 of the 20 All-Star Games that were played and he was an American League Most Valuable Player three times and a Gold Glove winner once. Mantle appeared in 12 World Series including seven championships, and holds World Series records for the most home runs, RBIs, extra-base hits, runs, walks, and total bases. Mantle was born on October 20,1931 in Spavinaw, Oklahoma and he was of at least partial English ancestry, his great-grandfather, George Mantle, left Brierley Hill, in Englands Black Country, in 1848. Mutt named his son in honor of Mickey Cochrane, a Hall of Fame catcher, later in his life, Mantle expressed relief that his father had not known Cochranes true first name, as he would have hated to be named Gordon. Mantle spoke warmly of his father, and said he was the bravest man he ever knew, No boy ever loved his father more, he said. His grandfather died at the age of 60 in 1944, when Mantle was four years old, his family moved to the nearby town of Commerce, Oklahoma, where his father worked in lead and zinc mines. As a teenager, Mantle rooted for the St. Louis Cardinals, Mantle was an all-around athlete at Commerce High School, playing basketball as well as football in addition to his first love, baseball. His football playing nearly ended his athletic career, kicked in the left shin during a practice game during his sophomore year, Mantle developed osteomyelitis in his left ankle, a crippling disease that was incurable just a few years earlier. Mantle began his baseball career in Kansas with the semi-professional Baxter Springs Whiz Kids. In 1948, Yankees scout Tom Greenwade came to Baxter Springs to watch Mantles teammate, during the game, Mantle hit three home runs. Greenwade returned in 1949, after Mantles high school graduation, to sign Mantle to a league contract. Mantle signed for $140 per month with a $1,500 signing bonus, Mantle was assigned to the Yankees Class-D Independence Yankees of the Kansas–Oklahoma–Missouri League, where he played shortstop
26.
Vladimir Guerrero
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Vladimir Alvino Guerrero is a Dominican former professional baseball player who spent 16 seasons in Major League Baseball as a right fielder and designated hitter. He played for the Montreal Expos from, the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim from, the Texas Rangers in, in 2004, he was voted the American League Most Valuable Player. He helped lead the Angels to five AL West championships, and was voted as one of the most feared hitters in baseball in a 2008 poll of all 30 major league managers. In the first pitch of an at-bat, he hit 126 home runs, believed to be the most ever, on September 26,2011, Guerrero became the all-time MLB leader in hits among players from the Dominican Republic, surpassing Julio Franco. He was later surpassed by Adrián Beltré in 2014, at the time of his final game, he was the leader among active major league outfielders in errors, with 125, and was second in assists, with 126. His older brother, Wilton Guerrero, also played in Major League Baseball, one of nine children, Guerrero is the younger brother of ex-major leaguer Wilton Guerrero, who also played with the Montreal Expos. He is also the cousin of minor leaguer Cristian Guerrero, and his son, Vladimir Guerrero, Jr. was born in Montreal, Canada in 1999 during the elder Guerreros time with the Expos, and is also a baseball prospect. On July 2,2015, he was signed by the Toronto Blue Jays, as of 2012, Guerrero had a total of eight children with five different women. His 6-foot-3-inch frame, strong arm, and unusual ability to hit out of the strike zone drew attention at a Dodgers training camp. After injuring his hamstring running out a double, he hit a home run in his next at bat to avoid having to run the bases. Due to his leg condition, Guerrero only received a 30-day contract, but he grew frustrated with the structure of the Dodgers camp, and left. In March 1993, Guerrero signed with the Montreal Expos, during the process he lied about his age, claiming to be born February 9,1976. It was not until March 2009 that he revealed to Major League Baseball that he was born February 9,1975, in 1994, Guerrero hit.314 in 37 games with the Expos Rookie League team. The next year he hit.333 with the Albany Polecats, in 1996, while advancing from Single-A to Double-A, Guerrero batted.360 with 24 home runs and 96 RBI. His September callup was unproductive, although he hit his first major league home run, Guerrero was signed by the Montreal Expos as an amateur free agent on March 1,1993 and eventually made his major league debut on September 19,1996. He was 1 for 5 in his debut, with his first hit a single to center field off of Steve Avery of the Atlanta Braves in the top of the 4th. He hit his first career home run off of the Braves closer Mark Wohlers on September 21,1996 and he was criticized during his first season in 1997 for being too aggressive at the plate. Nonetheless, he put up solid numbers for a rookie, batting.302 with 11 HRs and 40 RBI in just 325 at-bats, Guerrero led all major league outfielders in errors in 1997,1998,1999,2000, and 2001
27.
