1.
McDonnell F-101 Voodoo
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The McDonnell F-101 Voodoo was a supersonic jet fighter which served the United States Air Force and the Royal Canadian Air Force. An F-101A set a number of speed records for jet powered aircraft, including fastest airspeed. They operated in the role until 1979. Delays in the 1954 interceptor project led to demands for an interceptor aircraft design. The F-101B entered service with Air Defense Command in 1959 and the Royal Canadian Air Force in 1961, US examples were handed off to the Air National Guard where they served until 1982. Canadian examples remained in service until 1984, the Voodoos career as a fighter-bomber was relatively brief, but the reconnaissance versions served for some time. Interceptor versions served with the Air National Guard until 1982, initial design on what would eventually become the Voodoo began just after World War II in response to a USAAF Penetration Fighter Competition in 1946. Several companies responded with designs, and the Air Force provided funds for several of them to produce prototypes, after being awarded a contract on 14 February 1947, McDonnell built two prototypes, designated the XF-88 Voodoo. The first prototype, powered by two 3,000 lbf Westinghouse XJ34-WE-13 turbojets, flew from Muroc on 20 October 1948, preliminary testing revealed that while handling and range was adequate, the top speed was a disappointing 641 mph at sea level. Fuel consumption was increased by use of the afterburners, however. Analysis of Korean war missions, however, revealed that contemporary USAF strategic bombers were vulnerable to fighter interception, in 1951, the USAF issued a new requirement for a bomber escort with all major US manufacturers submitting designs. The McDonnell design was a larger and higher powered version of the XF-88, the F-88 was redesignated the F-101 Voodoo in November 1951. The new design was larger, carrying three times the initial fuel load and designed around larger, more powerful Pratt & Whitney J57 turbojets. The greater dimensions of the J57 engines required modifications to the engine bays, the new intake also was designed to be more efficient at higher Mach numbers. In late 1952, the mission of the F-101 was changed from fighter to strategic fighter. The new Voodoo mock-up with the inlets, tail surfaces, landing gear. F-101A serial number 53-2418 was the first production aircraft, its flight was on 29 September 1954 at Edwards AFB where it reached Mach 0. It was previously on display at the Pueblo Weisbrod Aircraft Museum, the end of the war in Korea and the development of the jet-powered Boeing B-52 Stratofortress negated the need for fighter escort and Strategic Air Command withdrew from the program
2.
Shaw Air Force Base
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Shaw Air Force Base is a United States Air Force base located approximately 8.4 miles west-northwest of downtown Sumter, South Carolina. It is under the jurisdiction of the United States Air Force Air Combat Command, the United States Air Force 20th Fighter Wing is the host unit. It is one of the largest military bases operated by the United States, the Shaw line was constructed in 1941 to bring in materials for base development, and has two GE 80-ton locomotives,1644 and 1671. The base is named in honor of World War I pilot 1st Lieutenant Ervin David Shaw, Lieutenant Shaw was one of the first Americans to fly combat missions in World War I. Shaw, a Sumter County native, was assigned to the Royal Air Force 48 Squadron, Shaw died after three enemy aircraft attacked his Bristol F. 2B while he was returning from a reconnaissance mission on 9 July 1918. Lt. Shaw downed one of his attackers before he was killed, Shaw Field was activated on 30 August 1941 and placed under the jurisdiction of the Army Air Corps Southeast Air Corps Training Center. The mission of the new airfield was a flying school to instruct air cadets in flying. The airfield consisted of three 4, 500-foot runways and several auxiliary airfields, enough construction was completed for the first group of cadets entered training December 15,1941, and the first class completed training in February 1942. The concrete parking ramp was completed during May 1942, in October 1942, the flight training was changed to Advanced flying training and AT-6 Texan single-engine and Beech AT-10 twin-engine trainers were used. On 1 April 1945 jurisdiction of Shaw Field was transferred to First Air Force, the 139th Army Air Force Base Unit, I Fighter Command became the host unit. And pilots were sent to Shaw for fighter training in Republic P-47 Thunderbolt single-engined fighters. For a brief time, Shaw Field also served as a prisoner-of-war camp, the first group of German POWs arrived on 1 March 1945. Eventually,175 of them lived in an encampment just off the base, on Peach Orchard Road across from Shaws hospital gate. They departed in the months of 1946 for the rebuilding of European cities. Those prisoners were repatriated to Germany around 1947, with some returning to the Shaw and Sumter area. Shaw Army Airfield was designated a permanent Army Air Forces installation after the war, after a period of reorganization, jurisdiction was transferred to Air Defense Command on 1 March 1946. From July 1946 until May 1947 Shaw was the home of the 414th and 415th Night Fighter Squadrons, the squadrons flew the P-61 Black Widow in Europe with Ninth Air Force during World War II, and were reassigned back to the United States after the end of hostilities. The 414th was transferred to Caribbean Air Force at Rio Hato AB, the 415th was reassigned to Alaska Air Command at Adak Island, Alaska in May 1947 also to perform an air defense mission, over the Aleutian Islands and the territorial waters of western Alaska
3.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
4.
United States Air Force
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The United States Air Force is the aerial warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the seven American uniformed services. Initially part of the United States Army, the USAF was formed as a branch of the military on 18 September 1947 under the National Security Act of 1947. It is the most recent branch of the U. S. military to be formed, the U. S. Air Force is a military service organized within the Department of the Air Force, one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense. The Air Force is headed by the civilian Secretary of the Air Force, who reports to the Secretary of Defense, the U. S. Air Force provides air support for surface forces and aids in the recovery of troops in the field. As of 2015, the service more than 5,137 military aircraft,406 ICBMs and 63 military satellites. It has a $161 billion budget with 313,242 active duty personnel,141,197 civilian employees,69,200 Air Force Reserve personnel, and 105,500 Air National Guard personnel. According to the National Security Act of 1947, which created the USAF and it shall be organized, trained, and equipped primarily for prompt and sustained offensive and defensive air operations. The stated mission of the USAF today is to fly, fight, and win in air, space and we will provide compelling air, space, and cyber capabilities for use by the combatant commanders. We will excel as stewards of all Air Force resources in service to the American people, while providing precise and reliable Global Vigilance, Reach and it should be emphasized that the core functions, by themselves, are not doctrinal constructs. The purpose of Nuclear Deterrence Operations is to operate, maintain, in the event deterrence fails, the US should be able to appropriately respond with nuclear options. Dissuading others from acquiring or proliferating WMD, and the means to deliver them, moreover, different deterrence strategies are required to deter various adversaries, whether they are a nation state, or non-state/transnational actor. Nuclear strike is the ability of forces to rapidly and accurately strike targets which the enemy holds dear in a devastating manner. Should deterrence fail, the President may authorize a precise, tailored response to terminate the conflict at the lowest possible level, post-conflict, regeneration of a credible nuclear deterrent capability will deter further aggression. Finally, the Air Force regularly exercises and evaluates all aspects of operations to ensure high levels of performance. Nuclear surety ensures the safety, security and effectiveness of nuclear operations, the Air Force, in conjunction with other entities within the Departments of Defense or Energy, achieves a high standard of protection through a stringent nuclear surety program. The Air Force continues to pursue safe, secure and effective nuclear weapons consistent with operational requirements, adversaries, allies, and the American people must be highly confident of the Air Forces ability to secure nuclear weapons from accidents, theft, loss, and accidental or unauthorized use. This day-to-day commitment to precise and reliable nuclear operations is the cornerstone of the credibility of the NDO mission, positive nuclear command, control, communications, effective nuclear weapons security, and robust combat support are essential to the overall NDO function. OCA is the method of countering air and missile threats, since it attempts to defeat the enemy closer to its source
5.
Aerial reconnaissance
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Aerial reconnaissance is reconnaissance for a military or strategic purpose that is conducted using reconnaissance aircraft. This role can fulfil a variety of requirements, including the collection of intelligence, observation of enemy maneuvers. The balloon found its first use in the 1794 conflict with Austria, moreover, the presence of the balloon had a demoralizing effect on the Austrian troops which improved the likelihood of victory for the French troops. After the invention of photography, primitive aerial photographs were made of the ground from manned and unmanned balloons, starting in the 1860s, an example was Arthur Batuts kite-borne camera photographs of Labruguière starting from 1889. In the early 20th century, Julius Neubronner experimented with pigeon photography, the pigeons carried small cameras with timers. Ludwig Rahrmann in 1891 patented a means of attaching a camera to a large calibre artillery projectile or rocket, Alfred Nobel in 1896 had already built the first rocket carrying a camera, which took photographs of the Swedish landscape during its flights. The first use of airplanes in combat missions was by the Italian Air Force during the Italo-Turkish War of 1911-1912, on 23 October 1911, an Italian pilot, Capt. The use of aerial photography rapidly matured during the First World War, as used for reconnaissance purposes were outfitted with cameras to record enemy movements. At the start of the conflict, the usefulness of aerial photography was not fully appreciated, frederick Charles Victor Laws started experiments in aerial photography in 1912 with No.1 Squadron RAF using the British dirigible Beta. The dirigibles were eventually allocated to the Royal Navy, so Laws formed the first aerial unit of fixed-wing aircraft. Germany was one of the first countries to adopt the use of a camera for aerial reconnaissance, opting for a Görz, French Military Aviation began the war with several squadrons of Bleriot observation planes, equipped with cameras for reconnaissance. The French Army developed procedures for getting prints into the hands of field commanders in record time, the camera was inserted into the floor of the aircraft and could be triggered by the pilot at intervals. In 1916, the Austro-Hungarian Empire made vertical camera axis aerial photos above Italy for map-making. In January 1918, General Allenby used five Australian pilots from No.1 Squadron AFC to photograph a 624 square miles area in Palestine as an aid to correcting and improving maps of the Turkish front and this was a pioneering use of aerial photography as an aid for cartography. Beginning 5 January, they flew with an escort to ward off enemy fighters. In 1928, the RAF developed a heating system for the aerial camera. This allowed reconnaissance aircraft to take pictures from very high altitudes without the camera parts freezing, although this seems obvious now, with modern reconnaissance tasks performed by fast, high flying aircraft, at the time it was radical thinking. They proposed the use of Spitfires with their armament and radios removed and replaced with extra fuel and this led to the development of the Spitfire PR variants
6.
Tactical Air Command
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Tactical Air Command is an inactive United States Air Force organization. It was a Major Command of the United States Air Force, established on 21 March 1946 and headquartered at Langley Air Force Base and it was inactivated on 1 June 1992 and its personnel and equipment absorbed by Air Combat Command. Tactical Air Command was established to provide a balance between strategic, air defense, and tactical forces of the post–World War II U. S. Army Air Forces followed by, in 1947, the U. S. Air Force. In 1948, the Continental Air Command assumed control over air defense, tactical air, after two years in a subordinate role, Tactical Air Command was established as a major command. World War II showed the effectiveness of air power in supporting army ground forces. However, the demobilization in late 1945 meant that the huge air armada that had brought Germany to her knees. Following the end of World War II, Headquarters United States Army Air Forces had little funding and most wartime personnel had been released from active duty and returned to civilian life. Many USAAF aircraft were being sent to storage or scrapyards, although the tension with the Soviet Union meant that combat military air forces were still needed. The big questions were how large and what kind of forces, a major realignment of the USAAF was undertaken in early 1946. As part of the realignment, three major divisions within the Continental United States were formed, Strategic Air Command, Tactical Air Command. Each was given a specific responsibility, using assets prescribed to accomplish the assigned mission, Tactical Air Command was formed to command, organize, equip, train and administer assigned or attached forces. It was to plan for and participate in tactics for fighter, light bombardment and these included tactical fighters, tactical bombers, tactical missiles, troop carrier aircraft, assault, reconnaissance, and support units. TAC also planned for and developed the capability to deploy tactical striking forces anywhere in the world, during its existence, Tactical Air Command deployed personnel, material and/or aircraft to Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Europe and Australia in support of its prescribed mission. TACs original authorization was 25,500 officers and enlisted men, aircraft assets available consisted of propeller-driven North American P-51 Mustangs, Republic P-47 Thunderbolts and a handful of the new jet-powered Lockheed P-80 Shooting Stars. TAC was also given control of the Third Air Force, Ninth Air Force, on 18 September 1947, the United States Air Force was established as a separate military force, with TAC as one of its major commands. At the time, there was only one U. S. Air Forces in Europe tactical air unit available in Europe, TAC was called upon to send additional units and aircraft to Europe to reinforce the 86 FG. The 36th Fighter Group, flying Lockheed F-80B Shooting Stars, was transferred from Howard AFB in the Panama Canal Zone to Furstenfeldbruck Air Base near Munich. In addition to fighter aircraft, TAC also deployed available C-47 Skytrain transports to Europe, transferring them to USAFE
7.
