1.
International Telecommunication Union
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ITU, based in Geneva, Switzerland, is a member of the United Nations Development Group. ITU has been an intergovernmental public-private partnership organization since its inception, ITU was formed in 1865, in Paris, at the International Telegraph Convention, this makes it one of the oldest intergovernmental organizations in the world. ITU became a United Nations specialized agency in 1947, the ITU comprises three sectors, each managing a different aspect of the matters handled by the Union, as well as ITU Telecom. The sectors were created during the restructuring of ITU at its 1992 Plenipotentiary Conference, radiocommunication Established in 1927 as the International Radio Consultative Committee or CCIR, this sector manages the international radio-frequency spectrum and satellite orbit resources. In 1992, the CCIR became the ITU-R, Standardization Standardization was the original purpose of ITU since its inception. Established in 1956 as the International Telephone and Telegraph Consultative Committee or CCITT, in 1993, the CCITT became the ITU-T. Development Established in 1992, this sector helps spread equitable, sustainable and affordable access to information and communication technologies, ITU Telecom ITU Telecom organizes major events for the worlds ICT community. A permanent General Secretariat, headed by the Secretary General, manages the work of the Union. The basic texts of the ITU are adopted by the ITU Plenipotentiary Conference, the ITU is headed by a Secretary-General, who is elected to a four-year term by the member states at the ITU Plenipotentiary Conference. On 23 October 2014 Houlin Zhao was elected 19th Secretary-General of the ITU at the Plenipotentiary Conference in Busan and his four-year mandate started on 1 January 2015, and he was formally inaugurated on 15 January 2015. There are 193 Member States of the ITU, which are all UN member states, the most recent member state to join the ITU is South Sudan, which became a member on 14 July 2011. The Republic of China was blocked from membership by the Peoples Republic of China, palestine was admitted as an observer in 2010. The Summit was held as two conferences in 2003 and 2005 in Geneva and Tunis, respectively, with the aim of bridging the digital divide, in December 2012, the ITU facilitated The World Conference on International Telecommunications 2012 in Dubai. WCIT-12 was a conference to address International Telecommunications Regulations, the international rules for telecommunications. The previous conference to update the Regulations was held in Melbourne in 1988, in August 2012, ITU called for a public consultation on a draft document ahead of the conference. Telecommunications ministers from 193 countries attended the conference in Dubai, the current regulatory structure was based on voice telecommunications, when the Internet was still in its infancy. In 1988, telecommunications operated under regulated monopolies in most countries, as the Internet has grown, organizations such as ICANN have come into existence to manage key resources such as Internet addresses and Domain Names. Some outside the United States believe that the United States exerts too much influence over the governance of the Internet, current proposals look to take into account the prevalence of data communications
2.
Fixed wireless
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Fixed wireless is the operation of wireless devices or systems used to connect two fixed locations with a radio or other wireless link, such as laser bridge. Usually, fixed wireless is part of a wireless LAN infrastructure, the purpose of a fixed wireless link is to enable data communications between the two sites or buildings. Fixed wireless data links are often an alternative to leasing fiber or installing cables between the buildings. Fixed wireless devices usually derives their electrical power from the utility mains. Fixed wireless services typically use a radio antenna on each end of the signal. These antennas are generally larger than those seen in Wi-Fi setups and are designed for outdoor use, several types of radio antennas are available that accommodate various weather conditions, signal distances and bandwidths. They are usually selected to make the beam as narrow as possible and thus focus transmit power to their destination, increasing reliability, the links are usually arranged as a point-to-point setup to permit the use of these antennas. This also permits the link to have speed and or better reach for the same amount of power. With the growing infrastructure of the GSM wireless networks, fixed wireless has also become a solution for broadband access. Using the 3G speed and reliability, businesses and homes can use fixed-wireless antenna technology to access broadband Internet, in rural areas where wired infrastructure is not yet available, fixed-wireless broadband has become a viable option for Internet access. Internet access Mobile wireless communication Mobile broadband Ethernet bridge
3.
Extremely high frequency
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Extremely high frequency is the International Telecommunications Union designation for the band of radio frequencies in the electromagnetic spectrum from 30 to 300 gigahertz. It lies between the high frequency band, and the far infrared band which is also referred to as the terahertz gap. Radio waves in this band have wavelengths from ten to one millimetre, giving it the name millimetre band or millimetre wave, millimetre-length electromagnetic waves were first investigated in the 1890s by Indian scientist Jagadish Chandra Bose. Compared to lower bands, radio waves in this band have high atmospheric attenuation, therefore, they have a short range and can only be used for terrestrial communication over about a kilometer. Absorption by humidity in the atmosphere is significant except in desert environments, however the short propagation range allows smaller frequency reuse distances than lower frequencies. The short wavelength allows modest size antennas to have a beam width. Millimeter waves propagate solely by line-of-sight paths, they are not reflected by the ionosphere nor do they travel along the Earth as ground waves as lower frequency radio waves do, at typical power densities they are blocked by building walls and suffer significant attenuation passing through foliage. The high free space loss and atmospheric absorption limits useful propagation to a few kilometers, thus they are useful for densely packed communications networks such as personal area networks that improve spectrum utilization through frequency reuse. They show optical propagation characteristics and can be reflected and focused by small metal surfaces around 1 ft. diameter, at millimeter wavelengths, surfaces appear rougher so diffuse reflection increases. Multipath propagation, particularly reflection from indoor walls and surfaces, causes serious fading, doppler shift of frequency can be significant even at pedestrian speeds. In portable devices, shadowing due to the body is a problem. Since the waves penetrate clothing and their small wavelength allows them to reflect from small metal objects they are used in millimeter wave scanners for security scanning. This band is used in radio astronomy and remote sensing. Ground-based radio astronomy is limited to high altitude such as Kitt Peak. Satellite-based remote sensing near 60 GHz can determine temperature in the atmosphere by measuring radiation emitted from oxygen molecules that is a function of temperature and pressure. The ITU non-exclusive passive frequency allocation at 57-59 and it is used commonly in flat terrain. The 71-76, 81-86 and 92–95 GHz bands are used for point-to-point high-bandwidth communication links. These higher frequencies do not suffer from oxygen absorption, but require a license in the US from the Federal Communications Commission
4.
Intel
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Intel Corporation is an American multinational corporation and technology company headquartered in Santa Clara, California that was founded by Gordon Moore and Robert Noyce. It is the worlds largest and highest valued semiconductor chip makers based on revenue, and is the inventor of the x86 series of microprocessors, Intel supplies processors for computer system manufacturers such as Apple, Lenovo, HP, and Dell. Intel Corporation was founded on July 18,1968, by semiconductor pioneers Robert Noyce and Gordon Moore, the companys name was conceived as portmanteau of the words integrated and electronics. The fact that intel is the term for intelligence information made the name appropriate. Intel was a developer of SRAM and DRAM memory chips. Although Intel created the worlds first commercial microprocessor chip in 1971, during the 1990s, Intel invested heavily in new microprocessor designs fostering the rapid growth of the computer industry. The Open Source Technology Center at Intel hosts PowerTOP and LatencyTOP, and supports other projects such as Wayland, Intel Array Building Blocks, and Threading Building Blocks. Client Computing Group – 55% of 2016 revenues – produces hardware components used in desktop, data Center Group – 29% of 2016 revenues – produces hardware components used in server, network, and storage platforms. Internet of Things Group – 5% of 2016 revenues – offers platforms designed for retail, transportation, industrial, buildings, non-Volatile Memory Solutions Group – 4% of 2016 revenues – manufactures NAND flash memory products primarily used in solid-state drives. Intel Security Group – 4% of 2016 revenues – produces software, particularly security, programmable Solutions Group – 3% of 2016 revenues – manufactures programmable semiconductors. In 2016, Dell accounted for 15% of Intels total revenues, Lenovo accounted for 13% of total revenues, in the 1980s, Intel was among the top ten sellers of semiconductors in the world. In 1991, Intel became the biggest chip maker by revenue and has held the position ever since, other top semiconductor companies include TSMC, Advanced Micro Devices, Samsung, Texas Instruments, Toshiba and STMicroelectronics. Competitors in PC chip sets include Advanced Micro Devices, VIA Technologies, Silicon Integrated Systems, however, the cross-licensing agreement is canceled in the event of an AMD bankruptcy or takeover. Some smaller competitors such as VIA Technologies produce low-power x86 processors for small factor computers, however, the advent of such mobile computing devices, in particular, smartphones, has in recent years led to a decline in PC sales. Since over 95% of the worlds smartphones currently use processors designed by ARM Holdings, ARM is also planning to make inroads into the PC and server market. Intel has been involved in disputes regarding violation of antitrust laws. Intel was founded in Mountain View, California in 1968 by Gordon E. Moore, a chemist, and Robert Noyce, arthur Rock helped them find investors, while Max Palevsky was on the board from an early stage. Moore and Noyce had left Fairchild Semiconductor to found Intel, Rock was not an employee, but he was an investor and was chairman of the board
5.
Qualcomm
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Qualcomm is an American multinational semiconductor and telecommunications equipment company that designs and markets wireless telecommunications products and services. It derives most of its revenue from chipmaking and the bulk of its profit from patent licensing businesses, the company headquarters are located in San Diego, California, United States, and has 224 worldwide locations. The parent company is Qualcomm Incorporated, which includes the Qualcomm Technology Licensing Division, Jacobs and Viterbi had previously founded Linkabit. In 1990, Qualcomm began the design of the first CDMA-based cellular base station and this work began as a study contract from AirTouch which was facing a shortage of cellular capacity in Los Angeles. Two years later Qualcomm began to manufacture CDMA cell phones, base stations, the initial base stations were not reliable and the technology was licensed wholly to Nortel in return for their work in improving the base station switching. The first CDMA technology was standardized as IS-95, Qualcomm has since helped to establish the CDMA2000, WCDMA and LTE cellular standards. The following year, Qualcomm acquired Eudora, a client for PC that could be used with the OmniTRACS system. The acquisition associated a widely used email client with a company that was little-known at the time, in 1997, Qualcomm paid $18 million for the naming rights to the Jack Murphy Stadium in San Diego, renaming it to Qualcomm Stadium. The naming rights belong to Qualcomm until 2017. In 1999, Qualcomm sold its base station business to Ericsson, the company was now focused on developing and licensing wireless technologies and selling ASICs that implement them. Steve Mollenkopf was promoted to president and chief operating officer of the company, mollenkopfs appointment as CEO was announced on December 13,2013 and took effect on March 4,2014. He succeeded Paul E. Jacobs, who remains executive chairman, CFO Bill Keitel retired and was replaced by Applied Materials CFO George Davis on March 11,2013. Vista Equity Partners took over the Omnitracs business from Qualcomm Incorporated in November 2013, in October 2014, Qualcomm wrapped up a deal for chip maker CSR Plc for a fee of $2.5 billion, beating its biggest rival Microchip Technology. However, surprised by the release of the 64-bit Apple A7 in September 2013, furthermore, Qualcomm was facing anti-trust investigations in China, the European Union, and the United States. The combination of pressures caused a significant fall in Qualcomms profits. In July 2015, the company cut 4,700 jobs or about 15 percent of its 31,300 current workforce due to decline of sales, executive management knew this was coming so they came up with a plan to retain its employees. However, instead of paying reasonable salary, executive management used this plan as a justification to give themselves a big payout first and then lay off employees later. In December 2015, Qualcomm Inc. announced that it had rejected calls to split itself in two, deciding to keep its chipmaking and patent licensing businesses together
6.
