1.
Efrem Zimbalist Jr.
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Efrem Zimbalist Jr. was an American actor known for his starring roles in the television series 77 Sunset Strip and The F. B. I. He is also known as recurring character Dandy Jim Buckley in the series Maverick and as the voice behind the character Alfred Pennyworth in Batman, The Animated Series and associated spin-offs. He also voiced Doctor Octopus in the 1990s Spider-Man animated series, Zimbalist was born in New York City, the son of Jewish parents. His parents were Russian-born violinist Efrem Zimbalist, Sr. and Romanian-born operatic soprano Alma Gluck and his stepmother was Mary Louise Curtis Bok Zimbalist, the founder of the Curtis Institute of Music. He attended Fay School in Southborough, Massachusetts and he was awarded the Purple Heart for a leg wound received during the battle of Hürtgen Forest. Following the war, Zimbalist returned to New York and made his Broadway acting debut in The Rugged Path and this led to a stage career as both an actor and producer. His producing successes included bringing three Gian Carlo Menotti operas to Broadway, one of which, The Consul, won the Pulitzer Prize for music in 1950, in 1954–1955 he co-starred in his first television series, Concerning Miss Marlowe. In 1956, Zimbalist was put under contract by Warner Bros. zimbalists first recurring role in a Warner Bros. Television series was as roguish gambler Dandy Jim Buckley on Maverick, opposite James Garner in 1957, in 1958, Zimbalist played the co-lead Stuart Stu Bailey in 77 Sunset Strip, a popular detective series running until 1964. During this period, he made several concurrent appearances in other Warner Bros. television shows, such as Hawaiian Eye, The Alaskans, and Bronco. He also starred as the lead in several films for Warners, such as Bombers B-52, The Deep Six, A Fever in the Blood. Zimbalist was in demand that he was given leave by Jack L. Warner due to exhaustion from his busy schedule, Jack Warner lent him to Columbia Pictures for By Love Possessed in exchange for adding several years to his Warners contract, but refused to let him make BUtterfield 8 for MGM. In 1959, he was awarded the Golden Globe for Most Promising Newcomer – Male, Zimbalist was generous in his praise of producer Martin and of his own experience starring in the show. Those who worked with him on the show were equally admiring of the stars professionalism, Zimbalist maintained a strong personal relationship with J. Edgar Hoover, who requested technical accuracy for the show and that agents be portrayed in the best possible light. Actors who played F. B. I. employees were required by Hoover to undergo a background check, Zimbalist passed his background check with ease. He subsequently spent a week in Washington, D. C. where he was interviewed by Hoover, Hoover and Zimbalist remained mutual admirers for the rest of Hoovers life. Hoover later held Zimbalist up as a role model for F. B. I. employees to emulate in their personal appearance
2.
Crime film
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Crime films are a genre of film that focus on crime. The stylistic approach to a crime film varies from realistic portrayals of real-life criminal figures, films dealing with crime and its detection are often based on plays rather than novels. Agatha Christies stage play Witness for the Prosecution was adapted for the big screen by director Billy Wilder in 1957, the film starred Marlene Dietrich and Charles Laughton and is a classic example of a courtroom drama. In a courtroom drama, a charge is brought against one of the main characters, another major part is played by the lawyer representing the defendant in court and battling with the public prosecutor. He or she may enlist the services of an investigator to find out what really happened. However, in most cases it is not clear at all whether the accused is guilty of the crime or not—this is how suspense is created. Often, the private investigator storms into the courtroom at the very last minute in order to bring a new and this type of literature lends itself to the literary genre of drama focused more on dialogue and little or no necessity for a shift in scenery. The auditorium of the theatre becomes an extension of the courtroom, in Witness for the Prosecution, Leonard Vole, a young American living in England, is accused of murdering a middle-aged lady he met in the street while shopping. His wife hires the best lawyer available because she is convinced, or rather she knows, another classic courtroom drama is U. S. playwright Reginald Roses Twelve Angry Men, which is set in the jury deliberation room of a New York Court of Law. Eleven members of the jury, aiming at a verdict of guilty. The popularity of TV brought about the emergence of TV series featuring detectives, investigators, special agents, lawyers, in Britain, The Avengers about the adventures of gentleman agent John Steed and his partner, Emma Peel, achieved cult status. In Germany, Derrick became a household word, breaking Bad character Walter White is a methamphetamine drug manufacturer, this offered a different approach whereby the protagonist is the criminal instead of being the detective. Crime films may fall under several different subgenres and these include, Crime comedy - A hybrid of crime and comedy films. Mafia comedy looks at organized crime from a comical standpoint, humor comes from the incompetence of the criminals and/or black comedy. Examples include Analyze This, The Pope of Greenwich Village, Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels, In Bruges, tower Heist and Pain & Gain. Crime drama - A combination of crime and dramatic films, examples include such films as Straight Time and Badlands. Crime thriller - A thriller in which the characters are involved in crime, either in its investigation, as the perpetrator or, less commonly. While some action films could be labelled as such for merely having criminality and thrills, the emphasis in this genre is the drama, examples include Untraceable, Silence of the Lambs, Heat, Seven, Witness, Memories of Murder, The Call, and Running Scared
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Roy Huggins
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Roy Huggins was an American novelist and an influential writer/creator and producer of character-driven television series, including Maverick, The Fugitive, and The Rockford Files. A noted writer and producer using his own name, much of his later television scriptwriting was done using the pseudonyms Thomas Fitzroy, John Thomas James, Huggins was educated at the University of California, Los Angeles, 1935-41. After graduation, he worked as a representative of the U. S. Civil Service, 1941-43. Huggins novels include The Double Take, Too Late for Tears, when Columbia Pictures purchased the rights to Huggins novel The Double Take in 1948, Huggins signed a contract with the studio to adapt the script into the movie I Love Trouble. From here he entered the industry, working as a contract writer at Columbia. In 1952, he wrote and directed the film Hangmans Knot and he worked as a staff writer at Columbia until 1955. Huggins moved to television in April 1955, when Warner Bros. hired him as a producer and he is best known as the creator of long-running shows such as Maverick,77 Sunset Strip, and The Fugitive, all on ABC. Huggins left Warner Bros. and in October 1960 became the president in charge of television production at 20th Century-Fox. These pen names were derived from the names of the eldest two sons from his second marriage. In 1963, Huggins took a job as a president in the television division at Universal. At Universal, he co-created The Rockford Files and produced The Virginian, Alias Smith and Jones, the name was a composite of the names of all three of his sons from his second marriage. Huggins worked in TV through the 1980s, and served for three years as the producer of Hunter. Stephen J. Cannell said of Huggins time on Hunter, Roy was in the seat where he belonged. Nobody does it better or with more style. Roy Huggins is my Godfather, my Hero, Television, Huggins was repeatedly denied credit and compensation as the creator of several television programs. Since these were not the only occasions on which Warner had found a way to circumvent Huggins creative rights and these experiences led him to demand increasing rights and ownership of all television concepts he authored. By the mid-1960s, he had distilled this demand into a plate for all his contracts. I was getting paid my royalty and my fee whether I did the show or not, if I conceived the show, and got it on the air, anyone could produce it and I would still get paid just as if I was doing it. That became known as the Huggins contract, every producer in television would say, I want the Huggins contract, and some of them got it
4.
Roger Smith (actor)
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Roger LaVerne Smith is an American television and film actor and screenwriter. He starred in the detective series 77 Sunset Strip and in the comedy series Mister Roberts. He is married to actress Ann-Margret, a debonair and handsome leading man in his youth, Smith was born in South Gate, California, the son of Dallas and Leone Smith. When he was six, his parents enrolled him into a stage school and he was educated at the University of Arizona at Tucson on a football scholarship. He won several amateur talent prizes as a singer and guitarist, Smith served with the Naval Reserve and was stationed in Hawaii with the Fleet All-Weather Training Unit-Pacific, a flight training unit near Honolulu. After a chance meeting with actor James Cagney, he was encouraged to try a career in Hollywood and he would later play Cagneys characters son in Man of a Thousand Faces. Smith signed with Columbia Pictures in 1959 and made several films, on April 16,1958, Smith appeared with Charles Bickford in The Daniel Barrister Story on NBCs Wagon Train. His greatest film exposure was the role of the adult Patrick Dennis in Auntie Mame, with Rosalind Russell. His signature TV role was private detective Jeff Spencer in 77 Sunset Strip, with Efrem Zimbalist, Jr. Edd Byrnes and he left the popular ABC program in 1962 because of a blood clot in his brain. He recovered from this injury post-surgery, before he obtained a role in another television series, Smith said he had to fight my way back from a point where I had almost decided to give up acting. He then starred as Lt. Douglas Roberts in Mister Roberts and his health declined and in 1980, he was diagnosed with myasthenia gravis, a neuromuscular disease, according to wife Ann-Margret. His condition went into remission in 1985, following his retirement from performing, he managed his wifes career and produced her popular Las Vegas stage shows. In an interview with the New York Post, Ann-Margret said that he had Parkinsons disease, Smith appeared rarely on TV after his health deteriorated, although he participated on This is Your Life, when host Ralph Edwards devoted an episode to Ann-Margret. In addition to the appearances credited below, Smith appeared on game shows. His first wife was Australian-born actress Victoria Shaw, and together they had three children, daughter Tracey, and sons Jordan and Dallas, Smith and Shaw divorced in 1965. He has been married to Ann-Margret since May 8,1967 and he became her manager, but is now semi-retired because of myasthenia gravis. According to cfidarren. com, Smith was a pilot with an instrument rating issued November 30,2002 Roger Smith at the Internet Movie Database
5.