Ninth Air Force
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The Ninth Air Force is a numbered air force of the United States Air Forces Air Combat Command. It has been headquartered at Shaw Air Force Base, South Carolina, from 1990, units were deployed to the Middle East against Iraq, and from 2001 against threats emanating from Afghanistan. In this role, the organization was known as United States Air Forces Central, until August 2009, the Ninth Air Force shared its commander with USAFCENT. S. This article deals with the current organization, as the lineage of the organization currently belongs to USAFCENT. This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website http, archives of the Ninth Air Force Association Digital Collection at The University of Akron Archival Services Ninth Air Force Association
8.
432d Wing
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The 432d Wing is a United States Air Force unit assigned to Air Combat Command, stationed at Creech Air Force Base, Nevada. The group operates unmanned reconnaissance aircraft which provide real-time reconnaissance, surveillance, the 432d Wing is the first United States Air Force wing dedicated to unmanned aircraft systems. The wing stood up 1 May 2007 at Creech Air Force Base, the 432d is the first wing totally dedicated to operating remotely piloted aircraft, the MQ-1 Predator, MQ-9 Reaper, and RQ-170 Sentinel. The wing has flown aircraft in Operations Enduring and Iraqi Freedom for intelligence surveillance reconnaissance and tactical missions, flown by pilots, the 432d is authorized 160 Predator and 60 Reapers. As of May 2007,6 Reapers and about 85 Predators have been delivered with half of the Predators deployed forward in the United States Central Command area of operations, the wing is expected to fly 12 combat air mission in Iraq and Afghanistan each day. The wing includes several operational squadrons and a maintenance squadron, there are 440 aircrew members, about half of whom are pilots and the other half sensor operators. There are also 450 maintenance personnel, half of whom are contractors and it served as the operational training unit of the USAAF School of Applied Tactics at Keystone Army Air Field, Florida. The group trained and provided reconnaissance to assist fighter, bombardment, Aircraft included Bell P-39 Airacobra fighter and Aeronca L-3 Grasshopper light observation aircraft. The group was disbanded on 1 November 1943, on 23 March 1953, the 432d Tactical Reconnaissance Group was activated at Shaw Air Force Base]], South Carolina. The 432ds mission at Shaw was to assume the reconnaissance training mission that was handled previously by the 363d Tactical Reconnaissance Wing, the group initially conducted training with two squadrons flying the Republic RF-84F Thunderflash and two squadrons flying the Martin RB-57A Canberra. In 1957, the group upgraded the 20th and 29th to the McDonnell RF-101C Voodoo, when elevated to the 432d Tactical Reconnaissance Wing on 8 February 1958, the wing operated the USAF Advanced Flying Training School, Tactical Reconnaissance. With the elevation to wing status, the 432d TFW was realigned to a four squadron RF-101C wing, from 8 February 1958 to 18 June 1959 the wing was supervised by the 837th Air Division. In a budgetary move, the 432d TRW was inactivated on 8 April 1959, on 18 September 1966, the 432d Tactical Reconnaissance Wing was activated at Udorn Royal Thai Air Force Base, Thailand as an Douglas RF-4C Phantom II wing. The wing assumed the personnel, aircraft and equipment of the 6234th Tactical Fighter Wing, at Udon, it became one of the most diversified units of its size in the Air Force. The wing had numerous missions in the support area, the 432d TRW accounted for more than 80 percent of all reconnaissance activity over North Vietnam. In addition to the mission, the 432d also had a tactical fighter squadron component. The squadrons flew missions over North Vietnam and the pilots. In 1968, the 7th Airborne Command and Control Squadron, flying specialized Lockheed C-130 Hercules aircraft, the squadron had been attached to the wing as a temporary duty unit from Da Nang Air Base, South Vietnam
9.
Cuban Missile Crisis
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The confrontation is often considered the closest the Cold War came to escalating into a full-scale nuclear war. An agreement was reached during a meeting between Khrushchev and Fidel Castro in July 1962 and construction of a number of missile launch facilities started later that summer. The 1962 midterm elections were under way in the United States and these missile preparations were confirmed when an Air Force U-2 spy plane produced clear photographic evidence of medium-range and intermediate-range ballistic missile facilities. The United States established a blockade to prevent further missiles from reaching Cuba. It announced that they would not permit offensive weapons to be delivered to Cuba, after a long period of tense negotiations, an agreement was reached between U. S. President John F. Kennedy and Khrushchev. Secretly, the United States also agreed that it would dismantle all U. S. -built Jupiter MRBMs, when all offensive missiles and Ilyushin Il-28 light bombers had been withdrawn from Cuba, the blockade was formally ended on November 20,1962. The negotiations between the United States and the Soviet Union pointed out the necessity of a quick, clear, as a result, the Moscow–Washington hotline was established. A series of sharply reduced U. S. –Soviet tensions during the following years. The United States had been embarrassed publicly by the failed Bay of Pigs Invasion in April 1961, afterward, former President Eisenhower told Kennedy that the failure of the Bay of Pigs will embolden the Soviets to do something that they would otherwise not do. U. S. covert operations against Cuba continued in 1961 with the similarly unsuccessful Operation Mongoose, in addition, Khrushchevs impression of Kennedys weakness was confirmed by the Presidents response during the Berlin Crisis of 1961, particularly to the building of the Berlin Wall. He also told his son Sergei that on Cuba, Kennedy would make a fuss, make more of a fuss, CIA agents or pathfinders from the Special Activities Division were to be infiltrated into Cuba to carry out sabotage and organization, including radio broadcasts. When Kennedy ran for president in 1960, one of his key election issues was a missile gap with the Soviets leading. In fact, the U. S. led the Soviets by a margin that would only increase. In 1961, the Soviets had only four intercontinental ballistic missiles, by October 1962, they may have had a few dozen, with some intelligence estimates as high as 75. The U. S. on the hand, had 170 ICBMs and was quickly building more. It also had eight George Washington– and Ethan Allen–class ballistic missile submarines with the capability to launch 16 Polaris missiles each, the Soviet Union did have medium-range ballistic missiles in quantity, about 700 of them, however, these were very unreliable and inaccurate. The U. S. had an advantage in total number of nuclear warheads at the time. The U. S. also led in missile defensive capabilities, naval and air power, Khrushchev faced a strategic situation where the U. S. was perceived to have a splendid first strike capability that put the Soviet Union at a huge disadvantage
10.
MacDill Air Force Base
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MacDill Air Force Base is an active United States Air Force base located approximately 4 miles south-southwest of downtown Tampa, Florida. The host wing for MacDill AFB is the 6th Air Mobility Wing of the Air Mobility Command, the 6th Air Mobility Wing is commanded by Colonel April Vogel, and the wings Command Chief Master Sergeant is CMSgt Melanie Noel. The host unit at MacDill AFB is the 6th Air Mobility Wing, MacDill also hosts the Aircraft Operations Center of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, whose NOAA Corps flies Hurricane Hunter missions in WP-3D Orion and Gulfstream IV aircraft. The 6 AMW is a 3, 000-person force organized into four groups, the 6 AMW also has a collocated Associate wing at MacDill, the 927th Air Refueling Wing of the Air Force Reserve Command. The 6 AMW and the 927 ARW operate and share the same assigned KC-135R Stratotanker aircraft. MacDill Air Force Base, located in south Tampa, was constructed as MacDill Field, with the establishment of the U. S. Air Force as an independent service in 1947, it became MacDill Air Force Base. During the 1950s and 1960s, it was a Strategic Air Command base for B-47, in the early 1960s, it transitioned to a Tactical Air Command installation briefly operating the F-84 Thunderstreak jet fighter before transitioning to the F-4 Phantom II. During the 1960s, 1970s and early 1980s, it operated F-4 Phantom II fighters, followed by F-16 Fighting Falcons in the mid and late 1980s, both commands are independent from one another and each is commanded by a respective 4-star general or admiral. The noise produced by the aircraft was also considered inappropriate in a densely populated urban area. However, despite recommendations, the base remained open to house. With the disestablishment of Tactical Air Command a few months later, in 1993, the MacDill flightline was permanently reopened for NOAA WP-3D hurricane hunter operations, which had relocated from Miami International Airport. The wing was renamed the 6th Air Mobility Wing following the establishment. MacDill AFB is a significant contributor to Tampas economy and the city is very supportive of the military community, in 2001 and 2003, the Tampa Bay area was awarded the Abilene Trophy, which annually honors the most supportive Air Force city in Air Mobility Command. MacDill historically hosts an air show enjoyed by thousands of spectators each year. However, there were no shows in 2002 and 2003 due to security concerns following the attacks on the United States of Sep,11,2001 and the initiation of Operation Iraqi Freedom in 2003. The 2006 show was canceled due to security concerns on base. It was cancelled again in 2013 due to budget constraints. AirFest 2016 was the first-ever airshow to feature a live webcast of the performers, the 6 AMW consists of, 6th Operations Group 91st Air Refueling Squadron Operates the Boeing KC-135R Stratotanker
11.
RB-66 Destroyer
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The Douglas B-66 Destroyer was a United States Air Force light bomber based on the U. S. Navys A-3 Skywarrior carrier-based heavy attack aircraft. The B-66 was intended to replace the Douglas A-26 Invader, the USAF B-66 retained the three-man crew from the US Navy A-3, but incorporated ejection seats that the US Navy variant lacked. At first, the United States Air Force intended the conversion to be a matter of removing the carrier-specific features, so no prototypes were ordered. The list of modifications grew, and before long, the easy conversion became what was substantially a new aircraft. Many of the changes were due to the USAFs requirement for low-level operations, two major differences between the A-3 and the B-66 consisted in the types of jet engines used, and the emergency crew egress systems. The A-3 had two J57 turbojet engines, whereas the B-66 had two Allison J71s, the B-66 was equipped with ejection seats whereas the A-3 was not. The first RB-66A pre-production aircraft flew in 1954, whereas the first production RB-66B aircraft flew in the beginning of 1955. The basic B-66 design proved to be a one, and was produced or modified into a variety of other versions, including the EB-66, RB-66. Likewise, many variants of the A-3 Skywarrior were produced, deliveries to the USAF began in 1956, with 145 of this model produced. A total of 72 of the B-66B bomber version were built,69 fewer than originally planned and they would rotate out of an alert pad in Spain during the time that the 42nd had them. These and the RB-66Cs that the 42nd had would eventually be sent to Vietnam, unlike the U. S. Navys A-3 Skywarrior, which performed some bombing missions, the Destroyer was not used as a bomber in Vietnam. The RB-66C was a specialized reconnaissance and Electronic Counter Measure aircraft with an expanded crew of seven. A total of 36 of these aircraft were built with the crew members housed in what was the camera/bomb bay of other variants. RB-66C aircraft had distinctive wingtip pods and were used in the vicinity of Cuba during the Cuban Missile Crisis, in 1966, these planes were renamed into EB-66C. Unarmed EB-66B, EB-66C and EB-66E aircraft flew missions during the Vietnam War. Early on, B-66s flew oval racetrack patterns over North Vietnam, but after one of the aircraft was shot down by a MiG, the crew ejected and were taken prisoner briefly before being repatriated. The final Douglas B-66 variant was the WB-66D weather reconnaissance aircraft,36 of which were constructed, the EB-66C/E was removed from USAF service by 1975 and most examples either scrapped in place or placed in storage for eventual scrapping. RB-66A All-weather photo-reconnaissance variant, five built, RB-66B Variant of the RB-66A with production J71-A-13 engines and higher gross weight,149 built
12.