Montreal Expos
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The Montreal Expos were a Canadian professional baseball team based in Montreal, Quebec. The Expos were the first Major League Baseball franchise located outside the United States and they played in the National League East Division from 1969 until 2004. Following the 2004 season, the relocated to Washington, D. C. Named after the Expo 67 Worlds Fair, the Expos originally played at Jarry Park Stadium before moving to Olympic Stadium in 1977, the Expos failed to post a winning record in any of their first ten seasons. The team won its division title in the strike-shortened 1981 season. The team was sold in 1991 by its majority, founding owner, Charles Bronfman, felipe Alou was promoted to the teams field manager in 1992, becoming MLBs first Dominican-born manager. He led the team to four winning seasons, including 1994, Alou became the Expos leader in games managed. The aftermath of the 1994 strike initiated a downward spiral as the Expos chose to sell off their best players, Major League Baseball purchased the team prior to the 2002 season after the club failed to secure funding for a new ballpark. In their final two seasons, the team played 22 home games each year at Hiram Bithorn Stadium in San Juan, Puerto Rico. On September 29,2004, MLB announced the franchise would relocate to Washington, D. C. for the 2005 season, the Expos posted an all-time record of 2,753 wins,2,943 losses and 4 ties during their 36 years in Montreal. Vladimir Guerrero led the franchise in both runs and batting average, and Steve Rogers in wins and strikeouts. Three pitchers threw four no-hitters, Bill Stoneman, Charlie Lea, and Dennis Martínez, professional baseball in Montreal dates back to 1890 when teams briefly played in the International Association. A second attempt at hosting a pro team failed in 1895, the Montreal Royals of the Eastern League were subsequently founded in 1897 and played 20 seasons. The Royals were revived in 1928 and were purchased by the Brooklyn Dodgers in 1939 to serve as one of their Triple-A affiliates, under Dodgers management, the Royals won seven International League championships and three Junior World Series titles between 1941 and 1958. In 1946, Jackie Robinson joined the Royals and led the team to a Junior World Series title in advance of his breaking baseballs colour barrier one year later. Almost immediately upon the Royals demise, Montreal mayor Jean Drapeau, on May 27,1968, National League president Warren Giles announced the league would add expansion teams in San Diego and Montreal at a cost of US$10 million each. With the franchise secured, Snyder built a group of six partners led by financier Jean-Louis Lévesque. Lévesque was originally tapped as chairman and the face of the ownership group since he was a francophone
28.
