1.
New Orleans
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New Orleans is a major United States port and the largest city and metropolitan area in the state of Louisiana. The population of the city was 343,829 as of the 2010 U. S. Census, the New Orleans metropolitan area had a population of 1,167,764 in 2010 and was the 46th largest in the United States. The New Orleans–Metairie–Bogalusa Combined Statistical Area, a trading area, had a 2010 population of 1,452,502. The city is named after the Duke of Orleans, who reigned as Regent for Louis XV from 1715 to 1723, as it was established by French colonists and it is well known for its distinct French and Spanish Creole architecture, as well as its cross-cultural and multilingual heritage. New Orleans is also famous for its cuisine, music, and its celebrations and festivals, most notably Mardi Gras. The city is referred to as the most unique in the United States. New Orleans is located in southeastern Louisiana, straddling the Mississippi River, the city and Orleans Parish are coterminous. The city and parish are bounded by the parishes of St. Tammany to the north, St. Bernard to the east, Plaquemines to the south, and Jefferson to the south and west. Lake Pontchartrain, part of which is included in the city limits, lies to the north, before Hurricane Katrina, Orleans Parish was the most populous parish in Louisiana. As of 2015, it ranks third in population, trailing neighboring Jefferson Parish, La Nouvelle-Orléans was founded May 7,1718, by the French Mississippi Company, under the direction of Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville, on land inhabited by the Chitimacha. It was named for Philippe II, Duke of Orléans, who was Regent of the Kingdom of France at the time and his title came from the French city of Orléans. The French colony was ceded to the Spanish Empire in the Treaty of Paris, during the American Revolutionary War, New Orleans was an important port for smuggling aid to the rebels, transporting military equipment and supplies up the Mississippi River. Bernardo de Gálvez y Madrid, Count of Gálvez successfully launched a campaign against the British from the city in 1779. New Orleans remained under Spanish control until 1803, when it reverted briefly to French oversight, nearly all of the surviving 18th-century architecture of the Vieux Carré dates from the Spanish period, the most notable exception being the Old Ursuline Convent. Napoleon sold Louisiana to the United States in the Louisiana Purchase in 1803, thereafter, the city grew rapidly with influxes of Americans, French, Creoles, and Africans. Later immigrants were Irish, Germans, and Italians, Major commodity crops of sugar and cotton were cultivated with slave labor on large plantations outside the city. The Haitian Revolution ended in 1804 and established the republic in the Western Hemisphere. It had occurred several years in what was then the French colony of Saint-Domingue
2.
Louisiana
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Louisiana is a state located in the southern region of the United States. Louisiana is the 31st most extensive and the 25th most populous of the 50 United States and its capital is Baton Rouge and largest city is New Orleans. Louisiana is the state in the U. S. with political subdivisions termed parishes. The largest parish by population is East Baton Rouge Parish, Louisiana is bordered by Arkansas to the north, Mississippi to the east, Texas to the west, and the Gulf of Mexico to the south. Much of the lands were formed from sediment washed down the Mississippi River, leaving enormous deltas and vast areas of coastal marsh. These contain a rich southern biota, typical examples include birds such as ibis, there are also many species of tree frogs, and fish such as sturgeon and paddlefish. In more elevated areas, fire is a process in the landscape. These support a large number of plant species, including many species of orchids. Louisiana has more Native American tribes than any other state, including four that are federally recognized, ten that are state recognized. Before the American purchase of the territory in 1803, the current Louisiana State had been both a French colony and for a period, a Spanish one. In addition, colonists imported numerous African people as slaves in the 18th century, many came from peoples of the same region of West Africa, thus concentrating their culture. Louisiana was named after Louis XIV, King of France from 1643 to 1715, when René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle claimed the territory drained by the Mississippi River for France, he named it La Louisiane. The suffix -ana is a Latin suffix that can refer to information relating to an individual, subject. Thus, roughly, Louis + ana carries the idea of related to Louis, the Gulf of Mexico did not exist 250 million years ago when there was but one supercontinent, Pangea. As Pangea split apart, the Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico opened, Louisiana slowly developed, over millions of years, from water into land, and from north to south. The oldest rocks are exposed in the north, in such as the Kisatchie National Forest. The oldest rocks date back to the early Tertiary Era, some 60 million years ago, the history of the formation of these rocks can be found in D. Spearings Roadside Geology of Louisiana. The sediments were carried north to south by the Mississippi River
3.
Wards of New Orleans
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The city of New Orleans, Louisiana, is divided into 17 wards. Politically, the wards are used in voting in elections, subdivided into precincts, under various previous city charters of the 19th century, aldermen and later city council members were elected by ward. The city has not had officials elected to represent wards since 1912, socially, it is not uncommon for New Orleanians to identify where they are from by their ward number. Most of the boundaries of Wards 1 through 11 were drawn in 1852 when the city was reorganized from three municipalities into one centralized government. With various changes, these boundaries remain largely the same, the rest of the Wards were formed from the expansion of the city boundaries in the 1870s. Beginning in the 1980s, residents began to give new meaning to wards as part of their local identity. Although this practice is seen as overly territorial and hostile – sometimes blamed for inciting violence – many simply see it as a friendly camaraderie shared with ones neighborhood
4.
Mississippi River
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The Mississippi River is the chief river of the largest drainage system on the North American continent. Flowing entirely in the United States, it rises in northern Minnesota, with its many tributaries, the Mississippis watershed drains all or parts of 31 U. S. states and 2 Canadian provinces between the Rocky and Appalachian Mountains. The Mississippi ranks as the fourth longest and fifteenth largest river in the world by discharge, the river either borders or passes through the states of Minnesota, Wisconsin, Iowa, Illinois, Missouri, Kentucky, Tennessee, Arkansas, Mississippi, and Louisiana. Native Americans long lived along the Mississippi River and its tributaries, most were hunter-gatherers, but some, such as the Mound Builders, formed prolific agricultural societies. The arrival of Europeans in the 16th century changed the way of life as first explorers, then settlers. The river served first as a barrier, forming borders for New Spain, New France, and the early United States, and then as a vital transportation artery and communications link. Formed from thick layers of the silt deposits, the Mississippi embayment is one of the most fertile agricultural regions of the country. In recent years, the river has shown a shift towards the Atchafalaya River channel in the Delta. The word itself comes from Messipi, the French rendering of the Anishinaabe name for the river, see below in the History section for additional information. In addition to historical traditions shown by names, there are at least two measures of a rivers identity, one being the largest branch, and the other being the longest branch. Using the largest-branch criterion, the Ohio would be the branch of the Lower Mississippi. Using the longest-branch criterion, the Middle Mississippi-Missouri-Jefferson-Beaverhead-Red Rock-Hellroaring Creek River would be the main branch and its length of at least 3,745 mi is exceeded only by the Nile, the Amazon, and perhaps the Yangtze River among the longest rivers in the world. The source of this waterway is at Browers Spring,8,800 feet above sea level in southwestern Montana and this is exemplified by the Gateway Arch in St. Louis and the phrase Trans-Mississippi as used in the name of the Trans-Mississippi Exposition. It is common to qualify a regionally superlative landmark in relation to it, the New Madrid Seismic Zone along the river is also noteworthy. These various basic geographical aspects of the river in turn underlie its human history and present uses of the waterway, the Upper Mississippi runs from its headwaters to its confluence with the Missouri River at St. Louis, Missouri. The source of the Upper Mississippi branch is traditionally accepted as Lake Itasca,1,475 feet above sea level in Itasca State Park in Clearwater County, however, the lake is in turn fed by a number of smaller streams. From its origin at Lake Itasca to St. Louis, Missouri, fourteen of these dams are located above Minneapolis in the headwaters region and serve multiple purposes, including power generation and recreation. The remaining 29 dams, beginning in downtown Minneapolis, all locks and were constructed to improve commercial navigation of the upper river
5.
Lake Pontchartrain
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Lake Pontchartrain is a brackish estuary located in southeastern Louisiana in the United States. It covers an area of 630 square miles with a depth of 12 to 14 feet. Some shipping channels are kept deeper through dredging and it is roughly oval in shape, about 40 miles from west to east and 24 miles from south to north. In descending order of area, the lake is located in parts of six Louisiana parishes, St. Tammany, Orleans, Jefferson, St. John the Baptist, St. Charles, the water boundaries were defined in 1979. Lake Pontchartrain is named for Louis Phélypeaux, comte de Pontchartrain from Pontchartrain city and he was the French Minister of the Marine, Chancellor, and Controller-General of Finances during the reign of Frances Sun King, Louis XIV, for whom the colony of La Louisiane was named. It receives fresh water from the Tangipahoa, Tchefuncte, Tickfaw, Amite, and Bogue Falaya rivers and it is one of the largest wetlands along the Gulf Coast of North America. It comprises more than 125,000 ac of wetland, including hardwoods and cypress swamps along with a complex mixture of herbaceous wetlands including fresh, intermediate. Salinity varies from negligible at the northern cusp west of Mandeville up to half the salinity of seawater at its eastern bulge near Interstate 10. Lake Maurepas, a freshwater lake, connects with Lake Pontchartrain on the west via Pass Manchac. The Industrial Canal connects the Mississippi River with the lake at New Orleans, bonnet Carré Spillway diverts water from the Mississippi into the lake during times of river flooding. The lake was created 2,600 to 4,000 years ago as the evolving Mississippi River Delta formed its southern and eastern shorelines with alluvial deposits and its Native American name was Okwata. In 1699, French explorer Pierre Le Moyne dIberville renamed it Pontchartrain after Louis Phélypeaux, human habitation of the region began at least 3,500 years ago, but increased rapidly with the arrival of Europeans about 300 years ago. The great American naturalist, William Bartram, explored the north shore during a trip west in 1777, in 1852 a railroad was constructed to link New Orleans to the north. However, the pilings were burned to the line in the Civil War. The great cypress swamps of the area were logged in the early 20th century. The current population in the region is over 1.5 million, there have been many problems with conservation management of the forests and wetlands. Owing to past exploitation, the ecosystems of the lake have been placed under stress, marshes, for example, are turning to open water, and cypress swamps are being killed by salt water intrusion. However, Brown Pelicans and Bald Eagles, once scarce, are now a common sight along the shores, a team of experts assembled by The Nature Conservancy assessed the situation in 2004
6.