Republic F-84F Thunderstreak
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The Republic F-84F Thunderstreak was an American-built swept-wing turbojet fighter-bomber. While an evolutionary development of the straight-wing F-84 Thunderjet, the F-84F was a new design, the RF-84F Thunderflash was a photo reconnaissance version. In 1949, a swept wing version of the F-84 was created with the hope of bringing performance to the level of the F-86. The last production F-84E was fitted with a tail, a new wing with 38.5 degrees of leading edge sweep and 3.5 degrees of anhedral. It flew on 3 June 1950 with Otto P. Haas at the controls, although the airplane was capable of 602 knots, the performance gain over the F-84E was considered minor. Nonetheless, it was ordered into production in July 1950 as the F-84F Thunderstreak, the F-84 designation was retained because the fighter was expected to be a low-cost improvement of the straight-wing Thunderjet with over 55 percent commonality in tooling. Production delays with the F-84F forced the USAF to order a number of straight-wing F-84Gs as an interim measure, although tooling commonality with the Thunderjet was supposed to be 55 percent, in reality only fifteen percent of tools could be reused. To make matters worse, the F-84F utilized press-forged wing spars, at the time, only three presses in the United States could manufacture these, and priority was given to the Boeing B-47 Stratojet bomber over the F-84. The YJ65-W-1 engine was considered obsolete and the improved J65-W-3 did not become available until 1954, when the first production F-84F finally flew on 22 November 1952, it differed from the service test aircraft. It had a different canopy which opened up and back instead of sliding to the rear, the aircraft was considered not ready for operational deployment due to control and stability problems. The first 275 aircraft, equipped with conventional stabilizer-elevator tailplanes, suffered from accelerated stall pitch-up, beginning with Block 25, the problem was ameliorated by the introduction of a hydraulically powered one-piece stabilator. A number of aircraft were retrofitted with spoilers for improved high-speed control. As a result, the F-84F was not declared operational until 12 May 1954, the second YF-84F prototype was completed with wing-root air intakes. These were not adopted for the due to loss of thrust. However, this arrangement permitted placement of cameras in the nose, the first YRF-84F was completed in February 1952. The aircraft retained an armament of four guns and could carry up to fifteen cameras. Being largely identical to the F-84F, the Thunderflash suffered from the production delays and engine problems. The aircraft was retired from duty in 1957, only to be reactivated in 1961
13.
Imagery intelligence
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Imagery intelligence is an intelligence gathering discipline which collects information via satellite and aerial photography. As a means of collecting intelligence, IMINT is a subset of intelligence collection management, IMINT is especially complemented by non-imaging MASINT electro-optical and radar sensors. Although aerial photography was first used extensively in the First World War, high quality images were made possible with a series of innovations in the decade leading up to the war. In 1928, the RAF developed a heating system for the aerial camera. This allowed reconnaissance aircraft to take pictures from very high altitudes without the camera parts freezing and they proposed the use of Spitfires with their armament and radios removed and replaced with extra fuel and cameras. This led to the development of the Spitfire PR variants and these planes had a maximum speed of 396 mph at 30,000 feet with their armaments removed, and were used for photo-reconnaissance missions. The aircraft were fitted with five cameras which were heated to ensure good results, the systematic collection and interpretation of the huge amounts of aerial reconnaissance intelligence data soon became imperative. Beginning in 1941, RAF Medmenham was the interpretation centre for photographic reconnaissance operations in the European and Mediterranean theatres. During 1942 and 1943, the CIU gradually expanded and was involved in the stages of practically every operation of the war. In 1945, daily intake of material averaged 25,000 negatives and 60,000 prints, thirty-six million prints were made during the war. By VE-day, the print library, which documented and stored worldwide cover, american personnel had for some time formed an increasing part of the CIU and on 1 May 1944 this was finally recognised by changing the title of the unit to the Allied Central Interpretation Unit. There were then over 1,700 personnel on the units strength, a large number of photographic interpreters were recruited from the Hollywood Film Studios including Xavier Atencio. Sidney Cottons aerial photographs were far ahead of their time, cotton also worked on ideas such as a prototype specialist reconnaissance aircraft and further refinements of photographic equipment. At its peak, British reconnaissance flights yielded 50,000 images per day to interpret, of particular significance in the success of the work of Medmenham was the use of stereoscopic images, using a between plate overlap of exactly 60%. Later offensives were also made against potential launch sites at Wizernes and 96 other launch sites in northern France and it is claimed that Medmanhams greatest operational success was Operation Crossbow which, from 23 December 1943, destroyed the V-1 infrastructure in northern France. Jones, photographs were used to establish the size and the characteristic launching mechanisms for both the V-1 flying bomb and the V-2 rocket. Highly specialized and secretive strategic reconnaissance aircraft, or spy planes, such as the Lockheed U-2 and its successor, the SR-71 Blackbird were developed by the United States. Flying these aircraft became a demanding task, as much because of the aircrafts extreme speed
14.
Weather reconnaissance
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Weather reconnaissance is the acquisition of weather data used for research and planning. Typically the term refers to observing weather from the air. Balloon Helicopter Helicopters are not built to withstand the severe turbulence encountered in hurricane rainbands, one reason is that a helicopter receives all of its lift from its rotating blades, and they are most likely to break off in hurricane conditions. Fixed-wing aircraft The Lockheed WC-130J aircraft is a venerable workhorse and it flies directly into the hurricane, typically penetrating the hurricanes eye several times per mission at altitudes between 500 feet and 10,000 feet. The 53rd WRS Hurricane Hunters operate ten WC-130J aircraft for weather reconnaissance, the hurricane models mainly utilize NOAA G-IV dropwindsonde data that is collected both day and night in storms affecting the United States. Other aircraft have used to investigate hurricanes, including an instrumented Lockheed U-2 that was flown in Hurricane Ginny during the 1963 Atlantic hurricane season. Past aircraft used were the A-20 Havoc,1944, B-24, 1944–1945, B-17, 1945–1947, B-25, 1946–1947, B-29, wB-29, 1951–1956, WB-50, 1956–1963, WB-47, 1963–1969, WC-121N 1954-1973, WC-130A, B, E, H, 1965-2005. Watercraft deployed for use as ships have fallen out of favor due to their high operating cost. Unmanned weather buoys replaced weather ships when they became prohibitively expensive, since the 1970s, their role has been largely superseded by weather buoys by design. Across the northern Atlantic, the number of weather ships dwindled over the years, the original nine ships in the region had fallen to eight by the 1970s. In 1974, the Coast Guard announced plans to terminate the United States stations, and, in 1977 and this recall was blamed for the minimal warning given in advance of the Great Storm of 1987. The last weather ship was Polarfront, known as weather station M at 66°N, 02°E, Polarfront was put out of operation 1 January 2010. Images from satellites provide a resource for forecasting weather for NASA Space Shuttle launches, meteorologists analyze images to predict regions of cloud formation and dissipation. Special attention is paid to low clouds and convective cloud particularly cumulonimbus incus clouds, satellite imagery is used to ascertain cloud-top temperatures to analyze the potential for lightning. Certain types of imagery are valued for their ability to view fog, satellite imagery in the long term can help enhance the shuttle flight landing procedure. Prior to shuttle launches or landings, pilots fly aircraft that provide cloud, wind, turbulence, visibility, aircraft are flown along the future flight path of the shuttle and observations are noted. This complements radar and satellite data and only information that is useful for short-term. Aerial reconnaissance often provides an accurate assessment of weather conditions than radar or satellite imagery
15.
John F. Kennedy
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Kennedy was a member of the Democratic Party, and his New Frontier domestic program was largely enacted as a memorial to him after his death. Kennedy also established the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1963, Kennedys time in office was marked by high tensions with Communist states. He increased the number of American military advisers in South Vietnam by a factor of 18 over President Dwight D. Eisenhower, in Cuba, a failed attempt was made at the Bay of Pigs to overthrow the government of Fidel Castro in April 1961. He subsequently rejected plans by the Joint Chiefs of Staff to orchestrate false-flag attacks on American soil in order to gain approval for a war against Cuba. After military service in the United States Naval Reserve in World War II and he was elected subsequently to the U. S. Senate and served as the junior Senator from Massachusetts from 1953 until 1960. Kennedy defeated Vice President, and Republican presidential candidate, Richard Nixon in the 1960 U. S, at age 43, he became the youngest elected president and the second-youngest president. Kennedy was also the first person born in the 20th century to serve as president, to date, Kennedy has been the only Roman Catholic president and the only president to have won a Pulitzer Prize. Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas, Texas, on November 22,1963, Lee Harvey Oswald was arrested that afternoon and determined to have fired the shots that hit the President from a sixth floor window of the Texas School Book Depository. Dallas nightclub owner Jack Ruby fatally shot Oswald two days later in a jail corridor, then-Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson succeeded Kennedy after he died in the hospital. The FBI and the Warren Commission officially concluded that Oswald was the lone assassin, the majority of Americans alive at the time of the assassination, and continuing through 2013, believed that there was a conspiracy and that Oswald was not the only shooter. Since the 1960s, information concerning Kennedys private life has come to light, including his health problems, Kennedy continues to rank highly in historians polls of U. S. presidents and with the general public. His average approval rating of 70% is the highest of any president in Gallups history of systematically measuring job approval and his grandfathers P. J. Kennedy and Boston Mayor John F. Fitzgerald were both Massachusetts politicians. All four of his grandparents were the children of Irish immigrants, Kennedy had an elder brother, Joseph Jr. and seven younger siblings, Rosemary, Kathleen, Eunice, Patricia, Robert, Jean, and Ted. Kennedy lived in Brookline for ten years and attended the Edward Devotion School, the Noble and Greenough Lower School, and the Dexter School through 4th grade. In 1927, the Kennedy family moved to a stately twenty-room, Georgian-style mansion at 5040 Independence Avenue in the Hudson Hill neighborhood of Riverdale, Bronx and he attended the lower campus of Riverdale Country School, a private school for boys, from 5th to 7th grade. Two years later, the moved to 294 Pondfield Road in the New York City suburb of Bronxville, New York. The Kennedy family spent summers at their home in Hyannis Port, Massachusetts, in September 1930, Kennedy—then 13 years old—attended the Canterbury School in New Milford, Connecticut. In late April 1931, he required an appendectomy, after which he withdrew from Canterbury, in September 1931, Kennedy attended Choate, a boarding school in Wallingford, Connecticut, for 9th through 12th grade
16.
Intermediate-range ballistic missile
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An intermediate-range ballistic missile is a ballistic missile with a range of 3, 000–5,500 km, between a medium-range ballistic missile and an intercontinental ballistic missile. Classifying ballistic missiles by range is mostly for convenience, in principle there is very little difference between a low-performance ICBM and a high-performance IRBM. The range definition used here is used within the U. S, some other sources include an additional category, the long-range ballistic missile, to describe missiles with a range between IRBMs and true ICBMs. The more modern term theater ballistic missile encompasses MRBMs and SRBMs, IRBMs are currently operated by the Peoples Republic of China, India, Israel, and possibly North Korea. The United States, USSR, United Kingdom, and France were former operators, the A4b was the prototype for the upper stage of the A9/A10 rocket. The goal of the program was to build a capable of bombarding New York when launched in France or Spain. A4b rockets were tested a few times in December 1944 and January and February 1945, all of these rockets used liquid propellant. The A4b used an inertial system, while the A9 would have been controlled by a pilot. They started from a launch pad
17.
Lockheed U-2
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It provides day and night, high-altitude, all-weather intelligence gathering. The U-2 has also used for electronic sensor research, satellite calibration. Early versions of the U-2 were involved in several events through the Cold War, being flown over the Soviet Union, China, Vietnam, in 1960, Gary Powers was shot down in a CIA U-2A over the Soviet Union by a surface-to-air missile. Another U-2, piloted by Major Rudolf Anderson, Jr. was lost in a fashion during the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962. The U-2 is one of a handful of types to have served the USAF for over 50 years. The newest models entered service in the 1980s, the current model, the U-2S, received its most recent technical upgrade in 2012. They have taken part in post–Cold War conflicts in Afghanistan and Iraq, after World War II, the U. S. military desired better strategic aerial reconnaissance to help determine Soviet capabilities and intentions. Richard Leghorn of the USAF suggested that an aircraft that could fly at 60,000 feet should be safe from the MiG-17, the Soviet Unions best interceptor, which could barely reach 45,000 feet. He and others believed that Soviet radar, which used American equipment provided during the war, the highest-flying aircraft available to America and its allies at the time was the English Electric Canberra, which could reach 48,000 feet. Air Research and Development Command mandated design changes made the aircraft more durable for combat. The Soviet Union, unlike the United States and Britain, had improved radar technology after the war and it was thought that an aircraft that could fly at 70,000 feet would be beyond the reach of Soviet fighters, missiles, and radar. Another USAF officer, John Seaberg, wrote a request for proposal in 1953 for an aircraft that could reach 70,000 feet over a target with 1,500 nmi of operational radius. The USAF decided to solicit designs only from smaller companies that could give the project more attention. Under the code name Bald Eagle, it contracts to Bell Aircraft, Martin Aircraft. Officials at Lockheed Aircraft Corporation heard about the project and decided to submit an unsolicited proposal, to save weight and increase altitude, Lockheed executive John Carter suggested that the design eliminate landing gear and avoid attempting to meet combat load factors for the airframe. The company asked Clarence Kelly Johnson to come up such a design. Johnson was Lockheeds best aeronautical engineer, responsible for the P-38 and he was also known for completing projects ahead of schedule, working in a separate division of the company, informally called the Skunk Works. Johnsons design, named CL-282, was based on the Lockheed XF-104 with long, slender wings, the design was powered by the General Electric J73 engine and took off from a special cart and landed on its belly
18.