New York Yankees
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The Essendon Football Club is a professional Australian rules football club which plays in the Australian Football League, the sports premier competition. Formed in 1871 as a club and playing as a senior club since 1878. It is historically associated with Essendon, a suburb in the north-west of Melbourne, dyson Heppell is the current team captain. A founding member club of both the Victorian Football Association, in 1877, and the Victorian Football League, in 1896, the club claims to have over at least one million supporters Australia wide. Essendon has won 16 VFL/AFL premierships which, along with Carlton, is the most of any club in the competition, the club was founded by members of the Royal Agricultural Society, the Melbourne Hunt Club and the Victorian Woolbrokers. The Essendon Football Club is thought to have formed in 1872 at a meeting it the home of a well-known brewery family, the McCrackens, whose Ascot Vale property hosted a team of local junior players. Robert McCracken, the owner of several city hotels, was the founder and first president of the Essendon club and his son, Alex, Alex would later become president of the newly formed VFL. Alexs cousin, Collier, who had played with Melbourne, was the teams first captain. The club played its first recorded match against the Carlton second twenty on 7 June 1873, Essendon played 13 matches in its first season, winning seven, with four draws and losing two. The club was one of the junior members of the Victorian Football Association in 1877. During its early years in the Association, Essendon played its matches at Flemington Hill. In 1878, Essendon played in the first match on what would be considered by modern standards to be a field at Flemington Hill. In 1879 Essendon played Melbourne in one of the earliest night matches recorded when the ball was painted white, in 1883 the team played four matches in Adelaide. In 1891 Essendon won their first VFA premiership, which they repeated in 1892,1893 and 1894, one of the clubs greatest players, Albert Thurgood played for the club during this period. Essendon was undefeated in the 1893 season, at the end of the 1896 season Essendon along with seven other clubs formed the Victorian Football League. Essendons first VFL game was in 1897 was against Geelong at Corio Oval in Geelong, Essendon won its first VFL premiership by winning the 1897 VFL finals series. Essendon again won the premiership in 1901, defeating Collingwood in the Grand Final, the club won successive premierships in 1911 and 1912 over Collingwood and South Melbourne respectively. The nickname first appeared in print in the local North Melbourne Advertiser in 1889 and it was known firstly as Essendon Town and, after 1905, as Essendon
29.
Kansas City Royals
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The Kansas City Royals are an American professional baseball team based in Kansas City, Missouri. The Royals compete in Major League Baseball as a team of the American League Central division. The team was founded as a franchise in 1969, and has participated in four World Series, winning in 1985 and 2015. The name Royals originates from the American Royal, a show, horse show, rodeo. Entering the American League in 1969 along with the Seattle Pilots, since April 10,1973, the Royals have played at Kauffman Stadium, formerly known as Royals Stadium. The team remained competitive throughout the early 1990s, but then had one winning season from 1995 to 2012. For 28 consecutive seasons, the Royals did not qualify to play in the Major League Baseball postseason, the team broke this streak in 2014 by securing the franchises first wild card berth and advancing to the World Series. The Royals followed this up by winning the teams first Central Division title in 2015, the Royals began play in 1969 in Kansas City, Missouri. In their inaugural game, on April 8,1969, the Royals defeated the Minnesota Twins 4–3 in 12 innings, in 1971, the Royals had their first winning season, with manager Bob Lemon leading them to a second-place finish. In 1973, under manager Jack McKeon, the Royals adopted their iconic powder blue road uniforms, the 1973 All-Star Game was hosted at Royals Stadium, with Otis and Mayberry in the AL starting lineup. The event was held at Municipal Stadium in 1960, when the Athletics were based in Kansas City. However, the Royals lost to the New York Yankees in three straight American League Championship Series encounters, after the Royals finished in second place in 1979, Herzog was fired and replaced by Jim Frey. Under Frey, the Royals rebounded in 1980 and advanced to the ALCS, the Royals vanquished the Yankees in a three-game sweep punctuated by a George Brett home run off of Yankees star relief pitcher Goose Gossage. After reaching their first World Series, the Royals fell to the Philadelphia Phillies in six games, Game 6 was also significant because it remains the most-watched game in World Series history with a television audience of 54.9 million viewers. In July 1983, while the Royals were headed for a second-place finish behind the Chicago White Sox another chapter in the rivalry with the New York Yankees occurred. After Yankee Manager Billy Martin came out of the dugout to talk to home plate umpire Tim McClelland, McClelland, McClelland then pointed to Brett in the dugout and gave the out sign, disallowing the home run. Brett stormed out of the dugout, angry and hysterical, the homer was later reinstated by AL President Lee MacPhail, and the Royals won the game after it was resumed several weeks later. The 1983 season was notable for some transitional changes in the Royals organization
30.