Almonaster Road
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Almonaster Avenue is a four-lane divided road in New Orleans, Louisiana, United States, named after 18th-century Spanish philanthropist Don Andres Almonaster y Rojas. It forms in the neighborhoods of the Upper Ninth Ward by branching off at a Y-type intersection with Franklin Avenue. The traffic lanes straddle the railroad bridge on either side, this is the location where Almonaster becomes a two-lane road. It is also the last of the combination railroad/automobile movable bridges and it winds through the New Orleans Business and Industrial District parallel with the Mississippi River Gulf Outlet and Gulf Intracoastal Waterway. It intersects with Interstate 510 before finally ending at the junction with U. S. Highway 90
7.
8th Ward of New Orleans
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The 8th Ward is a section of New Orleans, Louisiana. It is one of the Downtown Wards of New Orleans, with a Creole history, the 8th Ward is a narrow strip stretching from the Mississippi River on the south to Lake Pontchartrain in the north. East, or down, is the 9th Ward, the boundary being Franklin Avene, Almonaster Avenue, then Peoples Avenue, on the west, or upper side, the boundary is Elysian Fields Avenue, the boundary with the 7th Ward of New Orleans. As in most of New Orleans, the area along natural high ground of the riverfront was developed for use first. This is now part of Faubourg Marigny and this section of the canal has been filled in, but a raised railroad line built atop the old levee still gives a distinct dividing line from the neighborhoods of the 9th Ward on the other side. On the upper edge of the Ward, the commercially important Pontchartrain Railroad ran for about 100 years, neighborhoods in the 8th Ward include the Marigny Rectangle, St. Roch, Gentilly Terrace, Milneburg, Seabrook and Lake Oaks. Theodore M. Hickey represented the 8th Ward in the Louisiana State Senate from 1955 to 1957, 7th, 8th, and Upper 9th Wards travel guide from Wikivoyage
8.
St. Bernard Parish, Louisiana
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St. Bernard Parish is a parish located in the U. S. state of Louisiana. As of the 2010 census, the population was 35,897, the parish seat and largest city is Chalmette. The parish was formed in 1807, St. Bernard Parish is part of the New Orleans–Metairie, LA Metropolitan Statistical Area. The parish is located southeast of New Orleans and it has been ranked the fastest-growing county in the United States from 2007 to 2008 by the U. S. Census Bureau, but it is only half as populated as it was in 2005. In 2009, because of evacuation and emigration due to destruction by Hurricane Katrina, St. Bernard Parish contains a large community of Spanish descent. Sometimes referred to informally as Spanish Cajuns, the Isleños are descended from Canary Islanders and this linguistically isolated group eventually developed its own dialect. Saint Bernard, the saint of colonial governor Bernardo de Galvez, was used in documents to identify the area. St. Bernard Parish is also home to the earliest Filipino community in the United States, Saint Malo, Louisiana. The chief historical attraction in St. Bernard Parish is the Chalmette National Historical Park, at which the Battle of New Orleans took place on January 8,1815, during the War of 1812. Many street names near the bear the names of the chief participants, or take a pirate theme. A high school, later elementary and now a school, was named in honor of Andrew Jackson. In 1863, Abraham Lincoln mentioned St. Bernard Parish in the Emancipation Proclamation as an area not in rebellion against the Union during the Civil War. From 1919 to 1969, the parish was effectively ruled as part of the fiefdom of Leander Perez, the levee breach caused flooding and widespread destruction in most of Eastern St. Bernard Parish and parts of Plaquemines Parish. Residents were never compensated for their losses. On August 29,2005, St. Bernard was devastated by Hurricane Katrina, the storm damaged virtually every structure in the parish. The eye of Katrina passed over the portion of the parish. This surge destroyed the parish levees, almost the entire parish was flooded, with most areas left with between 5 and 15 feet of standing water. The water rose suddenly and violently, during a period which witnesses reported as no more than fifteen minutes, in many areas, houses were smashed or washed off their foundations by a storm surge higher than the roofs
9.
Lake Borgne
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Lake Borgne is a lagoon of the Gulf of Mexico in southeastern Louisiana. Due to coastal erosion, it is no longer actually a rather an arm of the Gulf of Mexico. Its name comes from the French word borgne, which means one-eyed, the three large lakes -- Maurepas, Pontchartrain, and Borgne—cover 55% of the Pontchartrain Basin. A brackish marsh land bridge and Lake St. Catherine separate Lake Pontchartrain from Lake Borgne, the Rigolets and Chef Menteur Pass are the two open water connections between Pontchartrain and Borgne. Since 1932, more than 66,000 acres of marsh have converted to water in the Pontchartrain Basin — over 22% of the marsh that existed in 1932. The project cost approximately $1.1 billion and was built at the confluence of the Gulf Intracoastal Waterway and it is the largest design-build civil works project in the history of the Corps. The Mississippi River levees significantly limit the input of water, sediment. This reduction in freshwater input plays a role in the problem of the Pontchartrain Basin — increased salinity. Relative sea level rise of up to 0.96 feet per century also gives saltier waters greater access to surrounding wetlands, as a result, mean monthly salinities have increased since the construction of the MRGO and other canals. In recent years, salinities have stabilized, the heightened salinity has stressed wetlands, especially freshwater marshes and swamps. Since 1932, approximately 24% of the Borgne Land Bridge has been lost to severe shoreline retreat and rapid tidal fluctuations, during the same time, 17% of the Maurepas Land Bridge marshes disappeared due to subsidence and spikes in lake salinity. These land bridges prevent estuarine processes, such as increased salinity and tidal scour, from pushing further into the middle, additionally, from 1968 to 1988, 32% of the cypress swamp on the land bridge had either converted to marsh or became open water. If these buffers are not preserved, the loss rates around Lakes Pontchartrain. Several marshes in the basin are vulnerable to loss if adequate protection is not quickly provided. Media related to Lake Borgne at Wikimedia Commons
10.
Rigolets
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The Rigolets is a 12.9 kilometer long strait in Louisiana. Rigolets comes from the word rigole, French for trench or gutter, the name is now locally pronounced RIG-uh-leez. It begins at 30°10′40″N 89°44′40″W and follows a generally eastward course to Lake Borgne, a lagoon in the Gulf of Mexico, and finally to the Gulf of Mexico, where it ends at 30°09′16″N 89°37′31″W. Along with nearby Chef Menteur Pass, the Rigolets connects Lake Pontchartrain and Lake St. Catherine to Lake Borgne and it forms the boundary between New Orleans and St. Tammany Parish. As a deepwater tidal pass, the Rigolets helps supply salt water from the Gulf to Lake Pontchartrain, tidal scouring has produced a deep pit in the lake at the western mouth of the strait. Since the Rigolets is a channel through which Gulf storm surges can approach the New Orleans area, the United States constructed Fort Pike following the War of 1812 to protect passage on the Rigolets. The fort was abandoned in 1890, the Rigolets is spanned by two bridges. The western terminus of the U. S. Route 90 Rigolets Bridge is located north of Fort Pike. It was damaged by Hurricane Katrina in August 2005, which required major repairs, farther south, the CSX Railroad crosses the Rigolets on a 1, 388-meter railroad bridge. Hurricane damage there included shifted spans and the loss of timber decking
11.
Urban planning
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Urban planning is also referred to as urban and regional planning, regional planning, town planning, city planning, rural planning or some combination in various areas worldwide. It takes many forms and it can share perspectives and practices with urban design, urban planning guides orderly development in urban, suburban and rural areas. Practitioners of urban planning are concerned with research and analysis, strategic thinking, architecture, urban design, public consultation, policy recommendations, implementation and management. Urban planners work with the fields of architecture, landscape architecture, civil engineering. Early urban planners were often members of these cognate fields, today urban planning is a separate, independent professional discipline. The discipline is the category that includes different sub-fields such as land-use planning, zoning, economic development, environmental planning. There is evidence of planning and designed communities dating back to the Mesopotamian, Indus Valley, Minoan. Archeologists studying the ruins of cities in these areas find paved streets that were out at right angles in a grid pattern. The idea of a planned out urban area evolved as different civilizations adopted it, beginning in the 8th century BCE, Greek city states were primarily centered on orthogonal plans. The ancient Romans, inspired by the Greeks, also used orthogonal plans for their cities, city planning in the Roman world was developed for military defense and public convenience. The spread of the Roman Empire subsequently spread the ideas of urban planning, as the Roman Empire declined, these ideas slowly disappeared. However, many cities in Europe still held onto the planned Roman city center, cities in Europe from the 9th to 14th centuries, often grew organically and sometimes chaotically. But many hundreds of new towns were built according to preconceived plans. Most of these were realized from the 12th to 14th centuries, from the 15th century on, much more is recorded of urban design and the people that were involved. In this period, theoretical treatises on architecture and urban planning start to appear in which questions are addressed and designs of towns. During the Enlightenment period, several European rulers ambitiously attempted to redesign capital cities, during the Second French Republic, Baron Georges-Eugène Haussmann, under the direction of Napoleon III, redesigned the city of Paris into a more modern capital, with long, straight, wide boulevards. Planning and architecture went through a shift at the turn of the 20th century. The industrialized cities of the 19th century grew at a tremendous rate, the pace and style of this industrial construction was largely dictated by the concerns of private business
12.