Nokia
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Nokia Corporation, stylised as NOKIA, is a Finnish multinational communications and information technology company, founded in 1865. Nokia is headquartered in Espoo, Uusimaa, in the greater Helsinki metropolitan area, in 2014, Nokia employed 61,656 people across 120 countries, did business in more than 150 countries and reported annual revenues of around €12.73 billion. Nokia is a limited company listed on the Helsinki Stock Exchange. It is the worlds 274th-largest company measured by 2013 revenues according to the Fortune Global 500 and is a component of the Euro Stoxx 50 stock market index, the company has had various industries in its 151-year history. It was founded as a mill, and now focuses on large-scale telecommunications infrastructures. Nokias dominance also extended into the industry through its Symbian platform. Nokia eventually entered into a pact with Microsoft in 2011 to exclusively use Microsofts Windows Phone platform on future smartphones and its mobile phone business was eventually bought by Microsoft in an overall deal totaling $7.17 billion. Stephen Elop, Nokias former CEO, and several other joined the new Microsoft Mobile subsidiary of Microsoft as part of the deal. Nokia has a history, dating back to 1865 when Fredrik Idestam. A second pulp mill was created in 1868 near the town of Nokia, in 1871, Idestam together with friend Leo Mechelin formed a shared company and called it Nokia, after the town of the second pulp mill. For the next 90 years, Nokia on its own would be a forest and power industry company, in 1922, Nokia was jointly-owned with a trio partnership with Finnish Cable Works and Finnish Rubber Works. Nokia Corporation now boasted many industries including rubber, forestry, cable, electricity, in the 1970s, the newly formed conglomerate started entering the networking and radio industry. Nokia also started making military equipment for Finlands defence forces, such as the Sanomalaite M/90 communicator in 1983, in 1979, Nokia went into a joint venture with television maker Salora, to create Mobira, which would lay out the foundation of Nokias future mobile phone division. In 1981, Mobira launched the Nordic Mobile Telephone service, the worlds first international cellular network, then in 1982, Mobira launched the Mobira Senator car phone, which can be considered as Nokias first mobile phone. At that time, though, Nokia had no interest at all in mobile phones and it is only due to the Salo, Finland-based Salora-Mobira that the idea was pushed through. In 1987, Finnish Cable Works discontinued production of cables at its Helsinki factory, nokian Tyres, a tyre producer that was originally formed as a division of Finnish Rubber Works in 1932, split away from Nokia Corporation in 1988. Two years later in 1990, Finnish Rubber Works followed suit and this allowed Nokia Corporation to solely focus on communications. Jorma Ollila became CEO in 1992, Nokias first fully portable mobile phone was the Mobira Cityman 900 in 1987
7.
Huawei
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Huawei Technologies Co. Ltd. is a Chinese multinational networking and telecommunications equipment and services company headquartered in Shenzhen, Guangdong. It is the largest telecommunications equipment manufacturer in the world, having overtaken Ericsson in 2012, Huawei was founded in 1987 by Ren Zhengfei, a former engineer in the Peoples Liberation Army. Huawei has over 170,000 employees as of September 2015, around 76,000 of whom are engaged in research and development.4 billion USD in R&D, in 2014, Huawei recorded a profit of 34.2 billion CNY. Its products and services have been deployed in more than 140 countries, Huawei is the official translation of the firms Chinese name. The etymology of the character 华 is derived from 花 which means flower and this is hinted at in Huaweis logo. The character can also mean splendid or magnificent, but nowadays mostly refers to China or Chinese and it is common for Chinese companies to use this word, another example being the Taiwanese company Asus that was founded back in 1989. The second character of Huaweis name, 为, means action or achievement and it is pronounced Wah-Way according to a Gizmodo video that claims to provide the official pronunciation, as well as many other internet sources. However, Wah-Way is incorrect, and is a perpetuation of a mistaken combination of the Cantonese and Mandarin pronunciations for the first and second characters. The Cantonese pronunciation is Wah-Waii, while the Mandarin pronunciation is Hwa-Way, although the company is based in the Cantonese-speaking area of Guangdong, the use of Huawei as the spelling for its name reflects the Mandarin pronunciation the two characters. During the 1980s, Chinas government tried to modernize the countrys underdeveloped telecommunications infrastructure, Ren Zhengfei, a former deputy director of the Peoples Liberation Army engineering corp, founded Huawei in 1987 in Shenzhen. At a time all of Chinas telecommunications technology was imported from abroad. The company reports that it had RMB21,000 in registered capital at the time of its founding, the Far Eastern Economic Review also reported that it received an $8.5 million loan from a state-owned bank, though the company has denied the existence of the loan. During its first several years the business model consisted mainly of reselling private branch exchange switches imported from Hong Kong. Meanwhile, it was reverse-engineering imported switches and investing heavily in research, by 1990 the company had approximately 600 R&D staff, and began its own independent commercialization of PBX switches targeting hotels and small enterprises. The companys first major breakthrough came in 1993, when it launched its C&C08 program controlled telephone switch and it was by far the most powerful switch available in China at the time. By initially deploying in small cities and rural areas and placing emphasis on service and customizability, ahrens writes that these methods were unorthodox, bordering on corrupt, but not illegal. Jiang reportedly agreed with this assessment, Huawei was promoted by both the government and the military as a national champion, and established new research and development offices. In 1997, Huawei won its first overseas contract, providing fixed-line network products to Hong Kong company Hutchison Whampoa, later that year, Huawei launched its wireless GSM-based products and eventually expanded to offer CDMA and UMTS
8.
Ericsson
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Ericsson is a multinational networking and telecommunications equipment and services company headquartered in Stockholm, Sweden. Ericsson had 35% market share in the 2G/3G/4G mobile network infrastructure market in 2012, the company was founded in 1876 by Lars Magnus Ericsson, as of 2016 it is headquartered in Stockholm, Sweden. The company employs around 113,000 people and operates in around 180 countries, Ericsson holds over 39,000 granted patents as of May 2015, including many in wireless communications. Lars Magnus Ericsson began his association with telephones in his youth as an instrument maker and he worked for a firm that made telegraph equipment for the Swedish government agency Telegrafverket. In 1876, at the age of 30, he started a repair shop with help from his friend Carl Johan Andersson in central Stockholm. In 1878 Ericsson began making and selling his own telephone equipment and his telephones were not technically innovative. In 1878 he made an agreement to supply telephones and switchboards to Swedens first telecommunications operating company, also in 1878, local telephone importer Numa Peterson hired Ericsson to adjust some telephones from the Bell Telephone Company. He bought a number of Siemens telephones and analyzed the technology and he was familiar with Bell and Siemens Halske telephones through his firms repair work for Telegrafverket and Swedish Railways. He improved these designs to produce a higher-quality instrument to be used by new companies such as Rikstelefon to provide cheaper service than the Bell Group. Ericsson had no patent or royalty problems because Bell had not patented their inventions in Scandinavia and his training as an instrument maker was reflected in the standard of finish and the ornate design of Ericsson telephones of this period. At the end of the year he started to manufacture telephones much like those of Siemens, Ericsson became a major supplier of telephone equipment to Scandinavia. Its factory could not keep up with demand, joinery and metal-plating were contracted out, much of its raw materials were imported, in the following decades Ericsson bought into a number of firms to ensure supplies of brass, wire, ebonite, and magnet steel. Much of the wood used for cabinets was imported from the United States. Stockholms telephone network expanded that year and the company reformed into a telephone manufacturer, when Bell bought the biggest telephone network in Stockholm, it only allowed its own telephones to be used with it. Ericssons equipment was mainly to free telephone associations in the Swedish countryside. The prices of Bell equipment and services led Henrik Tore Cedergren to form an independent telephone company called Stockholms Allmänna Telefonaktiebolag in 1883, as Bell would not deliver equipment to competitors, he formed a pact with Ericsson to supply the equipment for his new telephone network. In 1918 the companies were merged into Allmänna Telefonaktiebolaget LM Ericsson, in 1884, a multiple-switchboard manual telephone exchange was mostly copied from a design by C. E. Scribner at Western Electric. This was legal because the device was not patented in Sweden, a single switchboard could handle up to 10,000 lines
9.
ZTE
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ZTE Corporation, commonly shortened to ZTE, is a Chinese multinational telecommunications equipment and systems company headquartered in Shenzhen, Guangdong. ZTE operates in three units, carrier networks, terminals and telecommunication. ZTEs core products are wireless, exchange, access, optical transmission, and data telecommunications gear, mobile phones and it also offers products that provide value-added services, such as video on demand and streaming media. ZTE primarily sells products under its own name but it is also an OEM, ZTE is one of the top five largest smartphone manufacturers in its home market. ZTE, initially founded as Zhongxing Semiconductor Co, Ltd in Shenzhen, Guangdong province, in 1985, was incorporated by a group of investors associated with Chinas Ministry of Aerospace. In March 1993, Zhongxing Semiconductor has changed its name to Zhongxing New Telecommunications Equipment Co, Ltd with capital of RMB3 million, and created a new business model as a state-owned and private-operating economic entity. While the company profited from domestic sales, it vowed to use money from its 2004 Hong Kong IPO to further expand R&D, overseas sales to developed nations. Making headway in the telecom market in 2006, it took 40% of new global orders for CDMA networks topping the world CDMA equipment market by number of shipments. That same year also saw ZTE find a customer in the Canadian Telus, by 2008 ZTE could claim its customer base was truly global, as it had made sales in 140 countries. In 2009, the company had become the worldwide third-largest vendor of GSM telecom equipment, as of 2011 it holds around 7% of the key 3GPP Long Term evolution patents and that same year launched the worlds first smartphone with dual GPS/GLONASS navigation, MTS945. ZTE claims to devote 10% of its revenue on research and development each year. ZTE has filed 48,000 patents globally, and with more than 13,000 patents granted, in two consecutive years, ZTE has been granted the largest number of patent applications globally, which is the first for a Chinese company. ZTE Deutschland GmbH was founded in 2005 with headquarters in Düsseldorf, it, as of 2008, had hired 50 people, ZTE Deutschland GmbH partners with German football club Borussia Mönchengladbach for the seasons of 2016/17 and 2017/18. A North American subsidiary of ZTE, with headquarters in Richardson, Texas, ZTE USA Inc offers wireless handset, ZTE USA partnered with NBAs Houston Rockets for the season of 2013–2014. ZTE Telecom India Private Limited provides distributes telecom equipment and systems, the company also provides repair, support, and maintenance services for its telecom equipment. ZTE Telecom India Private Limited was formerly known as ZTE Kangxun Telecom Company India Private Limited, the company was founded in 2003 and is based in Gurgaon, India. ZTE Ltd. serves in such areas as global contract manufacturing, ZTE do Brasil Ltda. was founded in 2002 with headquarters in São Paulo and offices in Rio de Janeiro and Brasília, providing mobile devices and network products for the Brazilian market. ZTE was introduced in the Pakistani market in 1999 with its headquarters in Islamabad and major offices in Lahore, providing telecom equipment, network products and managed services to telecom operators in Pakistan i. e. PTCL, Telenor, Mobilink, Zong, Special Communications Organization
10.