Houston Astros
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The Houston Astros are an American professional baseball team based in Houston, Texas. The Astros are members of the American League West division in Major League Baseball, the Astros have played their home games at Minute Maid Park since 2000. The Astros were established as the Houston Colt. 45s and entered the National League in 1962 with the expansion New York Mets. The current name—reflecting Houstons role as the center of the U. S. space program—was adopted three years later, when they moved into the Astrodome, the worlds first domed sports stadium. The Astros played in the NL from 1962 to 2012 and they played in the West division from 1969 to 1993, and the Central division from 1994 to 2012. The Astros have played in one World Series in 2005 against the Chicago White Sox, from 1888 until 1961, Houstons professional baseball club was the minor league Houston Buffaloes. Although expansion from the National League eventually brought an MLB team to Texas in 1962, Houston officials had been making efforts to do so for years prior. There were four men responsible for bringing Major League Baseball to Houston, George Kirksey and Craig Cullinan. They formed the Houston Sports Association as their vehicle for attaining a big league franchise for the city of Houston and they called the new league the Continental League. Wanting to protect potential new markets, both existing leagues chose to expand from eight teams to ten, however, plans eventually fell through for the Houston franchise after the Houston Buffaloes owner, Marty Marion, could not come to an agreement with the HSA to sell the team. To make matters worse, the Continental League as a whole folded in August 1960, however, on October 17,1960, the National League granted an expansion franchise to the Houston Sports Association in which their team could begin play in the 1962 season. Eventually, the Houston Sports Association succeeded in purchasing the Houston Buffaloes, at this point majority-owned by William Hopkins, the Buffs played one last minor league season as the top farm team of the Chicago Cubs in 1961 before being succeeded by the citys NL club. The new Houston team was named the Colt. 45s after a Name The Team contest was won by William Irving Neder, the Colt.45 was well known as the gun that won the west. The colors selected were blue and orange. The first team was formed mostly through a draft after the 1961 season. The Colt. 45s and their cousins, the New York Mets. Many of those associated with the Houston Buffaloes organization were allowed by the ownership to continue in the major league, Manager Harry Craft, who had joined Houston in 1961, remained in the same position for the team until the end of the 1964 season. General manager Spec Richardson also continued with the organization as business manager, similarly, the radio broadcasting team remained with the new Houston major league franchise
31.
Matt Kemp
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Matthew Ryan Matt Kemp is an American professional baseball outfielder for the Atlanta Braves of Major League Baseball. He began his career in the Los Angeles Dodgers organization in 2003. He played for the San Diego Padres in 2015 and 2016 and he has been named to two All-Star teams and has won two Gold Glove Awards and two Silver Slugger Awards. The Dodgers selected Kemp in the round of the 2003 MLB draft. After four seasons in the leagues, he made his major league debut in 2006. He did not become a player until 2008, when he took over as the starting center fielder for the Dodgers. In 2011, Kemp led the National League in runs scored, total bases, OPS+, WAR, home runs, additionally, he became the first player to finish in the top two in both home runs and steals since Hank Aaron in 1963. He was traded to the Padres after the 2014 season, in the 2016 season, he was traded to the Atlanta Braves. Primarily a center fielder with the Dodgers, Kemp transitioned to right field with the Padres, Kemp was born in Midwest City, Oklahoma, the son of Carl Kemp and Judy Henderson, who never married. He was raised in Oklahoma by his mother, a registered nurse, when he was 13, his mother had another son, Tyler, who was born prematurely and died at age one. Kemp attended Midwest City High School in Oklahoma, where he was a standout in basketball and baseball. He was teammates with Shelden Williams on the varsity team that won the state title two years in a row, and the team was ranked third in the nation at one point. Kemp himself was an All-City selection, and averaged 20 points a game, the players were suspended from the team during the investigation. However, the woman did not press charges, and the district attorney opted to not pursue the matter due to a lack of evidence. Kemp was drafted by the Los Angeles Dodgers in the 6th round of the 2003 MLB draft, Kemp started his professional career for the Gulf Coast Dodgers in 2003 and followed that up with stints with the Columbus Catfish in 2004 and the Vero Beach Dodgers in 2004–05. At Columbus and Vero Beach, Kemp improved his power numbers, after hitting just a single home run in 43 games, Kemp became more of a power hitter. In 2004 with Columbus, he belted 18 home runs to go along with 27 doubles in 122 games and he was selected to the Florida State League All-Star team in 2005, and set Vero Beach franchise records for home runs and slugging percentage. Kemp began 2006 with the AA Jacksonville Suns, where he hit.327 with seven homers,34 runs batted in and 11 steals, prompting a promotion to the major league squad
32.