Eastern New Orleans
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Eastern New Orleans is a large section of the city of New Orleans, Louisiana. Developed extensively from the 1960s onwards, its numerous residential subdivisions offered suburban-style living within the city limits, starting in the mid-1980s, Eastern New Orleans increasingly suffered from disinvestment and urban decay. As a result, the Pre-Katrina trend of few, if any. Approximately 65,000 to 75,000 residents presently inhabit Eastern New Orleans, Eastern New Orleans is the portion of the city to the east of the Industrial Canal and north of the Intracoastal Waterway. It is often called New Orleans East as well, or simply Da East, Eastern New Orleans is a portion of the Ninth Ward of New Orleans. Originally named Lake Forest, as development first centered along the easternmost segment of Lake Forest Boulevard, eastover is a gated community containing palatial homes and a Joe Lee-designed golf course. The far eastern portion of Eastern New Orleans has little urban development, Village de LEst is known for its Vietnamese community. The Vietnamese community is known as Versailles, as the earliest migrants to the area, arriving in the years after 1975. The commercial hub for this community extends along Alcee Fortier Boulevard, sometimes known as Little Vietnam, the area hosts a number of Vietnamese restaurants, including Dong Phuong Restaurant & Bakery. Eastern New Orleans is the extensive suburban or suburban-style region of Greater New Orleans where, since the late 1960s. Until the late 19th century, this area was outside of the city limits of New Orleans, there was little development other than in two areas. The first hugged the long, narrow ridge of ground along Gentilly Road. Various farms, plantations, and small villages such as Michoud were sited along this ridge, in the early 20th century some residential development of the area began, at first as an extension of Gentilly. Construction of the Industrial Canal began in 1918 and was completed in 1923, from the 1930s to the 1960s, Lincoln Beach, on the shore of Lake Pontchartrain, was the citys amusement park for the African-American community. However other than light flooding near the Morrison Canal, damage from Betsy was much more modest than had been feared, tragically, some of those who evacuated Eastern New Orleans in advance of Betsys arrival went to the Lower 9th Ward, which flooded disastrously. Rapid growth east of the Industrial Canal commenced in the 1960s, many new subdivisions were developed in the 1960s and 1970s, to cater to those who preferred a more suburban lifestyle but were open to remaining within the city limits of New Orleans. Eastern New Orleans grew in a comparatively well-planned and neatly zoned fashion, some care was taken to avoid placing major thoroughfares along the rights-of-way of unsightly drainage canals, as had frequently occurred in suburban Jefferson Parish. Instead, major roads were located equidistant from parallel canals and were outfitted with landscaped medians, numerous subdivisions were developed with large lakes at their centers, providing both an assist to neighborhood drainage and a scenic backdrop for the backyards of homes
13.
7th Ward of New Orleans
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The 7th Ward is a section of New Orleans, Louisiana. It is geographically the second largest of the 17 Wards of New Orleans, the 7th Ward stretches from the Mississippi River to Lake Pontchartrain. The eastern, or lower boundary is Elysian Fields Avenue, the boundary with the 8th Ward, the London Avenue Canal runs through the ward from just in from Gentilly Ridge to the Lake. Dillard University is in the Ward, as is most of the University of New Orleans campus near the lakefront. The New Orleans Fairgrounds, home to racing and the New Orleans Jazz & Heritage Festival, is just back from Esplanade Avenue. Frenchmen Street, the destination for food and live music, is in the front of the ward near the French Quarter. As with most of New Orleans, the area along the ground of the riverfront was developed first. The Pontchartrain Railroad, the first US railroad away from the Atlantic coast, the area is known for the Creole citizens who once heavily populated the area. Esplanade Ridge between Rampart and Bayou St. John was one of the first parts of town substantially developed away from the riverfront, some of the elegant early 19th century Creole-style mansions can still be seen along Esplanade. The areas between Gentilly Ridge and the Lakefront was developed in the 20th century with improved drainage, see Drainage in New Orleans, when Hurricane Katrina struck New Orleans in 2005, the effects were disastrous. The London Avenue Canal breached catastrophically on both sides, flooding the majority of the Ward and the surrounding area, the 7th ward has since seen many residents return. P. and mayors Ernest Morial, Sidney Barthelemy and C, 7th, 8th, and Upper 9th Wards travel guide from Wikivoyage
14.
10th Ward of New Orleans
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The 10th Ward is a division of the city of New Orleans, Louisiana. The 10th Ward is one of the 17 wards of New Orleans, the ward is one of the citys Uptown wards, formerly the old Faubourg Lafayette annexed by New Orleans in the 1850s. The roughly wedge-shaped Ward stretches back from the Mississippi River, the lower boundary is Felicity Street, across which is the 1st Ward, then Martin Luther King Boulevard, across which is the 2nd Ward. The upper boundary is First Street, across which lies the 11th Ward, roosevelt signed the loan to commence construction of the St. Thomas Housing Project. In Central City it includes the Oretha Castle Haley commercial district, the 10th Ward has been home to such notables as jazz musicians Buddy Bolden and George Brunies In 1718, the City of New Orleans was established. The city was divided into many neighborhoods, streets. Faubourg Lafayette is one of the neighborhoods of New Orleans. Faubourg Lafayette was united by an act of legislation, prior to being classified as an official neighborhood, however, unlike most of the other neighborhoods in the city, Faubourg Lafayette once belonged to another region of Louisiana before it united with the great city of New Orleans. This area was part of the city of Lafayette, Louisiana before New Orleans. Many other neighborhoods like Faubourg Nuns and Faubourg Delassize were also a part of Lafayette, in 1818, Faubourg Lafayette was bought as a neighborhood and became a subdivision in 1824. In its newborn years as a city, it was cut into blocks, Poultney acquired this neighborhood from Madame Rousseau, who like Samuel Herman bought his neighborhood from the heirs of Valery Delaissize. Both of these started as plantations, but the new owners decided to downsize them in order to make more living space available for the growing population. In 1796, Bertrand Gravier helped enlarge Faubourg by including Phillipa St. which is now called Poydress Street, years later, in 1997, Gravier died and Jean Gravier, his brother, was appointed to be the new owner of this prosperous estate. He continued in his brother’s footsteps by further extending the Faubourg to Circus Street, as Jean Gravier continued to expand the Faubourg region, he included land that was located near Poydras St. and approximately 40 feet in width, for a Canal. This canal linked with an agency in Bayou St. John, and flowed into an area which was called Hagan Avenue, although, in addition, to these expansions, Jean Gravier also designated a tract for a basin that linked to Canal St. During this time, the basin was a district of land which was allocated for the community. He later called this Basin “Place Gravier”, Jean Gravier didn’t realize that the canal and Place Gravier would become the basis of a dispute between the City of New Orleans and the Carrollton Railroad Company. At this time, the Carrollton Railroad company possessed the canal, the basin, and asserted ownership of segments of Place Gravier
15.
11th Ward of New Orleans
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The 11th Ward or Eleventh Ward is a division of the city of New Orleans, Louisiana, USA. The 11th Ward is one of the 17 Wards of New Orleans, the Ward was formerly part of the old Lafayette Faubourg annexed by New Orleans in the 1850s. It is part of Uptown New Orleans, the roughly wedge-shaped Ward stretches back from the Mississippi River. The lower boundary is First Street, across which is the 10th Ward, then Martin Luther King Jr. Boulevard, the upper boundary is Toledano Street, across which is the 12th Ward. A large portion of this ward is in the Garden District, the Ward includes portions of the Irish Channel and Garden District neighborhoods, and a number of housing projects. Landmarks include Lafayette Cemetery, Commanders Palace, and Thomy Lafon School, the majority of the Magnolia Projects are in the 11th Ward
16.
Fats Domino
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Antoine Fats Domino, Jr. is an American pianist and singer-songwriter of French Creole descent. Five of his records released before 1955 sold over a million copies and were certified as gold records and his musical style is based on traditional rhythm and blues, accompanied by saxophones, bass, piano, electric guitar, and drums. Domino was born and raised in New Orleans, Louisiana, the Domino family was of French Creole background. Louisiana Creole French was his first language, antoine was born at home with the assistance of his grandmother, a midwife. His name was given as Anthony on his birth certificate but was later corrected. His family were new arrivals in the Lower Ninth Ward from Vacherie and his father was a well-known violinist. Domino learned to play the piano from his brother-in-law, the jazz guitarist Harrison Verrett, even after his success, he continued to live in his old neighborhood. His large home was enough for his 13 children. In the summer of 1947, Billy Diamond, a New Orleans bandleader, Domino played well enough that Diamond asked him to join his band, the Solid Senders, at the Hideaway Club, in New Orleans. Diamond nicknamed him Fats, because Domino reminded him of the renowned pianists Fats Waller, the Fat Man sold one million copies by 1953, it is widely considered the first rock-and-roll record to achieve this feat. Other notable and long-standing musicians in Dominos band were the saxophonists Reggie Houston, Lee Allen, Domino crossed into the pop mainstream with Aint That a Shame, which reached the Top Ten. Pat Boones milder cover version reached number 1, having received wider radio airplay in a racially segregated era, Domino eventually had 37 Top 40 singles. The reissue reached number 17 on the Billboard Pop Albums chart and his 1956 recording of Blueberry Hill, a 1940 song by Vincent Rose, Al Lewis and Larry Stock, reached number 2 in the Top 40 and was number 1 on the R&B chart for 11 weeks. Blueberry Hill sold more than 5 million copies worldwide in 1956 and 1957. Domino had further hit singles between 1956 and 1959, including When My Dreamboat Comes Home, Im Walkin, Valley of Tears, Its You I Love, Whole Lotta Loving, I Want to Walk You Home, and Be My Guest. Domino appeared in two films released in 1956, Shake, Rattle & Rock. and The Girl Cant Help It, on December 18,1957, his hit recording of The Big Beat was featured on Dick Clarks television program, American Bandstand. On November 2,1956, a riot broke out at Dominos show in Fayetteville, the police resorted to using tear gas to break up the unruly crowd. Domino jumped out a window to avoid the melee, he, Domino had a steady series of hits for Imperial through early 1962, including Walking to New Orleans, co-written by Bobby Charles, and My Girl Josephine in the same year
17.
Magic (rapper)
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Magic was born and raised in the Ninth Ward of New Orleans in August 16,1975, Awood Johnson first made his name in New Orleans underground circuit performing in talent shows and in a local group. Seen by rapper C-Murder he suggested that Master P sign him to No Limit Records and he was intended to become part of TRU, but Master P decided that he instead rap solo on the parent label. Magic first made his appearance on C-Murders songs Picture Me and Watch Yo Enemies on his 1998 album Life or Death, magics released his solo studio album debut, Skys the Limit, in 1998, which reached #15 on the Billboard 200. In 1999 Magic released his solo studio album Thuggin which featured his hit singles Thats Me and Ice on my Wrist with Master P. He released his fourth and final album, the non-charting On My Own. Magic then secured a deal with TVT Records in 2006, and he formed his own label, Banx Entertainment, in 2011. On March 1,2013, Magic and his wife Chastity were killed in a car accident in Hattiesburg and their twelve-year-old daughter, Twila Johnson, was the lone survivor. Studio albums Skys the Limit Thuggin White Eyes On My Own Magic on Myspace June 2011 interview – YouTube
18.