Edd Byrnes
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Edd Byrnes is an American actor best known for his starring role in the television series 77 Sunset Strip. He also was featured in the 1978 film Grease as television show host Vince Fontaine. He was born Edward Byrne Breitenberger and he had two siblings, Vincent and Jo-Ann. When he was 13, his father died and he then dropped his last name in favor of Byrnes based on the name of his maternal grandfather, a fireman. His enduring and most famous role was as Gerald Lloyd Kookie Kookson III, efrem Zimbalist, Jr. Kookie frequently acted as an unlicensed, protégé detective who helped the private eyes on their cases based upon the word heard from Kookies street informants. Kookie called everybody Dad, and was televisions homage to the Jack Kerouac style of cult-hipster of the late 1950s. To the thrill of teen viewers, Kookie spoke a jive-talk code to everyone, whether you understood him or not, and Kookie knew better than others the word on the street. Some say the Kookie character borrowed much from James Deans character in the film Rebel Without a Cause and it sold over one million copies, and was awarded a gold disc by the RIAA. The song also appeared on the Edd Byrnes album, entitled Kookie and he and Stevens appeared together on ABCs The Pat Boone Chevy Showroom. Byrnes walked off the show in the second season demanding a part and bigger pay. He appeared as a guest star in other WB series, including Lawman and Sugarfoot, in the latter with John Russell, Rodolfo Hoyos, Jr. and Will Wright in the 1958 season-premiere episode Ring of Sand. Owing to restrictions in his Warner Brothers television contract, Byrnes was forced to turn down roles in Oceans Eleven, Rio Bravo, North to Alaska. However he appeared in the Warner Brothers films Darbys Rangers, Marjorie Morningstar, Up Periscope and he tested for the role of John F. Kennedy in PT109 but President Kennedy preferred Cliff Robertson. Byrnes travelled to Europe where he made several films and he was featured as one of the convict commandos in 1964 in Roger Cormans The Secret Invasion. In 1965 he played Dick Martin in Beach Ball, then returned to Europe for several spaghetti westerns, including the 1967 films Renegade Riders, Any Gun Can Play and Red Blood, Yellow Gold. Since then he has appeared in television programs and movies, including the Duo-Vision horror film Wicked, Wicked in 1973. In 1974, Byrnes hosted the pilots of Wheel of Fortune, as a tribute to his enduring celebrity and his iconic Kookie character, Edd Byrnes has ranked #5 in TV Guides list of TVs 25 Greatest Teen Idols. He wrote an autobiography in 1996 entitled Kookie No More and his son by Asa Maynor is Logan Byrnes, a television news anchor for Fox Connecticut since 2008
6.
Richard Long (actor)
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Richard Long was an American actor best known for his leading roles in three ABC television series, including The Big Valley, Nanny and the Professor, and Bourbon Street Beat. He was also a regular on ABCs 77 Sunset Strip from 1960 to 1962. Long was the fifth of six born in Chicago, Illinois, to Sherman D. Long, a commercial artist who operated his own studio. The family settled in Evanston, where Long attended grammar school and he attended Waller High School in Chicago and Evanston Township High School. The family relocated again in 1944, to Hollywood, California, Long said that as a teenager he had no intention of becoming an actor. I took senior drama class because it was a snap course, at Hollywood High School, Long caught the eye of a talent scout from Universal-International by accident. Casting director Jack Murton gave a ride to a couple of students, the boys told Murton about the excellent male lead actor, Richard Long. In 1946, Long was cast in his first film, Tomorrow Is Forever as Drew, the role had been unfilled for months, and producers selected Long who most closely matched the credentials required. Early in his career, Long appeared in films as a juvenile lead, including the first four of the nine Ma. He was cast as Tom Kettle, the eldest son of the characters played by Percy Kilbride and his second film was the Orson Welles film The Stranger as Noah Longstreet, the brother of Loretta Youngs character. He also played Jeff Taylor in The Life of Riley and played Frank James in the 1950 movie Kansas Raiders, in 1956, Long played a leading role in the western Fury at Gunsight Pass. He moved into leading man status in horror movies such as Cult of the Cobra, in 1963, Long was cast in the MGM romantic musical Follow the Boys, along with co-stars Connie Francis, Paula Prentiss, and Roger Perry. Long achieved considerable success on television, including the Warner Brothers detective series set in New Orleans, Bourbon Street Beat, with Andrew Duggan, Van Williams and he appeared on episodes of Hey, Jeannie. The Twilight Zone,77 Sunset Strip, and The Tenderfoot for Walt Disneys Wonderful World of Color and his character appeared only with Jack Kelly, never with other cast members James Garner and Roger Moore. Raymond faces court martial for desertion at a western fort prior to a deadly Indian attack, fledgling lawyer Sugarfoot defends Raymond, who refuses to explain the incident in question, which also involves Isabel Starkey, the wife of the fort commander, Colonel Starkey. Philip Ober is cast as General Humphrey, who is determined to find the truth of the matter. In 1963, Long guest starred in the episode Hear No Evil of ABCs Going My Way and that same year, he was cast as Eddie Breech in the episode Blood Bargain of CBSs The Alfred Hitchcock Hour. The series was set in the 1870s, Long also directed several episodes of The Big Valley
7.
Louis Quinn
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Born Louis Frackt in Chicago, Quinn went to Los Angeles when he was a boy, he was raised by his brother. He sold newspapers on street corners and graduated from Los Angeles High School and he went on to study journalism at the University of New Mexico. Quinn was a member of the U. S. Army Signal Corps during World War II and his duties included writing dialogue for training films. Quinn began his career as a personality, hosting variety shows and writing comedy for Milton Berle. Early in 1953, WINS in New York City carried The Louis Quinn Show from midnight to 1 a. m. with the program originating in its studios, on December 30,1953, Quinn began broadcasting his program over KCMJ, Palm Springs, California. The program originated in the Fireside Room of the La Paz Hotel in Palm Springs, Quinn continued writing for Berle when the comedian made the transition to television in Texaco Star Theatre. His first television role was as a city council member in the 1956 episode The Bachelor Party of Jackie Coopers NBC sitcom and he appeared regularly on television though not in major or recurring roles apart from 77 Sunset Strip. He guest starred on the ABC/WB western series, The Alaskans. He appeared in three episodes of ABCs Batman, once on NBCs The Virginian, in the 1977 film Raid on Entebbe, and the sitcoms, Please Dont Eat the Daisies, The Donna Reed Show, and Gilligans Island. Quinns writing career began at Warner Bros. where director Bryan Foy signed him as a writer in August 1940 and he was the writer for seven feature films before he went into the military during World War II. He was also the emcee for the premiere of Mary Poppins at Graumans Chinese Theatre on August 27,1964, Quinn was married to Christine Nelson, an actress and entertainer in television, film and night clubs. She guested on 77 Sunset Strip four times during its run, Quinn died of lung cancer at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angles, California. His survivors included a daughter, a brother, and four sisters, Louis Quinn at the Internet Movie Database
8.
Jacqueline Beer
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Jacqueline Beer, sometimes credited as Jacqueline Baer, is a former Hollywood film and television actress who was Miss France in the 1954 Miss Universe Pageant. She is Chair of the Board of Directors of the Thor Heyerdahl Research Centre, beers father was a well-known writer and owner of a large horse farm. Her formal education came at a convent near Paris, soon after competing in the Miss Universe contest, Beer signed a contract with Paramount Pictures. Her American film debut came in 1956 when she had a role as a model in That Certain Feeling. She was also in Screaming Eagles and The Prize, Beer married Jean Antonio Garcia Roady, an accountant, November 26,1955. They had two sons, Serge and Laurent, and a daughter, Sabine, in 1991, Beer married the noted ethnographer and adventurer Thor Heyerdahl, whom she met in Güímar, on the Spanish island of Tenerife. She became part of his work, using her skills as an amateur photographer, since his death in 2002, she has remained active in the Thor Heyerdahl Research Centre in Aylesbury, UK, and is Chair of the Board of Directors. Jacqueline Beer at the Internet Movie Database Jacqueline Beer at AllMovie
9.
Robert Logan
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Robert F. Logan, Jr. is an American actor who has appeared in numerous films and television programs, the most notable of which were a successful series of family adventure movies in the 1970s. There he was spotted by a Warner Bros. talent agent, Logan is recognized by many for his roles in family-oriented films such as the Wilderness Family film series. From 1961 to 1963, Logan played J. R. Hale, Logan succeeded the previous attendant, Kookie, played by Edward Byrnes, who in the story line became a full-fledged investigator. From 1965-1966, Logan played the part of Jericho Jones on NBCs Daniel Boone, claudelle Inglish 77 Sunset Strip Mr
10.
Bob Thompson (musician)
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Robert Lamar Bob Thompson was a composer, arranger, and orchestra leader from the 1950s through the 1980s. Active in Los Angeles, Thompson was a recording artist for RCA Victor and Dot Records, scored film and television soundtracks, Thompson is considered a prime exponent of what has belatedly been termed Space Age Pop, or Space Age Bachelor Pad Music. Thompson was born in San Jose, California, in 1924 and he worked at radio station KGO, San Francisco, writing arrangements for the station orchestra. He spent time in Paris arranging for Jacqueline Francois and Gloria Lasso and he toured as the backing piano accompanist for actress Mae West, and composed music for her song Criswell Predicts, about the flamboyant American psychic, The Amazing Criswell. He composed the theme for the motion picture The Rise and Fall of Legs Diamond. He contributed arrangements for the films Picnic, Seven Men from Now, The Long Hot Summer, Thompson received several Clio Awards for excellence in advertising music and a Grammy Award nomination in 1959 for Best Performance by an Orchestra. Thompsons albums as a bandleader are Just for Kicks, Mmm, Nice. and On the Rocks, The Sound of Speed, and That Agency Thing. Just For Kicks and Mmm, Nice. were recorded at Radio Recorders in 1958 and 1959 respectively, the Sound of Speed was reissued by itself on CD by Bacchus Archives in 2004 and on vinyl by Sundazed Music in 2010. The three RCA albums were reissued together with tracks by the Spanish reissue label Blue Moon Producciones as a two-CD set in 2011. He died in Los Angeles in 2013, on the Rocks The Sound of Speed That Agency Thing Bob Thompson at the Internet Movie Database Official website Return of a Space Age Swinger, article from Atomic Magazine,2002
11.