Samsung
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Samsung Group is a South Korean multinational conglomerate headquartered in Samsung Town, Seoul. It comprises numerous affiliated businesses, most of them united under the Samsung brand, Samsung was founded by Lee Byung-chul in 1938 as a trading company. Over the next three decades, the group diversified into areas including food processing, textiles, insurance, securities, Samsung entered the electronics industry in the late 1960s and the construction and shipbuilding industries in the mid-1970s, these areas would drive its subsequent growth. Following Lees death in 1987, Samsung was separated into four business groups – Samsung Group, Shinsegae Group, CJ Group, since 1990, Samsung has increasingly globalised its activities and electronics, in particular, its mobile phones and semiconductors have become its most important source of income. Notable Samsung industrial affiliates include Samsung Electronics, Samsung Heavy Industries, other notable subsidiaries include Samsung Life Insurance, Samsung Everland and Cheil Worldwide. Samsung has an influence on South Koreas economic development, politics, media. Its affiliate companies produce around a fifth of South Koreas total exports, Samsungs revenue was equal to 17% of South Koreas $1,082 billion GDP. On 17 February 2017, Vice Chairman Lee Jae-yong was arrested for bribery, embezzlement, hiding assets overseas, according to Samsungs founder, the meaning of the Korean hanja word Samsung is tri-star or three stars. The word three represents something big, numerous and powerful, in 1938, Lee Byung-chull of a large landowning family in the Uiryeong county moved to nearby Daegu city and founded Samsung Sanghoe. Samsung started out as a trading company with forty employees located in Su-dong. It dealt in dried-fish, locally-grown groceries and made noodles, the company prospered and Lee moved its head office to Seoul in 1947. When the Korean War broke out, he was forced to leave Seoul and he started a sugar refinery in Busan named Cheil Jedang. In 1954, Lee founded Cheil Mojik and built the plant in Chimsan-dong and it was the largest woollen mill ever in the country. Samsung diversified into different areas. Lee sought to establish Samsung as leader in a range of industries. Samsung moved into lines of such as insurance, securities. President Park Chung Hee placed great importance on industrialization and he focused his economic development strategy on a handful of large domestic conglomerates, protecting them from competition and assisting them financially. In 1947, Cho Hong-jai, the Hyosung groups founder, jointly invested in a new company called Samsung Mulsan Gongsa, or the Samsung Trading Corporation, the trading firm grew to become the present-day Samsung C&T Corporation
11.
2018 Winter Olympics
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The elected host city was announced on 6 July 2011 by the International Olympic Committee, after the 123rd IOC Session in Durban, South Africa. Other candidates that applied to host the games were Annecy, France and Munich, Pyeongchang won on its third consecutive bid, having lost previously to Vancouver in Canada and Sochi in Russia. It will be the first Winter Olympic Games and second Olympic Games in South Korea, Pyeongchang will also be the third East Asian city to host the Winter Games after Sapporo, Japan, and Nagano, Japan, and the first Winter Games in Continental Asia. Pyeongchang launched bids to host both the 2010 and 2014 Winter Olympic Games, however, despite having the most votes in the first round of voting, Pyeongchang lost in the final round of voting by three and four votes respectively. It finally won its bid for the 2018 Winter Olympic Games in the first round of voting and they received 63 of the 95 votes cast, giving them the required majority to be elected as host city. Munich also launched a bid to host these Games, Annecy launched a bid, but failed to secure public support from local citizens. Their bid ultimately just received seven votes, forty-eight votes were needed for selection. The ticket prices for the 2018 Winter Olympics were announced in April 2016 and went on sale in October 2016, tickets for the opening and closing ceremonies will range from ₩220,000 to ₩1.5 million. By contrast, figure skating and the Mens hockey gold medal game have are carry the most expensive tickets of the Games, on 5 August 2011, the International Olympic Committee announced the formation of the Pyeongchang 2018 Coordination Commission. On 4 October 2011, it was announced that the Organizing Committee for the 2018 Winter Olympics will be headed by Kim Jin-sun, the Pyeongchang Organizing Committee for the 2018 Olympic & Paralympic Winter Games was launched at its inaugural assembly on 19 October 2011. The first tasks of the committee was to put together a master plan for the games as well as forming a design for the venues. The IOC Coordination Commission for the 2018 Winter Olympics made their first visit to Pyeongchang in March 2012, by then, construction was already underway on the Olympic Village. In June 2012, construction began on a rail line that will connect Pyeongchang to Seoul. The International Paralympic Committee met with the Pyeongchang 2018 organizing committee for an orientation in July 2012, then-IOC President Jacques Rogge visited Pyeongchang for the first time in February 2013. On 27 June 2014 the PyeongChang Olympic Committee announced their mascot selection contest, the contest ran from 15 September 2014 to 30 September 2014. The 2013 Special Olympics World Winter Games were held in Pyeongchang, the Alpensia Resort in Daegwallyeong-myeon will be the focus of the 2018 Pyeongchang Winter Olympics. It is a representation of the hangul letters ㅍ p and ㅊ ch. Additionally the left symbol is said to represent the Korean philosophical trinity of heaven, earth and humanity, the official sport pictograms were released on 25 January 2017
12.
Microwave
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Microwaves are a form of electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths ranging from one meter to one millimeter, with frequencies between 300 MHz and 300 GHz. Different sources define different frequency ranges as microwaves, the broad definition includes both UHF and EHF bands. A more common definition in radio engineering is the range between 1 and 100 GHz, in all cases, microwaves include the entire SHF band at minimum. Frequencies in the range are often referred to by their IEEE radar band designations, S, C, X, Ku, K, or Ka band. The prefix micro- in microwave is not meant to suggest a wavelength in the micrometer range and it indicates that microwaves are small, compared to waves used in typical radio broadcasting, in that they have shorter wavelengths. The boundaries between far infrared, terahertz radiation, microwaves, and ultra-high-frequency radio waves are fairly arbitrary and are used variously between different fields of study. At the high end of the band they are absorbed by gases in the atmosphere, microwaves are extremely widely used in modern technology. Although at the low end of the band they can pass through building walls enough for useful reception, therefore on the surface of the Earth microwave communication links are limited by the visual horizon to about 30 -40 miles. Microwaves are absorbed by moisture in the atmosphere, and the attenuation increases with frequency, beginning at about 40 GHz, atmospheric gases also begin to absorb microwaves, so above this frequency microwave transmission is limited to a few kilometers. A spectral band structure causes absorption peaks at specific frequencies, in a microwave beam directed at an angle into the sky, a small amount of the power will be randomly scattered as the beam passes through the troposphere. A sensitive receiver beyond the horizon with a high gain antenna focused on that area of the troposphere can pick up the signal. This technique has been used at frequencies between 0.45 and 5 GHz in tropospheric scatter communication systems to communicate beyond the horizon and their short wavelength allows narrow beams of microwaves to be produced by conveniently small high gain antennas from a half meter to 5 meters in diameter. Therefore beams of microwaves are used for point-to-point communication links, an advantage of narrow beams is that they allow frequency reuse by nearby transmitters. Parabolic antennas are the most widely used directive antennas at microwave frequencies, flat microstrip antennas are being increasingly used in consumer devices. Where omnidirectional antennas are required, for example in wireless devices and Wifi routers for wireless LANs, small monopoles, dipole, or patch antennas are used. Due to the high cost and maintenance requirements of waveguide runs, the term microwave also has a more technical meaning in electromagnetics and circuit theory. As a consequence, practical microwave circuits tend to away from the discrete resistors, capacitors. Open-wire and coaxial transmission lines used at lower frequencies are replaced by waveguides and stripline, high-power microwave sources use specialized vacuum tubes to generate microwaves
13.
Federal Communications Commission
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The FCC works towards six goals in the areas of broadband, competition, the spectrum, the media, public safety and homeland security, and modernizing itself. The FCC was formed by the Communications Act of 1934 to replace the radio regulation functions of the Federal Radio Commission, the FCC took over wire communication regulation from the Interstate Commerce Commission. The FCCs mandated jurisdiction covers the 50 states, the District of Columbia, the FCC also provides varied degrees of cooperation, oversight, and leadership for similar communications bodies in other countries of North America. The FCC is funded entirely by regulatory fees and it has an estimated fiscal-2016 budget of US$388 million. Consistent with the objectives of the Act as well as the 1993 Government Performance and Results Act and these are, Broadband All Americans should have affordable access to robust and reliable broadband products and services. Competition Competition in the provision of services, both domestically and overseas, supports the Nations economy. The competitive framework for communications services should foster innovation and offer consumers reliable, Media The Nations media regulations must promote competition and diversity and facilitate the transition to digital modes of delivery. Public Safety and Homeland Security Communications during emergencies and crisis must be available for public safety, health, defense, the Nations critical communications infrastructure must be reliable, interoperable, redundant, and rapidly restorable. The FCC is directed by five appointed by the President of the United States and confirmed by the United States Senate for five-year terms. The U. S. President designates one of the commissioners to serve as chairman, only three commissioners may be members of the same political party. None of them may have a financial interest in any FCC-related business, importantly, commissioners may continue serving until the appointment of their replacements, but may not serve beyond the end of the next session of Congress following term expiration. In practice, as of 2016 this means that commissioners may serve up to 1 1/2 years beyond the term expiration dates listed above if no replacement is appointed. The Consumer & Governmental Affairs Bureau develops and implements the FCCs consumer policies, CGB serves as the public face of the FCC through outreach and education, as well as through their Consumer Center, which is responsible for responding to consumer inquiries and complaints. CGB also maintains partnerships with state, local, and tribal governments in such areas as emergency preparedness. The Enforcement Bureau is responsible for enforcement of provisions of the Communications Act 1934, FCC rules, FCC orders, major areas of enforcement that are handled by the Enforcement Bureau are consumer protection, local competition, public safety, and homeland security. S. The International Bureau also oversees FCC compliance with the international Radio Regulations, the Media Bureau also handles post-licensing matters regarding direct broadcast satellite service. The Wireless Telecommunications Bureau regulates domestic wireless telecommunications programs and policies, the Wireline Competition Bureau develops policy concerning wire line telecommunications. The Wireline Competition Bureaus main objective is to promote growth and economical investments in technology infrastructure, development, markets
14.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
15.