Double (baseball)
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To hit many doubles, one must have decent hitting skill and power, it also helps to run well enough to beat an outfield throw. Doubles typically drive in runs from base, second base. When total bases and slugging percentages are calculated, the two is used for the calculation. The all-time leader in doubles is Tris Speaker, with 792, a two-base hit awarded by an umpire when a batted ball is hit fairly and bounces out of play is referred to as a ground rule double. The batter is awarded second base and any runners advance two bases from the base occupied at the time of the pitch. Prior to 1931, such hits were considered home runs, a two-base hit awarded because the batter hit into a special situation defined in the ground rules is also defined as a ground rule double. An example of this occurs where the rules of Chicagos Wrigley Field award a ground rule if a batted ball is lost in the vines on the outfield bleacher wall. The rules of the Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome in Minneapolis awarded a ground rule if the ball became stuck in its Teflon ceiling
33.
Triple (baseball)
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In baseball, a triple is the act of a batter safely reaching third base after hitting the ball, with neither the benefit of a fielders misplay nor another runner being put out on a fielders choice. Triples have become rare in Major League Baseball. It often requires a hit to a distant part of the field. It also usually means that the hit the ball solidly. The triple is considered one of the most exciting plays in baseball, a triple is the hardest to achieve in terms of hitting for the cycle. com List of single-season triples leaders, Baseball-Reference. com
34.
Triple Crown (baseball)
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In Major League Baseball, a player earns the Triple Crown when he leads a league in three specific statistical categories in the same season. The term Triple Crown generally refers to the achievement of leading a league in batting average, home runs. The term Pitching Triple Crown refers to the achievement of leading a league in wins, strikeouts. The term Triple Crown is typically used when a player leads one league, such as the American League or the National League, a tie for a lead in any category, such as home runs, is sufficient to be considered the leader in that category. A Major League Triple Crown may be said to occur when a player leads all of Major League Baseball in all three categories, the term Triple Crown generally refers to the batting achievement. A batter who completes a season leading a league in batting average, home runs, as the term, unless modified, connotes the batting achievement, it may not be necessary to refer to this as the batting Triple Crown. It is a feat to lead all batters in each of these categories. It has been accomplished 17 times, most recently in 2012, cabreras was the first since 1967, when Carl Yastrzemski accomplished the feat. The most batting Triple Crowns won by a player is two, rogers Hornsby was the first to accomplish it, winning his first in 1922 and then leading all major leagues in 1925 en route to his second Triple Crown, both with the St. Louis Cardinals. Ted Williams later matched this mark in the AL, winning in 1942 and 1947 with the Boston Red Sox, the Cardinals have won the most batting Triple Crowns as a franchise with four. Along with Hornsbys two, Tip ONeill won in the now-defunct American Association in 1887 while the team was known as the St. Louis Browns, eleven of the thirteen eligible players who have offensive Triple Crowns have been elected to the Hall of Fame. A pitcher who leads the league in wins, strikeouts, because these statistics are all largely complimentary of one another, the Pitching Triple Crown is not quite as rare as the batting feat. The pitching Triple Crown has been accomplished 38 times, including 8 since 1997, the most pitching Triple Crowns captured by one player is three, accomplished by three players. Grover Cleveland Alexander captured his first two in seasons with the Philadelphia Phillies, and won a third in 1920 with the Chicago Cubs. Alexander is the only pitching Triple Crown winner to win his titles with more than one team, walter Johnson won his three Triple Crowns with the first Washington Senators, leading the league in all three categories in 1913,1918, and 1924. Other pitchers who have won multiple Triple Crowns include Christy Mathewson, Lefty Grove, Lefty Gomez, eighteen of twenty-four eligible pitchers who have won a Triple Crown have been elected to the Hall of Fame. Under the aforementioned eligibility rules for the Hall of Fame, four living pitchers who have been active since 2011 are ineligible for election, the Triple Crown winners who most recently became eligible for the Hall are Pedro Martínez and Randy Johnson. Both were elected to the Hall of Fame in 2015, each in their first year of eligibility, the most recent Triple Crown winners for pitching are Clayton Kershaw and Justin Verlander, who won for the NL and AL respectively in 2011
35.