Max Steiner
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Maximilian Raoul Max Steiner was an Austrian-born American music composer for theatre and films. He was a prodigy who conducted his first operetta when he was twelve and became a full-time professional, either composing, arranging, or conducting. He worked in England, then Broadway, and in 1929 he moved to Hollywood, Steiner was referred to as the father of film music. Steiner composed over 300 film scores with RKO Pictures and Warner Bros. and was nominated for 24 Academy Awards and he was also the first recipient of the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score, which he won for his score to Life with Father. A lot of his scores are available as separate soundtrack recordings. Steiner was born on May 10,1888, in Austria-Hungary and he was the only child in a wealthy business and theatrical family of Jewish heritage. His father was Gabor Steiner, Viennese impresario, carnival exposition manager, Steiners mother was a dancer in stage productions put on by his grandfather. His godfather was the composer Richard Strauss, Max Steiner often credited his family for inspiring his early musical abilities. His parents sent Steiner to the Vienna University of Technology, and he studied various instruments including piano, organ, violin, double bass, and trumpet. He also had courses in harmony, counterpoint, and composition, for his early achievements he was awarded a gold medal by the academy. Steiner first entered the world of music when he was fifteen. He wrote and conducted the operetta, The Beautiful Greek Girl, the opera ran for a year and led to opportunities to conduct other shows in various cities around the world, including Moscow and Hamburg. He was invited to London to conduct Lehars The Merry Widow and he stayed in London for 8 years conducting musicals at Dalys Theares, the Adelphi, the Hippodrome, the London Pavilion and the Blackpool Winter Gardens. In England, Steiner wrote and conducted theater productions and symphonies, but in 1914, World War I started and he was interned as an enemy alien. Fortunately, he was befriended by the Duke of Westminster, who was a fan of his work and he arrived in New York City in December,1914, with only $32 to his name. Steiner soon acquired employment and worked in New York for fifteen years as a director, arranger, orchestrator. These productions include operettas and musicals written by Victor Herbert, Jerome Kern, Vincent Youmans, Steiners credits include, George Whites Scandals, Peaches, Lady, Be Good. In 1927, Steiner orchestrated and conducted Harry Tierneys Rio Rita, tierney himself later requested that RKO Pictures in Hollywood hire Steiner to work in their music production departments
12.
Jack Webb
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John Randolph Jack Webb, also known by the pen name John Randolph, was an American actor, television producer, director, and screenwriter, who is most famous for his role as Sgt. Joe Friday in the Dragnet franchise and he was also the founder of his own production company, Mark VII Limited. Webb was born in Santa Monica, California on Good Friday 1920, son of Samuel Chester Webb and he grew up in the Bunker Hill section of Los Angeles. His father left home before Webb was born, and Webb never knew him and he was raised a Roman Catholic by his Irish and Native American mother. One of the tenants in his mothers boarding house was an ex-jazzman and began Webbs lifelong interest in jazz by giving him a recording of Bix Beiderbeckes At the Jazz Band Ball. In the late 1920s and early 1930s, Webb lived in the parish of Our Lady of Loretto Church and attended Our Lady of Loretto Elementary School in Echo Park, where he served as an altar boy. He then attended Belmont High School, near downtown Los Angeles and later, St. Johns University, Minnesota, in Belmont High, Webb was a student body president. He wrote to the student body in the 1938 edition of its yearbook, Campanile, You who showed me the magnificent warmth of friendship which I know, during World War II, Webb enlisted in the United States Army Air Force, but he washed out of flight training. He later received a discharge, since he was the primary financial support for both his mother and grandmother. Following his discharge, he moved to San Francisco, where a shortage of announcers led to a temporary appointment to his own radio show on ABCs KGO Radio. The Jack Webb Show was a comedy that had a limited run on ABC radio in 1946. Prior to that, he had a program, One Out of Seven. By 1949, he had abandoned comedy for drama, and starred in Pat Novak for Hire, a radio show originating from KFRC about a man who worked as an unlicensed private detective. Pat Novak was notable for writing that imitated the style of such writers as Raymond Chandler, with lines such as. Her voice was hot and sticky--like a furnace full of marshmallows, Webbs radio shows included Johnny Madero, Pier 23, Jeff Regan, Investigator, Murder and Mr. Malone, Pete Kellys Blues, and One Out of Seven. Webb provided all of the voices on One Out of Seven, often vigorously attacking racial prejudice, Webbs most famous motion-picture role was as the combat-hardened Marine Corps drill instructor at Parris Island in the 1957 film The D. I. with Don Dubbins as a callow Marine private. Webbs hard-nosed approach to this role, that of Drill Instructor Gunnery Sergeant James Moore, but The D. I. was a box-office failure. Webb had a role as a crime lab technician in the 1948 film He Walked by Night
13.
William Conrad
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William Conrad was an American actor, producer, and director whose career spanned five decades in radio, film, and television. A radio writer and actor, he moved to Hollywood after his World War II service and he created the role of Marshal Matt Dillon for the popular radio series Gunsmoke and narrated the television adventures of Rocky and Bullwinkle and The Fugitive. Finding fewer onscreen roles in the 1950s, he changed from actor to producer-director with television work, narration, and a series of Warner Bros. films in the 1960s. Conrad found stardom as a detective in the TV series Cannon and Nero Wolfe, and as district attorney Jason Lochinvar J. L. Fatman McCabe in the legal drama Jake and the Fatman. William Conrad was born John William Cann, Jr. on September 27,1920, in Louisville and his parents, John William Cann and Ida Mae Upchurch Cann, owned a movie theatre, and Conrad grew up watching movies. The family moved to Southern California when Conrad was in high school and he majored in drama and literature at Fullerton College, in Orange County, California, and began his career as an announcer, writer, and director for Los Angeles radio station KMPC. Conrad served as a pilot in World War II. On the day he was commissioned in 1943 at Luke Field and he left the United States Army Air Corps with the rank of captain and as a producer-director of the Armed Forces Radio Service. William Conrad estimated that he played more than 7,500 roles during his radio career, at KMPC, the 22-year-old Conrad produced and acted in The Hermits Cave, the Los Angeles incarnation of a popular syndicated horror anthology series created at WJR Detroit. Conrad was the voice of Escape, a radio series. He played Warchek, a policeman, in Johnny Modero, Pier 23, a detective series starring Jack Webb. He played newspaper editor Walter Burns opposite Dick Powells reporter Hildy Johnson in the ABC radio drama The Front Page, most prominently, Conrads deep, resonant voice was heard in the role of Marshal Matt Dillon on CBS Radios gritty Western series Gunsmoke. Conrad voiced Dillon for the shows run, and he wrote the June 1953 episode Sundown. When Gunsmoke was adapted for television in 1955, executives at CBS did not cast Conrad or his radio costars despite a campaign to get them to change their minds and his other credits include Suspense, Lux Radio Theater, and Fibber McGee and Molly. In The Wax Works, a 1956 episode of Suspense, Conrad performed every part, because of his CBS Radio contract, he sometimes appeared on shows on other networks under the pseudonym Julius Krelboyne. In January 1956, Conrad was the announcer on the debut broadcast of The CBS Radio Workshop, Conrad directed and narrated the 1957 episode Epitaphs, an adaptation of Edgar Lee Masterss poetry volume Spoon River Anthology. And 1489 Words remains a favorite of many, a powerful Conrad performance proving that one picture is not necessarily worth a thousand words, a lovely way to end a day, a decade, or an era. As an actor in films, Conrad was often cast as a threatening figure
14.
Filmmaking
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Filmmaking is the process of making a film. Filmmaking takes place in places around the world in a range of economic, social, and political contexts. Typically, it involves a number of people, and can take from a few months to several years to complete. Film production consists of five stages, Development, The first stage in which the ideas for the film are created, rights to books/plays are bought etc. Financing for the project has to be sought and greenlit, pre-production, Preparations are made for the shoot, in which cast and film crew are hired, locations are selected and sets are built. Production, The raw elements for the film are recorded during the film shoot, post-production, The images, sound, and visual effects of the recorded film are edited. Distribution, The finished film is distributed and screened in cinemas and released to home video. In this stage, the project producer selects a story, which may come from a book, play, another film, true story, video game, comic book, graphic novel, or an original idea, etc. After identifying a theme or underlying message, the works with writers to prepare a synopsis. Next they produce an outline, which breaks the story down into one-paragraph scenes that concentrate on dramatic structure. Then, they prepare a treatment, a 25-to-30-page description of the story, its mood and this usually has little dialogue and stage direction, but often contains drawings that help visualize key points. Another way is to produce a scriptment once a synopsis is produced, next, a screenwriter writes a screenplay over a period of several months. The screenwriter may rewrite it several times to improve dramatization, clarity, structure, characters, dialogue, however, producers often skip the previous steps and develop submitted screenplays which investors, studios, and other interested parties assess through a process called script coverage. A film distributor may be contacted at a stage to assess the likely market. All these factors imply a certain appeal of the film to a possible audience, not all films make a profit from the theatrical release alone, so film companies take DVD sales and worldwide distribution rights into account. The producer and screenwriter prepare a film pitch, or treatment and they will also pitch the film to actors and directors in order to attach them to the project. Many projects fail to move beyond this stage and enter so-called development hell, if a pitch succeeds, a film receives a green light, meaning someone offers financial backing, typically a major film studio, film council, or independent investor. The parties involved negotiate a deal and sign contracts, once all parties have met and the deal has been set, the film may proceed into the pre-production period
15.
Single-camera setup
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The single-camera setup, or single-camera mode of production, also known as Portable Single Camera, is a method of filmmaking and video production. In this setup, each of the shots and camera angles is taken using the same camera. Choices can then be made during the editing process for when in the scene to use each shot. This also then allows parts of the scene to be removed if it is felt that the scene is too long, in practice, sometimes two cameras shooting from the same angle are used, one to capture a medium shot, the other a close-up during the same take. Unlike film producers, who almost always opt for single-camera shooting, single-camera is mostly reserved for prime-time dramas, made-for-TV movies, music videos and commercial advertisements. Soap operas, talk shows, game shows, most reality television series, Multiple-camera shooting is the only way that an ensemble of actors presenting a single performance before a live audience can be recorded from multiple perspectives. Also for standard, dialogue-driven domestic situation comedies, the multi-camera technique, situation comedies may potentially be shot in either multiple- or single-camera modes. Several comedy series of the era also use of feature film techniques. These effects were created using editing and optical printing techniques, in the case of Get Smart, the single-camera technique also allowed the series to present fast-paced and tightly-edited fight and action sequences reminiscent of the spy dramas that it parodied. Single-camera comedies were also prevalent into the early 1970s, with its large cast, varied locations, and seriocomic tone, the TV series M*A*S*H was shot using single-camera style. Happy Days began in 1974 as a series, before switching to the multi-camera setup in its second season. Unlike single-camera sitcoms of the past, nearly all contemporary comedies shot in this manner are produced without a laugh track, list of single-camera sitcoms Multiple-camera setup Tapeless camcorder
16.