Marshall Faulk
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Marshall William Faulk is a former college and professional American football player who was a running back in the National Football League for twelve seasons. He played college football for San Diego State University, and was a two-time consensus All-American and he was selected by the Indianapolis Colts as the second overall pick in the 1994 NFL Draft, and he also played professionally for the NFLs St. Louis Rams. Faulk is one of only three NFL players to reach at least 10,000 rushing yards and 5,000 receiving yards and he was elected to the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 2011. He is currently a pro football analyst for NFL Total Access, Thursday Night Football and he was elected to the College Football Hall of Fame in 2017. Faulk was born and raised in New Orleans, Louisiana and he attended Carver High School in the Ninth Ward of New Orleans, where he played for the Carver Rams high school football team. Also a standout sprinter, Faulk was timed at 10.3 seconds in the 100 meters,21.74 over 200 meters and 49.4 in the 400 meters. Faulk received a scholarship to attend San Diego State University. One of the best performances of his career was against the University of the Pacific on September 14,1991 in just his second collegiate game, in 37 carries, he amassed 386 yards and scored seven touchdowns, both records for freshmen. Faulk had scoring runs of 61,7,47,9,5,8 and 25 yards and that performance sparked one of the greatest freshman seasons in NCAA history, gaining 1,429 yards rushing, with 23 total touchdowns, and 140 points scored. Faulk went on to better 1600 yards rushing in his sophomore year, in Faulks junior season in 1993, he was finally able to showcase his all-purpose ability by catching 47 passes for 640 yards and 3 TDs to go with 1530 yards and 21 TDs on the ground. These numbers put Faulk 3rd in the nation in all-purpose yardage that year, Faulk left San Diego State University with many of the schools offensive records, among them 5,562 all-purpose yards and 62 career touchdowns, which is the 8th most in NCAA history. 1 in the country before the Heisman balloting, Faulks team finished with a middling 5-5-1 record, ESPN analyst Lee Corso led a campaign supporting Torretta for the Heisman and left Marshall Faulk off of his ballot. He was a Heisman finalist as well in 1991 and 1993, along with defensive tackle Dan Wilkinson and quarterbacks Heath Shuler and Trent Dilfer, Faulk was regarded as one of the four players who rank well above the others in this draft. On February 14,1994, at the NFL Scouting Combine Faulk ran a 4.28 forty-yard dash. and on March 31, Faulk was drafted 2nd overall in the 1994 NFL Draft by the Indianapolis Colts, who were in desperate need of a running game. On July 25,1994, Faulk signed a seven-year $17.2 million contract, Faulk responded by rushing for 1,282 yards,11 touchdowns, and one receiving touchdown. Marshall Faulk, later that season, would become the first NFL player to win both the Offensive Rookie of the Year Award and the Pro Bowl’s Most Valuable Player Award in the same season and he was also the first rookie to win Pro Bowl MVP. The next season Faulk rushed for 1,078 yards and 14 total touchdowns. The Colts made the postseason, going 9-7, and narrowly missed the Super Bowl after a loss to the Pittsburgh Steelers in the AFC Championship Game which Faulk missed due to a nagging toe injury
19.
Poppy Z. Brite
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Billy Martin, known professionally as Poppy Z. Brite, is an American author. He is a man and prefers that male pronouns and terms be used when referring to him. Martin initially achieved notoriety in the horror genre of literature in the early 1990s by publishing a string of successful novels. His later work moved into the genre of dark comedy. Martins novels are typically standalone books but may feature recurring characters from previous novels, much of his work features openly bisexual and gay characters. Martin is best known for writing gothic and horror novels and short stories and his trademarks include featuring gay men as main characters, graphic sexual descriptions, and an often wry treatment of gruesome events. Wrong Things, and The Devil You Know and his Calcutta, Lord of Nerves was selected to represent the year 1992 in the story anthology The Centurys Best Horror Fiction. Answering a follow-up question about his influences, he also included Bradbury, Nabokov. I could rattle off ten or twenty more easily, theyre all in there somewhere, in the late 1990s and early 2000s, Martin moved away from horror fiction and gothic themes while still writing about gay characters. The critically acclaimed Liquor novels—Liquor, Prime, and Soul Kitchen —are dark comedies set in the New Orleans restaurant world, Martin hopes to eventually write three more novels in the Liquor series, tentatively titled Dead Shrimp Blues, Hurricane Stew, and Double Shot. He has described Antediluvian Tales, a story collection published by Subterranean Press in November 2007, as if not my last book ever. He still writes short non-fiction pieces, including guest editorials for the New Orleans Times-Picayune, in 1999, his short story The Sixth Sentinel comprised one segment of episode 209 of The Hunger, a short-lived horror anthology series on Showtime. Of all his books, only Lost Souls is currently under option, critical essays on Martins fiction appear in Supernatural Fiction Writers, Contemporary Fantasy and Horror by Brian Stableford and The Evolution of the Weird Tale by S. T. Joshi. Martin was born in New Orleans, Louisiana and he has written and talked extensively about his gender dysphoria and transgender issues. In 2003, Martin wrote that, while gender theorists like Kate Bornstein would call him a transsexual, Martin would not insist on a pedantic label. In August 2010, he began the process of gender reassignment and he lived in Bowling Green, Kentucky Chapel Hill, North Carolina and Athens, Georgia prior to returning to New Orleans in 1993. Martin was the partner of Chris DeBarr, a chef. His current partner is Grey Cross, a New Orleans visual artist, in August 2009, New Orleanss Gambit Weekly publication published reader-poll results naming Martin in second place as an ever-popular Best Local Author
20.
John Larroquette
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John Bernard Larroquette is an American actor. He is currently playing Jenkins/Galahad in TNTs The Librarians, Larroquette was born in New Orleans, Louisiana, the son of Berthalla Oramous, a department store clerk who mostly sold childrens clothes, and John Edgar Larroquette, Jr. who was in the U. S. Navy. His grandfather John Larroquette Sr. was born in France and immigrated to the United States in 1895, Larroquette grew up in the Ninth Ward of New Orleans not far from the French Quarter. He played clarinet and saxophone through childhood and into high school and he discovered acting in his senior year of high school at Holy Cross. He moved to Hollywood in 1973 after working in radio as DJ during the days of underground radio. Larroquette met his wife Elizabeth Ann Cookson in 1974 while working in the play Enter Laughing and they were married July 4,1975, as that was the only day they had off from rehearsals. They have three children, Lisa, Jonathan, and Ben and their son Jonathan cohosts a comedy podcast called Uhh Yeah Dude. Larroquette battled alcoholism from the mid-1970s to the early 1980s, on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno on March 10,2007, he joked, I was known to have a cocktail or 60. He stopped drinking February 6,1982, authors on whose works he has focused include Samuel Beckett, Charles Bukowski, Anthony Burgess, William Burroughs, David Foster Wallace, John Fante, Michael Ondaatje, and John Steinbeck. His first job in Hollywood was providing the voiceover narration for The Texas Chain Saw Massacre. Larroquette did this as a favor for the films director Tobe Hooper and his first series regular role was in the 1970s NBC program Black Sheep Squadron, where he portrayed a WWII United States Marine Corps fighter pilot named 2nd Lt. Bob Anderson. In a 1975 appearance on Sanford and Son, Larroquette plays Lamonts counterpart in a sitcom based on Fred and Lamont called Steinberg. During the filming of Stripes, his nose was cut off in an accident. He ran down a hall into a door that was supposed to open but did not, the role won him Emmy Awards in 1985,1986,1987, and 1988. In 1989, he asked not to be considered for an Emmy and his four consecutive wins were, at the time, a record. Night Court ran on NBC from 1984 until 1992, only Larroquette, Harry Anderson, and Richard Moll appeared in every episode of the series. There was talk of spinning Dan Fielding off into his own show, instead of a spinoff, Larroquette and Don Reo developed a show revolving around some of Larroquettes own personal demons, particularly alcoholism. The John Larroquette Show, named by the insistence of NBC, the show was lauded by critics and enjoyed a loyal cult following
21.
Kermit Ruffins
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Kermit Ruffins is an American jazz trumpeter, singer, and composer from New Orleans, Louisiana, United States. He has been influenced by Louis Armstrong and Louis Jordan and says that the highest note he can hit on trumpet is a high C and he often accompanies his songs with his own vocals. Most of his bands perform New Orleans jazz standards, though he also many of his own pieces. He started playing trumpet in 8th grade at Lawless Junior High School in the Ninth Ward of New Orleans and he attended Joseph S. Clark High School in the 6th Ward. In high school, he played a bit of classical music at the behest of a strict band teacher. He developed an appreciation for cooking from his grandmother, observing her movements in the kitchen, kermit Ruffins co-founded the Rebirth Brass Band in 1983 while attending Clark High School, in the Tremé neighborhood. He made his first recordings with the Rebirth in 1984, the group was inspired by The Dirty Dozen Brass Band, a band of slightly older musicians credited with bringing influences of funk and contemporary bebop into New Orleans style brass bands. Before they achieved the popularity allowing them to play regularly in music venues. They soon became a band at the Glass House, previously the Dirty Dozens home venue. Rebirth once had a gig in New York City at Lone Star Cafe, Ruffins founded the Barbecue Swingers in 1992, a traditional jazz quintet. He is known for cooking on a barbecue at his shows, every Thursday since the early 1990s, they have played a show at Vaughans Bar in the Bywater neighborhood which is very popular with both locals and visitors. His 2007 Basin Street Records release, Live at Vaughans was recorded during one of his performances there and he has also performed at hundreds of funerals during his career in The Crescent City. In 2003 the band received a nomination at the Big Easy Entertainment Awards and he appeared as himself in HBOs Treme as a recurring character. Ruffins also performed a rendition of The Bare Necessities for Disneys 2016 remake of The Jungle Book, alongside actor Bill Murray
22.
