4th millennium BC

The 4th millennium BC spanned the years 4000 through 3001 BC. Some of the major changes in human culture during this time included the beginning of the Bronze Age and the invention of writing, which played a major role in starting recorded history.

Monte d'Accoddi is an archaeological site in northern Sardinia, Italy, located in the territory of Sassari near Porto Torres. 4th millennium BC.

The city states of Sumer and the kingdom of Egypt were established and grew to prominence. Agriculture spread widely across Eurasia. World population in the course of the millennium doubled, approximately from 7 to 14 million people.

Culture[edit]

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Near East

• Mesopotamia
  • 4100–3100 BC: the Uruk period, with emerging Sumerian hegemony and development of "proto-cuneiform" writing; base-60 mathematics, astronomy and astrology, civil law, complex hydrology, the sailboat, potter's wheel and wheel; the Chalcolithic proceeds into the Early Bronze Age.
  • 3500 BC—2340 BC; Sumer: wheeled carts, potter's wheel, White Temple ziggurat, bronze tools and weapons.^[1]
  • First to Fourth dynasty of Kish in Mesopotamia.
  • Sumerian temple of Janna at Eridu erected.
  • Temple at Al-Ubaid and tomb of Mes-Kalam-Dug built near Ur, Chaldea.
  • 3000 BC—Tin is in use in Mesopotamia soon after this time.^{[2][page needed]}
  • 3500–2340 BC—First cities developed in Southern Mesopotamia. Inhabitants migrated from north.
  • The cuneiform script proper emerges from pictographic proto-writing in the later 4th millennium. Mesopotamia's "proto-literate" period spans the 35th to 32nd centuries. The first documents unequivocally written in the Sumerian language date to the 31st century, found at Jemdet Nasr.
  • Dams, canals, stone sculptures using inclined plane and lever in Sumer.
  • Urkesh (northern Syria) founded during the fourth millennium BC possibly by the Hurrians.
• Persian plateau
  • 4000 BC—Susa is a center of pottery production.
  • c. 4000 BC—Beaker from Susa (modern Shush, Iran) is made. It is now at Musée du Louvre, Paris.
  • Proto-Elamite from 3200 BC.
• Anatolia and Caucasus
  • The Maykop culture of the Caucasus (c. 3700 BC to 3000 BC), contemporary to the Kurgan culture, is a candidate for the origin of Bronze production and thus the Bronze Age.
  • Kura-Araxes 3400–2000 BC—earliest evidence found on the Ararat plain.

• Egypt
  • Naqada culture on the Nile, 4000–3000 BC. First hieroglyphs appear thus far around 3500 BC as found on labels in a ruler's tomb at Abydos.
  • Predynastic pharaohs Tiu, Thesh, Hsekiu, Wazner, Ro, Serket, Narmer.
  • 3500–3400 BC—Jar with boat designs, from Hierakonpolis (today in the Brooklyn Museum) is created. Predynastic Egypt.
  • c. 3150 BC—Predynastic period ended in Ancient Egypt. Early Dynastic (Archaic) period started (according to French Egyptologist Nicolas Grimal). The period includes 1st and 2nd Dynasties.
  • c. 3100 BC—Narmer Palette.
  • Sails used in the Nile.
  • Mastabas, the predecessors of the Egyptian pyramids.
  • Harps and flutes played in Egypt.
  • Lyres and double clarinets (arghul, mijwiz) played in Egypt.
  • Earliest known numerals in Egypt.