European Union
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The European Union is a political and economic union of 28 member states that are located primarily in Europe. It has an area of 4,475,757 km2, the EU has developed an internal single market through a standardised system of laws that apply in all member states. Within the Schengen Area, passport controls have been abolished, a monetary union was established in 1999 and came into full force in 2002, and is composed of 19 EU member states which use the euro currency. The EU operates through a system of supranational and intergovernmental decision-making. The EU traces its origins from the European Coal and Steel Community, the community and its successors have grown in size by the accession of new member states and in power by the addition of policy areas to its remit. While no member state has left the EU or its antecedent organisations, the Maastricht Treaty established the European Union in 1993 and introduced European citizenship. The latest major amendment to the basis of the EU. The EU as a whole is the largest economy in the world, additionally,27 out of 28 EU countries have a very high Human Development Index, according to the United Nations Development Programme. In 2012, the EU was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize, through the Common Foreign and Security Policy, the EU has developed a role in external relations and defence. The union maintains permanent diplomatic missions throughout the world and represents itself at the United Nations, the World Trade Organization, the G7, because of its global influence, the European Union has been described as an emerging superpower. After World War II, European integration was seen as an antidote to the nationalism which had devastated the continent. 1952 saw the creation of the European Coal and Steel Community, the supporters of the Community included Alcide De Gasperi, Jean Monnet, Robert Schuman, and Paul-Henri Spaak. These men and others are credited as the Founding fathers of the European Union. In 1957, Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and West Germany signed the Treaty of Rome and they also signed another pact creating the European Atomic Energy Community for co-operation in developing nuclear energy. Both treaties came into force in 1958, the EEC and Euratom were created separately from the ECSC, although they shared the same courts and the Common Assembly. The EEC was headed by Walter Hallstein and Euratom was headed by Louis Armand, Euratom was to integrate sectors in nuclear energy while the EEC would develop a customs union among members. During the 1960s, tensions began to show, with France seeking to limit supranational power, Jean Rey presided over the first merged Commission. In 1973, the Communities enlarged to include Denmark, Ireland, Norway had negotiated to join at the same time, but Norwegian voters rejected membership in a referendum
16.
MediaTek
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MediaTek Inc. is a Taiwanese fabless semiconductor company that provides system-on-chip solutions for wireless communications, HDTV, DVD and Blu-ray. Headquartered in Hsinchu, Taiwan, the company has 25 offices worldwide and was the 3rd largest fabless IC designer worldwide in 2016, since its founding in 1997, MediaTek has been creating chipset solutions for the global market. MediaTek also provides its customers with reference designs, MediaTek was originally a unit of United Microelectronics Corporation tasked with designing chipsets for home entertainment products. On May 28,1997, the unit was spun off, MediaTek Inc. was listed on the Taiwan Stock Exchange under the 2454 code on July 23,2001. The company started out designing chipsets for optical drives and subsequently expanded into chip solutions for DVD players, digital TVs, mobile phones, smartphones, in general MediaTek has had a strong record of gaining market share and displacing competitors after entering new markets. The company launched a division to design solutions for mobile devices in 2004, seven years later, it was taking orders for more than 500 million mobile system-on-chip units per annum, which included solutions for both feature phones and smart devices. The mobile chip market quickly became the main driver for the company. The revenue growth was partly due to revenue recognition from the acquisition of MStar which became effective at the beginning of 2014. In 2005, MediaTek acquired Inprocomm, a semiconductor design firm producing 802. 11a, b. In 2007, MediaTek acquired the cellular chip operations of Analog Devices for US$350 million, on April 11,2012, MediaTek acquired Coresonic, a global producer of digital signal processing solutions based in Linköping, Sweden. Coresonic is now a wholly owned subsidiary of MediaTek in Europe, on June 22,2012, MediaTek announced that it would acquire rival Taiwanese chipset designer MStar Semiconductor Inc. which held a strong market share position in digital television chips. The initial phase of the deal will see MediaTek taking a 48 percent stake, the merger between MediaTek and MStar was delayed by antitrust concerns of China and South Korea and finally finalized on February 1,2014. MediaTeks financial results have been subject to variation as the success of different product lines fluctuated. MediaTeks relatively strong sales in 2009/2010 was based on its market position for feature phone chipsets. MediaTeks stock has been trading on the Taiwan Stock Exchange under the symbol TWSE,2454, in its early days, the stock peaked at NT$783 in April 2002, and later saw a peak of NT$656 in March 2007. The lowest price in the starting from 2001 was reached in January 2005. In more recent times, the peaked at NT$590 in January 2010. The stock price saw its highest level since 2010 at NT$545 on July 3,2014, by concurrently allocating tasks to individual CPU cores, the MT8135 could in theory offer significant power saving advantages over competing mobile device solutions
17.
Antenna (radio)
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In radio and electronics, an antenna, or aerial, is an electrical device which converts electric power into radio waves, and vice versa. It is usually used with a transmitter or radio receiver. In reception, an antenna intercepts some of the power of a wave in order to produce a tiny voltage at its terminals. Antennas are essential components of all equipment that uses radio, typically an antenna consists of an arrangement of metallic conductors, electrically connected to the receiver or transmitter. These time-varying fields radiate away from the antenna into space as a transverse electromagnetic field wave. Antennas can be designed to transmit and receive radio waves in all directions equally. The first antennas were built in 1888 by German physicist Heinrich Hertz in his experiments to prove the existence of electromagnetic waves predicted by the theory of James Clerk Maxwell. Hertz placed dipole antennas at the point of parabolic reflectors for both transmitting and receiving. He published his work in Annalen der Physik und Chemie, the words antenna and aerial are used interchangeably. Occasionally the term aerial is used to mean a wire antenna, however, note the important international technical journal, the IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation. In the United Kingdom and other areas where British English is used, the origin of the word antenna relative to wireless apparatus is attributed to Italian radio pioneer Guglielmo Marconi. In the summer of 1895, Marconi began testing his wireless system outdoors on his fathers estate near Bologna, Marconi discovered that by raising the aerial wire above the ground and connecting the other side of his transmitter to ground, the transmission range was increased. Soon he was able to transmit signals over a hill, a distance of approximately 2.4 kilometres, in Italian a tent pole is known as lantenna centrale, and the pole with the wire was simply called lantenna. Until then wireless radiating transmitting and receiving elements were simply as aerials or terminals. Because of his prominence, Marconis use of the word spread among wireless researchers. In common usage, the antenna may refer broadly to an entire assembly including support structure, enclosure. Especially at microwave frequencies, an antenna may include not only the actual electrical antenna. An antenna, in converting radio waves to electrical signals or vice versa, is a form of transducer, Antennas are required by any radio receiver or transmitter to couple its electrical connection to the electromagnetic field
18.
MIMO
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In radio, multiple-input and multiple-output, or MIMO, is a method for multiplying the capacity of a radio link using multiple transmit and receive antennas to exploit multipath propagation. MIMO has become an element of wireless communication standards including IEEE802. 11n, IEEE802. 11ac, HSPA+, WiMAX. More recently, MIMO has been applied to communication for 3-wire installations as part of ITU G. hn standard. At one time, in wireless the term MIMO referred to the use of antennas at the transmitter. In modern usage, MIMO specifically refers to a technique for sending and receiving more than one data signal simultaneously over the same radio channel by exploiting multipath propagation. MIMO is fundamentally different from smart antenna techniques developed to enhance the performance of a data signal, such as beamforming. Methods were developed to improve the performance of radio networks. Space-division multiple access uses directional or smart antennas to communicate on the frequency with users in different locations within range of the same base station. An SDMA system was proposed by Richard Roy and Björn Ottersten, researchers at ArrayComm and their US patent describes a method for increasing capacity using an array of receiving antennas at the base station with a plurality of remote users. Arogyaswami Paulraj and Thomas Kailath proposed an SDMA-based inverse multiplexing technique in 1993, Paulraj was awarded the prestigious Marconi Prize in 2014 for his pioneering contributions to developing the theory and applications of MIMO antennas. The paper also identified practical solutions for modulation, coding, synchronization, later that year Gerard J. Foschini submitted a paper that also suggested it is possible to multiply the capacity of a wireless link using what the author described as layered space-time architecture. Greg Raleigh, V. K. Jones, and Michael Pollack founded Clarity Wireless in 1996, cisco Systems acquired Clarity Wireless in 1998. Bell Labs built a laboratory prototype demonstrating its V-BLAST technology in 1998, Arogyaswami Paulraj founded Iospan Wireless in late 1998 to develop MIMO-OFDM products. Iospan was acquired by Intel in 2003, V-BLAST was never commercialized, and neither Clarity Wireless nor Iospan Wireless shipped MIMO-OFDM products before being acquired. MIMO technology has been standardized for wireless LANs, 3G mobile phone networks, greg Raleigh and V. K. Jones founded Airgo Networks in 2001 to develop MIMO-OFDM chipsets for wireless LANs. The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers created a group in late 2003 to develop a wireless LAN standard delivering at least 100 Mbit/s of user data throughput. There were two competing proposals, TGn Sync was backed by companies including Intel and Philips, and WWiSE was supported by companies including Airgo Networks, Broadcom. Both groups agreed that the 802. 11n standard would be based on MIMO-OFDM with 20 MHz and 40 MHz channel options, TGn Sync, WWiSE, and a third proposal were merged to create what was called the Joint Proposal
19.
Multi-user MIMO
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In contrast, single-user MIMO considers a single multi-antenna transmitter communicating with a single multi-antenna receiver. In a similar way that OFDMA adds multiple access capabilities to OFDM, MU-MIMO has been investigated since the beginning of research into multi-antenna communication, including work by Telatar on the capacity of the MU-MIMO uplink. SDMA, massive MIMO, coordinated multipoint and ad hoc MIMO are all related to MU-MIMO, multi-user MIMO can leverage multiple users as spatially distributed transmission resources, at the cost of somewhat more expensive signal processing. In comparison, conventional, or single-user MIMO considers only local device multiple antenna dimensions, multi-user MIMO algorithms are developed to enhance MIMO systems when the number of users or connections is greater than one. Multi-user MIMO can be generalized into two categories, MIMO broadcast channels and MIMO multiple access channels for downlink and uplink situations, single-user MIMO can be represented as point-to-point, pairwise MIMO. To remove ambiguity of the receiver and transmitter, we can adopt the terms access point. An AP is the transmitter and a user is the receiver for downlink environments, whereas an AP is the receiver, homogeneous networks are somewhat freed from this distinction. MIMO broadcast represents a MIMO downlink case in a single sender to multiple receiver wireless network, examples of advanced transmit processing for MIMO BC are interference aware precoding and SDMA-based downlink user scheduling. For advanced transmit processing, the state information has to be known at the transmitter. That is, knowledge of CSIT allows throughput improvement, and methods to obtain CSIT become of significant importance, two categories of coding techniques for the MIMO BC include those using dirty paper coding and linear techniques. Conversely, the MIMO multiple-access-channel or MIMO MAC represents a MIMO uplink case in the sender to single receiver wireless network. Examples of advanced receive processing for MIMO MAC are joint interference cancellation, for advanced receive processing, the receiver has to know the channel state information at the receiver. Knowing CSIR is generally easier than knowing CSIT, however, knowing CSIR costs a lot of uplink resources to transmit dedicated pilots from each user to the AP. MIMO MAC systems outperforms point-to-point MIMO systems especially when the number of antennas at an AP is larger than the number of transmit antennas at each user. Cross-layer MIMO enhances the performance of MIMO links by solving certain problems that may occur when MIMO configurations are employed in a system. Cross-layer techniques can be used to enhance the performance of SISO links as well, examples of cross-layer techniques are Joint Source-Channel Coding, Adaptive Modulation and Coding, Hybrid ARQ, and user scheduling. The highly interconnected wireless ad hoc network increases the flexibility of wireless networking at the cost of increased multi-user interference, to improve the interference immunity, PHY/MAC-layer protocols have evolved from competition based to cooperative based transmission and reception. Cooperative wireless communications can actually exploit interference, which includes self-interference, for example, once strong interference is decodable, a node decodes and cancels the strong interference before decoding the self-signal
20.