Louisiana House of Representatives
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The Louisiana House of Representatives is the lower house in the Louisiana State Legislature, the state legislature of the US state of Louisiana. The House is composed of 105 Representatives, each of whom represents approximately 42,500 people, members serve four-year terms with a term limit of three terms. The House is one of the five state legislative lower houses that has a four-year term, the House convenes at the State Capitol in Baton Rouge. The Speaker of the House presides over the House of Representatives, the Speaker is customarily recommended by the Governor, then elected by the full House. In addition to presiding over the body, the Speaker is also the leadership position. The House of Representatives also elects a Speaker pro tempore to preside in the absence of the Speaker, the current Speaker is Republican Chuck Kleckley of the 36th District who was elected to that position in 2012 succeeding Jim Tucker. His deputy is the Speaker pro tempore, currently Democrat Walt Leger, the Speaker pro tempore presides when the Speaker is not present. The Chairman of the Republican Delegation is Lance Harris of the 25th District, the Louisiana House of Representatives comprises 105 representatives elected from across the state from single-member districts by registered voters in the district. Representatives must be electors, be at least eighteen years old, be domiciled in the district they represent at least one year, the House is the judge of its members qualifications and elections. Elections occur every four years and representatives are limited to three four-year terms, if a seat is vacant, it will be filled in a special election. The House is the legislative chamber of the Louisiana State Legislature. The Louisiana House has sole authority to state officials and introduce appropriation bills. The Louisiana House of Representatives was established, along with its functions and authority, in Article III, the Committees of the Louisiana House review proposed bills and either kill them or recommend their passage to the full House. Each committee has an area it oversees. Committees can call upon state officials to testify at committee meetings, committee membership including Chairmanships and Vice Chairmanships are assigned by the Speaker
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Democratic Party (United States)
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The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party. The Democrats dominant worldview was once socially conservative and fiscally classical liberalism, while, especially in the rural South, since Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal coalition in the 1930s, the Democratic Party has also promoted a social-liberal platform, supporting social justice. Today, the House Democratic caucus is composed mostly of progressives and centrists, the partys philosophy of modern liberalism advocates social and economic equality, along with the welfare state. It seeks to provide government intervention and regulation in the economy, the party has united with smaller left-wing regional parties throughout the country, such as the Farmer–Labor Party in Minnesota and the Nonpartisan League in North Dakota. Well into the 20th century, the party had conservative pro-business, the New Deal Coalition of 1932–1964 attracted strong support from voters of recent European extraction—many of whom were Catholics based in the cities. After Franklin D. Roosevelts New Deal of the 1930s, the pro-business wing withered outside the South, after the racial turmoil of the 1960s, most southern whites and many northern Catholics moved into the Republican Party at the presidential level. The once-powerful labor union element became smaller and less supportive after the 1970s, white Evangelicals and Southerners became heavily Republican at the state and local level in the 1990s. However, African Americans became a major Democratic element after 1964, after 2000, Hispanic and Latino Americans, Asian Americans, the LGBT community, single women and professional women moved towards the party as well. The Northeast and the West Coast became Democratic strongholds by 1990 after the Republicans stopped appealing to socially liberal voters there, overall, the Democratic Party has retained a membership lead over its major rival the Republican Party. The most recent was the 44th president Barack Obama, who held the office from 2009 to 2017, in the 115th Congress, following the 2016 elections, Democrats are the opposition party, holding a minority of seats in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a minority of governorships, and state legislatures, though they do control the mayoralty of cities such as New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, Houston, and Washington, D. C. The Democratic Party traces its origins to the inspiration of the Democratic-Republican Party, founded by Thomas Jefferson, James Madison and that party also inspired the Whigs and modern Republicans. Organizationally, the modern Democratic Party truly arose in the 1830s, since the nomination of William Jennings Bryan in 1896, the party has generally positioned itself to the left of the Republican Party on economic issues. They have been liberal on civil rights issues since 1948. On foreign policy both parties changed position several times and that party, the Democratic-Republican Party, came to power in the election of 1800. After the War of 1812 the Federalists virtually disappeared and the national political party left was the Democratic-Republicans. The Democratic-Republican party still had its own factions, however. As Norton explains the transformation in 1828, Jacksonians believed the peoples will had finally prevailed, through a lavishly financed coalition of state parties, political leaders, and newspaper editors, a popular movement had elected the president
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Louisiana State Senate
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The Louisiana State Senate is the upper house of the state legislature of Louisiana. All senators serve four-year terms and are assigned multiple committees to work on, the Republicans gained control of the chamber in 2011 after a special election in District 26 brought victory to their nominee, Jonathan W. Perry. Previously the Democratic Party held a majority in the Senate, the Senate President is a Democrat-turned-Republican, John Alario from Westwego. The Louisiana State Senate is composed of 39 senators elected from single-member districts from across the state of Louisiana by the electors thereof. Senators must be an elector, be at least eighteen years of age, be domiciled in their district for at least one year. The senate is the judge of its members qualifications and elections, all candidates for a senate seat in a district run in nonpartisan blanket primary and in a runoff if necessary. Elections to the Senate occur every four years and senators are limited three four-year terms, if a seat is vacated early during a term then it will be filled in a special election. Senate sessions occur every year, along with the Louisiana House of Representatives, the Senate convenes for sixty legislative days in general session in even-numbered years, and for forty-five days in appropriations session in odd-numbered years. The Senate is the legislative chamber of the Louisiana State Legislature and. In addition it tries officials impeached by the House of Representatives, †First elected in a special election The Louisiana State Senate currently has over fifteen different committees in which the senators sit. These committees address a range of issues such as environmental quality, education, labor relations. A full list of the committees can be found at the senate committees page, likewise, a full list of committee assignments can be found at the committee assignments page. The President of the Louisiana State Senate is the officer of the Louisiana State Senate. The President is elected by the members of the state senate, although not mandated by law or the Louisiana Constitution the Governor usually chooses the president, who in turn is usually elected by a near-unanimous, if not unanimous, vote. The president is chosen from the majority party, even if it is not the Governors party. One example of this is when Republican Governor Mike Foster chose Republican State Senator John Hainkel to serve as senate president even though the Democrats had a large majority. The President is fifth in the line of succession to the Governorship after the Lieutenant Governor, Secretary of State, Attorney General, and State Treasurer. The first senate president to succeed to the governorship was Henry S. Thibodaux, Thibodaux served for one month before the Governor-elect, Henry Johnson, took office
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World War I
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World War I, also known as the First World War, the Great War, or the War to End All Wars, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918. More than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilised in one of the largest wars in history and it was one of the deadliest conflicts in history, and paved the way for major political changes, including revolutions in many of the nations involved. The war drew in all the worlds great powers, assembled in two opposing alliances, the Allies versus the Central Powers of Germany and Austria-Hungary. These alliances were reorganised and expanded as more nations entered the war, Italy, Japan, the trigger for the war was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary, by Yugoslav nationalist Gavrilo Princip in Sarajevo on 28 June 1914. This set off a crisis when Austria-Hungary delivered an ultimatum to the Kingdom of Serbia. Within weeks, the powers were at war and the conflict soon spread around the world. On 25 July Russia began mobilisation and on 28 July, the Austro-Hungarians declared war on Serbia, Germany presented an ultimatum to Russia to demobilise, and when this was refused, declared war on Russia on 1 August. Germany then invaded neutral Belgium and Luxembourg before moving towards France, after the German march on Paris was halted, what became known as the Western Front settled into a battle of attrition, with a trench line that changed little until 1917. On the Eastern Front, the Russian army was successful against the Austro-Hungarians, in November 1914, the Ottoman Empire joined the Central Powers, opening fronts in the Caucasus, Mesopotamia and the Sinai. In 1915, Italy joined the Allies and Bulgaria joined the Central Powers, Romania joined the Allies in 1916, after a stunning German offensive along the Western Front in the spring of 1918, the Allies rallied and drove back the Germans in a series of successful offensives. By the end of the war or soon after, the German Empire, Russian Empire, Austro-Hungarian Empire, national borders were redrawn, with several independent nations restored or created, and Germanys colonies were parceled out among the victors. During the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, the Big Four imposed their terms in a series of treaties, the League of Nations was formed with the aim of preventing any repetition of such a conflict. This effort failed, and economic depression, renewed nationalism, weakened successor states, and feelings of humiliation eventually contributed to World War II. From the time of its start until the approach of World War II, at the time, it was also sometimes called the war to end war or the war to end all wars due to its then-unparalleled scale and devastation. In Canada, Macleans magazine in October 1914 wrote, Some wars name themselves, during the interwar period, the war was most often called the World War and the Great War in English-speaking countries. Will become the first world war in the sense of the word. These began in 1815, with the Holy Alliance between Prussia, Russia, and Austria, when Germany was united in 1871, Prussia became part of the new German nation. Soon after, in October 1873, German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck negotiated the League of the Three Emperors between the monarchs of Austria-Hungary, Russia and Germany
26.