Warner Bros. Television
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Television is the television production arm of Warner Bros. Entertainment, itself part of Time Warner, as of 2015, it is the worlds largest television production company measured by revenue and library. Its most notable TV shows include Friends, ER, The West Wing, Smallville, Supernatural, The Big Bang Theory, The Wire and Full House. The division was started on March 21,1955 with its first and most successful head being Jack L. Warners son-in-law William T. Orr. ABC had major success against its competition with Walt Disneys Disneyland TV series, WB formally entered television production with the premiere of its self-titled anthology series Warner Bros. The one-hour weekly show featured rotating episodes of series based on the WB films, Casablanca and Kings Row. One such segment for Rebel Without a Cause featured Gig Young notably talking about road safety with James Dean, with only Cheyenne being a success, Warner Bros. ended the ten-minute promotions of new films and replaced Warner Bros. Presents with a series titled Conflict. It was felt that Conflict was what the series lacked. Conflict showed the pilots for Maverick and 77 Sunset Strip, the company also produced Jack Webbs Red Nightmare for the U. S. Department of Defense that was later shown on American television on Jack Webbs General Electric True. During a Hollywood television writers strike, Warner Bros. reused many plots from its films and this was another example of imitating Warner Bros B Pictures who would remake an A film and switch the setting. Two of the most popular stars, James Garner and Clint Walker, Garner never returned to the Warners fold during this period. Successful Warners television stars found themselves in leading roles of many of the films with no increase in salary. Efrem Zimbalist, Jr. was simultaneously the lead of 77 Sunset Strip, in a role on Maverick. Edd Byrnes and Troy Donahue would go on to become teen heartthrobs, Warners also contracted established stars such as Ray Danton, Peter Breck, Jeanne Cooper and Grant Williams. These stars often appeared as guest stars, sometimes reprising their series role in another TV series, the stars appeared in Warner Bros. Some stars such as Connie Stevens, Edd Byrnes, Robert Conrad, depending on the particular show, William Lava or David Buttolph would compose the music, with lyrics by Stan Jones or Paul Francis Webster, among others. For the crime shows, it was up to the team of Jerry Livingston and Mack David, who also scored the themes for the sitcom Room for One More
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American Broadcasting Company
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The network is headquartered on Columbus Avenue and West 66th Street in Manhattan, New York City. There are additional offices and production facilities elsewhere in New York City, as well as in Los Angeles and Burbank. Since 2007, when ABC Radio was sold to Citadel Broadcasting, ABC originally launched on October 12,1943, as a radio network, separated from and serving as the successor to the NBC Blue Network, which had been purchased by Edward J. Noble. It extended its operations to television in 1948, following in the footsteps of established broadcast networks CBS, in the mid-1950s, ABC merged with United Paramount Theatres, a chain of movie theaters that formerly operated as a subsidiary of Paramount Pictures. Leonard Goldenson, who had been the head of UPT, made the new television network profitable by helping develop, in 1996, most of Capital Cities/ABCs assets were purchased by The Walt Disney Company. The television network has eight owned-and-operated and over 232 affiliated television stations throughout the United States, most Canadians have access to at least one U. S. ABC News provides news and features content for radio stations owned by Citadel Broadcasting. In the 1930s, radio in the United States was dominated by three companies, the Columbia Broadcasting System, the Mutual Broadcasting System and the National Broadcasting Company. The last was owned by electronics manufacturer Radio Corporation of America, in 1938, the FCC began a series of investigations into the practices of radio networks and published its report on the broadcasting of network radio programs in 1940. The report recommended that RCA give up control of either NBC Red or NBC Blue, at that time, the NBC Red Network was the principal radio network in the United States and, according to the FCC, RCA was using NBC Blue to eliminate any hint of competition. Once Mutuals appeals against the FCC were rejected, RCA decided to sell NBC Blue in 1941, the newly separated NBC Red and NBC Blue divided their respective corporate assets. Investment firm Dillon, Read & Co. offered $7.5 million to purchase the network, Edward John Noble, the owner of Life Savers candy, drugstore chain Rexall and New York City radio station WMCA, purchased the network for $8 million. Due to FCC ownership rules, the transaction, which was to include the purchase of three RCA stations by Noble, would require him to resell his station with the FCCs approval, the Commission authorized the transaction on October 12,1943. Soon afterward, the Blue Network was purchased by the new company Noble founded, Noble subsequently acquired the rights to the American Broadcasting Company name from George B. Meanwhile, in August 1944, the West Coast division of the Blue Network, both stations were then managed by Don Searle, the vice-president of the Blue Networks West Coast division. The ABC Radio Network created its audience slowly, the network also became known for such suspenseful dramas as Sherlock Holmes, Gang Busters and Counterspy, as well as several mid-afternoon youth-oriented programs. S. From Nazi Germany after its conquest, to pre-record its programming, while its radio network was undergoing reconstruction, ABC found it difficult to avoid falling behind on the new medium of television. To ensure a space, in 1947, ABC submitted five applications for television station licenses, the ABC television network made its debut on April 19,1948, with WFIL-TV in Philadelphia becoming its first primary affiliate
18.
Black and white
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Black and white, often abbreviated B/W or B&W, and hyphenated black-and-white when used as an adjective, is any of several monochrome forms in visual arts. Black-and-white images are not usually starkly contrasted black and white and they combine black and white in a continuum producing a range of shades of gray. Even when most studios had the capability to make color films they were not heavily utilized as using the Technicolor process was expensive, for the years 1940–1966, a separate Academy Award for Best Art Direction was given for black-and-white movies along with one for color. Television, Television program was first transmitted in black-and-white, scottish inventor John Logie Baird demonstrated the worlds first color television transmission on July 3,1928 using a mechanical process. Some color broadcasts in the US began in the 1950s, with color becoming common in industrialized nations during the late 1960s. In the United States, the Federal Communications Commission settled on a color NTSC standard in 1953, color television became more widespread in the U. S. between 1963 and 1967, when the CBS and ABC networks joined NBC in broadcasting full color schedules. Canada began airing color television in 1966 while the United Kingdom began to use a different color system from July 1967 known as PAL. The Republic Of Ireland followed in 1970, in China, black and white television sets were the norm until as late as the 1990s, color TVs not outselling them until about 1989. While seldom used now, many consumer camcorders have the ability to record in black-and-white. Photography, Photographs were either black-and-white or shades of sepia, color photography was originally rare and expensive and again often containing inaccurate hues. Color photography became more common from the mid-20th century, Today, black-and-white is a niche market for photographers who use the medium for artistic purposes. This can take the form of film or digital conversion to grayscale. For amateur use certain companies such as Kodak manufactured black-and-white disposable cameras until 2009, also, certain films are produced today which give black-and-white images using the ubiquitous C41 color process. Printing press, Most American newspapers were black-and-white until the early 1980s, The New York Times, some claim that USA Today was the major impetus for the change to color. In the UK, color was only introduced from the mid-1980s. Even today, many newspapers restrict color photographs to the front, similarly, daily comic strips in newspapers were traditionally black-and-white with color reserved for Sunday strips. Sometimes color is reserved for the cover, magazines such as Jet magazine were either all or mostly black-and-white until the end of the 2000s when it became all-color. Manga are typically published in black-and-white although now it is part of its image, many school yearbooks are still entirely or mostly in black-and-white
19.
Monaural
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Monaural or monophonic sound reproduction is intended to be heard as if it were a single channel of sound perceived as coming from one position. Monaural recordings, like stereo, customarily use multiple microphones, fed into multiple channels on a recording console, in some cases the multitrack source is mixed down to a one track tape becoming one signal. However, today monaural recordings are usually mastered to be played on stereo and multi-track formats, monaural sound has been replaced by stereo sound in most entertainment applications. However, it remains the standard for communications, telephone networks. A few FM radio stations, particularly talk radio shows, choose to broadcast in monaural, as a monaural signal has a slight advantage in signal strength over a stereophonic signal of the same power. Monaural sound is normal on, Phonograph cylinders Disc records made before 1958, such as made for playing at a speed of 78 rpm and earlier 16 2⁄3, 33 1⁄3. Some FM radio stations that broadcast only spoken word or talk radio content in order to maximize their coverage area, examples of this would be the CBC Radio One stations on the FM dial. Sometimes listeners will not be convinced that the signal is strong since there is no ST or STEREO LED lit, subcarrier signals for FM radio, which carry leased content such as background music for businesses or a radio reading service for the blind. Background music services such as Seeburg 1000, satellite broadcasts by Muzak as well as the public systems such services are intended to be used with. At various times artists have preferred to work in mono, either in recognition of the limitations of the equipment of the era or because of simple preference. Many of Stanley Kubrick and Woody Allens movies were recorded in mono because of their directors preferences, monaural LP records were eventually phased out and no longer manufactured after the early 1970s, with a few exceptions. For example, Decca UK had a few double issues until the end of 1970-the last one being Tom Joness I Who Have Nothing, during the 1960s it was common for albums to be released as both monaural LPs and stereo LPs, occasionally with slight differences between the two. This was because many people owned mono record players that were incapable of playing stereo records, on 9 September 2009, The Beatles re-released a remastered box set of their mono output spanning the Please Please Me album to The Beatles. The set, simply called The Beatles in Mono, also includes a summary of the mono singles, B-sides. Also included were five tracks originally mixed for an unissued mono Yellow Submarine EP, Bob Dylan followed suit on October 19,2010 with The Original Mono Recordings, a box set featuring the mono releases from Bob Dylan to John Wesley Harding. When the initial run of the box set sold out, no more were pressed, unlike the Beatles, sometimes mono sound or monaural can simply refer to a merged pair of stereo channels - also known as collapsed stereo or folded-down stereo. Over time some devices have used mono sound amplification circuitry with two or more speakers since it can cut the cost of the hardware, some consumer electronics with stereo RCA outputs have a microswitch in the red RCA output that disables merging of stereo sound into the white RCA output. Common devices with this are VCRs, DVD/Blu-ray players, information appliances, set-top boxes, video game consoles sometimes have male RCA ends of cables with a proprietary multi-A/V plug on the other end, which prevents automatic stereo merging unless adapters are used
20.