4G
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4G is the fourth generation of wireless mobile telecommunications technology, succeeding 3G. A 4G system must provide capabilities defined by ITU in IMT Advanced, potential and current applications include amended mobile web access, IP telephony, gaming services, high-definition mobile TV, video conferencing, and 3D television. The first-release Long Term Evolution standard has been deployed in Oslo, Norway. It has, however, been debated whether first-release versions should be considered 4G, since the first-release versions of Mobile WiMAX and LTE support much less than 1 Gbit/s peak bit rate, they are not fully IMT-Advanced compliant, but are often branded 4G by service providers. According to operators, a generation of the network refers to the deployment of a new non-backward-compatible technology, as opposed to earlier generations, a 4G system does not support traditional circuit-switched telephony service, but all-Internet Protocol based communication such as IP telephony. The peak bit rate is improved by smart antenna arrays for multiple-input multiple-output communications. New mobile generations have appeared about ten years since the first move from 1981 analog to digital transmission in 1992. In the mid-1990s, the ITU-R standardization organization released the IMT-2000 requirements as a framework for what standards should be considered 3G systems, in 2008, ITU -R specified the IMT - Advanced requirements for 4G systems. In theory speeds up to 672 Mbit/s are possible, but have not been deployed yet, the fastest 3G-based standard in the CDMA2000 family is the EV-DO Rev. B, which is available since 2010 and offers 15.67 Mbit/s downstream. This article refers to 4G using IMT-Advanced, as defined by ITU-R, an IMT-Advanced cellular system must fulfill the following requirements, Be based on an all-IP packet switched network. Have peak data rates of up to approximately 100 Mbit/s for high mobility such as mobile access, be able to dynamically share and use the network resources to support more simultaneous users per cell. Use scaleable channel bandwidths of 5–20 MHz, optionally up to 40 MHz. Rumney, IMT-Advanced, 4G Wireless Takes Shape in an Olympic Year. Have peak link spectral efficiency of 15-bit/s/Hz in the downlink, and 6. 75-bit/s/Hz in the up link, system spectral efficiency is, in indoor cases, 3-bit/s/Hz/cell for downlink and 2. 25-bit/s/Hz/cell for up link. In September 2009, the proposals were submitted to the International Telecommunication Union as 4G candidates. Basically all proposals are based on two technologies, LTE Advanced standardized by the 3GPP802. The latters standard versions were ratified in spring 2011, but are far from being implemented. The first set of 3GPP requirements on LTE Advanced was approved in June 2008, LTE Advanced was to be standardized in 2010 as part of Release 10 of the 3GPP specification. LTE Advanced will be based on the existing LTE specification Release 10, a summary of the technologies that have been studied as the basis for LTE Advanced is included in a technical report
21.
SoftBank Group
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SoftBank Group Corp. is a Japanese multinational telecommunications and Internet corporation established on September 3,1981, and headquartered in Tokyo, Japan. It has operations in broadband, fixed-line telecommunications, e-commerce, Internet, technology services, finance, media and marketing, semiconductor design, the company is headed by founder Masayoshi Son. SoftBank was ranked in the Forbes Global 2000 list as the 62nd largest public company in the world, between 2009 and 2014, SoftBanks market capitalization increased by 557%, the fourth largest relative increase in the world over that period. SoftBank bought COMDEX from The Interface Group in 1995, and in 1999 allowed organizers of COMDEX to restrict admission of media and they eventually sold COMDEX to Key3Media, a spin-off of Ziff Davis, in 2001. On January 28,2005, SoftBank became the owner of the Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks, on March 17,2006, SoftBank announced its agreement to buy Vodafone Japan, giving it a stake in Japans $78 billion mobile market. In April 2006, they bought a 23% stake of Betfair, in August 2006, SoftBank sold all its shares of SBI Group to a subsidiary of SBIs holding company, making SBI independent. On October 1,2006, Vodafone Japan changed its name, mobile phone brand name, and its mobile phone domain name to SoftBank Mobile, SoftBank. On January 28,2008, it was announced that SoftBank and this cellphone contains more than 400 platinum diamond, totaling more than 20 carat. The cost is said to be more than 100,000,000 yen, on February 3,2010, SoftBank acquired 13. 7% in Ustream with the option to increase shares to 30% by July 2011. On October 1,2010, Ayumi Hamasaki became the commercial spokesperson, on October 3,2012, the take over of competitor eAccess was announced, and was completed in January 2013. On July 1,2013, SoftBank announced that Willcom became a wholly owned subsidiary effective July 1,2013, eAccess was merged with Willcom, which resulted in a new subsidiary and brand from Yahoo. On October 15,2012, SoftBank announced plans to control of American Sprint Nextel by purchasing a 70% stake for $20 billion. On July 6,2013, the United States Federal Communications Commission approved SoftBank’s acquisition of the Sprint Corporation for $22.2 billion for a 78% ownership interest in Sprint. The acquisition involved payment of $17.2 billion in cash to Sprint shareholders, the transaction was financed by way of cash and a bridge loan from a consortium of banks. On August 6,2013, SoftBank bought 2% more shares of Sprint Corporation, in October 2013, SoftBank acquired 51% stake in Supercell for a reported $2.1 billion. In 2014, SoftBank co-designed Pepper, a robot, with Aldebaran Robotics. In May 2015, Masayoshi Son said he would appoint Nikesh Arora, Arora has been heading SoftBanks investment arm. On June 1,2015, SoftBank acquired additional 22. 7% stake in Supercell, increasing its stake to 73. 2%
22.
Japan
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Japan is a sovereign island nation in Eastern Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies off the eastern coast of the Asia Mainland and stretches from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea, the kanji that make up Japans name mean sun origin. 日 can be read as ni and means sun while 本 can be read as hon, or pon, Japan is often referred to by the famous epithet Land of the Rising Sun in reference to its Japanese name. Japan is an archipelago consisting of about 6,852 islands. The four largest are Honshu, Hokkaido, Kyushu and Shikoku, the country is divided into 47 prefectures in eight regions. Hokkaido being the northernmost prefecture and Okinawa being the southernmost one, the population of 127 million is the worlds tenth largest. Japanese people make up 98. 5% of Japans total population, approximately 9.1 million people live in the city of Tokyo, the capital of Japan. Archaeological research indicates that Japan was inhabited as early as the Upper Paleolithic period, the first written mention of Japan is in Chinese history texts from the 1st century AD. Influence from other regions, mainly China, followed by periods of isolation, from the 12th century until 1868, Japan was ruled by successive feudal military shoguns who ruled in the name of the Emperor. Japan entered into a period of isolation in the early 17th century. The Second Sino-Japanese War of 1937 expanded into part of World War II in 1941, which came to an end in 1945 following the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Japan is a member of the UN, the OECD, the G7, the G8, the country has the worlds third-largest economy by nominal GDP and the worlds fourth-largest economy by purchasing power parity. It is also the worlds fourth-largest exporter and fourth-largest importer, although Japan has officially renounced its right to declare war, it maintains a modern military with the worlds eighth-largest military budget, used for self-defense and peacekeeping roles. Japan is a country with a very high standard of living. Its population enjoys the highest life expectancy and the third lowest infant mortality rate in the world, in ancient China, Japan was called Wo 倭. It was mentioned in the third century Chinese historical text Records of the Three Kingdoms in the section for the Wei kingdom, Wa became disliked because it has the connotation of the character 矮, meaning dwarf. The 倭 kanji has been replaced with the homophone Wa, meaning harmony, the Japanese word for Japan is 日本, which is pronounced Nippon or Nihon and literally means the origin of the sun. The earliest record of the name Nihon appears in the Chinese historical records of the Tang dynasty, at the start of the seventh century, a delegation from Japan introduced their country as Nihon
23.
Beamforming
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Beamforming or spatial filtering is a signal processing technique used in sensor arrays for directional signal transmission or reception. This is achieved by combining elements in an array in such a way that signals at particular angles experience constructive interference while others experience destructive interference. Beamforming can be used at both the transmitting and receiving ends in order to achieve spatial selectivity, the improvement compared with omnidirectional reception/transmission is known as the directivity of the element. Beamforming can be used for radio or sound waves and it has found numerous applications in radar, sonar, seismology, wireless communications, radio astronomy, acoustics and biomedicine. Adaptive beamforming is used to detect and estimate the signal-of-interest at the output of an array by means of optimal spatial filtering. When receiving, information from different sensors is combined in a way where the pattern of radiation is preferentially observed. The same thing can be carried out in air using loudspeakers, receive beamforming can also be used with microphones or radar antennas. With narrow-band systems the time delay is equivalent to a shift, so in this case the array of antennas. A narrow band system, typical of radars, is one where the bandwidth is only a fraction of the center frequency. With wide band systems this approximation no longer holds, which is typical in sonars, in the receive beamformer the signal from each antenna may be amplified by a different weight. Different weighting patterns can be used to achieve the desired sensitivity patterns, a main lobe is produced together with nulls and sidelobes. As well as controlling the main lobe width and the sidelobe levels and this is useful to ignore noise or jammers in one particular direction, while listening for events in other directions. A similar result can be obtained on transmission, for the full mathematics on directing beams using amplitude and phase shifts, see the mathematical section in phased array. This process may be carried out in either the time or the frequency domain, as the name indicates, an adaptive beamformer is able to automatically adapt its response to different situations. Some criterion has to be set up to allow the adaption to proceed such as minimizing the total noise output, because of the variation of noise with frequency, in wide band systems it may be desirable to carry out the process in the frequency domain. Sonar phased array has a data rate low enough that it can be processed in real-time in software, which is flexible enough to transmit or receive in several directions at once. In contrast, radar phased array has a rate so high that it usually requires dedicated hardware processing. However, newer field programmable gate arrays are fast enough to handle data in real-time
24.