Industrial Canal
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The Industrial Canal is a 5.5 mile waterway in New Orleans, Louisiana, United States. The waterways proper name, as used by the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, the more common Industrial Canal name is used locally, both by commercial mariners and by landside residents. The canal connects the Mississippi River to Lake Pontchartrain and it separates New Orleans East from the rest of the city of New Orleans, and the Lower 9th Ward from the Upper 9th Ward. The entirety of the passes through the 9th Ward of the city. Along the riverfront, the canal constitutes the boundary of the Upper 9th Ward on the side of the canal. Near the lake, it is considered to be the eastern boundary of the Gentilly neighborhood. The dream of a canal connecting the Mississippi River to Lake Pontchartrain goes back to Spanish colonial times. Engineers confirmed that canal locks would be necessary, a canal proposed in the early 19th century was never built, but the right-of-way for the proposed waterway gave its name to the citys Canal Street. In July 1914 the Louisiana State Government authorized the Port of New Orleans to build a shipping canal between the river and lake. Considerable land was expropriated in the portion of the city. Toward the lake this was mostly little-developed swamp, along the riverfront, though, buildings demolished to make room for the canal included homes and the Ursuline Convent, whose Dauphine Street facility was nearly a century old at that time. Dredging of the canal began on 6 June 1918, the length from the lake to the lock near the river was constructed with a 30 foot depth, with a width of 300 feet at the top of the canal and at least 150 feet at the bottom. The original lock system had 5 gates, a width of 74 feet, the opening dedication ceremony was presided over by Louisiana Governor John M. Parker on 5 May 1923. The cost was 19 million dollars, the original length of the canal was 5.3 miles with a 1,600 foot right-of way. The longer current length of 5.5 miles is due to the extension of the lakeshore by dredging in the late 1920s. After the opening of the canal, slips and docks were added along its length, allowing it to function as a harbor and industrial zone in addition to serving as a transit canal. In 1944, the government leased the Industrial Canal lock. In the 1960s the Industrial Canal/Intracoastal Waterway junction was enlarged, in expectation of the surge in traffic resulting from the completion of the Mississippi River Gulf Outlet
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Gulf Intracoastal Waterway
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The Gulf Intracoastal Waterway is the portion of the Intracoastal Waterway located along the Gulf Coast of the United States. It is an inland waterway running approximately 1,050 mi from Carrabelle, Florida, to Brownsville. The waterway provides a channel with a depth of 12 ft. Although the U. S. government proposals for such a waterway were made in the early 19th century, the Hathaway Bridge in Panama City, Florida, for example, is at mile 284.6 EHL. The Queen Isabella Causeway Bridge at South Padre Island is at mile 665.1 WHL, the Gulf Intracoastal Waterway crosses or meets, and in some cases is confluent with, numerous other navigable rivers and waterways
28.
St. Roch, New Orleans
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St. Roch is a neighborhood of the U. S. city of New Orleans. The city of New Orleans was founded by the French in the early 1700s, ruled for 40 years by the Spanish, New Orleans is known for its Creole culture and history. During the Spanish period, starting in 1763, the allowed for a free people of color or gens de colour. Being near many waterways, New Orleans was able to import and export goods to and from the Caribbean, South America. With New Orleans growth as a port city in the 19th century. One of the neighborhoods that came into play was the St. Roch neighborhood. “The area has a history as home to one of the country’s largest populations of free people of color before the Civil War. ”By the 20th century, St. Roch had grown considerably with new technologies of sewerage. By the late 1920s, St. Roch was considered a “low-key”, serene, the early St. Roch neighborhood had many recreational aspects. A huge baseball field is remembered for its many baseball enthusiasts, St. Roch was known historically for its blacksmith shops, dairies, and small farms. As a racially diverse area, St. Roch was home to many Creole and black families, Roch Playground, which was renamed the Harold Sampson Jr. St. Roch Playground in honor of the late coach of the New Orleans Recreation Department. One feature of the neighborhood is the St. Roch Market, St. Roch got its current name in 1867 with the dedication of the St. Roch shrine and cemetery. In 1867 as the fever epidemic was on the rise, a German priest, Rev. Peter Leonard Thevis, arrived in New Orleans, turning to Saint Roch. Promising that if no one in the parish died from the epidemic, he would build a chapel in honor of Saint Roch, nobody from the Holy Trinity parish died from the fever in either the epidemic of 1867 or the one in 1878. To give his thanks, Thevis built a chapel as a shrine, the St. Roch shrine, cemetery, and chapel have served as landmarks and places for many New Orleanians to continue traditions. St. Roch is located at 29°59′06″N 90°03′13″W and has an elevation of 0 feet, according to the United States Census Bureau, the district has a total area of 1.25 square miles. 1.25 square miles of which is land and 0.00 square miles of which is water, St. Roch is part of the district of the Bywater. In the early years of St. Roch, the boundaries were never clearly defined, as time went on, the city of New Orleans placed clear boundaries on the neighborhood. The City Planning Commission now defines the boundary of St. Roch using several streets which include Elysian Fields, St. Claude Avenue, Franklin Avenue, and Florida Avenue
29.
Bywater, New Orleans
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Bywater is a neighborhood of the city of New Orleans. Bywater is part of the Ninth Ward of New Orleans, but it is located along the levee of the Mississippi River. It includes part or all of Bywater Historic District, which is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. m. After Hurricane Katrina, many survivors flocked to the area as it was affected by the storm. Bywater is located at 29°57′46″N 90°02′24″W and has an elevation of 3 feet. According to the United States Census Bureau, the district has an area of 1.33 square miles,0.94 square miles of which is land and 0.39 square miles of which is water. Press Streets name came from a press which operated here during the 19th century. As of the census of 2000, there were 5,096 people,2,263 households, the population density was 5,421 /mi². As of the census of 2010, there were 3,337 people,1,763 households, the population density was 5,421 /mi². Many people from France, Spain, and the French Caribbean settled here, during the century, it grew with both white Creoles of French and Spanish descent, as well as mixed-race Creoles of French, Spanish, African, and Native American descent. They were also joined by immigrants from Germany, Italy, today, a historical marker stands at the intersection of Press Street and Royal Street to commemorate the event. There was little distinction between area and what became known as the Lower 9th Ward until the Industrial Canal was dredged in the early 20th century. A generation knew the area as the Upper 9th Ward, but as parts of the 9th Ward above the Canal farther from the River became developed. Inspired by the telephone exchange designation of Bywater, which fit the neighborhoods proximity to the River and the Canal. Real estate development and speculation surrounding the 1984 Louisiana World Exposition prompted many long-term French Quarter residents to move down river, Bywater and neighboring Faubourg Marigny are two of the most colorful neighborhoods in the city. The architectural styles borrow heavily from the colonial French and Spanish and have elements of the Caribbean and this blending over the last three centuries has resulted in an architectural style unique to the city of New Orleans
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Desire Area, New Orleans
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Desire Area is a neighborhood of the city of New Orleans. Desire Area is located at 29°59′39″N 90°02′04″W and has an elevation of 0 feet, according to the United States Census Bureau, the district has a total area of 1.83 square miles. 1.72 square miles of which is land and 0.11 square miles of which is water, note, The below demographic data is for the Desire Development and Area as these census tracts were combined for the 2010 Census. As of the census of 2000, there were 4,451 people,1,587 households, the population density was 2,204 /mi². As of the census of 2010, there were 2,005 people,678 households, New Orleans Public Schools and the Recovery School District form the school system. George Washington Carver High School is the public high school. Neighborhoods in New Orleans A Streetcar named Desire
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Lower Ninth Ward
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Lower Ninth Ward is a neighborhood of the city of New Orleans, Louisiana, United States. As the name implies, it is part of the Ninth Ward of New Orleans, the term Lower refers to its location farther towards the mouth of the Mississippi River, downriver, down or below the rest of the city. The 9th Ward, like all wards of New Orleans, is a voting district, the 9th Ward was added as a voting district in 1852. The Lower 9th Ward is composed of Ward 9 Districts 1,2,4, and 7 which make up the Holy Cross Area and Ward 9 Districts 3,5,6, and 8. Higher voting district numbers in the 9th Ward are on the side of the Industrial Canal. The area came to attention for its devastation in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina in 2005. Excluding the industrial and swamp areas north of the Florida Canal, three major avenues cross the developed portion of the neighborhood, each with bridges over the Industrial Canal. Most major businesses serving the neighborhood are located on St. Claude or Claiborne, the Lower Ninth Ward is also commonly used to describe a slightly larger area. This area borders the Mississippi River to the South and St. Bernard Parish to the east, to the west is the Industrial Canal, across which is the Bywater section of New Orleans. The northern or inland boundary is given as the Florida Canal with Florida Avenue, a levee. Alternatively, the area north of Florida Avenue is sometimes included as being part of the Lower 9th Ward. In Louisianas colonial era, this area was developed as sugar plantations, with narrow lots extending back from the river frontage that provided the transportation. At the start of the 19th century, the closer to the river was developed for residential use. In 1834 the United States Army established the Jackson Barracks here, as late as the 1870s, the area behind St. Claude was still mostly small farms with scattered residences. The area on the side of Claiborne was mostly undeveloped cypress swamp. What became the Lower 9th Ward did not become distinct from the parts of the 9th Ward until the start of the 1920s. This development bisected the 9th Ward, at this time, people started referring to the area above from the Canal as the Upper 9th Ward, and this area as the Lower. The section on the River side of Saint Claude Avenue, which developed as an area first, is sometimes called the Holy Cross Neighborhood for Holy Cross High School
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Jackson Barracks
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Jackson Barracks is the headquarters of the Louisiana National Guard. It is located in the Lower 9th Ward of New Orleans, the base was established in 1834 and was originally known as New Orleans Barracks. On July 7,1866, it was renamed in honor of Andrew Jackson, the National Register of Historic Places listed Jackson Barracks in 1976. After the War of 1812, the U. S. Congress realized coastal cities did not have adequate defenses, so they prescribed the Federal Fortifications Act. The Act, signed by Congress on July 19,1832, provided over $180,000 for the acquisition of lands, the building of barracks to house U. S. Troops, and the establishment of command and control centers. His quadrangle design, in the center of the post, was intended to be a point in the event of an attack. The backs of the buildings were designed with no outward facing windows, a 10-foot brick facade joined the houses and fortified the post. The front of the Barracks by the river, had a levee, road, railroad, the back of the Barracks by St. Claude Avenue, housed a powder magazine to store ammunition. The first troops were in the barracks by February 1837, Colonel David E. Twiggs, the commanding officer of the 2nd Regiment of Dragoons, was chosen as the first commandant of the Post. During this time, Ulysses S. Grant, Robert E. Lee, stuart, P. G. T. Beauregard, were all stationed at the Barracks, although not at the same time. During the Mexican–American War, New Orleans Barracks became a post for sending and receiving troops, the wounded troops returning from Mexico initiated the construction of a federally operated hospital in 1849. It became the first Public Service Hospital for Veterans in the country, on May 17,1848, additional property was purchased from Mrs. Prudence Desilets expanding the Barracks north of Saint Claude Avenue to allow for the new hospital. The facility was a French designed, four-building, 2-story, open-bay hospital ward, the hospital remained active until its demolition in 1888. The sturdy wood was salvaged and used to construct bungalows around the Barracks, in 1861, Louisiana seceded from the United States. Confederate forces took control of the Barracks and held it for less than one year, on July 7,1866, the barracks was renamed “Jackson Barracks” after the colonial who led the Battle of New Orleans, Old Hickory, Andrew Jackson. Three years later, the United States reorganized its “colored troops” into colored regiments, an ACT of Congress signed March 3,1869, reduced the four colored regiments to two. The 39th and 40th Regiments were consolidated and renumbered as the 25th Infantry Regiment headquartered at Jackson Barracks, known as the Buffalo Soldiers, they served the United States during the Indian wars and Spanish–American War. During World War I, the Barracks was used as a station where General John J. Pershing reviewed the troops leaving for war
33.