Strategic Air Command
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At a lower echelon, headquarters divisions included Aircraft Engineering, Missile Concept, and Strategic Communications. In 1992, as part of an overall post-Cold War reorganization of the U. S. Planning to reorganize for a separate and independent postwar U. S. Air Force had begun by the fall of 1945, with the Simpson Board tasked to plan. the reorganization of the Army, SAC initially totaled 37,000 USAAF personnel. S. Air Force as an independent service, kenney, initial units reporting to the Strategic Air Command headquarters on 21 March 1946 included the Second Air Force, the IX Troop Carrier Command and the 73d Air Division. In addition to the bombing mission, SAC also devoted significant resources to aerial reconnaissance. An F-13 squadron, the F-13 later re-designated as the RB-29 Superfortress, was also established, SAC conducted routine aerial reconnaissance missions near the Soviet borders or near the 12-mile international waters limit, although some missions actually penetrated into Soviet airspace. The flight profiles of these missions—above 30,000 feet and in excess of 300 knots—made interception by Soviet air forces difficult until the Soviets 1948 introduction of the MiG-15 jet fighter. Project Nanook, the Cold War’s first Top Secret reconnaissance effort, used the first RB-29 missions for mapping and visual reconnaissance in the Arctic, later missions were Project LEOPARD along the Chukchi Peninsula, followed by Projects RICKRACK, STONEWORK, and COVERALLS. In 1946, the US possessed only nine atomic bombs and twenty-seven B-29s capable at any one time of delivering them, unfortunately, postwar budget and personnel cuts had had an insidious effect on SAC as its Deputy Commander, Major General Clements McMullen, implemented mandated force reductions. This continued to wear down SAC as a command and morale plummeted, as a result, by the end of 1947, only two of SACs eleven groups were combat ready. In terms of overall Air Force basing and infrastructure, SAC continued to acquire a share of USAF infrastructure. In 1947, before the USAF was established as an independent service, construction commenced on Limestone AAF, Maine, fort Dix AAF, New Jersey, Spokane AAF, Washington, and Wendover Field, Utah were also transferred to SAC between 30 April and 1 September 1947. Following establishment of the USAF as a service, SAC bases in the United States consisted of
19.
Ilyushin Il-28
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The Ilyushin Il-28 is a jet bomber of the immediate postwar period that was originally manufactured for the Soviet Air Forces. It was the Soviet Unions first such aircraft to enter large-scale production and it was also licence-built in China as the Harbin H-5. Total production in the USSR was 6,316 aircraft, only 187 examples of the HJ-5 training variant were manufactured. In the 1990s hundreds remained in service with various air forces over 50 years after the Il-28 first appeared, the only H-5s in service currently are approximately 80 aircraft which operate with the Korean Peoples Air Force. The Il-28 has the USAF/DoD reporting name Type 27 and NATO reporting name Beagle, while the Il-28U trainer variant has the USAF/DoD reporting name Type 30, the Finnish Air Force nickname of the Il-28 was Nikita. After a number of attempts at a bomber, the Ilyushin Design Bureau began development of a new jet-powered tactical bomber in late 1947. The Il-28 was smaller than the designs and carried a crew of only three. The Il-28 design was conventional in layout, with high, unswept wings, the engines were carried in bulky engine nacelles slung directly under the wings. The nosewheel retracted rearwards, while the mainwheels retracted forwards into the engine nacelles, the crew of three were accommodated in separate, pressurised compartments. The gunner sat in a compartment at the rear of the fuselage. In service, the turret was removed as a weight saving measure. While the pilot and navigator sat on seats, the gunner had to parachute out of a hatch in the floor in the event of an emergency. This slightly increased the weight of the structure, but eased manufacture. The first prototype, powered by two imported Nenes, made its flight on 8 July 1948, with Vladimir Kokkinaki at the controls. Testing was successful, with the Il-28 demonstrating good handling and reaching a speed of 833 km/h and it was followed on 30 December 1948 by the second prototype, with Soviet built RD-45 engines replacing the Nenes. Full production in three factories started in September 1949, with deliveries starting in early 1950, allowing 25 Il-28s to be displayed at the Moscow May Day parade of 1950. The Il-28 soon became the tactical bomber in the Soviet forces and was widely exported. The Il-28 was widely exported, serving in the air arms of some 20 nations ranging from the Warsaw Pact to various Middle-Eastern and African air forces
20.
S-75 Dvina
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The S-75 Dvina is a Soviet-designed, high-altitude air defence system, built around a surface-to-air missile with command guidance. Since its first deployment in 1957 it has become the most widely deployed air defence system in history and this success was attributed to Chinese fighter aircraft at the time in order to keep the S-75 program secret. The system was deployed in Cuba during the Cuban Missile Crisis. North Vietnamese forces used the S-75 extensively during the Vietnam War to defend Hanoi and it has also been locally produced in the Peoples Republic of China using the names HQ-1 and HQ-2. In the early 1950s, the United States Air Force rapidly accelerated its development of jet bombers carrying nuclear weapons. The USAF program led to the deployment of Boeing B-47 Stratojet supported by aerial refueling aircraft to extend its range deep into the Soviet Union, the USAF quickly followed the B-47 with the development of the Boeing B-52 Stratofortress, which had greater range and payload than the B-47. The range, speed, and payload of these U. S. bombers posed a significant threat to the Soviet Union in the event of a war between the two countries, consequently, the Soviets initiated the development of improved air defence systems. Although the Soviet Air Defence Forces had large numbers of artillery, including radar-directed batteries. Therefore, the Soviet Air Defence Forces began the development of systems to replace the World War II-vintage gun defences. In 1953, KB-2 began the development of what became the S-75 under the direction of Pyotr Grushin and this program focused on producing a missile which could bring down a large, non-maneuvering, high-altitude aircraft. As such it did not need to be maneuverable, merely fast. For such a system, development proceeded rapidly, and testing began a few years later. In 1957, the public first became aware of the S-75 when the missile was shown at that years May Day parade in Moscow. Wide-scale deployment started in 1957, with various upgrades following over the few years. The S-75 was never meant to replace the S-25 Berkut surface-to-air missile sites around Moscow, between mid-1958 and 1964, U. S. intelligence assets located more than 600 S-75 sites in the USSR. These sites tended to cluster around population centers, industrial complexes, a ring of sites was also located around likely bomber routes into the Soviet heartland. By the mid-1960s, the Soviet Union had ended the deployment of the S-75 with perhaps 1,000 operational sites, in addition to the Soviet Union, several S-75 batteries were deployed during the 1960s in East Germany to protect Soviet forces stationed in that country. Later the system was sold to most Warsaw Pact countries and was provided to China, North Korea, the aircraft was hit by a Chinese-operated S-75 site near Beijing on October 7,1959
21.
Surface-to-air missile
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A surface-to-air missile, or ground-to-air missile, is a missile designed to be launched from the ground to destroy aircraft or other missiles. It is one type of system, in modern armed forces, missiles have replaced most other forms of dedicated antiaircraft weapons. The first serious attempts at SAM development took place during World War II, further development in the 1940s and 1950s led to the first operational systems being introduced by most major forces during the second half of the 1950s. Smaller systems, suitable for work, evolved through the 1960s and 1970s. The American Nike Ajax was the first operational guided missile SAM system, widely used modern examples include the Patriot and S-300 wide-area systems, SM-6 naval missiles, and short-range man-portable systems like the Stinger and Strela-3. The first known idea for a guided missile was in 1925. A selenium cell was mounted on the tip of each of the rockets four tail fins, when one selenium cell was no longer in the light beam, it would be steered in the opposite direction back into the beam. During World War II, efforts were started to develop surface-to-air missiles as it was considered that flak was of little use against bombers of ever-increasing performance. The lethal radius of a shell is fairly small. Against the Boeing B-17, which operated just within the range of the numerous German eighty-eights flak guns, bombers flying at higher altitudes require larger guns and shells to reach them. This greatly increases the cost of the system, and slows the rate of fire, faster aircraft fly out of range more quickly, reducing the number of rounds fired against them. Against late-war designs like the Boeing B-29 Superfortress or jet-powered designs like the Arado Ar 234, the first serious consideration of a SAM development project was a series of conversations that took place in Germany during 1941. Von Braun became convinced a better solution was a manned rocket interceptor, the directors of the Luftwaffe flak arm were not interested in manned aircraft, and the resulting disagreements between the teams delayed serious consideration of a SAM for two years. None of these saw any real development until 1943, when the first large-scale raids by the Allied air forces started. As the urgency of the problem grew, new designs were added, including Enzian and Rheintochter, in general, these designs could be split into two groups. One set of designs would be boosted to altitude in front of the bombers and these designs included the Feuerlilie, Schmetterling and Enzian. The second group were high-speed missiles, typically supersonic, that flew directly towards their targets from below, both types used radio control for guidance, either by eye, or by comparing the returns of the missile and target on a single radar screen. Development of all systems was carried out at the same time
22.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
23.
Numbered Air Force
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A Numbered Air Force is a type of organization in the United States Air Force that is subordinate to a Major Command and has assigned to it operational units such as wings, squadrons, and groups. A Component Numbered Air Force has the role as an Air Force Component Command exercising command and control over air. Unlike MAJCOMs, which have a management role, a NAF is a organization with an operational focus. Numbered air forces are commanded by a major general or a lieutenant general. Numerical designations for Numbered Air Forces are written out, but Arabic numerals are used in abbreviations, units directly subordinate to a NAF are generally numbered 6XX. For example, the 618th Air and Space Operations Center is a subordinate to the Eighteenth Air Force. Numbered air forces began as named organizations in the United States Army Air Corps before World War II, the first four NAFs were established as the Northeast, Northwest, Southeast, and Southwest Air Districts on 19 October 1940 to provide air defense for the United States. These Air Districts were redesignated as the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th Air Forces, respectively, on 26 March 1941. Over a year after the establishment of the United States Army Air Forces on June 20,1941, the Arabic numerals were changed to the First, Second, Third, after World War II, the US Air Force continued to use both named and numbered air forces. While named air forces were used in tactical and support roles, numbered air forces were generally employed only in tactical roles. These commands reflected the air combat missions that evolved during the war, and each reported directly to General Carl Spaatz. Numbered air forces served as an intermediate headquarters between these commands and the wings and groups. Eleven of the sixteen wartime air forces remained, Second Air Force would later be transferred to SAC in 1949. The numbered air forces had both operational and administrative authority, and existed as a level between major commands and air divisions. Although variations existed, and number air forces were often reassigned, the role of numbered air forces changed in the 1990s during the Air Force reorganization initiated by Air Force Chief of Staff General Merrill McPeak. The goal of the reorganization was to streamline, take out, flatten organizational charts. Numbered air forces were reorganized into tactical echelons focused on operations and this reorganization also reduced the number of major commands, and eliminated the air divisions to place numbered air forces directly in command of operational wings. The role of numbered air forces was changed in 2006 with the implementation of the Component Air Force concept
24.