Europe

• Crete: Rise of Minoan civilization.
  • c. 4000 BC—First neolithic settlers in the island of Thera (Santorini), Greece, migrating probably from Minoan Crete.
• Pontic-Caspian steppe
  • 3500–2300 BC: The Yamna culture ("Kurgan culture"), succeeding the Sredny Stog culture on the Pontic–Caspian steppe in the Caucasus and Central Asia. This culture is believed to have been the locus of the Proto-Indo-Europeans, and thus the Urheimat, or point of origin, of the Proto Indo-European language, according to the Kurgan hypothesis.
  • The Trypillian culture has cities with 15,000 citizens, eastern Europe, 5500–2750 BC.
  • Kurgan culture of what is now Southern Russia and Ukraine; possibly the first domestication of the horse.
• Balkans
  • Vinca culture.
  • c. 3500 BC—Figures of a man and a woman, from Cernavodă, Romania, are made. They are now at National Historical Museum, Bucharest.
  • c. 3138 BC Ljubljana Marshes Wheel is a wooden wheel that was found in the Ljubljana Marshes in Slovenia.^[3] Radiocarbon dating showed that it is approximately 5,150 years old, which makes it the oldest wooden wheel yet discovered.
• c. 4000–2000 BC—People and animals, a detail of rock-shelter painting in Cogul, Lleida, Spain, are painted. It is now at Museo Arqueológico, Barcelona.
• Arzachena & Ozieri cultures.
• Malta
  • 3600 BC—Construction of the Ġgantija megalithic temple complex on the Island of Gozo: the world's oldest extant unburied free-standing structures, and the world's oldest religious structures. (See Göbekli Tepe for older, buried religious structures.)
  • 3600–3200 BC—Construction of the first temple within the Mnajdra solar temple complex, containing "furniture" such as stone benches and tables, that set it apart from other European megalith constructions.
  • 3600–3000 BC—Construction of the Ta' Ħaġrat and Kordin III temples
  • 3250–3000 BC—Construction of three megalithic temples at Tarxien
  • 3200–2500 BC—Construction of the Ħaġar Qim megalithic temple complex, featuring both solar and lunar alignments.
• Northern Europe
• The Funnelbeaker culture, Scandinavia, 4000–2700 BC, originated in southern parts of Europe and slowly advanced up through today's Uppland.
  • 3300–2900 BC—Construction of the Newgrange solar observatory/passage tomb in Ireland.
  • c. 3100–2600 BC—Neolithic settlement at Skara Brae in the Orkney Islands, Scotland, is inhabited.
  • Construction in England of the Sweet Track, the World's first known engineered roadway.
  • The earliest phase of the Stonehenge monument (a circular earth bank and ditch) dates to c. 3100 BC.
  • The Céide Fields in Ireland, arguably the oldest field system in world, are developed.
• c. 3300 BC—Ötzi the Iceman dies near the present-day border between Austria and Italy, only to be discovered in 1991 buried in a glacier of the Ötztal Alps. His cause of death is believed to be homicide.

Central Asia

• • Afanasevo 3500–2500 BC, Siberia, Mongolia, Xinjiang, Kazakhstan—late copper and early Bronze Age.
  • c. 4000 BC—Horses are domesticated in the western Eurasian Steppes in what is now northern Kazakhstan (see the Botai culture).

East Asia

• Neolithic Chinese settlements. They produced silk and pottery (chiefly the Yangshao and the Lungshan cultures), wore hemp clothing, and domesticated pigs and dogs.
• Vietnamese Bronze Age culture. The Đồng Đậu Culture, 4000–2500 BC, produced many wealthy bronze objects.

South Asia

• Mehrgarh III–VI
• 3500 Metalcasting began in the Mohenjodaro area.
• 3300—Bronze Age starts in Indus Valley (Harappa).
  • Drainage and Sewage collection and disposal

Americas

• In Colombia, circa 3600 BC, first rupestrian art Chiribiquete (Caquetá).
• c. 3000 BC—First pottery in Colombia at Puerto Hormiga (Magdalena), considered one of the first attempts of pottery of the New World. First settlement at Puerto Badel (Bolívar).