Surfside 6
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Surfside 6 is an ABC television series which aired from 1960 to 1962. The show centered on a Miami Beach detective agency set on a houseboat and featured Troy Donahue as Sandy Winfield II, Van Williams as Kenny Madison, diane McBain co-starred as socialite Daphne Dutton, whose yacht was berthed next to their houseboat. Surfside 6 was one of four detective TV series produced by Warner Bros. around that time, the others being 77 Sunset Strip, Hawaiian Eye, and the aforementioned Bourbon Street Beat. Plots, scripts, characters, and almost everything else crossed over from one series to another, Surfside 6 had a memorable theme song, written by Jerry Livingston and Mack David. The theme has often parodied in popular culture. The lyrics varied from week to week, but Surfside 6, in its first season, Surfside 6 was paired opposite the CBS sitcoms Bringing Up Buddy and The Danny Thomas Show and NBCs Western Tales of Wells Fargo starring Dale Robertson. M. Flynn Surfside 6 at Thrilling Detective website Surfside 6 at Classic TV Hits website Surfside 6 at the Internet Movie Database Surfside 6 at TV. com
21.
Bourbon Street Beat
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The series was one of several Warner Bros. detective shows which aired on ABC during this era, but Bourbon Street Beat was not as successful as the others. Andrew Duggans character, Cal Calhoun, immediately disappeared from the screen upon the shows cancellation, richard Long went on to play the lead in the western series The Big Valley and the sitcom Nanny and the Professor. Van Williams eventually played The Green Hornet opposite Bruce Lee, jay OHanlon (seven episodesNita Talbot. com Bourbon Street Beat at TV. com
22.
Hawaiian Eye
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Hawaiian Eye is an American detective television series that ran from October 1959 to April 1963 on the ABC television network. Private investigator Tracy Steele and his partner, Tom Lopaka, own Hawaiian Eye. Their principal client is the Hawaiian Village Hotel, which in exchange for security services, provides the agency with a private compound on the hotel grounds. Engineer turned detective Greg McKenzie, joins the agency later on as a full partner, Hawaiian Eye was one of several ABC/Warner Brothers Television detective series of the era situated in different exotic locales. Others included Hollywood-based 77 Sunset Strip, Bourbon Street Beat, set in New Orleans, in reality, all were shot on the Warner Brothers lot in Los Angeles, making it easy for characters—and sometimes whole scripts—to cross over. Although the shows arent spin-offs in the sense, Sunset was the first in this chain of exotic location detective series. In this regard, Hawaiian Eye was the most viable of the Sunset look-alikes, the shows debut coincided with several real-world developments that helped contribute to its longevity. Kaiser, whose real estate projects in Honolulu included building the complex originally known as Kaisers Hawaiian Village. The program did well in the ratings on Wednesday evenings, in its last season, it was placed on the Tuesday schedule opposite CBSs The Red Skelton Show and a new NBC Western drama Empire set on a modern New Mexico ranch. Skelton survived the competition, and Empire was cut to a program called Redigo the following season and was soon cancelled. Each episode in season 3 followed the Hanna-Barbera cartoon show, Top Cat, the series regulars, who were shown during the opening credits, are listed below in the order in which they debuted during the shows four-year run. Lt. Danny Quon, played by Mel Prestidge, was the Hawaiian Eyes main contact with the Honolulu Police Department, moke, played by Doug Mossman, was the chief uniformed security officer for Hawaiian Eye. He went by several variant names in the first season before the writers settled on one. Paul, played by Andre Philippe, was the MC at the Shell Bar in the Hawaiian Village Hotel, bert, played by Sam Rawlins, was the doorman at the Hawaiian Village Hotel. Teo, played by actors including Ralph Hanalei and Keone, was a uniformed security guard for the Hawaiian Eye agency. Roy Hondine, played by Rush Williams, was a columnist for a major Honolulu newspaper, sunny Day, played by Tina Cole, was a singer at the Shell Bar in the Hawaiian Village Hotel. The role was created after Connie Stevens temporarily left the series in the season over a contract dispute. Alika, played by Makee K. Blaisdell, was a detective for the Hilo police force, bubbles Smith, played by Karen Griffin, was a temporary girlfriend of Tom Lopaka in several second-season episodes
23.
Private investigator
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A private investigator, a private detective, or inquiry agent, is a person who can be hired by individuals or groups to undertake investigatory law services. Private detectives/investigators often work for attorneys in civil and criminal cases, official law enforcement tried many times to shut it down. In 1842, police arrested him in suspicion of unlawful imprisonment, Vidocq later suspected that it had been a set-up. He was sentenced to five years and fined 3, 000-francs, Vidocq is credited with having introduced record-keeping, criminology, and ballistics to criminal investigation. He made the first plaster casts of shoe impressions and he created indelible ink and unalterable bond paper with his printing company. His form of anthropometrics is still used by French police. He is also credited for philanthropic pursuits – he claimed he never informed on anyone who had stolen for real need, after Vidocq, the industry was born. Much of what private investigators did in the days was to act as the police in matters for which their clients felt the police were not equipped or willing to do. A larger role for new private investigative industry was to assist companies in labor disputes. Some early private investigators provided armed guards to act as a private militia, in the United Kingdom, Charles Frederick Field set up an enquiry office upon his retirement from the Metropolitan Police in 1852. Field became a friend of Charles Dickens, and the latter wrote articles about him, in 1862, one of his employees, the Hungarian Ignatius Paul Pollaky, left him and set up a rival agency. In the United States, Allan Pinkerton established the Pinkerton National Detective Agency - a private detective agency - in 1850, Pinkerton became famous when he foiled a plot to assassinate then President-elect Abraham Lincoln in 1861. Pinkertons agents performed services which ranged from undercover investigations and detection of crimes, to plant protection and it is sometimes claimed, probably with exaggeration, that at the height of its existence, the Pinkerton National Detective Agency employed more agents than the United States Army. Allan Pinkerton hired Kate Warne in 1856 as a private detective, during the union unrest in the US in the late 19th century, companies sometimes hired operatives and armed guards from the Pinkertons. In the aftermath of the Homestead Riot of 1892, several states passed so-called anti-Pinkerton laws restricting the importation of private security guards during union strikes. Pinkerton agents were hired to track western outlaws Jesse James, the Reno brothers, and the Wild Bunch, including Butch Cassidy. The Pinkerton agencys logo, an eye embellished with the words We Never Sleep, many private detectives/investigators with specialized academic and practical experience also work with defense attorneys on capital punishment and other criminal defense cases. Many others are insurance investigators who investigate suspicious claims, before the advent of no-fault divorce, many private investigators were hired to search out evidence of adultery or other conduct within marriage to establish grounds for a divorce
24.
Biff Elliot
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Biff Elliot was an American actor. He is perhaps best known for his role as popular detective Mike Hammer in the 1953 version of I, the Jury, Elliot was born Leon Shalek in Lynn, Massachusetts, the son of Susan M. and Israel Michael Shalek. All of his grandparents were Jewish immigrants from Eastern Europe and his father was a former semi-pro baseball player, then retiring and opening up a burlap-bag manufacturing business in Presque Isle, Maine. Elliot had a childhood nickname Bith but later adapted it to Biff when he went into boxing, when he was 16 his family moved to Presque Isle, where he became involved in boxing and was known as Biff Harris. In 1943 Elliot signed up for the United States Army and was placed in the 34th Infantry Division, once the war finished Elliot was discharged and decided to return to the University of Maine in 1945. He graduated from Maine in 1949 and moved to New York City in hopes of pursuing a writing career, after failing to make out as a writer, Elliot switched his attention to acting, and began taking acting courses at the actors studio. He first started doing stage and television work, mostly playing tough, when accepted for the audition, Elliot was brought to Hollywood, and began preparing for his role by cramming himself with Mike Hammer novels and spending the whole night re-reading them. After a successful 15-minute audition Elliot was selected to become the first actor to portray the famed Mike Hammer in a motion picture, and thus his first leading role on film. Over the next few years, Elliot was a prominent fixture in classic war films of the 1950s and 60s, appearing in such as Between Heaven and Hell, The Enemy Below, Pork Chop Hill. But mostly he worked in television, in 1959, Elliot got a seemingly good break when playwright Clifford Odets happened to see I, the Jury and offered him a role in The Story on Page One, which Odets wrote and directed. Thereafter Elliot was mostly seen on television over the decade, including an appearance on Frank Lovejoys detective series, Meet McGraw. In 1966, he portrayed a government agent in an episode of the comedy series The Dick Van Dyke Show, in 1967, he appeared in the Star Trek episode The Devil in the Dark. He guest-starred in an episode of Gibbsville in 1976, in 1977, he had a memorable supporting role in Telly Savalass Beyond Reason with Diana Muldaur. A late notable role came in 1981 when he co-starred in Back to the Planet of the Apes, Elliot would make his final film appearance in 1986 in a comedy, co-starring with Jack Lemmon in a scene from Thats Life. His last appearance on television was in 1986 on the set of the series of Starman. After Elliots retirement he continued to work in sports, covering Los Angeles sports for CBS Radio Network. Elliot was previously married to Betty Cole a former model, whom he met during his tenure at the University of Maine and married her in his year in 1948. Elliot remarried in 1977 to Connie and both resided in Los Angeles, a brother of Win Elliott, longtime CBS Radio Network sportscaster and 1950s TV game show host, Biff Elliot died in his home in Studio City, California on August 15,2012, aged 89
25.
Espionage
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Espionage is the obtaining of information considered secret or confidential without the permission of the holder of the information. Espionage can be committed by an individual or a spy ring, in the service of a government or a company, the practice is inherently clandestine, as it is by definition unwelcome and in many cases illegal and punishable by law. Espionage is a subset of intelligence gathering, which includes espionage as well as information gathering from public sources, Espionage is often part of an institutional effort by a government or commercial concern. However, the term is associated with state spying on potential or actual enemies primarily for military purposes. Spying involving corporations is known as industrial espionage, one of the most effective ways to gather data and information about the enemy is by infiltrating the enemys ranks. This is the job of the spy, Spies can bring back all sorts of information concerning the size and strength of enemy forces. They can also find dissidents within the forces and influence them to defect. In times of crisis, spies can also be used to steal technology, counterintelligence operatives can feed false information to enemy spies, protecting important domestic secrets, and preventing attempts at subversion. Nearly every country has strict laws concerning espionage, and the penalty for being caught is often severe. However, the benefits that can be gained through espionage are generally great enough that most governments, events involving espionage are well documented throughout history. The Old Testament of the Christian Bible, which is based primarily on the Hebrew Bible, speaks about Joshua and Caleb, the ancient writings of Chinese and Indian military strategists such as Sun-Tzu and Chanakya contain information on deception and subversion. Chanakyas student Chandragupta Maurya, founder of the Maurya Empire in India, made use of assassinations, spies and secret agents, the ancient Egyptians had a thoroughly developed system for the acquisition of intelligence, and the Hebrews used spies as well, as in the story of Rahab. Spies were also prevalent in the Greek and Roman empires, during the 13th and 14th centuries, the Mongols relied heavily on espionage in their conquests in Asia and Europe. Feudal Japan often used ninjas to gather intelligence, aztecs used Pochtecas, people in charge of commerce, as spies and diplomats, and had diplomatic immunity. Many modern espionage methods were established by Francis Walsingham in Elizabethan England, in 1585, Mary, Queen of Scots was placed in the custody of Sir Amias Paulet, who was instructed to open and read all of Marys clandestine correspondence. In a successful attempt to expose her, Walsingham arranged a single exception, Mary was misled into thinking these secret letters were secure, while in reality they were deciphered and read by Walsinghams agents. He succeeded in intercepting letters that indicated a conspiracy to displace Elizabeth I with Mary, in foreign intelligence, Walsinghams extensive network of intelligencers, who passed on general news as well as secrets, spanned Europe and the Mediterranean. While foreign intelligence was a part of the principal secretarys activities, Walsingham brought to it flair and ambition
26.