First Air Force
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The First Air Force is a numbered air force of the United States Air Force Air Combat Command. It is headquartered at Tyndall Air Force Base, Florida and its primary mission is the air defense of the Contiguous United States, United States Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico. Its mission lineage can be traced to the Air Defense Command, during the war, its primary mission became the organization and training of combat units prior to their deployment to the overseas combat air forces. First Air Force is commanded by Lieutenant General R. Scott Williams and its Command Chief Master Sergeant is Chief Master Sgt. The command has responsibility for ensuring the air sovereignty and air defense of the Contiguous United States, United States Virgin Islands. As the CONUS Region for NORAD, the bi-national North American Aerospace Defense Command, 1AF is also the designated air component for the United States Northern Command. USNORTHCOMs area of responsibility includes the continental United States, Alaska, Canada and Mexico, the command is unique in both its mission and composition. First Air Force has been an Air Combat Command organization since 1 June 1992 and its subordinate units are located throughout the continental United States. It was redesignated First Air Force on 9 April 1941 with a mission for the defense of the Northeast, AAFSC would eventually expand that mission to the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean until the antisubmarine mission was taken over completely by the Navy in mid-1943. The First Air Force became predominantly a fighter OTU and RTU organization, most P-47 Thunderbolt fighter groups were trained by I Fighter Command, along with P-39/P-63 Airacobra groups, C-47 Skytrain and later C-46 Commando groups by I Troop Carrier Command. Air Defense Wings were also organized for the metropolitan areas along the northeast coast. By 1944 the likelihood of an air attack along the eastern seaboard was remote, and these air defense wings were reduced to paper units. By 1944, the vast majority of the USAAF was engaged in operations in various parts of the world, such as the Eighth Air Force in Europe. First Air Force Headquarters was located at Fort Slocum, New York, the command was originally assigned the region of the New England states, along with New York and New Jersey. The command was inactivated on 23 June 1958 for budgetary reasons, First Air Force was reactivated at Stewart Air Force Base, Newburgh, N. Y. on 20 January 1966 due to the inactivation of the ADC Air Defense Sectors. First Air Force assumed responsibility for the ADC 21st, 33d, 34th, 35th and it also was responsible for the air defense of Greenland, Iceland and parts of Canada. By July 1968, First Air Force had again assumed responsibility for the air defense of the eastern seaboard. On 16 January 1968 Air Defense Command was re-designated Aerospace Defense Command as part of a restructuring of USAF air defense forces, ADCOM reassigned the units under the inactivated First Air Force were reassigned primarily to the 20th, 21st or 23d Air Divisions
25.
Twelfth Air Force
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The Twelfth Air Force is a numbered air force of the United States Air Force Air Combat Command. It is headquartered at Davis-Monthan Air Force Base, Arizona, the command serves as a primary conventional fighter and bomber warfighting headquarters trained and ready for worldwide employment of airpower. It is responsible for the readiness of 10 active-duty wings. These subordinate commands operate more than 520 combat aircraft with more than 42,000 uniformed and civilian Airmen. It takes part in a multitude of operations in the United States Southern Command area of focus alongside partner nations in Central and South America, ensuring a safe, secure, and stable region. Established on 20 August 1942 at Bolling Field, District of Columbia and it engaged in operations in North Africa, the Mediterranean, and Western Europe. As a result of the Global War on Terrorism, most 12th Air Force units have operated in the United States Central Command AOR. Since 1987, Twelfth Air Force trains, equips, and prepares assigned units from Air Combat Command and also serves as the air, Twelfth Air Force serves as a primary conventional fighter and bomber WFHQ trained and ready for worldwide employment of airpower. It is responsible for the readiness of seven active-duty wings. The command is also leading the way in bringing the Chief of Staff of the Air Forces Warfighting Headquarters concept to life, the WFHQ is composed of a command and control element, an Air Force forces staff and an Air Operations Center. Operating as a WFHQ since June 2004, Twelfth Air Force has served as the Air Force model for the future of Combined Air and Space Operations Centers and WFHQ Air Force forces. 12 AF command is responsible for the operational readiness of 13 Twelfth Air Force-gained wings and other units of the Air Force Reserve. These units include more than 220 aircraft and 18,900 Total Force Airmen, the mission of AFSOUTH is to conduct Air Force, joint and combined air and space operations in addition to information operations in the USSOUTHCOM Area of Responsibility. To fulfill these responsibilities AFSOUTH employs a full spectrum of Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance, intra-theatre airlift, in addition the AOC is responsible for developing strategy and plans to execute air and space operations in support of USSOUTHCOM objectives. The AOC also provides command and control of all AFSOUTH air, Twelfth Air Force is also responsible for the combat readiness of one of five Falconer AOC weapons systems in the Air Force. Typically, the 12 AF/CC and his command and control organization form the core of the AFSOUTH command section. Unlike the 12 AF/CC, who reports to COMACC and has only a training mission, AFSOUTH has no organic assets, but draws on forces provided to it by CDRUSSOUTHCOM. Currently, AFSOUTH manages four rotational Air Force Reserve Command and Air National Guard C-130s based out of Muniz Air National Guard Base, the SOUTHCOM JFACC is a warfighting commander who reports to CDRUSSOUTHCOM and directs air and air defence forces provided to him for tasking by CDRUSSOUTHCOM
26.
Eighteenth Air Force
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Eighteenth Air Force is the only Numbered Air Force in Air Mobility Command and one of the largest NAFs in the United States Air Force. 18 AF was activated on 28 March 1951, inactivated on 1 January 1958,18 AF presents air mobility forces to combatant commanders through its role as Air Forces Transportation, the air component of United States Transportation Command. The 18 AF commander also acts as the Commander, Air Force Forces, and Joint Force Air Component Commander, the commands mobility aircraft include the C-5 Galaxy, KC-10 Extender, C-17 Globemaster III, C-130 Hercules, and KC-135 Stratotanker. Operational support aircraft are the VC-25, C-21, C-20B, C-32A, C-37A, C-37B,18 AF has an assigned military and civilian workforce of more than 37,000 people. Units reporting to 18 AF include 11 wings and two stand alone groups, other AMC units assigned to 18th AF are, When the Army Air Forces reorganized in 1946, Tactical Air Command was established as one of its three major commands. The AAF IX Troop Carrier Command was inactivated as part of this reorganization and it was headquartered at Greenville Army Airfield, South Carolina. Third Air Force was inactivated on 1 November 1946 and TACs troop carrier mission was reassigned to Ninth Air Force which moved to Greenville. In 1947, many of TACs Troop Carrier Groups/Wings were assigned directly to Headquarters TAC with the rest to the Air Defense Commands Fourteenth Air Force reserve 302d Troop Carrier Wing, the command added a heavy wing in Fall 1951 and another in early 1953. In the spring of 1952,18 AF C-124 Globemasters were sent to Japan and by July 1952, the arrival of the C-124 introduced the aircraft loadmaster position to the troop carrier mission. As the Korean War wound down, C-119 Flying Boxcar crews from the 483rd Troop Carrier Wing began supporting French operations in Indochina, United States Air Force-supplied C-47 Skytrain and C-119s were placed on-loan to the French Air Force at Tourane Air Base. By early 1953, the wings were replaced by active duty wings organized, administered, equipped, trained. Augmented troop carrier forces in the Far East and Europe provided trained crews, the next year,18 AF C-119s from the 483rd Troop Carrier Wing airdropped supplies to besieged French paratroops at Dien Bien Phu, Indochina. Some 483rd personnel flew missions in a capacity and would play key roles in the troop carrier mission in later years. After the Battle of Dien Bien Phu, 374th Troop Carrier Wing,18 AF also provided airlift support to other Air Force major commands and TAC organizations. 18 AF units supplemented Military Air Transport Service airlift when needed and transported U. S. Army and Air Force units for training and deployment. 18 AF also took deliveries of the Fairchild C-123 Provider, a twin-engine transport designed for operations into landing zones that had been only rudimentarily prepared. With these new aircraft,18 AF units rotated troop carrier units to Europe in support of NATO, the command was heavily committed to airlift operations in Arctic areas beginning in the Fall of 1952. Between 1955 and 1957, the command offloaded and airdropped equipment supporting the construction of the Distant Early Warning Line radar system across northern Canada
27.
Nineteenth Air Force
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The Nineteenth Air Force is an active Numbered Air Force of the United States Air Force. During the Cold War it was a component of Tactical Air Command, with a mission of command, the command was reactivated in 1993 under Air Education and Training Command with a mission of conducting AETCs flying training. The command was inactivated on 9 July 2012 as a measure by the Secretary of the Air Force. The command was reactivated on 1 October 2014 when it was determined that the measures did not reap the savings expected. AETC commander General Robin Rand directed the reactivation to consolidate the management of the AETC flying mission again under a command instead of the Headquarters and its primary characteristic was fast reaction, and it would be as self-sufficient as possible. Each of its elements would prepare and store flyaway kits of parts and supplies. Upon arrival in-theater, the unit would be able to sustain operations for 30 days on minimum logistics support, with the addition of required food, fuel, and munitions. Air-to-air refueling not only rapid response possible, it enabled the various elements of the CASF to maintain themselves economically on their home bases until the need to deploy arose. In the Far East the lead elements would arrive within 36 hours, on 8 July 1955, TAC activated the command element of the CASF, the Nineteenth Air Force. The headquarters of the Nineteenth Air Force was one of the most unusual air units ever created at that time and it had no permanently assigned aircraft or combat units. Nor did it have, since it was a headquarters only, any units or bases to supervise, train. When not deployed, the Nineteenth had a working relationship with the Ninth Air Force. These circumstances allowed the Nineteenth to limit its staff to approximately 85 military and 6 civilian personnel, the mission of Nineteenth Air Force was to prepare contingency plans for and to command short-notice deployments of the CASF anywhere in the world. It required each member to be ready for instant departure from the United States. The Nineteenth worked closely with U. S. Army contingency units, in the event of a crisis, the Nineteenth would take command of the deploying CASF and serve as part of a joint task force, as a senior air command, or as a component command. At first glance the Nineteenth had a headquarters organization with major sections for planning, operations. However, these sections had an important secondary function, each served as the command element for various geographical contingencies. Within the service, the Nineteenth soon earned its nickname, The Suitcase Air Force, in keeping with its mission of deterrence, a CASF, in theory, consisted of three task forces, each of which could vary in size and composition, according to its assigned task
28.
20th Air Division
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The 20th Air Division is an inactive United States Air Force organization. Its last assignment was with Tactical Air Command at Tyndall Air Force Base, during most of the divisions history it served with Air Defense Command as a regional command and control headquarters. Between 1955 and 1967 the division controlled air defense units in the central United States and it controlled a slightly different areas of the midwestern US from 1955 to 1960 and again from 1966 to 1967. Its area of responsibility shifted to the east coast if the United States from 1969 to 1983 and it was shifted to its final station on paper in 1983 and was immediately inactivated. The 20th Air Division was assigned to Air Defense Command for most of its existence and it served as a regional command and control headquarters, controlling fighter interceptor and radar units over several areas of responsibility during the Cold War. For three years it also commanded a surface-to-air missile squadron, the division was initially activated as an intermediate command organization under Central Air Defense Force at Grandview Air Force Base in June 1955. The division was responsible for the interceptor and radar units within an area covered parts of Nebraska, Oklahoma, Arkansas, Illinois, Iowa. On 1 October 1959 ADC activated the Sioux City Air Defense Sector and its Semi Automatic Ground Environment DC-22 Direction Center, the 20th also operated a Manual Control Center at Richards-Gebaur. The division was inactivated in 1960 when ADC reorganized its regional air defense units, and the 33d Air Division assumed command of most of its former units. The 20th provided air defense from the Truax Field, Wisconsin DC-7/CC-2 SAGE blockhouse for parts of Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, Arkansas, Tennessee, Kentucky, Indiana, and all of Illinois. The division also acted as the 20th NORAD Region after activation of the North American Air Defense Command Combat Operations Center at the Cheyenne Mountain Complex, operational control of the division was transferred to NORAD from ADC. At the same time the division controlled numerous radar squadrons and it was inactivated in 1967 as part of an ADC consolidation of intermediate level command and control organizations, driven by budget reductions required to fund USAF operations in Southeast Asia. The 20th Air Division was activated for a time in November 1969 under Aerospace Defense Command. The division provided air defense for all of the southeastern United States, except for most of Louisiana from the SAGE DC-4 blockhouse at Fort Lee Air Force Station. The division also controlled a CIM-10 Bomarc surface-to-air anti-aircraft missile squadron near Langley Air Force Base until the squadrons inactivation in October 1972, ADCOM was inactivated on 1 October 1979. The atmospheric defense resources of ADCOM were reassigned to Tactical Air Command, after 1981, the division controlled units equipped with McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle aircraft. Its subordinate units continued to participate in academic training, numerous multi-region simulated exercises. Cornett, Lloyd H, Johnson, Mildred W, a Handbook of Aerospace Defense Organization, 1946–1980
29.