EE Limited
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EE is a British mobile network operator, Internet service provider and a division of BT Group. It was established in 2010 as a 50,50 joint venture between Deutsche Telekom and Orange S. A. through the merger of their respective T-Mobile and Orange businesses in the UK. It is the largest mobile operator in the UK, with around 30 million customers. EE is headquartered in Hatfield in the United Kingdom and also has offices in Bristol, Darlington, Greenock, North Tyneside, Plymouth, Leeds. In addition to telephone services, EE also provides an IPTV service through its EE TV Box. As of 23 November 2016, EEs 4G & 2G networks combined coverage reaches more than 99% of the UK population, Deutsche Telekom and France Télécom announced plans to merge their respective UK ventures T-Mobile UK and Orange UK on 8 September 2009. The initial planning suggested a joint revenue of around £7.7 billion for 2008 with savings via synergies expected to total around over £445 million annually from 2014 onwards, the two companies also announced an expected investment of £600 to £800 million in integration costs. The initial press release outlined a primarily clear vision for the two brands citing that the T-Mobile UK and Orange UK brands will be maintained separately for 18 months, the merger was cleared by the European Commission on 1 March 2010. The joint venture was announced as completed on 1 April 2010, the companies network sharing plans were released to customers on 11 October 2010. The switch-on was rolled out utilising an opt-in page on each brands website, however, the rollout did not initially include automatic network roaming mid-call or the two brands 3G services. On 18 July 2011, Tom Alexander announced unexpectedly that he would step down as CEO, Alexander had joined Orange in 2008 and had led the company since its formation on 1 July 2010. Alexander said that he would remain with the company throughout the remainder of 2011, on 2 November 2011 Everything Everywhere announced plans to cut a further 550 back office staff, with its sites in Bristol, Darlington, Hatfield, and Paddington affected. In April 2012, the T-Mobile network in Northern Ireland was switched off, however, later most T-Mobile sites were turned back on as EE has a mast sharing agreement with 3. Further speculation commenced on 7 September 2012 when the company announced details of a conference on the morning of 11 September 2012. Other commentators suggested that the HTC One XL would be the first handset to launch utilising Everything Everywheres 4G network. The handsets that the initially launched on EE are the iPhone 5, HTC One XL, Samsung Galaxy S III, Samsung Galaxy Note II, Huawei Ascend P1, Nokia Lumia 920. The company also announced that they would be using two 4G mobile broadband devices manufactured by Huawei - the E589 Mobile Wi-Fi device and E392 mobile broadband dongle, the brand was described by EE as The Super Fast Brand. It was also confirmed that all ex-Orange and ex-T-Mobile shops would be re-branded EE overnight, the companys legal name changed to EE Limited on 2 September 2013
25.
East London Tech City
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East London Tech City is a technology district located in East London. It broadly occupies the area between Old Street and Shoreditch areas and it is the third-largest technology startup cluster in the world after San Francisco and New York City. A cluster of web businesses initially developed around the Old Street Roundabout in 2009, later, as the cluster developed, both local and national government supported its growth, with the goal of creating a cluster comparable to Silicon Valley in the United States. Cisco, Facebook, Google, Intel and McKinsey & Company are among the companies that have invested in the area, plans to help accelerate the growth of the cluster were announced by Prime Minister David Cameron in a speech given in east London on 4 November 2010. A year later, Cameron announced that he was appointing entrepreneur Eric van der Kleij to lead the initiative, in 2010 there were 85 startup companies in the area. By 2011, approximately 200 firms were occupying the area, signifying a rapid increase in interest, wired magazine updated this figure in 2012 and suggested some 5,000 tech companies were located in the wider area centred on the Old Street roundabout. Wired maintains a topic on the area, on 28 September 2011 it was announced that Google had acquired a seven-storey building near Old Street roundabout. The building, known as Campus London, opened in March 2012, in 2013 the Nominet Trust selected 5 startups making positive social change which are based in the cluster, Streetbank, Give What You’re Good At, Videre Est Credere, Buddy App and PaveGen. A report by EY published in 2016 highlighted the importance of London to the UKs FinTech industry in terms of availability of expertise, Investment in Londons technology sector was $2.28 billion in 2015,69 per cent higher than the $1.3 billion raised in 2014. The rapid growth of the cluster has met some criticism. Think tank Centre for London said the development had little focus, the think tank also raised concerns over a skills shortage, connectivity, lack of mentoring and rising costs. Tech City has been called a marketing gimmick on the side of London which is still over 30% more expensive than any city outside London. Tech City is well served by a number of London Buses services, London Underground Northern line and National Rail Great Northern services at Old Street serve the area at Old Street. Financial technology Silicon Fen Silicon Glen MediaCityUK The Sharp Project Londons moment, start-up Britain - Cambridge v Tech City. Tech City Investment Organisation East London Tech City on Twitter Department for Business, Innovation & Skills
26.
BT Group
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BT Group plc is a holding company which owns British Telecommunications plc, a British multinational telecommunications services company with head offices in London, United Kingdom. It has operations in around 180 countries, BTs origins date back to the founding of the Electric Telegraph Company in 1846 which developed a nationwide communications network. In 1912, the General Post Office, a government department, the Post Office Act of 1969 led to the GPO becoming a public corporation. British Telecommunications, trading as British Telecom, was formed in 1980, British Telecommunications was privatised in 1984, becoming British Telecommunications plc, with some 50 percent of its shares sold to investors. The Government sold its stake in further share sales in 1991 and 1993. BT has a listing on the London Stock Exchange, a secondary listing on the New York Stock Exchange. BT controls a number of large subsidiaries, BT announced in February 2015 that it had agreed to acquire EE for £12.5 billion, and received final regulatory approval from the Competition and Markets Authority on 15 January 2016. The transaction was completed on 29 January 2016, BTs origins date back to the establishment of the first telecommunications companies in Britain. Among them was the first commercial service, the Electric Telegraph Company. As these companies amalgamated and were taken over or collapsed, the companies were transferred to state control under the Post Office in 1912. These companies were merged and rebranded as British Telecom, in January 1878 Alexander Graham Bell demonstrated his recently developed telephone to Queen Victoria at Osborne House on the Isle of Wight. John Hudson, with his premises in nearby Shudehill. As the number of installed telephones across the country grew it became sensible to consider constructing telephone exchanges to allow all the telephones in each city to be connected together, the first exchange was opened in London in August 1879, closely followed by the Lancashire Telephonic Exchange in Manchester. From 1878, the service in Britain was provided by private sector companies such as the National Telephone Company. In 1896, the National Telephone Company was taken over by the General Post Office, in 1912 it became the primary supplier of telecommunications services, after the Post Office took over the private sector telephone service in GB, except for a few local authority services. Those services all folded within a few years, the exception being Kingston upon Hull. Converting the Post Office into an industry, as opposed to a governmental department, was first discussed in 1932 by Lord Wolmer. In 1932 the Bridgeman Committee produced a report that was rejected, in 1961, more proposals were ignored
27.
United Kingdom
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The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom or Britain, is a sovereign country in western Europe. Lying off the north-western coast of the European mainland, the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain, Northern Ireland is the only part of the United Kingdom that shares a land border with another sovereign state—the Republic of Ireland. The Irish Sea lies between Great Britain and Ireland, with an area of 242,500 square kilometres, the United Kingdom is the 78th-largest sovereign state in the world and the 11th-largest in Europe. It is also the 21st-most populous country, with an estimated 65.1 million inhabitants, together, this makes it the fourth-most densely populated country in the European Union. The United Kingdom is a monarchy with a parliamentary system of governance. The monarch is Queen Elizabeth II, who has reigned since 6 February 1952, other major urban areas in the United Kingdom include the regions of Birmingham, Leeds, Glasgow, Liverpool and Manchester. The United Kingdom consists of four countries—England, Scotland, Wales, the last three have devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in their capitals, Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast, respectively. The relationships among the countries of the UK have changed over time, Wales was annexed by the Kingdom of England under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542. A treaty between England and Scotland resulted in 1707 in a unified Kingdom of Great Britain, which merged in 1801 with the Kingdom of Ireland to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Five-sixths of Ireland seceded from the UK in 1922, leaving the present formulation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain, there are fourteen British Overseas Territories. These are the remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in the 1920s, British influence can be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former colonies. The United Kingdom is a country and has the worlds fifth-largest economy by nominal GDP. The UK is considered to have an economy and is categorised as very high in the Human Development Index. It was the worlds first industrialised country and the worlds foremost power during the 19th, the UK remains a great power with considerable economic, cultural, military, scientific and political influence internationally. It is a nuclear weapons state and its military expenditure ranks fourth or fifth in the world. The UK has been a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council since its first session in 1946 and it has been a leading member state of the EU and its predecessor, the European Economic Community, since 1973. However, on 23 June 2016, a referendum on the UKs membership of the EU resulted in a decision to leave. The Acts of Union 1800 united the Kingdom of Great Britain, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have devolved self-government
28.
London
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London /ˈlʌndən/ is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom. Standing on the River Thames in the south east of the island of Great Britain and it was founded by the Romans, who named it Londinium. Londons ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its 1. 12-square-mile medieval boundaries. London is a global city in the arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism. It is crowned as the worlds largest financial centre and has the fifth- or sixth-largest metropolitan area GDP in the world, London is a world cultural capital. It is the worlds most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the worlds largest city airport system measured by passenger traffic, London is the worlds leading investment destination, hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city. Londons universities form the largest concentration of education institutes in Europe. In 2012, London became the first city to have hosted the modern Summer Olympic Games three times, London has a diverse range of people and cultures, and more than 300 languages are spoken in the region. Its estimated mid-2015 municipal population was 8,673,713, the largest of any city in the European Union, Londons urban area is the second most populous in the EU, after Paris, with 9,787,426 inhabitants at the 2011 census. The citys metropolitan area is the most populous in the EU with 13,879,757 inhabitants, the city-region therefore has a similar land area and population to that of the New York metropolitan area. London was the worlds most populous city from around 1831 to 1925, Other famous landmarks include Buckingham Palace, the London Eye, Piccadilly Circus, St Pauls Cathedral, Tower Bridge, Trafalgar Square, and The Shard. The London Underground is the oldest underground railway network in the world, the etymology of London is uncertain. It is an ancient name, found in sources from the 2nd century and it is recorded c.121 as Londinium, which points to Romano-British origin, and hand-written Roman tablets recovered in the city originating from AD 65/70-80 include the word Londinio. The earliest attempted explanation, now disregarded, is attributed to Geoffrey of Monmouth in Historia Regum Britanniae and this had it that the name originated from a supposed King Lud, who had allegedly taken over the city and named it Kaerlud. From 1898, it was accepted that the name was of Celtic origin and meant place belonging to a man called *Londinos. The ultimate difficulty lies in reconciling the Latin form Londinium with the modern Welsh Llundain, which should demand a form *lōndinion, from earlier *loundiniom. The possibility cannot be ruled out that the Welsh name was borrowed back in from English at a later date, and thus cannot be used as a basis from which to reconstruct the original name. Until 1889, the name London officially applied only to the City of London, two recent discoveries indicate probable very early settlements near the Thames in the London area
29.