Franchot Tone
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Stanislaus Pascal Franchot Tone, known as Franchot Tone, was an American stage, film, and television actor. He was the star of many films and television series throughout his career, such as Bonanza, Wagon Train, The Twilight Zone, The Alfred Hitchcock Hour. He is perhaps best known for his role as Midshipman Roger Byam in Mutiny on the Bounty, starring alongside Clark Gable and his maternal great-grandfather was congressman Richard Franchot. Tone was a distant relative of Wolfe Tone, his great grandfather John Tone was a first cousin of Peter Tone. Tone was of French Canadian, Irish, and English ancestry, through his ancestor, the nobleman Gilbert BasqueHomme, he was of French Basque descent. Tone was educated at The Hill School, where he was dismissed “for being an influence for disorder throughout the fall term. ”He then entered Cornell University. He also joined Alpha Delta Phi fraternity and he gave up the family business to pursue an acting career in the theatre. After graduating, he moved to Greenwich Village, New York, the following year, he joined the Theatre Guild and played Curly in their production of Green Grow the Lilacs. Strasberg had been a castmate of Tones in Green Grow the Lilacs and these were intense and productive years for him, among the productions of the Group he acted in were 1931 and Success Story. The same year, however, Tone was the first of the Group to turn his back on the theatre, in his memoir on the Group Theatre, The Fervent Years, Harold Clurman recalls Tone as the most confrontational and egocentric of the group in the beginning. Nevertheless, he always considered cinema far inferior to the theatre and he often sent financial support to the Group Theatre, which often needed it. He eventually returned to stage work after the 1940s. Tone summered at Pine Brook Country Club, located in the countryside of Nichols, Connecticut, Tones screen debut was in the 1932 movie The Wiser Sex. In 1935, he starred in Mutiny on the Bounty, The Lives of a Bengal Lancer, Tone worked steadily through the 1940s, but he often played second leads or love interests in films that focused on a major female star. He played the lead in the 1940 Western comedy Trail of the Vigilantes featuring Warren William, Broderick Crawford. Tones tour de force role as a manic depressive sociopath included performing many of his own stunts on the Paris landmark, in the 1950s, facing subtle blacklisting in Hollywood, he found parts in New York City-based live television, including the original production of Twelve Angry Men. He also returned to Broadway, notably appearing in A Moon for the Misbegotten with Wendy Hiller in 1957, also that year he co-produced, co-directed, and starred in an adaptation of Chekhovs Uncle Vanya, which was filmed concurrently with an off-Broadway revival. He also co-starred in the Ben Casey medical series from 1965 to 1966 as Caseys supervisor, on film, he received acclaim as the charismatic, dying president in Otto Premingers 1962 film version of Advise & Consent
27.
Lawyer
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A lawyer is a person who practices law, as an advocate, barrister, attorney, counselor or solicitor or chartered legal executive. The role of the lawyer varies greatly across legal jurisdictions, in practice, legal jurisdictions exercise their right to determine who is recognized as being a lawyer. As a result, the meaning of the lawyer may vary from place to place. In Australia, the lawyer is used to refer to both barristers and solicitors. In Canada, the word lawyer refers to individuals who have been called to the bar or. Common law lawyers in Canada are formally and properly called barristers and solicitors, however, in Quebec, civil law advocates often call themselves attorney and sometimes barrister and solicitor in English. The Legal Services Act 2007 defines the activities that may only be performed by a person who is entitled to do so pursuant to the Act. Lawyer is not a protected title, in India, the term lawyer is often colloquially used, but the official term is advocate as prescribed under the Advocates Act,1961. In Scotland, the word refers to a more specific group of legally trained people. It specifically includes advocates and solicitors, in a generic sense, it may also include judges and law-trained support staff. In the United States, the term refers to attorneys who may practice law. It is never used to refer to patent agents or paralegals, in fact, there are regulatory restrictions on non-lawyers like paralegals practicing law. Other nations tend to have terms for the analogous concept. In most countries, particularly civil law countries, there has been a tradition of giving many legal tasks to a variety of civil law notaries, clerks, and scriveners. Several countries that originally had two or more legal professions have since fused or united their professions into a type of lawyer. Most countries in this category are common law countries, though France, in countries with fused professions, a lawyer is usually permitted to carry out all or nearly all the responsibilities listed below. Arguing a clients case before a judge or jury in a court of law is the province of the barrister in England. However, the boundary between barristers and solicitors has evolved, in England today, the barrister monopoly covers only appellate courts, and barristers must compete directly with solicitors in many trial courts
28.
Sunset Boulevard
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From Downtown Los Angeles, it heads northwest, to Hollywood, through which it travels due west for several miles before it bends southwest towards the ocean. It passes through or near Echo Park, Silver Lake, Los Feliz, Hollywood, West Hollywood, Beverly Hills, in Bel-Air, Sunset Boulevard runs along the northern boundary of UCLAs Westwood campus. The boulevard continues through Brentwood to Pacific Palisades where it terminates at the Pacific Coast Highway intersection, the boulevard has curvaceous winding stretches, and can be treacherous for unaware drivers in some sections. It is at least four lanes wide along its entire route, Sunset is frequently congested with traffic loads beyond its design capacity. Sunset Boulevard historically extended farther east than it now does, starting at Alameda Street near Union Station and beside Olvera Street in the historic section of Downtown. In 1877, one of the real estate owners from back East Horace H. Wilcox, decided to subdivide his more than 20 acres of land along Sunset Boulevard, including what is today Hollywood. In 1890, Belgian diplomat Victor Ponet bought 240 acres of the former Rancho La Brea land grant and his son-in-law, Francis S. Montgomery, inherited this property and created Sunset Plaza. According to a 1901 article in the Los Angeles Herald, Sunset only extended from Hollywood in the west to Marion Avenue in the Echo Park district in the east. In late 1912 several properties along the route were condemned so that the boulevard could be changed in both its width and its alignment, with these changes completed, Sunset Boulevard now reached North Main Street and continued as Marchessault along the northern end of the Plaza. This section, variously marked and signed as Marchessault Street or East Sunset Boulevard, at that time Sunset was realigned one block north and Marchessault was closed to motor traffic. In 1921, an expansion of Sunset began, extending the road from the then-current terminus at Sullivan Canyon through Santa Monica to the coast. This land, a portion of the original 1838 holdings of Fransisco Marquez, stretched across a mesa, will Rogers, who had bought much of this land as an investment, later donated it to the State of California creating Will Rogers State Historic Park. Circa 1931, Sunset was a road from Horn Avenue to Havenhurst Avenue. The Sunset Strip portion of Sunset Boulevard in West Hollywood has been famous for its active nightlife at least since the 1950s, in the 1970s, the area between Gardner Street and Western Avenue was a center for street prostitution. Shortly after a well publicized June 1995 incident, police raids drove out the majority of prostitutes on the Boulevard, the portion of Sunset Boulevard that passes through Beverly Hills was once named Beverly Boulevard. The boulevard is commemorated in Billy Wilders 1950 film Sunset Boulevard, the Andrew Lloyd Webber musical of the name. Jan and Deans 1960s hit song Dead Mans Curve refers to a section of the road near Bel Air estates just north of UCLAs Drake Stadium where Jan Berry almost died in an accident in 1966. The Buffalo Springfield song For What Its Worth was written about a riot at Pandoras Box, Metro Local lines 2,175 and 302 operate on Sunset Boulevard
29.
Sunset Strip
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The Sunset Strip is the name given to the mile-and-a-half stretch of Sunset Boulevard that passes through West Hollywood, California. It extends from West Hollywoods eastern border with Hollywood at Havenhurst Drive, the Strip is probably the best-known portion of Sunset, embracing boutiques, restaurants, rock clubs, and nightclubs that are on the cutting edge of the entertainment industry. It is also known for its array of huge, colorful billboards. It was illegal to gamble in the city, but legal in the county and this fostered the building of a rather wilder concentration of nightlife than Los Angeles would tolerate. In the 1920s a number of nightclubs and casinos moved in along the Strip, glamour and glitz defined the Strip in the 1930s and the 1940s, as its renowned restaurants and nightclubs became a playground for the rich and famous. There were movie legends and power brokers, and everyone of significance danced to stardom at such clubs as Ciros, the Mocambo. By the early 1960s, the Strip had lost favor with the majority of movie people, the Strip became a haven for rock musicians and their fans. Bands such as Led Zeppelin, The Doors, The Byrds, Love, The Seeds, Frank Zappa, and many others played at clubs like the Whisky a Go Go, the Roxy, Pandoras Box, in July 1965 Go-Go dancers also began performing. The Hyatt West Hollywood became a notable hotel, in 1972, Rodney Bingenheimers English Disco opened on the Strip, being influenced by the British Glam Rock movement. It became a hangout for musicians, including The Stooges. The 1979 Donna Summer song Sunset People from the album Bad Girls, was about the nightlife on Sunset Boulevard, also, throughout the 1970s, much like New York Citys Times Square, the Strip became a haven for sleaze and prostitution. A. Guns, Guns N Roses and Whitesnake, the adoption of pay to play tactics, where bands are charged a fee to play at clubs, diminished its appeal to groups, other than as an industry showcase. Today the music industry establishment continues to dominate the clubs on the Strip, in November 1984, voters in West Hollywood passed a proposal on the ballot to incorporate and the area became an independent city. Increasingly, the end of the Strip is occupied by office buildings, mostly catering to the entertainment industry. During the 1990s, the center of the music activity in Los Angeles shifted further east to areas like Echo Park, Los Feliz. Less remembered is a crime drama, Dan Raven, starring Skip Homeier. Dan Raven featured several celebrities, including Bobby Darin, Marty Ingels,1979 film Hardcore had scenes from the Sunset Strip when George C. Scotts character Jake Van Dorn flew to Los Angeles as the first California city to find his teenage daughter
30.