21st Air Division
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The 21st Air Division is an inactive United States Air Force organization. Its last assignment was with Tactical Air Command, being stationed at Griffiss Air Force Base and it was inactivated on 23 September 1983. From December 1946, it performed training duties in the Air Force Reserve through 27 June 1949 when it was inactivated due to budget reductions. Reactivated as a command echelon of Strategic Air Command in February 1951 at Forbes Air Force Base. The 21st Air Division controlled B-47 Stratojet medium bombardment wings at Forbes and Lake Charles Air Force Base and it was responsible for aircrew training, bomber replacement crews, and replacements for strategic reconnaissance slots until September 1964 when the B-47 was phased out of the inventory. This included operations of the Semi Automatic Ground Environment blockhouse DC-01, for operational control the division was also the 21st NORAD/CONRAD Region. The 21st AD was reactivated in November 1969 under Aerospace Defense Command at Hancock Field, the command provided air defense over most of Pennsylvania, New Jersey, New York and the New England area, commanding interceptor and radar stations. Also included were ADCOM radar stations located in Newfoundland, Canada, in 1975, a new JCS Unified Command Plan designated Air Defense Command as a specified command and changed its name to the Aerospace Defense Command on 1 July 1975. The division assumed additional designation 21st ADCOM Region for operational control on 8 December 1978, Air Defense ADCOM was reorganized on 1 October 1979. The atmospheric defense resources of ADCOM, including the 21st AD were reassigned to Tactical Air Command. It moved to Griffiss Air Force Base, New York in 1983 when Hancock Field was closed. In 1983, when the air defense mission of CONUS was reassigned to the Air National Guard, cornett, Lloyd H, Johnson, Mildred W. A Handbook of Aerospace Defense Organization, 1946–1980, peterson AFB, CO, Office of History, Aerospace Defense Center. Maurer, Maurer, ed. Air Force Combat Units of World War II, washington, DC, Office of Air Force History. Maurer, Maurer, ed. Combat Squadrons of the Air Force, washington, DC, Office of Air Force History. Air Force Combat Wings, Lineage & Honors Histories 1947-1977, washington, DC, Office of Air Force History
30.
23rd Air Division (United States)
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The 23rd Air Division is an inactive United States Air Force intermediate echelon command and control organization. It was last assigned to First Air Force, Tactical Air Command and it was inactivated on 1 July 1987 at Tyndall Air Force Base, Florida. The Division was activated at Duluth International Airport in November 1969, replacing the 29th Air Division in an Aerospace Defense Command realignment and re-organization of assets. Assigned additional designations of 23rd CONAD Region and 23rd NORAD Region upon activation with reporting to the NORAD Combat Operations Center at the Cheyenne Mountain Complex and this encompassed most of Minnesota, Iowa, Northern Missouri, Wisconsin, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio and all of Michigan. It was also the organization for the Semi Automatic Ground Environment Data Center at Duluth Air Force Station. The division and its subordinate interceptor, missile and radar units participated in exercises such as Amalgam Fairplay, Feathered Indian. In addition, its subordinate units exercised with surface to air missiles and this added all of Missouri and Arkansas, as well as western Tennessee and northern Mississippi to the Divisions Area of Responsibly. It assumed additional designation 23rd ADCOM Region,8 December 1978 In 1979 it was incorporated into Tactical Air Command with the inactivation of ADCOM as a major command. In 1985 most active-duty units were inactivated or reassigned to other missions, the Division stood down on 1 July 1987, its command, mission, components, and assets were transferred to the ADTAC Southeast Air Defense Sector. afhra. af. mil/. Cornett, Lloyd H, Johnson, Mildred W, a Handbook of Aerospace Defense Organization,1946 -1980. Peterson AFB, CO, Office of History, Aerospace Defense Center, winkler, David F. Webster, Julie L. Searching the skies, The legacy of the United States Cold War Defense Radar Program, champaign, IL, US Army Construction Engineering Research Laboratories
31.
24th Air Division
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The 24th Air Division is an inactive United States Air Force intermediate echelon command and control organization. It was last assigned to First Air Force, Tactical Air Command and it was inactivated on 30 September 1990 at Griffiss Air Force Base, New York. The Division was activated at Malmstrom Air Force Base, Montana in November 1969, replacing the 28th Air Division in an Aerospace Defense Command realignment and re-organization of assets. Assigned additional designation of 24th NORAD Region and 24th CONAD Region upon activation with reporting to the NORAD Combat Operations Center at the Cheyenne Mountain Complex and this area encompassed most of Montana, Wyoming, North and South Dakota and most of Nebraska. It was also the organization for the Semi Automatic Ground Environment Data Center at Malmstrom. Tactical units assigned to the 24th participated in training exercises such as Feudal Indian, Vigilant Overview. This included most of Kansas, Oklahoma and the region of Texas. Assumed additional designation 24th ADCOM Region,8 December 1978 In 1979 it was incorporated into Tactical Air Command with the inactivation of ADCOM as a major command. In 1985 most active-duty units were inactivated or reassigned to other missions, the Division stood down on 30 September 1990, its command, mission, components, and assets were immediately transferred to the Northeast Air Defense Sector and Southeast Air Defense Sector. The emblem is symbolic of the unit and the Air Force colors, untramarine blue, blue alludes to the sky, the primary theater of Air Force operations and yellow to the sun and the excellence required of personnel in their assigned tasks. The black and white checked design is representative of the units day, the knights head in armor is symbolic of the personnel of the unit who stand alert, ever ready and maintain constant watch. The blue field not only symbolizes the sky, but space, the stars on the field of blue represent the 13 original colonies. The sword symbolizes the armed might of the unit and ability to detect, intercept, interceptor forces are symbolized by the interceptor MACH symbols being directed skyward. Radar control and direction of forces are symbolized by lightning impulses radiating from the sword. afhra. af. mil/. Cornett, Lloyd H, Johnson, Mildred W, a Handbook of Aerospace Defense Organization,1946 –1980. Peterson AFB, CO, Office of History, Aerospace Defense Center, winkler, David F. Webster, Julie L. Searching the skies, The legacy of the United States Cold War Defense Radar Program, champaign, IL, US Army Construction Engineering Research Laboratories
32.
25th Air Division
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The 25th Air Division is an inactive United States Air Force intermediate echelon command and control organization. It was last assigned to First Air Force, Tactical Air Command and it was inactivated on 30 September 1990 at McChord Air Force Base, Washington. The command was activated on 25 October 1948 being the first Air Division for air defense and its headquarters was at Silver Lake Air Warning Station, near Everett, Washington under Continental Air Forces. The 25th AD did not assume any command responsibilities until 1949 when it became an intermediate level command under the Air Defense Command, Western Air Defense Force. Its initial Area of Responsibility was a area of the northwest Continental United States, from the 103rd meridian west. This encompassed an area consisting of the states of Washington, Oregon, Idaho, Montana and Wyoming, during the 1950s the AOR of the 25th AD changed frequently, but its core area always included the area of Washington State west of the Cascade Mountains. On 1 January 1951, Air Defense Command regained major command status, later that year, on 15 September HQ 25th AD was moved from Silver Lake to McChord Air Force Base, near Tacoma, Washington. Beginning on 1 January 1958, it the command organization for the Seattle Air Defense Sector Semi Automatic Ground Environment Data Center at McChord, in 1959, the Reno Air Defense Sector and DC-16 at Stead Air Force Base, Nevada was also incorporated. During the Cold War era, the 25th AD equipped, administered, trained and provided air defense combat ready forces within the northwestern United States and it exercised command jurisdiction over assigned units, installations, and facilities and provided and maintained facilities for the Air Division control center. In addition, the division and its units also participated in numerous tactical air defense training exercises. In the late 1950s, the Division also controlled United States-built radar stations in Western Canada as part of the Pinetree Line and these stations were turned over to the Royal Canadian Air Force in the early 1960s. In May 1960, SAGE Combat Center Number 3 became operational at McChord, in 1966 it was assigned to Headquarters, Fourth Air Force at Hamilton, although it remained stationed at McChord. It also replaced the Seattle Air Defense Sector in 1966, assumed additional designation 25th ADCOM Region on 8 December 1978. The division was a part of Air Defense Command. In 1979 it was incorporated into Tactical Air Command with the inactivation of ADCOM as a major command, under Air Defense Tactical Air Command. In 1985 most active-duty units of ADCOM were inactivated or reassigned to other missions, and it continued its mission until 1990, when the 25 AD was inactivated, its mission and components becoming part of the First Air Force Northwest Air Defense Sector. afhra. af. mil/. Cornett, Lloyd H, Johnson, Mildred W, a Handbook of Aerospace Defense Organization,1946 -1980. Peterson AFB, CO, Office of History, Aerospace Defense Center, winkler, David F. Webster, Julie L
33.
26th Air Division
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The 26th Air Division is an inactive United States Air Force organization. Its last assignment was with Air Defense Tactical Air Command, assigned to First Air Force, being stationed at March Air Force Base and it was inactivated on 30 September 1990. Was established in October 1948 by Air Defense Command as intermediate level of command, initially responsible for atmospheric air defense of middle Atlantic region from North Carolina to greater New York City area east of the Appalachian mountains. It employed off shore naval picket ships, fixed Texas Tower radar sites, airborne early warning units, the latter phased down when the SAGE program was implemented. In 1961 the division assumed air defense training responsibility for Air National Guard units within the area, during the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962, the division deployed fighter aircraft and part of its airborne early warning and control force to Florida. The 26ths area of control expanded until by 1963 its boundaries extended from the Arctic to the Gulf of Mexico, in October 1979, it transferred to Tactical Air Command and continued to supervise atmospheric defense forces of its assigned AOR. Assumed additional designation 26th ADCOM Region on 8 December 1978, began phase-down of operations with activation of new Southwest Air Defense Sector in July 1987. Engaged chiefly in transfer of mission to SWADS 1987-1990, cornett, Lloyd H, Johnson, Mildred W. A Handbook of Aerospace Defense Organization, 1946–1980, peterson AFB, CO, Office of History, Aerospace Defense Center. Maurer, Maurer, ed. Air Force Combat Units of World War II, washington, DC, Office of Air Force History. Maurer, Maurer, ed. Combat Squadrons of the Air Force, washington, DC, Office of Air Force History. Air Force Combat Wings, Lineage & Honors Histories 1947-1977, washington, DC, Office of Air Force History
34.
28th Air Division
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The 28th Air Division is an inactive United States Air Force organization. Its last assignment was with Air Defense Tactical Air Command at Tinker Air Force Base and it was inactivated on 29 May 1992. Established in December 1949, the Air Defense Command 28th Air Division assumed responsibility for conducting the air defense of an area that embraced California, Utah, Nevada, Colorado and it became part of the Western Air Defense Force in 1950. By November 1954 its geographical boundaries included northern California, southern Oregon, the division participated frequently in air defense exercises with U. S. Army artillery, U. S. Navy interceptors, and Strategic Air Command bombers. During 1961, it transitioned to a Semi Automatic Ground Environment system in all four of its sectors. Reorganization in 1963 altered the 28ths boundaries to include the states of Nevada, Arizona, Utah, and parts of California, Oregon, Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, and New Mexico. On 1 April 1966, the 28th was reassigned, in only, to Malmstrom Air Force Base, Montana. The divisions area included Montana and part of North Dakota, and later, parts of South Dakota, Nebraska, the division in the 1960s and 1970s deployed aircraft and personnel from subordinate units in support of the Vietnam War. Became part of ADTAC on 1 October 1979 with the inactivation of ADC, beginning in April 1985, the 28th provided theater and Air Force commands with airborne forces for surveillance, warning, command and control, communications, and electronic combat operations. Inactivated on 29 May 1992 as part of the inactivation of Air Defense Tactical Air Command, cornett, Lloyd H, Johnson, Mildred W. A Handbook of Aerospace Defense Organization,1946 -1980, peterson AFB, CO, Office of History, Aerospace Defense Center. Winkler, David F. Webster, Julie L, searching the skies, The legacy of the United States Cold War Defense Radar Program. Champaign, IL, US Army Construction Engineering Research Laboratories
35.