Faubourg Marigny
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Faubourg Marigny is a neighborhood of the city of New Orleans, Louisiana, U. S. A. Faubourg Marigny is located at 29°57′53″N 90°03′19″W and has an elevation of 1 foot, according to the United States Census Bureau, the district has a total area of 0.33 square miles. 0.31 square miles of which is land and 0.02 square miles of which is water, in the 19th century, Faubourg Marigny was the old Third Municipality of New Orleans. The triangular area between Esplanade and Elysian Fields Avenue is sometimes called the Marigny Triangle and is part of the 7th Ward of New Orleans, the remainder is in the 8th and 9th wards of New Orleans. The area farther back from the new Rampart/St, Claude street car to I-10 is considered New Marigny, the name dating back to the early 19th century. The lower boundary, with the Bywater neighborhood, is either Press Street or Franklin Avenue, the New Marigny Historic District was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1994. The area contains parts of the 7th and 8th Ward as well as Faubourg Saint Roch, Creole landowner Bernard de Marigny sold the lots in his 1806 subdivision, Faubourg Marigny, so quickly that he extended the development just four years later. Sales of the affordable, modest sized lots were spurred when the Pontchartrain Railroad, or “Smoky Mary, development of the area downriver of Elysian Fields Avenue followed when Faubourg Franklin was laid out in 1834. This neighborhood, like Faubourg Marigny across St. Claude Avenue, was settled by French Creoles, German immigrants, several musicians either grew up in the neighborhood or moved here as adults. Ferdinand LaMothe, better known as Jelly Roll Morton, snuck away from his upright Creole grandmother’s home just off Elysian Fields Avenue to play piano in the red light district, Storyville. Sidney Bechet, Manny Perez, Danny Barker and Paul Barbarin, all giants of New Orleans music, the Circle Market at 1522 St. Bernard Avenue continues to thrive even with competition from national grocery chains. Under the ancient oaks along St. Roch and Elysian Fields avenues, Creole cottages and shotgun houses are gradually taking on a coat of paint. A public park is underway for the formerly industrial Press Street corridor, as of the census of 2000, there were 3,145 people,1,960 households, and 391 families residing in the neighborhood. The population density was 10,145 /mi², as of the census of 2010, there were 2,973 people,1,881 households, and 359 families residing in the neighborhood. The portion of Faubourg Marigny closer to the river was built up first, in the early 19th century, New Marigny was where white Creole gentlemen set up households for their mistresses of color in the tradition of plaçage. Wide Elysian Fields Avenue, named after the Champs-Élysées in Paris, was designed to be the street of the Faubourg. It was the first street in the New Orleans area to extend directly from the riverfront to Lake Pontchartrain 8 km away, in 1830-31 the Pontchartrain Railroad was built, with its tracks down the center of Elysian Fields. The neighborhood declined badly in the century, and the area around Washington Square was nicknamed Little Angola for the dangerous criminals there
34.
Desire Projects
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Desire Projects were public housing facilities located in the Ninth Ward of New Orleans, Louisiana. These projects consisted of about 262 two-story brick buildings containing about 1,860 units across 98.5 acres of land, the overall conditions of the projects were deplorable from the moment they were put into place in the later part of the 1950s. The projects were meant to serve for large amount of the underprivileged African American residents in the New Orleans area, soon becoming a place of despair, Desire eventually becoming a dark no-man’s land leaving many residents infested with problems with little or no help from the government. Historically one of the citys most crime-ridden areas, mass demolition and it was located across Florida Avenue from the Florida Projects. For its deplorable condition, it was known among locals as Dirty D, Desire Projects is located at 29°59′21″N 90°01′55″W and has an elevation of 0 feet. According to the United States Census Bureau, the district has an area of 0.22 square miles. 0.22 square miles of which is land and 0.00 square miles of which is water, note, The below demographic data is for the Desire Development and Area as these census tracts were combined for the 2010 Census. As of the census of 2000, there were 4,451 people,1,587 households, the population density was 2,204 /mi². As of the census of 2010, there were 2,005 people,678 households, two Elementary Schools, Robert R. Moton and Henderson H. Dunn, were included in the construction of the Desire Housing Project. Because the schools did not account for the amount of students. Conditions in Desire were immediately poor before residents even moved into their complexes, many problems began because of the lack of foundation under each building. Instead of cement being laid down the buildings were all set on wet soil causing the structures to sink, porches broke away from homes, gas, water, and sewer lines were also laid improperly resulting in leakages. Desperation for housing increased and this time and many residents moved into Desire, besides the actual buildings were borderline unlivable, the surrounding location was also an area of solitude lacking basic essentials for residents such as stores, churches, and bus routes. Many people would sit on their porches because their quarters were so dark. Children resorted to playing outside in the mud surrounded by glass, old shoes. 1949-Federal Government program gives $300 million to public housing authorities to clear inner-city slums and build ever-bigger projects, several other buildings were cleared to make room, including the Hideaway Club, where Fats Domino played regular gigs. 1956- April 9-Six weeks before Desire opened, Tenants Association reports stated that “It is undesirable, for many reasons, 1956-May 21-$23 Million Desire Housing projects become open to the public, residents start to move in. September 15-Shootout with police and Panthers on Piety Street result in no deaths,12 panthers arrested for murder charges, chief Clarence Giarrusso sends in 250 armed cops backed by a tank and helicopters
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Florida Projects
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Florida Projects is a neighborhood and was a housing project of the city of New Orleans. Along with the Desire Projects, it was one of the most crime-ridden areas in downtown New Orleans. It was located on Florida Avenue across from the Desire Projects and it was heavily flooded in Hurricane Katrina and was subsequently razed. Florida Projects is located at 29°58′55″N 90°01′58″W and has an elevation of 0 feet, according to the United States Census Bureau, the district has a total area of 0.09 square miles. 0.09 square miles of which is land and 0.00 square miles of which is water, as of the census of 2000, there were 1,604 people,399 households, and 346 families residing in the neighborhood. The population density was 17,822 /mi², as of the census of 2010, there were 6 people,2 households, and 2 families residing in the neighborhood. Mannie Fresh Neighborhoods in New Orleans Florida Development on NeighborhoodLink. com <--Broken link, November 2015
36.
Agriculture Street Landfill
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The Agriculture Street Landfill was a dump in New Orleans, Louisiana. The area was developed for residential use, with unfortunate environmental consequences. It became a Superfund cleanup site and this area in the Upper Ninth Ward of New Orleans was swampy low ground when it began to be used as a dump in 1909. The landfill became one of the areas main dumps for both residential and industrial waste and it often caught fire, with flames and smoke visible for a good distance away, and got the local nickname Dantes Inferno. The dump was first closed in 1952, but continued as a landfill site to the end of the decade. It reopened in the aftermath of Hurricane Betsy, and much debris from that storm was deposited on site and it was officially reclosed in 1966, although reports indicate that dumping continued for another year. The landfill site was covered with ash from city incinerators. Three residential developments - Press Park, Gordon Plaza, and Liberty Terrace - were built over the old landfill area, the redevelopment project was championed by then mayor Dutch Morial as an opportunity for low-income African-Americans to qualify for home ownership. Along with the City of New Orleans led by Morial, additional sponsors of the redevelopment project included former U. S, representative William J. Jefferson, New Orleans City Councilman Johnny Jackson, the Housing Authority of New Orleans, the New Orleans school board, and HUD. Complaints of trash working its way up to the surface and health problems by area residents first prompted Environmental Protection Agency investigations in 1986, the area was initially judged not worthy of federal remedy and no further remedial action was planned by the EPA. In 1991, the US Centers for Disease Control revised the national levels for lead in blood from 25 ugm/DL to 10 ugm/DL, people in the area petitioned for retesting in 1993, and the site was placed on the National Priorities List as a cleanup site the following year. Investigations showed that the amount of soil placed over the landfill before redevelopment was much thinner than had been claimed. EPA supervised cleanup included closing Morton Elementary, and on residential land removing two feet of soil, putting down a barrier, then topping it with two feet of new clean soil. In April 2001 it was announced to be 99% complete, many area homeowners and residents have petitioned for being moved elsewhere, with the backing of Congressman Bill Jefferson, but they have not succeeded in getting funds provided. Flooding in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina disrupted this area, with storm surge funneled by the Mississippi River-Gulf Outlet Canal flooding into this neighborhood in 2005, there are concerns that the flooding has released additional toxins in the area. Press Park, a 56 townhouse housing complex in the area, has been contaminated with benzopyrene at levels some 50 times EPA health screening level. List of Superfund sites in Louisiana Landfill in the United States Agriculture Street Landfill on The Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry site Agriculture Street Landfill on UMich. edu
37.