La Cienega Boulevard
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It was named for Rancho Las Cienegas, an area of marshland south of Rancho La Brea. From south of Fairview and from north of Rodeo Road, La Cienega Boulevard is a surface street. A portion of La Cienega in and adjacent to Beverly Hills is known as Restaurant Row for its number of upscale restaurants. It continues south passing Interstate 10, and the Metro Expo Line and it is unusual among Southern California roadways to be built to freeway standards. South of Interstate 10, La Cienega was built to standards in the late 1940s as part of the proposed Laurel Canyon Freeway. The SR170 freeway was never completed south of U. S, as such, emergency call boxes like those found along the areas freeways were installed along that stretch in the early 1970s. The area of La Cienega Boulevard, from Beverly Boulevard to Santa Monica Boulevard and its shops and galleries house many antiques, furniture, rugs, accessories and art. Art dealer Felix Landau operated his trend-setting gallery there in the 1960s, La Cienega in Beverly Hills, north of Wilshire Boulevard, is known as Restaurant Row because it features many upscale restaurants. La Cienega Boulevard is named after Rancho Las Cienegas Mexican land grant roughly in the now called West Los Angeles. The difference in spelling between the Spanish word ciénaga and the name of the thoroughfare originated with the name of the rancho, Metro Local lines 105 and 217, and Metro Rapid line 705 run on La Cienega Boulevard. As of April 28,2012, the Metro Expo Line serves a station at Jefferson Boulevard. The entire route is in Los Angeles County, setting the World on Fire, Kenny Chesney and Pink,2016 Southern California Unsigned Freeways – La Cienega Boulevard La Cienega Design Quarter
31.
Dean Martin
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Dean Martin was an Italian-American singer, actor, comedian, and film producer. One of the most popular and enduring American entertainers of the century, Martin was nicknamed the King of Cool for his seemingly effortless charisma. He and Jerry Lewis were partners in the popular comedy team Martin. He was a member of the Rat Pack and a star in concert stages, nightclubs, recordings, motion pictures and he was the host of the television variety program The Dean Martin Show and The Dean Martin Celebrity Roast. Martin was born on June 7,1917, in Steubenville, Ohio, to an Italian father, Gaetano Alfonso Crocetti, and an Italian-American mother, Angela Crocetti. His father, who was a barber, was originally from Montesilvano, in Abruzzo, Martin had an older brother named William Alfonso Crocetti. Martins first language was an Abruzzese dialect of Italian, and he did not speak English until he started school at the age of five and he attended Grant Elementary School in Steubenville where he was bullied for his broken English. He later took up the drums as a hobby as a teenager, Martin then dropped out of Steubenville High School in the 10th grade because he thought he was smarter than his teachers. He bootlegged liquor, served as a croupier, was a blackjack dealer, worked in a steel mill. At 15 he was a boxer who billed himself as Kid Crochet and his prizefighting earned him a broken nose, a scarred lip, many broken knuckles, and a bruised body. Of his 12 bouts, he said, I won all but 11, for a time, he roomed with Sonny King, who, like Martin, was starting in show business and had little money. It is said that Martin and King held bare-knuckle matches in their apartment, fighting until one was knocked out, Martin knocked out King in the first round of an amateur boxing match. Martin gave up boxing to work as a roulette stickman and croupier in an illegal casino behind a tobacco shop, at the same time he sang with local bands, calling himself Dino Martini. He got his break working for the Ernie McKay Orchestra and he sang in a crooning style influenced by Harry Mills, among others. In the early 1940s, he started singing for bandleader Sammy Watkins, in October 1941 Martin married Elizabeth Betty Anne McDonald. They had four children before the marriage ended in 1949, Martin worked for various bands throughout the early 1940s, mostly on looks and personality until he developed his own singing style. Martin flopped at the Riobamba, a nightclub in New York, when he followed Frank Sinatra in 1943, Martin was drafted into the United States Army in 1944 during World War II, serving a year in Akron, Ohio. He was reclassified as 4-F and discharged, possibly because of a double hernia, by 1946, Martin was doing well, but he was little more than an East Coast nightclub singer with a common style, similar to that of Bing Crosby
32.
Rock and roll
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While elements of rock and roll can be heard in blues records from the 1920s and in country records of the 1930s, the genre did not acquire its name until the 1950s. For the purpose of differentiation, this deals with the first definition. The beat is essentially a blues rhythm with an accentuated backbeat, classic rock and roll is usually played with one or two electric guitars, a double bass or string bass or an electric bass guitar, and a drum kit. Beyond simply a style, rock and roll, as seen in movies and on television, influenced lifestyles, fashion, attitudes. In addition, rock and roll may have contributed to the civil rights movement because both African-American and white American teens enjoyed the music and it went on to spawn various genres, often without the initially characteristic backbeat, that are now more commonly called simply rock music or rock. The term rock and roll now has at least two different meanings, both in common usage, the American Heritage Dictionary and the Merriam-Webster Dictionary both define rock and roll as synonymous with rock music. Encyclopædia Britannica, on the hand, regards it as the music that originated in the mid-1950s. In 1934, the song Rock and Roll by the Boswell Sisters appeared in the film Transatlantic Merry-Go-Round, in 1942, Billboard magazine columnist Maurie Orodenker started to use the term rock-and-roll to describe upbeat recordings such as Rock Me by Sister Rosetta Tharpe. By 1943, the Rock and Roll Inn in South Merchantville, in 1951, Cleveland, Ohio disc jockey Alan Freed began playing this music style while popularizing the phrase to describe it. The origins of rock and roll have been debated by commentators. The migration of former slaves and their descendants to major urban centers such as St. The immediate roots of rock and roll lay in the rhythm and blues, then called race music, particularly significant influences were jazz, blues, gospel, country, and folk. The 1940s saw the use of blaring horns, shouted lyrics. In the same period, particularly on the West Coast and in the Midwest, similarly, country boogie and Chicago electric blues supplied many of the elements that would be seen as characteristic of rock and roll. Rock and roll arrived at a time of technological change, soon after the development of the electric guitar, amplifier and microphone. It was the realization that relatively affluent white teenagers were listening to music that led to the development of what was to be defined as rock. Because the development of rock and roll was a process, no single record can be identified as unambiguously the first rock. Other artists with rock and roll hits included Chuck Berry, Bo Diddley, Little Richard, Jerry Lee Lewis
33.
Hipster (1940s subculture)
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Hipster or hepcat, as used in the 1940s, referred to aficionados of jazz, in particular bebop, which became popular in the early 1940s. The words hep and hip are of uncertain origin, with competing theories being proposed. In the early days of jazz, musicians were using the hep variant to describe anybody who was in the know about a culture, mostly black. They and their fans were known as hepcats, by the late 1930s, with the rise of swing, hip rose in popularity among jazz musicians, to replace hep. Clarinetist Artie Shaw described singer Bing Crosby as the first hip white person born in the United States. In 1939, the word hepster was used by Cab Calloway in the title of his Hepsters Dictionary, the entry for hipsters defined them as characters who like hot jazz. In the 1940s, white youth began to frequent African-American communities for their music and these first youths diverged from the mainstream due to their new philosophies of racial diversity and their exploratory sexual nature and drug habits. The drug of choice was marijuana, many hipster slang terms were dedicated to the substance, in his book Jazz, A History, Frank Tirro defines the 1940s hipster, To the hipster, Bird was a living justification of their philosophy. The hipster is an underground man and he is to the Second World War what the dadaist was to the first. He is amoral, anarchistic, gentle, and overcivilized to the point of decadence and he is looking for something that transcends all this bullshit and finds it in jazz. Hipsters themselves were not about to supply explanations and their language, limited as it was, was sufficiently obscure to defy translation into everyday speech. Their rejection of the commonplace was so complete that they could barely acknowledge reality, the measure of their withdrawal was their distrust of language. When hipsters did put together a coherent sentence, it was prefaced with the word like as if to state at the onset that what would follow was probably an illusion. There was neither a future nor a past, only a present that existed on the wings of sound. A Charlie Parker bebop solo—that was the truth, the hipsters world view was not divided between free world and Communist bloc, and this too set it apart from the then-current orthodoxy. Hipster dualism, instead, transcended geopolitical lines in favor of levels of consciousness, the division was hip and square. Squares sought security and conned themselves into political acquiescence, hipsters, hip to the bomb, sought the meaning of life and, expecting death, demanded it now. In the wigged-out, flipped-out, zonked-out hipster world, Roosevelt, Churchill, Stalin, Truman, McCarthy and Eisenhower shared one thing in common and he hipster signified the coming together of the bohemian, the juvenile delinquent, and the negro
34.
Sue Randall
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Born in Philadelphia and the daughter of a prominent real-estate consultant, Sue Randell began acting on stage at the age of ten in Dear Ruth, a production of the Alden Park Players. Randalls credited debut on the screen came in the 1955 episode Golden Victory of the series Star Tonight. She appeared in other television productions before performing as the character Ruthie Saylor. Randalls reoccurring role as a teacher on Leave It to Beaver spanned the years 1958 to 1962, Sue Randalls first appearance as Miss Landers was in the Leave It to Beaver episode Wards Problem, which originally aired on October 16,1958. Primarily, Randalls roles on television were as an actor or supporting character. For example, she was cast as Kathy OHara, a concert pianist, in the episode The Mysterious Stranger on the ABC/Warner Brothers series Sugarfoot. She was cast too in the ABC series The Rebel as Elaine, the daughter of a man sentenced to hang, but Nick Adams and that episode is titled Judgment Day and was first broadcast on October 11,1959. In the late 1950s, however, television-series producers did cast Randall as a co-star with actress Theodora Davitt in a weekly sitcom titled Up on Cloud Nine. A pilot for this comedy was completed, but no potential sponsors opted to buy or underwrite the series about the misadventures of two airline stewardesses. In addition, she made three guest appearances on Sea Hunt with Lloyd Bridges in 1961, Randall appeared too in five episodes of the long-running, syndicated western anthology Death Valley Days. Her last performance in series was in 1966, when she was cast as Carrie Huntington in the episode The Courtship of Carrie Huntington. In the storyline Jesse Pearson plays Henry Windsor, who is hired to take Carrie to her sisters wedding after she misses the stagecoach. Henry and Carrie engage in a wedding, but on the return trip Henry wins her over after they are held by Indians. Helen Kleeb, a native of Washington State, plays Carries mother, Randall retired from her television acting career at an early age, reportedly due to lingering complications from injuries she suffered in 1967 in an automobile accident. Her last credited television performance did, in fact, occur in 1967 and she played the part of Ruth in an episode of Vacation Playhouse, a summer replacement series that showcased a variety of unsold pilots. Sue Randall in 1982 was diagnosed with lung and larynx cancer. Following treatments for the malignancies, including the removal of her larynx, only forty-nine years of age at the time of her death, she was survived by her two sons, Blake and Kenneth. Sue Randall at the Internet Movie Database Sue Randall at Find a Grave
35.