831st Air Division
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The 831st Air Division is an inactive United States Air Force organization. Its last assignment was with Tactical Air Command, assigned to Twelfth Air Force at George Air Force Base, California, where it was inactivated on 31 March 1991. The division was first activated in October 1957 to command the two North American F-100 Super Sabre wings stationed at George and to support for them through its 831st Air Base Group. In 1958, one of its wings converted to the Lockheed F-104 Starfighter, While its second wing continued to fly the Hun until moving in 1962, during and after the Cuban Missile Crisis, the division deployed F-104s to Florida to augment the air defense forces there. As United States forces in Southeast Asia grew in size the divisions F-105s deployed to combat operations. That year, a wing of McDonnell F-4 Phantom IIs was organized under the division, although a year later the F-4 wing moved to Thailand, during the Pueblo Crisis of 1968, the division gained control of a federalized Air National Guard reconnaissance wing for eighteen months. The division inactivated in 1971 and its two wings were transferred directly to Twelfth Air Force, the division was activated again at George in 1980, replacing Tactical Training, George, which had been the headquarters for Georges training operations. In 1989, it was announced that George would be closing, Training operations were consolidated into a single wing and the division was inactivated in 1991 as operations at George were reduced. The 413th joined the 479th Fighter-Day Wing, which had been at George since 1952, the division drew its initial cadre from the headquarters of the 479th Wing and Col George Laven Jr. the 479ths commander, became the first commander of the division. Three months after its activation, the division was reassigned to Twelfth Air Force, late in 1958, when Foster Air Force Base, Texas was shutting down operations, the 450th Tactical Fighter Wing was briefly attached to the 831st. Although the 413th continued to fly the F-100 until it was inactivated, the 31st Wing moved to Homestead Air Force Base, Florida at the end of May 1962 and was reassigned, ending the Super Sabre era at George. The 354th Tactical Fighter Squadron had been activated in April to begin F-105 operations and was transferred from the division to the 355th Wing when the wing was activated, after becoming combat ready with the Thunderchief, the wing began deploying its squadrons to Southeast Asia. The wing itself moved to McConnell Air Force Base, Kansas in December 1964, although most of its fighters had been operating from bases in Thailand and Viet Nam since early 1964. During the Cuban Missile Crisis, the division deployed a squadron of F-104s to Key West Naval Air Station to augment Navy interceptors there. However, the F-104A was armed only with AIM-9 Sidewinders, which were not effective against fighters, from February through April 1964, eight of the divisions cannon-armed F-104s were dispatched to Homestead to stand alert there while ADCs Starfighters were being modified. Because Phantoms were available before the 8th Wing could be transferred from Itazuke Air Base in July, when the 8th arrived, the 32ds aircraft and personnel were transferred to it along with the former F-102 squadrons, while the 32d inactivated. Division F-104s deployed to the Pacific in 1965 to provide air defense of the Taiwan Straits, the 8th Wing moved to Ubon Royal Thai Air Force Base in December 1965, briefly leaving the 831st with command of a single wing on a single base. However, in April 1966 the 67th Tactical Reconnaissance Wing at Mountain Home Air Force Base was assigned to the division, until it was inactivated in 1971, the 831st would command wings at two bases
36.
832d Air Division
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The 832d Air Division is an inactive United States Air Force organization. Its last assignment was with Tactical Air Command, assigned to Twelfth Air Force at Luke Air Force Base, Arizona and it deployed all its operational squadrons to Florida during the Cuban Missile Crisis, along with the headquarters of one of its subordinate wings. In 1964, the 366th Tactical Fighter Wing was activated at Holloman Air Force Base, New Mexico, although initially equipped with Republic F-84F Thunderstreaks reclaimed from the Air National Guard, the 366th re-equipped with the McDonnell F-4 Phantom II, with which it moved to Vietnam in 1966. During the Pueblo Crisis, the division was assigned a wing of the Colorado Air National Guard, between 1968 and 1970, the 49th Tactical Fighter Wing was assigned to the 832d. The 49th Wing moved to the United States from Germany, but was based, committed to deploy to Germany to support the North Atlantic Treaty Organization as needed. The 832d once again deployed forces to Southeast Asia in 1972, the division was inactivated in 1975 and its subordinate units assigned directly to Twelfth Air Force. In 1980, the division was activated to replace Tactical Training, Luke, whose mission. Although the division did not directly participate in Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm, it deployed support forces, the 474th joined the 312th Fighter-Bomber Wing, which had been at Cannon since 1954. The 312th Wing headquarters provided the cadre for the division and its commander, Colonel William W. Momyer. Three months after its activation, the division was reassigned to Twelfth Air Force, the primary mission of this squadron was to provide targets for the Army Anti-Aircraft Artillery School at Fort Bliss. The 27th Wing deployed to MacDill Air Force Base, Florida during the Cuban Missile Crisis from October to December 1962, the operational squadrons of the 474th Wing also deployed to Florida during the crisis, although 474th Wing headquarters remained at Cannon with the division. The 366th Tactical Fighter Wing, flying Republic F-84F Thunderstreaks at Holloman Air Force Base and this marked the first time that a wing at a base other than Cannon was assigned to the 832d. Within a few months of its assignment, the 366th began converting to the McDonnell F-4 Phantom II, after its conversion was complete and it was combat ready the 366th Wing moved to Phan Rang Air Base, Viet Nam in March 1966 and was reassigned. In September 1965, the 474th Wing was stripped of its personnel and equipment, in July 1968, the 49th Tactical Fighter Wing, equipped with McDonnell F-4 Phantom IIs, moved to Holloman Air Force Base, New Mexico from Spangdahlem Air Base, Germany. The 49th was the United States Air Forces first dual-based wing, committed to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, Spangdahlem remained the wings European base, with elements left behind organized into the 7149th Tactical Fighter Wing. The 49ths capability to deploy and operate in Europe was tested annually in a series of Crested Cap/Reforger exercises The 49th Wings NATO commitment lasted until it was reassigned in 1970. The first test of the deployment capability took place from January through April 1969. The 347th Tactical Fighter Wing at Mountain Home Air Force Base was assigned to the 832d in May 1971, the following year saw the retirement of the divisions original aircraft, the F-100, when the last combat ready squadron in the active duty Air Force was inactivated
37.
833d Air Division
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The 833d Air Division is an inactive United States Air Force organization. Its last assignment was with Tactical Air Command, assigned to Twelfth Air Force at Holloman Air Force Base and it was inactivated on 15 November 1991. Its subordinate units participated in the response to the Dominican Republic crisis of 1965–1966, during the Vietnam War, its subordinate wings trained aircrews in fighter and reconnaissance aircraft. During the Pueblo crisis in 1968, its 4th Tactical Fighter Wing deployed to the Pacific, the division was inactivated in 1969 and its wings transferred to Ninth Air Force. The 833d was activated again in 1981, when it replaced Tactical Training and it trained pilots in the McDonnell F-15 Eagle and conducted fighter lead in training in the Northrop T-38 Talon. During Operation Desert Storm, most of its strength deployed to the Middle East, in 1991 the division was inactivated when the USAF conducted the Objective Wing reorganization, which placed all units on a single base into a single wing. The 833d Air Division was organized by Tactical Air Command on 1 October 1964 at Seymour Johnson Air Force Base, North Carolina, the 4th Wing flew the Republic F-105 Thunderchief, while the 354th Wing was equipped with North American F-100 Super Sabres. Between 1964 and 1969, the division supported USAF operations in Southeast Asia and its 4th Wing conducted replacement training for F-105 pilots. The 354th Wing deployed all but one of its squadrons overseas by April 1966, the 363d Wing deployed detachments to Southeast Asia and trained reconnaissance squadrons that moved to the Pacific after becoming combat ready. Later the 363d focused on replacement training of reconnaissance and electronic warfare aircrews. During the Dominican Republic crisis of 1965–1966, the divisions 363d Tactical Reconnaissance Wing flew the greatest part of reconnaissance missions, and division personnel and aircraft deployed to Ramey Air Force Base, Puerto Rico, and San Isidro Air Base, Dominican Republic. The seizure of the USS Pueblo on the seas by the North Koreans in January 1968 saw elements of the divisions assigned wings deployed to the Far East. In April, a number of Air National Guard organizations were called to extended service, four groups were assigned to the division, and an additional seven augmented the divisions wings. Brigadier General Willard W. Millikan of the District of Columbia Air National Guard assumed command of the 833d, in July, the 354th moved on paper to Korea, where it took over the deployed resources of the 4th Wing and Guard units and was reassigned. The 4554th focused on lead in training using Lockheed T-33 T-Bird armed trainers. The 4554th also began actions for becoming the first Air Force wing to operate the LTV A-7 Corsair II, on the 18th of June, all mobilized Guard units had been relieved from the wing and returned to state control. A little more than six months later, on 24 December 1969, the 833d was reactivated in December 1980 and assigned to Twelfth Air Force, replacing Tactical Training, Holloman as the headquarters for TAC units at Holloman Air Force Base, New Mexico. The division supervised two assigned wings at Holloman, the divisions subordinate units maintained proficiency in the McDonnell F-15 Eagle air superiority fighter and trained aircrews from allied countries
38.
834th Airlift Division
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The 834th Airlift Division is an inactive United States Air Force organization. Its last assignment was with Military Airlift Command, assigned to Twenty-Second Air Force at Hickam Air Force Base, Hawaii and it was inactivated in April 1959 when the 366th Tactical Fighter Wing was also inactivated, leaving only a single wing at England. Its support organizations were replaced by assigned to the 401st Tactical Fighter Wing. The division was activated again in 1964, when England once again supported two fighter wings, however, by 1966, the divisions units had deployed overseas, primarily to support the War in Vietnam. By the summer of 1966, the division was stripped of its manning, in October, the 834th transferred on paper to Tan Son Nhut Airport, where it assumed responsibility for controlling all airlift in South Viet Nam. The 834th was assigned two wings flying Fairchild C-123 Providers and de Havilland Canada C-7 Caribous and controlled Lockheed C-130 Hercules rotated to Vietnam from wings stationed elsewhere. One member of the division, Lt Col Joe M. Jackson, was awarded the Medal of Honor for rescuing a combat team left behind when an airfield being overrun by the Viet Cong was evacuated. In December 1974, the division was transferred to Military Airlift Command along with other theater airlift units, one month later, it was inactivated and its units transferred to Twenty-Second Air Force. The division returned to the Pacific in 1978 as the 834th Airlift Division when it assumed responsibility for MAC assets in the Pacific, during Desert Storm its commander acted as the commander of airlift forces in Saudi Arabia. The 834th was inactivated when PACAF assumed responsibility for airlift in the Pacific from MAC, the division was first activated in September 1957 at England Air Force Base, Louisiana and assumed command over the 366th Fighter-Bomber Wing and the newly activated 401st Fighter-Bomber Wing. Both wings were converting from the Republic F-84 Thunderstreak to the North American F-100 Super Sabre when they were assigned to the 834th, the 366th Wing also had an air refueling squadron flying Boeing KB-50 Superfortress tankers attached to it. The division supervised operations and training, exercises, firepower demonstrations and it initially emphasized attaining a capability to deliver nuclear weapons, while also maintaining a secondary air defense capability. The division was active at England for a little more than eighteen months, inactivating in April 1959 when the 366th Wing inactivated. In July 1958, the 27th Tactical Fighter Wing, flying McDonnell F-101 Voodoos from Bergstrom Air Force Base, the 27th was winding up operations as the tactical fighter version of the Voodoo was leaving TACs inventory and TAC was transferring Bergstrom to the control of Strategic Air Command. In February 1959, the 27th was relieved from this attachment when it ceased operations at Bergstrom and transferred on paper to Cannon Air Force Base, in 1965, TAC began forming the 3d Tactical Fighter Wing with F-100 aircraft at England. With two wings again assigned to the base, the 834th was reactivated and resumed host responsibility for the base, the 31st Tactical Fighter Wing at Homestead Air Force Base, Florida was also assigned to the division. However, the focus of the division and its component wings focused more and more on the War in Vietnam, all three wings deployed squadrons to Vietnam, and in November, the 3d Wing moved to Bien Hoa Air Base to conduct combat operations. On 15 October 1966 the 834th moved without personnel or equipment to Tan Son Nhut Air Base, South Vietnam, to become the controlling agency for theater airlift operations in South Vietnam
39.