Australia

• The Sydney rock engravings date to around 3000 BC (Sydney, Australia).^[4]

Sub-Saharan Africa

Sub-Saharan Africa remains in the Paleolithic period, except for the earliest neolithization of the Sahel following following the desiccation of the Sahara in c. 3500 BC.^[5][6] As the grasslands of the Sahara began drying after 3900 BC, herders spread into the Nile Valley and into eastern Africa (Eburan 5, Elmenteitan). The desiccation of the Sahara and the associated neolithisation of West Africa is also cited as a possible cause for the dispersal of the Niger-Congo linguistic phylum.^[7]

Environment[edit]

Based on studies by glaciologist Lonnie Thompson, professor at Ohio State University and researcher with the Byrd Polar Research Center, a number of indicators shows there was a global change in climate 5,200 years ago, probably due to a drop in solar energy output as hypothesized by Ohio State University.^[8]

• 5.9 kiloyear event, one of the most intense aridification events during the Holocene. It ended the Neolithic Subpluvial and likely initiated the most recent desiccation of the Sahara desert, triggering migration to river valleys, such as from central North Africa to the Nile valley.
• Plants buried in the Quelccaya Ice Cap in the Peruvian Andes demonstrate the climate had shifted suddenly and severely to capture the plants and preserve them until now.^[9]
• c. 3750 BC—The last North American mammoths, on Saint Paul Island, Alaska, go extinct.
• Tree rings from Ireland and England show this was their driest period.^[10]
• Ice core records showing the ratio of two oxygen isotopes retrieved from the ice fields atop Africa's Mount Kilimanjaro, a proxy for atmospheric temperature at the time snow fell.^[10]
• Major changes in plant pollen uncovered from lakebed cores in South America.^[10]
• Record lowest levels of methane retrieved from ice cores from Greenland and Antarctica.^[10]
• End of the Neolithic Subpluvial, start of desertification of Sahara (35th century BC). North Africa shifts from a habitable region to a barren desert.^[10]
• c. 3150 BC a lesser Tollmann's hypothetical bolide event may have occurred.
• 3051 BC The oldest currently (2013) living non-clonal organism germinated in the Grove of the Ancients.

Calendars and chronology[edit]

• The Maya civilization created several distinct calendars, one of which is called the "Long Count" (see Mayan calendar and Mesoamerican Long Count dates the beginning or zero date of the calendar (not the creation of the Earth) to August 11 or August 13, 3114 BC. It is important not to confuse cosmogenesis narratives or creation that simultaneously assert the origins of the cosmos and the legitimacy of kings as divine descendants of primordial gods with ideas about literal creation of the physical earth. Based in the Maya mathematical and calendrical notation, this calendar zero date is represented as 13.0.0.0.0. This date is also NOT the beginning of Maya civilization. As is the case with all calendars zero dates are always projected into the past -- often centuries into the past. Based on archaeological evidence, the existence of discreetly identifiable Maya peoples, cultures, communities or civilization occurs from 1000 to 2000 years after this zero date of August 11 or August 13, 3114 BCE. In other words, the coming into existence of Maya society and culture dates to the Preclassic period (c. 2000 BC to 250 AD) whereas the Maya Long Count calendar was first used approximately 236 BCE (see Mesoamerican_Long_Count_calendar#Earliest_Long_Counts.
• According to calculations of Aryabhata (6th century), the Hindu Kali Yuga began at midnight (00:00) on 18 February 3102 BC. Consequently, Aryabhata dates the events of the Mahabharata to around 3137 BC.
• 7 October 3761 BC—Epoch of the Hebrew Calendar (introduced in the 12th century).
• 3929 BC—Creation according to John Lightfoot based on the Old Testament of the Bible, and often associated with the Ussher chronology.
• 1 January 4000 BC—Epoch of the Masonic calendar's Anno Lucis era.
• The Mahabharata is set in the 4th millennium BC according to some traditions of Hindu astrology^{[clarification needed][11][12]}
• The antediluvian patriarchs of the Hebrew Bible (including Adam, Cain, Enoch etc.) are set in the 4th millennium BC according to the rabbinical Hebrew calendar epoch.^{[13][unreliable source?]}

Centuries[edit]

• 40th century BC
• 39th century BC
• 38th century BC
• 37th century BC
• 36th century BC
• 35th century BC
• 34th century BC
• 33rd century BC
• 32nd century BC
• 31st century BC

References[edit]