Connie Stevens
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She was of Italian and Irish descent. She adopted her fathers name of Stevens as her own. Her parents divorced and she lived with her grandparents and attended Catholic boarding schools, actor John Megna was her half-brother. At the age of 12, she witnessed a murder in Brooklyn and was sent to live with friends in Boonville. Coming from a family, Stevens joined the singing group called The Fourmost with Tony Butala. Stevens moved to Los Angeles with her father in 1953, when she was 16, she replaced the alto in a singing group, The Three Debs. She enrolled at a school, sang professionally, and appeared in local repertory theater. Stevens started working as an extra and stand-in. After shed appeared in four B movies, Jerry Lewis saw her in Dragstrip Riot, soon after that, she signed a contract with Warner Brothers. She played Cricket Blake in the television detective series Hawaiian Eye from 1959 to 1963. In a televised interview on August 26,2003, on CNNs Larry King Live, Stevens recounted that while on the set of Hawaiian Eye she was told she had a telephone call from Elvis Presley. She didnt believe it, but in fact it was Elvis and her first album was titled Concetta. She had minor hits with the standards Blame It On My Youth, Looking For A Boy. She and Byrnes also appeared together on ABCs The Pat Boone Chevy Showroom and she had hit singles as a solo artist with Sixteen Reasons, her biggest hit, reaching #3 on the Billboard Hot 100, and a minor #71 hit Too Young to Go Steady. Other single releases were Whyd You Wanna Make Me Cry, mr. Songwriter, and Now That Youve Gone. She starred in the Broadway production of Neil Simons The Star-Spangled Girl with Anthony Perkins in 1966 and she appeared in stage productions in summer stock, including The Wizard of Oz, Carousel Theatre, California and Any Wednesday, Melodyland, Anaheim, California. In the 1970s Stevens started singing the Ace Is The Place theme song on Ace Hardware TV commercials in Southern California and her risque 1976 action movie Scorchy has never been released on DVD. In the spring of 1977 Stevens appeared in a episode of The Muppet Show
36.
Warner Bros. Records
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Warner Bros. Records was established on March 19,1958, as the recorded-music division of the American film studio Warner Bros. For most of its existence it was one of a group of labels owned and operated by larger parent corporations. The sequence of companies that controlled Warner Bros. and its allied labels evolved through a series of corporate mergers. Over this period, Warner Bros. Records grew from a minor player in the music industry to become one of the top recording labels in the world. In 2003, these assets were divested by their then owner Time Warner. This independent company traded as the Warner Music Group before being bought by Access Industries in 2011, WMG is the smallest of the three major international music conglomerates and the worlds last publicly traded major music company. Cameron Strang serves as CEO of the company, artists currently signed to Warner Bros. At the end of the silent movie period, Warner Bros, pictures decided to expand into publishing and recording so that it could access low-cost music content for its films. This new group controlled valuable copyrights on standards by George and Ira Gershwin and Jerome Kern, the label signed rising radio and recording stars Bing Crosby, Mills Brothers, and Boswell Sisters. In December 1931, Warner Bros. offloaded Brunswick to the American Record Corporation for a fraction of its former value, in a lease arrangement which did not include Brunswicks pressing plants. Warner Bros. sold Brunswick a second time, this time along with the old Brunswick pressing plants Warner owned, to Decca Records in exchange for a financial interest in Decca. The studio stayed out of the business for more than 25 years. Warner Bros. reëntered the record business in 1958 with the establishment of its own recording division, by this time, the established Hollywood studios were reeling from multiple challenges to their former dominance - the most notable being the introduction of television in the late 1940s. Legal changes also had a impact on their business—lawsuits brought by major stars had effectively overthrown the old studio contract system by the late 1940s. Pictures sold off much of its library in 1948 and, beginning in 1949. Semenenko in particular had a professional interest in the entertainment business. With the record business booming - sales had topped US$500 million by 1958 - Semnenko argued that it was foolish for Warner Bros, another impetus for the labels creation was the brief music career of Warner Bros. actor Tab Hunter. In 1958, the studio signed Hunter as its first artist to its newly formed record division, to establish the label, the company hired former Columbia Records president James B
37.
Product placement
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Product placement stands out as a marketing strategy because it is the most direct attempt to derive commercial benefit from the context and environment within which the product is displayed or used. The technique can be beneficial for viewers, since interruptive advertising removes them from the entertainment, in April 2006, Broadcasting & Cable reported, Two thirds of advertisers employ branded entertainment—product placement, brand integration—with the vast majority of that in commercial TV programming. It said, Reasons for using in-show plugs varied from stronger emotional connection to better dovetailing with relevant content, a major growth driver is the increasing use of digital video recorders, which enable viewers to skip advertisements that interrupt a show. Product placement began in the nineteenth century, by the time Jules Verne published the adventure novel Around the World in Eighty Days, his fame had led transport and shipping companies to lobby to be mentioned in the story. Whether Verne was actually paid to do so, however, remains unknown, similarly, a painting by Eduoard Manet shows bar at Folies Bergere with distinctive bottles placed at either end of the counter. The beer bottle is immediately recognisable as Bass beer and this led to cinema becoming one of the earliest channels used for product placement. For example, the German magazine Die Woche in 1902 printed an article about a countess in her castle where she, in one of the photographs, held a copy of Die Woche in her hands. Product placement was a feature of many of the earliest actualities. During the next four decades, Harrisons Reports frequently cited cases of on-screen brand-name products and he condemned the practice as harmful to movie theaters. Publisher P. S. Harrison’s editorials reflected his hostility towards product placement in films, an editorial in Harrison’s Reports criticized the collaboration between the Corona Typewriter company and First National Pictures when a Corona typewriter appeared in the film The Lost World. Harrisons Reports criticized several incidents of Corona typewriters appearing in mid-1920s films, recognizable brand names appeared in movies from cinemas earliest history. In the first decade or so of film audiences attended films as fairground attractions interesting for their visual effects. This format was suited to product placement than narrative cinema. Gurevitch argued that early cinematic attractions have more in common with television advertisements in the 1950s than they do with traditional films, segrave detailed the industries that advertised in these early films. In the 1920s, Harrisons Reports published its first denunciation of that practice over Red Crown gasoline appearance in The Garage, a feature film that has expectations of reaching millions of viewers attracts marketers. In many cases no payment is made for product exposure and no promise of marketing support is made when consumer brands appear in movies. Film productions need props for scenes, so each movie’s property master, in addition to items for on-screen use, the product/service supplier might provide a production with large quantities of complementary products or services. Tapping product placement channels can be valuable for movies when a vintage product is required—such as a sign or bottle—that is not readily available
38.
Harley-Davidson
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Harley-Davidson, Inc. or Harley, is an American motorcycle manufacturer, founded in Milwaukee, Wisconsin in 1903. Harley-Davidson manufactures its motorcycles at factories in York, Pennsylvania, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Kansas City, Missouri, Manaus, Brazil, Harley drew up plans for a small engine with a displacement of 7.07 cubic inches and four-inch flywheels. The engine was designed for use in a regular pedal-bicycle frame, over the next two years, Harley and his childhood friend Arthur Davidson worked on their motor-bicycle using the northside Milwaukee machine shop at the home of their friend, Henry Melk. It was finished in 1903 with the help of Arthurs brother, Walter Davidson, upon testing their power-cycle, Harley and the Davidson brothers found it unable to climb the hills around Milwaukee without pedal assistance. They quickly wrote off their first motor-bicycle as a learning experiment. Work immediately began on a new and improved second-generation machine and this first real Harley-Davidson motorcycle had a bigger engine of 24.74 cubic inches with 9.75 inches flywheels weighing 28 lb. The machines advanced loop-frame pattern was similar to the 1903 Milwaukee Merkel motorcycle, the bigger engine and loop-frame design took it out of the motorized bicycle category and marked the path to future motorcycle designs. The boys also received help with their bigger engine from outboard motor pioneer Ole Evinrude, the prototype of the new loop-frame Harley-Davidson was assembled in a 10 ft ×15 ft shed in the Davidson family backyard. Most of the parts, however, were made elsewhere. This prototype machine was functional by September 8,1904, when it competed in a Milwaukee motorcycle race held at State Fair Park and it was ridden by Edward Hildebrand and placed fourth. This is the first documented appearance of a Harley-Davidson motorcycle in the historical record, in January 1905, small advertisements were placed in the Automobile and Cycle Trade Journal offering bare Harley-Davidson engines to the do-it-yourself trade. By April, complete motorcycles were in production on a limited basis. That year, the first Harley-Davidson dealer, Carl H. Lang of Chicago, in 1906, Harley and the Davidson brothers built their first factory on Chestnut Street, at the current location of Harley-Davidsons corporate headquarters. The first Juneau Avenue plant was a 40 ft ×60 ft single-story wooden structure, the company produced about 50 motorcycles that year. Harley graduated from the University of Wisconsin–Madison with a degree in mechanical engineering and that year additional factory expansion came with a second floor and later with facings and additions of Milwaukee pale yellow brick. With the new facilities production increased to 150 motorcycles in 1907, the company was officially incorporated that September. They also began selling their motorcycles to police departments around this time, in 1907 William A. Davidson, brother to Arthur and Walter Davidson, quit his job as tool foreman for the Milwaukee Road railroad and joined the Motor Company. Production in 1905 and 1906 were all models with 26.84 cubic inch engines