835th Air Division
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The 835th Air Division is an inactive United States Air Force organization. Its last assignment was to Twelfth Air Force of Tactical Air Command at McConnell Air Force Base, Kansas, the division was activated at McConnell in July 1964 in anticipation of the activation of a second Republic F-105 Thunderchief wing there. The 23d Wing continued to deploy units to the Pacific and train both active duty and Air National Guard pilots on the Thunderchief, at various times, the 835th also commanded a reconnaissance wing and an McDonnell F-4 Phantom II wing, both located on other bases. During the Pueblo Crisis, a mobilized Air National Guard wing was assigned to the division, both wings were equipped with the Republic F-105 Thunderchief. The division trained in air support and air defense missions. The divisions wings frequently deployed their tactical squadrons overseas, primarily to Southeast Asia, in November 1965, the 355th Wing moved to Takhli Royal Thai Air Force Base, leaving behind two of its squadrons, the 354th and 357th Tactical Fighter Squadrons. Until they could rejoin the wing in Thailand, these two squadrons were assigned directly to the division. The departure of the 355th left McConnell with only a single wing, at the beginning of 1966, the divisions remaining wing, the 23d, added the mission to train F-105 aircrews, primarily for duty in Southeast Asia. After seven months only a single wing assigned, the 75th Tactical Reconnaissance Wing, located at Bergstrom Air Force Base. The 75th was organized as TAC took over Bergstrom from Strategic Air Command and this wing was equipped with the McDonnell RF-4 Phantom II. In February 1967, it became a replacement training unit for the RF-4C aircraft, the 123d Tactical Reconnaissance Wing of the Kentucky Air National Guard was called to active duty in August 1968, along with squadrons from the Arkansas and Nevada Air National Guard. Its components moved from their stations to Richards-Gebaur Air Force Base. While on active duty, the wing deployed its Voodos to Misawa, 123d elements deployed in the Pacific provided reconnaissance support for Operation Linebacker. The wing was returned to control and its home station in the spring of 1969. In December 1969, the 75th Tactical Reconnaissance Wing was transferred to Twelfth Air Force, the divisions final assigned wing was the 49th Tactical Fighter Wing, an F-4 Phantom II wing stationed at Holloman Air Force Base, New Mexico. The 49th Wing was reassigned to the two months after the 75th Wing was reassigned, on 1 February 1970. The 49th Wing was dual-based and committed to support of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization when called upon, from September to October, the entire wing deployed to its former base in Germany, Spangdahlem Air Base. The 184th Tactical Fighter Group of the Kansas Air National Guard, the division was inactivated in June 1971 and its two wings were reassigned directly to Twelfth Air Force
40.
836th Air Division
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The 836th Air Division is an inactive United States Air Force organization. Its last assignment was with Tactical Air Command at Davis-Monthan Air Force Base, Arizona, the division had been activated at Davis-Monthan in January 1981 to replace Tactical Training, Davis-Monthan. Its primary mission was training for Fairchild A-10 Thunderbolt II and BGM-109G Gryphon crews, the 602d Tactical Control Wing moved to Davis-Monthan, and the divisions training mission expanded to include Forward Air Controllers flying several aircraft. The BGM-109 mission ended with the signing of the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty, in 1989, division elements participated in Operation Just Cause. The division was inactivated with the implementation of the Objective Wing reorganization, Division bombers deployed overseas in response to the Lebanon Crisis of 1958 and the Second Taiwan Strait Crisis. With only a wing remaining at Langley, the division was inactivated on 1 July 1961. The division was activated in 1962 at MacDill Air Force Base. The two tactical fighter wings at MacDill were initially equipped with obsolescent Republic F-84F Thunderstreaks, but soon became the first McDonnell F-4 Phantom II wings in the Air Force. Beginning in 1964, division units began deploying for combat in Southeast Asia, until the 836th inactivated in 1971, its remaining components acted primarily as training units for the Phantom II and, after 1968, for the Tropic Moon B-57G. During the Pueblo Crisis, the deployed elements to reinforce Pacific Air Forces units in Korea. The 405th Wing also had the 429th Air Refueling Squadron with Boeing KB-50 Superfortresses attached to it, in July 1958, the 405th Wing at Langley was inactivated. Although consideration had also given in 1958 to inactivating the 345th Wing. In response to the Lebanon Crisis of 1958, Tactical Air Command deployed Composite Air Strike Force Bravo to Adana Air Base, the 836th was tasked to provide one squadron of twelve B-57s to support this force. The B-57s, drawn from the 345th Wings 498th Bombardment Squadron, were the first strike aircraft of the force to depart for Adana, although the bombers returned to Langley in the fall, the Taiwan Strait Crisis of 1958 called for a detachment of Canberras to deploy to Okinawa. Once these planes had returned to Langley, the 345th began to prepare for inactivation in June 1959, leaving the division with one wing and one group assigned. At nearly the same time the 405th Wing inactivated, TAC formed the 4505th Air Refueling Wing at Langley as a headquarters for its air refueling squadrons. The 4505th also had a mission of conducting antisubmarine warfare. Although assigned directly to TAC headquarters, the wing was attached to the division in September 1958, then assigned in November, One month after the 4505th Wing was added to the divisions strength, the 4440th Aircraft Delivery Group was added to the division
41.
838th Air Division
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The 838th Air Division is an inactive United States Air Force organization. Its last assignment was with Tactical Air Command, assigned to Twelfth Air Force at Forbes Air Force Base and it was inactivated on 24 December 1969. The division was first activated in the fall of 1957 at Ardmore Air Force Base, however, the 419th, which was flying Fairchild C-123 Providers, was inactivated in December, rather than upgrading to a wing and the 838th was inactivated along with it. The divisions 838th Air Base Group assumed the management of the base from the 463d Air Base Group, the 838th Air Base Group was reassigned to the 463d Wing and remained the base host unit. The division was reactivated at Pope Air Force Base in July 1963 and was assigned the 464th Troop Carrier Wing, in October the 463d Troop Carrier Wing, which had recently moved to Langley Air Force Base, Virginia was again assigned to the 838th. Both wings performed worldwide airlift and participated in tactical exercises. Its 463d Wing supported forces deploying in response to the Gulf of Tonkin incident in Operation One Buck beginning shortly after the incident in August 1964. The 464th Wing conducted combat training until April 1964 and kept two of its squadrons deployed overseas for most of the period it was assigned. It also received an Air Force Outstanding Unit Award for the actions of its elements deployed to Vietnam performing combat airlift missions, the 464th had sent two squadrons of Providers to South Vietnam during 1962 in Operation Mule Train and Operation Ranch Hand. The crews and planes operated as provisional units there and these planes were joined by a third squadron in 1963, although all were eventually transferred to regular Pacific Air Forces units of the 315th Troop Carrier Group. In November 1964, the division moved from Pope to Forbes Air Force Base, in August 1969, the 516th Wing began training aircrews on the De Haviland Canada C-7 Caribou. The 838th was inactivated in December 1969 and its units were reassigned directly to Twelfth Air Force. afhra. af. mil/, the United States in Southeast Asia. Washington, DC, Office of Air Force History, Air Force Combat Wings, Lineage & Honors Histories 1947–1977. Washington, DC, Office of Air Force History, anything, Anywhere, Anytime, Tactical Airlift in the US Army Air Forces and US Air Force from World War II to Viet Nam. Trash Haulers, The Story of the C-130 Troop Carrier/Tactical Airlift Mission, a Historical Summary of Ardmore Air Force Base 1953–1959
42.
839th Air Division
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The 839th Air Division is an inactive United States Air Force organization. It was inactivated on 31 December 1974, the division was activated at Sewart in 1957. In addition to its mission, the division supervised combat crew training. The 839th Air Division was first activated at Sewart Air Force Base, the division was assigned the 314th Troop Carrier Wing and the newly activated 513th Troop Carrier Wing. The divisions 839th Air Base Group served as the host organization for Sewart, the 513d Wing flew Fairchild C-123 Providers, while the 314th was re-equipping with Lockheed C-130 Hercules aircraft. In November 1958, the 513d Wing was inactivated, but two squadrons of Providers were not inactivated with the group, but were reassigned to the 314th Wing. During 1958 the 839ths components airlifted forces deploying during the Lebanon crisis, six weeks after the inactivation of the 513th Wing, the 463d Troop Carrier Wing moved to Sewart from Ardmore Air Force Base, Oklahoma. The 463d was the first Air Force unit to fly the C-130, although the 463d Wing moved from Sewart to Langley Air Force Base, Virginia in July 1963, the C-130 training mission remained behind. What had begun modestly as an adjunct to the 463d, the 4442d School Squadron, expanded to a group and ultimately, in 1965, to a training wing. The 4442d conducted C-130 training for all Air Force commands flying the Hercules, the 4442d continued its training mission at Sewart until February 1970, when the wing was reassigned to Twelfth Air Force. One month later, the wing and C-130 crew training moved to Little Rock Air Force Base, as American participation in the Vietnam War increased, the divisions wings frequently deployed elements as large as squadrons to the Pacific. Finally, in January 1966, the 314th Troop Carrier Wing moved to Ching Chuan Kang Air Base on Taipei and was reassigned, the 314th Wing did not move with all its operational squadrons, however, but assumed command of squadrons already at CCK. Preparing for the move, Tactical Air Command organized the Troop Carrier Wing, Provisional, 4413th in December 1965. Two of the 314ths squadrons, the 61st and 62d Troop Carrier Squadrons were assigned to the division, in July 1966 the 4413th was replaced by a permanent unit, the 64th Troop Carrier Wing, and the two former 314th Wing squadrons were assigned to the new wing. Three months later, in October 1966 the 313th Troop Carrier Wing, at Forbes Air Force Base, hovever, while the 313th Wing was working up with the C-130 at Forbes, the 838th Air Division was moved there and the 313th Wing was reassigned to it. From 1966 to 1971, the continued to provide worldwide airlift, aeromedical evacuation. The 839th also provided C-123 Provider combat crew training from September 1969 until August 1971 for both United States and Republic of Vietnam aircrews, the command was inactivated in December 1974 in conjunction with the transfer of TAC C-130 units to Military Airlift Command. afhra. af. mil/. Air Force Combat Wings, Lineage & Honors Histories 1947-1977, washington, DC, Office of Air Force History
43.
840th Air Division
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The 840th Air Division is an inactive United States Air Force organization. It was assigned to Ninth Air Force at Lockbourne Air Force Base, Ohio, from July 1965 until June 1969, the air divisions 840th Combat Support Group served as the host for all active duty Air Force units stationed at Lockbourne. The unit was organized in October 1964 at Lockbourne Air Force Base, Ohio and assigned the 317th Troop Carrier Wing, in November, the 463d Troop Carrier Wing at Langley Air Force Base was assigned as the divisions second tactical wing. The 463d Wing was partially deployed to support the Gulf of Tonkin Incident when it was assigned to the division, the division controlled its assigned troop carrier wings and provided staff and advisory services to ensure their operational capability to deploy worldwide, and focused on airborne operations. From April to September 1965 the 463d Wing deployed to support the Organization of American States intervention in the Dominican Civil War, in November 1965, the 463d Wing moved permanently from Langley to the Pacific. It temporarily left behind one of its squadrons, the 772d Troop Carrier Squadron, meanwhile, the 317th Wing focused on providing Lockheed C-130 Hercules aircraft replacement training support for Pacific Air Forces. After the move of the 463d Wing, airlift units at Langley were organized into the 316th Troop Carrier Wing, the divisions wings participated in worldwide tactical airlift operations, humanitarian missions, tactical exercises, and maneuvers. After 1965 the divisions C-130 Hercules training included training for maintenance personnel, in June 1969, in preparation for the inactivation of the division, the 840th Combat Support Group was inactivated and host responsibility for Lockbourne was assumed by the 317th Wing. The 840th was inactivated in December 1969 and its wings were reassigned directly to Ninth Air Force, stanton,1 October 1964 Col Kenneth W. Northamer,26 August 1965 Col Orin M. afhra. af. mil/. Air Force Combat Wings, Lineage & Honors Histories 1947-1977, washington, DC, Office of Air Force History. Anything, Anywhere, Anytime, Tactical Airlift in the US Army Air Forces, trash Haulers, The Story of the C-130 Troop Carrier/Tactical Airlift Mission
United States
United States Air Force
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This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website http://www.afhra.af.mil/.
Tactical Air Command (TAC)