MLB.com
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MLB. com is the official site of Major League Baseball and is overseen by Major League Baseball Advanced Media, L. P. MLB. com is a source of baseball-related information, including news, statistics. In addition, MLB. com sells official baseball merchandise, allows users to buy tickets to games, runs fantasy baseball leagues. In association with HB Studios, MLB. com has developed recent R. B. I. MLB. com also contains the full, unabridged, official rules of the game, MLB. tv basic subscribers can only view and hear the service using their desktop or laptop computer whereas MLB. Starting with the 2012 season MLB, as with MLBs Extra Innings cable and satellite television service normal blackout restrictions will apply where applicable, see below. MLB. tv is available as a channel on Roku, offering HD quality and a choice of audio feeds. Also there is MILB. tv which covers all AAA and AA teams along with postseason and select other games, all subscriptions of MLB. tv Premium include Gameday Audio. Mosaic was a program which provided features not available when streaming through a web browser. It was only available to subscribers of MLB. tv Premium, live games were shown, and on-demand games available for a period of two days previous to the current date. Major League Baseball has not used MLB. tv Mosaic since the 2008 season, Mosaic allowed you to show multiple games at once, and provided the following viewing modes,6 games tiled across the screen. 4 games tiled across the screen, one main game, with 2 games tiled on the right hand side. One main game, with 3 games tiled on the hand side. One main game When set on one game, team information was shown to the right hand side of the game, including team line-ups, the boxscore. Users could also view their player tracker, which would alert the user when a player in their chosen player list was active in a game, beginning with the 2009 season, Mosaic functionality was largely incorporated into the main viewing mode. Multiple-game viewing has been retained, with a choice of one, MLB. com has been providing streaming video since the 2002 season, with only audio available before that. However, in the United States, Canada, South Korea, Guam, games are blacked out to all users within the theoretical home television territory assigned to each team, irrespective of whether local television stations carry local games of those teams. During the post-season, all games are blacked out in the United States, Canada, Japan, South Korea, Guam, in all other countries and territories, no exclusivity rights have been granted and MLB. com is able to broadcast all games
36.