Bristol
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Bristol is a city and county in South West England with a population of 449,300 in 2016. The district has the 10th largest population in England, while the Bristol metropolitan area is the 12th largest in the United Kingdom, the city borders North Somerset and South Gloucestershire, with the cities of Bath and Gloucester to the south-east and north-east, respectively. Iron Age hill forts and Roman villas were built near the confluence of the rivers Frome and Avon, Bristol received a royal charter in 1155 and was historically divided between Gloucestershire and Somerset until 1373, when it became a county of itself. From the 13th to the 18th century, Bristol was among the top three English cities after London in tax receipts, Bristol was surpassed by the rapid rise of Manchester, Liverpool and Birmingham in the Industrial Revolution. Bristol was a place for early voyages of exploration to the New World. On a ship out of Bristol in 1497 John Cabot, a Venetian, in 1499 William Weston, a Bristol merchant, was the first Englishman to lead an exploration to North America. At the height of the Bristol slave trade, from 1700 to 1807, the Port of Bristol has since moved from Bristol Harbour in the city centre to the Severn Estuary at Avonmouth and Royal Portbury Dock. Bristols modern economy is built on the media, electronics and aerospace industries. The city has the largest circulating community currency in the U. K. - the Bristol pound, which is pegged to the Pound sterling. It is connected to London and other major UK cities by road, rail, sea and air by the M5 and M4, Bristol Temple Meads and Bristol Parkway mainline rail stations, and Bristol Airport. The Sunday Times named it as the best city in Britain in which to live in 2014 and 2017, the most ancient recorded name for Bristol is the archaic Welsh Caer Odor, which is consistent with modern understanding that early Bristol developed between the River Frome and Avon Gorge. It is most commonly stated that the Saxon name Bricstow was a calque of the existing Celtic name, with Bric a literal translation of Odor. Alternative etymologies are supported with the numerous variations in Medieval documents with Samuel Seyer enumerating 47 alternative forms. The Old English form Brycgstow is commonly used to derive the meaning place at the bridge, utilizing another form, Brastuile, Rev. Dr. Shaw derived the name from the Celtic words bras, or braos and tuile. The poet Thomas Chatterton popularised a derivation from Brictricstow linking the town to Brictric and it appears that the form Bricstow prevailed until 1204, and the Bristolian L is what eventually changed the name to Bristol. Iron Age hill forts near the city are at Leigh Woods and Clifton Down, on the side of the Avon Gorge, a Roman settlement, Abona, existed at what is now Sea Mills, another was at the present-day Inns Court. Isolated Roman villas and small forts and settlements were scattered throughout the area. Bristol was founded by 1000, by about 1020, it was a centre with a mint producing silver pennies bearing its name
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Birmingham
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Birmingham is a major city and metropolitan borough of West Midlands, England lying on the River Rea, a small river that runs through Birmingham. It is the largest and most populous British city outside London, the city is in the West Midlands Built-up Area, the third most populous urban area in the United Kingdom, with a population of 2,440,986 at the 2011 census. Birminghams metropolitan area is the second most populous in the UK with a population of 3.8 million and this also makes Birmingham the 8th most populous metropolitan area in Europe. By 1791 it was being hailed as the first manufacturing town in the world, perhaps the most important invention in British history, the industrial steam engine, was invented in Birmingham. From the summer of 1940 to the spring of 1943, Birmingham was bombed heavily by the German Luftwaffe in what is known as the Birmingham Blitz. The damage done to the infrastructure, in addition to a deliberate policy of demolition and new building by planners, led to extensive demolition. Today Birminghams economy is dominated by the service sector and its metropolitan economy is the second largest in the United Kingdom with a GDP of $121. 1bn, and its six universities make it the largest centre of higher education in the country outside London. Birmingham is the fourth-most visited city in the UK by foreign visitors, Birminghams sporting heritage can be felt worldwide, with the concept of the Football League and lawn tennis both originating from the city. Its most successful football club Aston Villa has won seven league titles, people from Birmingham are called Brummies, a term derived from the citys nickname of Brum. This originates from the citys name, Brummagem, which may in turn have been derived from one of the citys earlier names. There is a distinctive Brummie accent and dialect, Birminghams early history is that of a remote and marginal area. The main centres of population, power and wealth in the pre-industrial English Midlands lay in the fertile and accessible river valleys of the Trent, the Severn and the Avon. The area of modern Birmingham lay in between, on the upland Birmingham Plateau and within the wooded and sparsely populated Forest of Arden. Birmingham as a settlement dates from the Anglo-Saxon era, within a century of the charter Birmingham had grown into a prosperous urban centre of merchants and craftsmen. By 1327 it was the third-largest town in Warwickshire, a position it would retain for the next 200 years, by 1700 Birminghams population had increased fifteenfold and the town was the fifth-largest in England and Wales. The importance of the manufacture of goods to Birminghams economy was recognised as early as 1538. Equally significant was the emerging role as a centre for the iron merchants who organised finance, supplied raw materials. The 18th century saw this tradition of free-thinking and collaboration blossom into the phenomenon now known as the Midlands Enlightenment
31.
KT Corporation
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KT Corporation, formerly Korea Telecom, is South Koreas largest telephone company. After selling its wireless affiliate Korea Mobile Telecom in 1994, KT returned to the market with the creation of PCS carrier KTF in 1996. The companys 2009 merger with KTF, its wireless subsidiary, made it the ninth largest chaebol with nearly 24 trillion won in assets. In January 2011, KT launched unified brand Olleh for both fixed-line and cellular broadband services, in late 2015 former KT president Suk-Jae Lee was charged of breach of trust and embezzlement, allegations which he denies. Founded in 1981 as a utility, KT actively led Koreas transition to the information era. In 2001 KT acquired struggling broadband provider Thrunet, then the largest broadband company in Korea, in 2009, KT merged with its wireless subsidiary KTF, paving the way to the integration of landline and cellular services. Ever since KT introduced the Apple iPhone to South Korea, it has been constantly seeking new business area, such as media, e-commerce, and global business partnerships. The company has a well-distributed shareholder structure under which the National Pension Service is the largest shareholder, under the current shareholder structure, no controlling shareholder exists. 1 launched 1996, Mugunghwa Satellite No.2 launched 1996, PCS,3 launched June 2000, Managerial rights of Hansol M. com acquired December 2000, IMT-2000 license acquired April 2001, Caller ID service launched May 2001, Plans for privatization announced. Celebrated 20th anniversary and changed name from Korea Telecom to KT, KT’s telephone exchanges restructured into regional branch offices. Let’s launched as the new company slogan,2005, According to Fair Trade Commission data, KT as a corporate group that holds 12 subsidiaries and total assets of 29.315 trillion won, ranked 8th among Korea’s conglomerates. “Ann” landline phone, “Megapass” broadband and “Mega TV” IPTV services were renamed “Qook Phone, ” “Qook Internet” and “Qook TV, January 25,2011, Fixed-line Qook and cellular Show broadband services were unified under the Olleh brand. They were renamed Olleh Home and Olleh Mobile, respectively, february 10,2011, Acquired 20. 05% of BC Card shares, emerging as the second-largest shareholder. January 3,2012, KT launched its LTE service, September 2012, kt was awarded the Global Supersector Leader for Telecommunications by Dow Jones Sustainability Indexes for 2 consecutive years. KT’s Board of Directors consists of three non-independent directors and eight directors, totaling eleven directors as of March 2012. The outside directors are nominated by the Outside Director Nomination Committee based on their expertise and business leadership, the BOD chairman is selected from among the outside directors and serves for a one-year term. The BOD consists of five standing subcommittees and two ad hoc subcommittees, if required, additional sub-committees may be set up. As of 2012 KT customers can receive the services on any of radio frequency band assigned, KT was the first operator in South Korea to introduce the iPhone, into the Korean market in November 2009
32.
SK Telecom
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SK Telecom Co. Ltd. is a South Korean wireless telecommunications operator, it is part of the SK Group, one of the countrys largest chaebols. SK Telecom is South Koreas largest wireless carrier, it leads the market with 50.5 percent share as of 2008. SK Telecom also became the world’s first carrier to commercialize HSDPA in May 2006, SK expanded into the landline market by acquiring second-rated fixed-line operator Hanaro Telecom in February 2008. Online services are offered through tech subsidiary SK Communications, which dominates the social networks market in South Korea. Cyworld is the largest social media site by membership and NateOn is the number one instant messaging client, in 2004, SK Telecom launched Hanbyul, the world’s first DMB satellite. TU Media, SK Telecoms digital media arm, handles DMB TV broadcasts, in November 2015 SK Telecom announced signing a deal to acquire CJ HelloVision, the countrys largest cable and Internet operator, with the view to merge it with its own cable unit, SK Broadband. The acquisition, which will make SK Broadband the No.2 paid cable broadcaster following KT, is being opposed by competitors, SK Telecom was established in March 1984 under the name Korea Mobile Telecommunications Services Corp. but was renamed Korea Mobile Telecommunications Corp. in May 1988. It was a subsidiary of the state monopoly phone company, Korea Telecom until KT sold it off in 1993, in June 1994 SK Group became Korea Mobile Telecommunications Corporations largest shareholder. KMTC officially joined the SK Group in January 1997 and changed its name to SK Telecom in March of that year, in October 2000, SK Telecom became the second operator in the world after NTT DoCoMo to launch a commercial 3G service using W-CDMA technology. In January 2002, this was followed up by launching the worlds first CDMA2000 1xEV-DO network, in May 2005, SK Telecom divested 60 percent of SK Teletech stock to cellphone maker Pantech. SK remains the second largest shareholder by holding on to the rest of Teletechs stock, in 2006, the well-known SKY brand of mobile devices became fully owned by Pantech as it finalized its takeover of SK Teletech. Founded on March 29,1984 as Korea Mobile Telecommunications Services Corp. the state-owned carrier introduced pagers, may 1984 saw the launch of the car phone service. Korea Mobile changed its name to Korea Mobile Telecommunications Corp. in May 1988, in July, AMPS cellular network was initially launched in Seoul metropolitan area. By 1991 nationwide coverage was complete, in April 1993, the South Korean government —through KMTC— adopted CDMA as the national cellular telephone system. Through privatization, SK Group became Korea Mobile Telecommunications Corp. s largest shareholder in June 1994, in October 1994, Koreas first CDMA system was introduced to the public for the first time. In January 1995, KMTC reached the one million subscriber mark, Korea Mobile Telecommuncations became the third Korean firm to be listed on the NYSE exchange in June 1996. Later that year South Korea got its first commercial CDMA network, operating in Seoul in October, it is considered one of the worlds earliest commercial CDMA networks. SK Group completed its takeover of KMTC in January 1997, as it became the worlds sixth carrier to attain ten million subscrptions, around that time, it also began constructing the Northeast Asian CDMA belt encompassing China, Japan, Vietnam, and the rest of the Asian continent
33.
South Korea
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South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea, is a sovereign state in East Asia, constituting the southern part of the Korean Peninsula. The earliest Korean pottery dates to 8000 BC, with three kingdoms flourishing in the 1st century BC and its rich and vibrant culture left 19 UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritages of Humanity, the third largest in the world, along with 12 World Heritage Sites. Annexed into Imperial Japan in 1910, Korea was divided after its surrender in 1945, peace has since mostly continued with the two agreeing to work peacefully for reunification and the South solidifying peace as a regional power with the worlds 10th largest defence budget. South Koreas tiger economy soared at an average of 10% for over 30 years in a period of rapid transformation called the Miracle on the Han River. A long legacy of openness and focus on innovation made it successful, today, it is the worlds fifth largest exporter with the G20s largest budget surplus and highest credit rating of any country in East Asia. It has free trade agreements with 75% of the economy and is the only G20 nation trading freely with China, the US. Since 1988, its constitution guarantees a liberal democracy with high government transparency, high personal freedoms led to the rise of a globally influential pop culture such as K-pop and K-drama, a phenomenon called the Korean Wave, known for its distinctive fashionable and trendy style. Home of the UN Green Climate Fund and GGGI, South Korea is a leader in low carbon growth, committed to helping developing countries as a major DAC. It is the third least ignorant country in the Index of Ignorance, ranking eighth highest for peaceful tolerance. It is the worlds largest spender on R&D per GDP, leading the OECD in graduates in science, the name Korea derives from the name Goryeo. The name Goryeo itself was first used by the ancient kingdom of Goguryeo in the 5th century as a form of its name. The 10th-century kingdom of Goryeo succeeded Goguryeo, and thus inherited its name, the modern spelling of Korea first appeared in the late 17th century in the travel writings of the Dutch East India Companys Hendrick Hamel. After Goryeo was replaced by Joseon in 1392, Joseon became the name for the entire territory. The new official name has its origin in the ancient country of Gojoseon, in 1897, the Joseon dynasty changed the official name of the country from Joseon to Daehan Jeguk. The name Daehan, which means great Han literally, derives from Samhan, however, the name Joseon was still widely used by Koreans to refer to their country, though it was no longer the official name. Under Japanese rule, the two names Han and Joseon coexisted, there were several groups who fought for independence, the most notable being the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea. Following the surrender of Japan, in 1945, the Republic of Korea was adopted as the name for the new country. Since the government only controlled the part of the Korean Peninsula
34.
China
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China, officially the Peoples Republic of China, is a unitary sovereign state in East Asia and the worlds most populous country, with a population of over 1.381 billion. The state is governed by the Communist Party of China and its capital is Beijing, the countrys major urban areas include Shanghai, Guangzhou, Beijing, Chongqing, Shenzhen, Tianjin and Hong Kong. China is a power and a major regional power within Asia. Chinas landscape is vast and diverse, ranging from forest steppes, the Himalaya, Karakoram, Pamir and Tian Shan mountain ranges separate China from much of South and Central Asia. The Yangtze and Yellow Rivers, the third and sixth longest in the world, respectively, Chinas coastline along the Pacific Ocean is 14,500 kilometers long and is bounded by the Bohai, Yellow, East China and South China seas. China emerged as one of the worlds earliest civilizations in the basin of the Yellow River in the North China Plain. For millennia, Chinas political system was based on hereditary monarchies known as dynasties, in 1912, the Republic of China replaced the last dynasty and ruled the Chinese mainland until 1949, when it was defeated by the communist Peoples Liberation Army in the Chinese Civil War. The Communist Party established the Peoples Republic of China in Beijing on 1 October 1949, both the ROC and PRC continue to claim to be the legitimate government of all China, though the latter has more recognition in the world and controls more territory. China had the largest economy in the world for much of the last two years, during which it has seen cycles of prosperity and decline. Since the introduction of reforms in 1978, China has become one of the worlds fastest-growing major economies. As of 2016, it is the worlds second-largest economy by nominal GDP, China is also the worlds largest exporter and second-largest importer of goods. China is a nuclear weapons state and has the worlds largest standing army. The PRC is a member of the United Nations, as it replaced the ROC as a permanent member of the U. N. Security Council in 1971. China is also a member of numerous formal and informal multilateral organizations, including the WTO, APEC, BRICS, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, the BCIM, the English name China is first attested in Richard Edens 1555 translation of the 1516 journal of the Portuguese explorer Duarte Barbosa. The demonym, that is, the name for the people, Portuguese China is thought to derive from Persian Chīn, and perhaps ultimately from Sanskrit Cīna. Cīna was first used in early Hindu scripture, including the Mahābhārata, there are, however, other suggestions for the derivation of China. The official name of the state is the Peoples Republic of China. The shorter form is China Zhōngguó, from zhōng and guó and it was then applied to the area around Luoyi during the Eastern Zhou and then to Chinas Central Plain before being used as an occasional synonym for the state under the Qing
35.
Australian Communications and Media Authority
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The Australian Communications and Media Authority is an Australian Government statutory authority within the Communications portfolio. The ACMA is tasked with ensuring media and communications works for all Australians and it does this through various legislation, regulations, standards and codes of practice. The ACMA is a regulator, created to oversee the convergence of the four worlds of telecommunications, broadcasting, radio communications. The ACMA was formed on 1 July 2005 by a merger of the Australian Broadcasting Authority and it is one of only a handful of converged communications regulators in the world. The ACMA is an independent agency with the Authority composed of the Chairman, Deputy Chair, the ACMA is managed by an executive team comprising the Chairman, the Deputy Chair, four general managers and nine executive managers. The corporate structure comprises four divisions - Communications Infrastructure, Content, Consumer and Citizen, Corporate and Research, the ACMA has responsibilities under four principal Acts - the Broadcasting Services Act 1992, the Telecommunications Act 1997, the Telecommunications Act 1999 and the Radiocommunications Act 1992. There are another 22 Acts to which the agency responds in such areas as spam, the ACMA collects revenue on behalf of the Australian Government through broadcasting, radiocommunications and telecommunications taxes, charges and licence fees. It also collects revenue from price-based allocation of spectrum, the ACMAs main offices are located in Canberra, Melbourne and Sydney. Communications convergence is the merging of the previously distinct services by which information is communicated - telephone, television radio, Not only does the ACMA address a wide and disparate range of responsibilities, it does so against a backdrop of rapid and disruptive change. Moreover, there are new platforms, applications, business models, value chains and forms of social interaction available with more to come in what is a dynamic, other challenges for regulators include cross-jurisdictional issues and the need for engagement and collaboration with stakeholders locally, regionally and internationally. The four cornerstone parts to the framework, each divided into two sub-streams, are outlined below along with the functions of the ACMA under each task. These changes were not enacted by the Labour Government and the new Coalition Government has not made major decisions on the future of the ACMA, the ACMA administers a complaints mechanism for Australian residents and law enforcement agencies to report prohibited online content, including child sexual abuse material. The ACMA publishes comprehensive statistics and information about the ACMA Hotline on its website, the majority of investigations the ACMA conducts concern online child sexual abuse material. Complaints to the ACMA Hotline are usually made via a webform on the ACMAs website, popularly held misconceptions about the ACMAs regulatory role include that investigates and takes action on whole websites and that the ACMA causes blocking of content at an ISP level. As of November 2013, the Register has nine million numbers listed, the Australian Government made the Do Not Call Register Act 2006 to give Australians the opportunity to opt-out of receiving most telemarketing calls and marketing faxes. It is against the law for telemarketers to make unsolicited calls or to send marketing faxes to a number on the register without consent. The best way a telemarketer or fax marketer can ensure they comply with the DNCR Act is to check their list against the register at least every 30 days, the Fax Marketing Industry Standard 2011 sets out rules about when and how marketing faxes can be sent. The ACMA oversees and enforces compliance with the DNCR Act and related industry standard, Members of the public can make complaints about telemarketing calls and marketing faxes to the ACMA
36.
Globe Telecom
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Globe currently has about 48.4 million mobile subscribers, nearly 3.5 million broadband customers, and 859 thousand landline subscribers. The companys principal shareholders are Ayala Corporation and Singapore Telecom and it is listed on the Philippine Stock Exchange under the ticker symbol GLO and had a market capitalization of US$7.4 billion as of the end of June 2015. Globes main competitors in the telephone market are PLDT and Digitel. Bayantel used to be one of its competitors prior to its acquisition by Globe, in the mobile phone market, its main competitors are the Smart and Talk N Text brands of Smart Communications and Sun Cellular, a wholly owned subsidiary of PLDT. In 1928, Congress passed Act No.3495 granting the Robert Dollar Company, Globe Wireless Limited was later renamed as Globe-Mackay Cable and Radio Corporation. Through Republic Act No.4630 enacted in 1965 by Congress, Globe-Mackay was granted a new franchise in 1980 by Batasan Pambansa, under Batas Pambansa 95. In 1974, Globe-Mackay sold 60% of its stock to Ayala Corporation, local investors and it offered its shares to the public on 11 August 1975. In 1992, Globe-Mackay merged with Clavecilla Radio Corporation, a domestic telecommunications pioneer, to form GMCR, the merger gave GMCR the capability to provide all forms of telecommunications to address the international and domestic requirements of its customers. GMCR was subsequently renamed to Globe Telecom, Inc, in 1993, Globe welcomed a new foreign partner, Singapore Telecom, Inc. a wholly owned subsidiary of Singapore Telecommunications Limited, after Ayala and STI signed a Memorandum of Understanding. In 2001, Globe acquired Isla Communications Company, Inc. which became its wholly owned subsidiary effective 27 June 2001, subsequently, Islacom was renamed as Innove Communications, Inc. GXI started commercial operations on 16 October 2004, in November 2004, Globe and seven other leading Asia-Pacific mobile operators signed an agreement to form Bridge Alliance. The joint venture company operates through a Singapore-incorporated company, Bridge Mobile Pte, Globe was assigned with 10-Megahertz of the 3G radio frequency spectrum. In August 2008, and to grow its mobile data segment, Globe acquired 100% ownership of Entertainment Gateway Group. EGG Group is engaged in the development and creation of wireless products and it also provides internet and mobile value added services, information technology and technical services including software development and related services. EGGC is registered with the Department of Transportation and Communication as a content provider, on May 15,2014, EGGC changed its corporate name from Entertainment Gateway Group Corp. to Yondu, Inc. Last October 2009, the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas approved the sale and transfer by BPI of its shares of stock in Pilipinas Savings Bank, Globe Telecoms and BPIs ownership stakes in PSBI is at 40% each, while ACs shareholding is at 20%. The partners plan to transform PSBI into the countrys first mobile microfinance bank, the banks initial focus will be on wholesale lending to other microfinance institutions but will eventually expand to include retail lending, deposit-taking, and micro-insurance. On 25 November 2008, Globe formed GTI Business Holdings, Inc. primarily to act as an investment company, on March 2012, Globe launched Kickstart Ventures, Inc. to help, support and develop the dynamic and growing community of technopreneurs in the Philippines
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