Yonhap
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Yonhap News Agency is South Koreas largest news agency. It is a publicly funded company, based in Seoul, South Korea, Yonhap provides news articles, pictures and other information to newspapers, TV networks and other media in South Korea. Yonhap was established on December 19,1980, through the merger of Hapdong News Agency and it maintains various agreements with 78 non-Korean news agencies, and also has a services-exchange agreement with North Koreas Korean Central News Agency agency, signed in 2002. Yonhap was the host news agency of the 1988 Seoul Summer Olympics, Yonhap is South Koreas only news agency large enough to have more than 60 correspondents abroad and 580 reporters across the nation. Its largest shareholder is the Korea News Agency Commission, in 2003, the South Korean government passed a law giving financial and systematic assistance to the agency, to reinforce staff and provide equipment. In the legislation, it was also given the role of “promoting the countrys image” to an international audience. The head of the Yonhap agency is affiliated with the government. However, it is government affiliation, rather than press laws, Yonhap employs about 580 reporters, the largest number after the Korean Broadcasting System at home. It claims to have more than 60 correspondents in 35 countries, Yonhap is one of few Korean news organizations with a section specialized in North Korea reports. In 1998, Yonhap acquired from the National Intelligence Service a news wire service monitoring North Korean media, Yonhap incorporated the firm and its staff into the newsroom, creating a special division to improve its reporting on North Korea. In January 2009, two reporters from the N. K. news desk disclosed that Kim Jong-un had been chosen as heir apparent to North Koreas longtime leader, later, in 2010, the reporters won the grand journalism award for the exclusive story from the Korean Journalist Association. It was the first time in nine years that the association had awarded the prize, mr. Cho was killed in a car crash in December 2008 on the way back, after having conducted an interview with a Korean-Chinese academic. He was assigned to Shenyang in 2006 as the first South Korean correspondent in the northern Chinese city, mr. Cho was widely admired as an ardent news writer who focused on North Korean affairs and Korean-Chinese communities. On the first anniversary of his demise, Korean-Chinese organizations and local journalists paid tribute to him as a truly hardworking reporter with great professionalism, mr. Chos death marked the first time that Yonhap had lost a reporter on an international assignment. Media of South Korea Communications in South Korea List of Korea-related topics Yonhap Official website Yonhap Official website
37.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
38.
Major League Baseball titles leaders
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At the end of each Major League Baseball season, the league leaders of various statistical categories are announced. Leading either the American League or the National League in a category is referred to as a title. The following lists describe which players hold the most titles in a career for a particular category, listed are players with four or more titles in a category. 4 Reggie Jackson 4 Mark McGwire § § In 1997, because of a trade, Mark McGwire led Major League Baseball in home runs
39.
3,000 hit club
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In Major League Baseball, the 3,000 hit club is the group of batters who have collected 3,000 or more regular-season hits in their careers. Cap Anson was the first to join the club on July 18,1897, two players—Nap Lajoie and Honus Wagner—reached 3,000 hits during the 1914 season. Ty Cobb became the fourth member in 1921 and became the first player in MLB history to reach 4,000 hits in 1927. Cobb, also MLBs all-time career batting average leader, remained the MLB hit leader until September 11,1985, roberto Clementes career ended with precisely 3,000 hits, reaching the mark in the last at bat of his career. Ichiro Suzuki is the most recent player to reach the milestone, in total,30 players have reached the 3,000 hit mark in MLB history. Of these,15 were right-handed batters,13 were left-handed, ten of these players have played for only one major league team. Five players—Hank Aaron, Willie Mays, Eddie Murray, Rafael Palmeiro, at.367, Cobb holds the highest career batting average among club members, while Cal Ripken Jr. holds the lowest at.276. Craig Biggio was thrown out at second base attempting to stretch his 3, 000th hit, Biggio and Jeter are the only players to join the club in a game where they had five hits, Jeter reached base safely in all of his at bats. Baseball writer Josh Pahigian wrote that membership in the club has long considered the greatest measure of superior bat handling. Reaching 3,000 hits is often described as a guarantee of entry into the Baseball Hall of Fame. All eligible club members, with the exception of Palmeiro, have elected to the Hall. Rose is ineligible for the Hall of Fame because he was banned from baseball in 1989. After four years on the ballot, Palmeiro failed to be named on 5% of ballots in 2014, the only active player on this list is Suzuki. Adrián Beltré is currently only 58 hits away from 3,000, statistics are updated through the end of the 2016 season. List of lifetime Major League Baseball hit leaders through history List of Major League Baseball hit records List of Major League Baseball career hits leaders Mr.3000 General Specific