Landfill
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A landfill site is a site for the disposal of waste materials by burial and the oldest form of waste treatment. Historically, landfills have been the most common method of organized waste disposal, some landfills are also used for waste management purposes, such as the temporary storage, consolidation and transfer, or processing of waste material. A landfill also may refer to ground that has filled in with rocks instead of waste materials, so that it can be used for a specific purpose. Unless they are stabilized, these areas may experience severe shaking or soil liquefaction of the ground during a large earthquake, afterward, the waste collection vehicles use the existing road network on their way to the tipping face or working front, where they unload their contents. After loads are deposited, compactors or bulldozers can spread and compact the waste on the working face, before leaving the landfill boundaries, the waste collection vehicles may pass through a wheel-cleaning facility. If necessary, they return to the weighbridge for re-weighing without their load, the weighing process can assemble statistics on the daily incoming waste tonnage, which databases can retain for record keeping. In addition to trucks, some landfills may have equipment to handle railroad containers, the use of rail-haul permits landfills to be located at more remote sites, without the problems associated with many truck trips. Typically, in the face, the compacted waste is covered with soil or alternative materials daily. Alternative waste-cover materials include chipped wood or other waste, several sprayed-on foam products, chemically fixed bio-solids. Blankets can be lifted into place at night and then removed the day prior to waste placement. The space that is occupied daily by the waste and the cover material is called a daily cell. Waste compaction is critical to extending the life of the landfill, factors such as waste compressibility, waste-layer thickness and the number of passes of the compactor over the waste affect the waste densities. Landfills are often the most cost-efficient way to dispose of waste, in addition, landfill gas can be upgraded to natural gas—landfill gas utilization—which is a potential revenue stream. Another advantage is having a location for disposal that can be monitored. Landfills have the potential to cause a number of issues, infrastructure disruption, such as damage to access roads by heavy vehicles, may occur. Pollution of local roads and water courses from wheels on vehicles when they leave the landfill can be significant, pollution of the local environment, such as contamination of groundwater or aquifers or soil contamination may occur, as well. Extensive efforts are made to capture and treat leachate from landfills before it reaches groundwater aquifers, eventually, every landfill liner will leak, allowing the leachate to contaminate the groundwater. Installation of composite liners with flexible membrane and soil barrier is enforced by the EPA to ensure that leachate is withheld, rotting food and other decaying organic waste allows methane and carbon dioxide to seep out of the ground and up into the air
38.
Superfund
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Superfund is a United States federal government program designed to fund the cleanup of sites contaminated with hazardous substances and pollutants. It was established as the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, CERCLA created the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. S. Approximately 70 percent of Superfund cleanup activities historically have been paid for by parties responsible for the cleanup of contamination, the exceptions occur when the responsible party either cannot be found or is unable to pay for the cleanup. Despite the name, the program has suffered from under-funding, as a result, the EPA typically negotiates consent orders with PRPs to study sites and develop cleanup alternatives, subject to EPA oversight and approval of all such activities. The EPA and state agencies use the Hazard Ranking System to calculate a score based on the actual or potential release of hazardous substances from a site. A score of 28.5 places the site on the National Priorities List, as of 9 August 2016, there are 1,328 sites listed, an additional 391 have been delisted, and 55 new sites have been proposed. CERCLA was enacted by Congress in 1980 in response to the threat of hazardous waste sites, typified by the Love Canal disaster in New York, and the Valley of the Drums in Kentucky. The initial trust fund to clean up a site where a polluter could not be identified, the EPA published the first Hazard Ranking System in 1981, and the first National Priorities List in 1982. Reagans policies were described as laissez-faire, until the mid-1990s, most of the funding came from a tax on the petroleum and chemical industries, reflecting the polluter pays principle. In 1994, the Clinton administration proposed a new Superfund reform bill, which some environmentalists and industry lobbyists saw as an improvement, the newly elected Republican Congress made numerous unsuccessful efforts to significantly weaken the law. The Clinton Administration then adopted some industry favored reforms as policy, even though by 1995 nearly $4 billion in fees were in the superfund, Congress did not reauthorize to collect these and by 2003 the superfund was empty. By 2013 funding had decreased from $2 billion in 1999 to less than $1.1 billion, from 2000-2015, Congress allocated about $1.26 billion of general revenue to the Superfund program each year. Consequently, less than half the number of sites were cleaned up from 2001 to 2008, the decrease continued during the Obama Administration, and since under the direction of EPA Administrator Gina McCarthy Superfund cleanups decreased even more from 20 in 2009 to a mere 8 in 2014. CERCLA authorizes two kinds of actions, Removal actions. These are typically short-term response actions, where actions may be taken to address releases or threatened releases requiring prompt response, Removal actions are classified as, emergency, time-critical, and non-time critical. These are usually long-term response actions, Remedial actions seek to permanently and significantly reduce the risks associated with releases or threats of releases of hazardous substances, and are generally larger more expensive actions. They can include such as using containment to prevent pollutants from migrating. These actions can be conducted with federal funding only at sites listed on the EPA National Priorities List in the United States, a potentially responsible party is a possible polluter who may eventually be held liable under CERCLA for the contamination or misuse of a particular property or resource
39.
Hurricane Georges
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Georges was the seventh tropical storm, fourth hurricane, and second major hurricane of the 1998 Atlantic hurricane season. It became the second most destructive storm of the season after Hurricane Mitch, the costliest Atlantic hurricane since Hurricane Andrew in 1992, and the deadliest since Hurricane Gordon in 1994. Georges killed 604 people, mainly on the island of Hispaniola, the hurricane made landfall in at least seven different countries and Puerto Rico, a Commonwealth of the United States — more than any other hurricane since Hurricane Inez of the 1966 season. A tropical wave exited the coast of Africa on September 13, moving westward, the large system quickly developed a closed circulation, and was classified Tropical Depression Seven on September 15. A strong upper-level ridge forced the depression to the west-northwest, where water temperatures allowed it to strengthen to a tropical storm on September 16. Conditions became nearly ideal for continued development, including warm water temperatures, low-level inflow to the hurricanes north, a banding eye developed, and Georges reached major hurricane strength on September 19 while 675 mi east-southeast of Guadeloupe. Over the mountainous terrain of the island, the hurricane weakened again, like in Puerto Rico, Georges was greatly weakened by the mountainous terrain, and after crossing the Windward Passage, it struck 30 mi east of Guantánamo Bay, Cuba on September 23. Well-defined upper-level outflow allowed the hurricane to remain organized. It continued to the west-northwest, and struck Key West later on September 25 with winds of 105 mph, despite moving over warmer water, Georges only managed to peak at 110 mph in the Gulf of Mexico, likely due to its disrupted inner core. A mid-tropospheric anticyclone pushed the hurricane slowly north-northwestward, forcing Georges to make its seventh and final landfall near Biloxi, within 24 hours, Georges had weakened to a tropical depression, and due to weak steering currents the storm looped over southern Mississippi, then drifted to the east. The weak circulation moved eastward over the interior of the Florida Panhandle, late on September 18, a hurricane watch was issued for Saint Lucia, Anguilla, Saba, and Sint Maarten, it was extended to include the British and United States Virgin Islands on the following day. Later on September 19, a warning was put into effect for islands between Dominica and Anguilla, as well as Saint Martin, but excluding Saint Barthélemy. Early on the day, a tropical storm warning was issued for Saint Lucia. About six hours later, the warning issued on September 19 was extended on September 20 to include islands north. Simultaneously, the storm warning in effect for Saint Lucia. By later on September 21, the warning was canceled for all islands east of the Virgin Islands including Antigua, Barbuda, St. Barthelemy. At 0300 UTC on the day, the hurricane warning was extended to include the British and United States Virgin Islands, though six hours later. Several hundred people on the island of Montserrat went into twelve hurricane shelters as Georges passed by with winds of 110 mph, on September 18, the National Disaster Preparedness Committee in Dominica began meetings to prepare for possible impacts from Georges
40.
1915 New Orleans hurricane
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The New Orleans Hurricane of 1915 was an intense Category 4 hurricane that made landfall near Grand Isle, Louisiana during the 1915 Atlantic hurricane season. The storm formed in late September were it moved westward and peaked in intensity of 145 mph where it made landfall on September 29, the hurricane killed 275 people and caused $13 million in damage. The storm was first reported near the Lesser Antilles between Puerto Rico and South America, in the Caribbean, it strengthened to a 145 mph Category 4 hurricane on September 25. As the hurricane moved closer to the Gulf Coast, hurricane warnings were put up from Florida to Louisiana, the storm made landfall near Grand Isle, Louisiana on September 29 as a strong Category 4 hurricane with 145 mph sustained winds. The storm then moved north and weakened into a storm as it crossed into Mississippi, Alabama. The storm became extratropical as it moved north, in New Orleans winds of 50 miles per hour reached the city at 7am, climbing to 60 miles an hour over the next 5 hours. Hurricane conditions were experienced from the afternoon into the night, with winds of 102 mph. There were reports of damage in New Orleans, with roofs blown off buildings, the clock on St. Louis Cathedral stopped at 5, 50pm, the height of the storm. The hurricane damaged the Times-Picayune building, hampering newspaper production, more church steeples in the city were blown down or significantly damaged than remained intact. The landmark Presbyterian Church on Lafayette Square collapsed, as did St. Annas Episcopal Church on Esplanade Avenue, half the rides at Spanish Fort were destroyed. Horticultural Hall in Audubon Park was destroyed, after power to drainage pumps failed, parts of the Mid-City neighborhood suffered significant flooding. Only 21 of the deaths were within the city. A 13-foot storm surge rolled into St. Bernard Parish, the Rigolets, areas along the Lower Coast were hit even harder than the city. A telegraph report states the situation, Whole country between Poydras and Buras inundated, conditions estimated worse than ever before. There were 23 dead in Venice, Louisiana, with numbers in coastal towns of Frenier. Plaquemines Parish experienced the worst fatalities with deaths estimated at over 200, in Plaquemines Parish, there was severe flooding and miles of levees were washed away. Thousands of people were left homeless, the hurricane also wrecked many of the oyster boats, damaging the local economy. Some communities, including Breton Island and the town of Saint Malo were completely destroyed, though it was not as deadly as the 1893 Chenier Caminanda hurricane, this hurricane was the deadliest Louisiana hurricane until Betsy 50 years later
41.
Lincoln Beach amusement park
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Lincoln Beach was an amusement park in New Orleans, Louisiana, functioning from 1939 through 1965. The park was for the areas African American population during the Jim Crow era of racial segregation, the land where Lincoln Beach was located was deeded to the city by Samuel Zemurray in 1938 and purchased within a year by the Orleans Levee Board. The Levee Board first designated this section as an area in the lake for colored New Orleanians. The park was similar to the whites only Pontchartrain Beach amusement park. It featured various rides, games, restaurants, a pool in addition to lake swimming. In the last decade, Fats Domino was repeatedly a featured musical act, Pontchartrain Beach was desegregated in 1964, and business declined rapidly at Lincoln Beach, which, having been rendered obsolete, closed soon afterward. Although there have been proposals to redevelop the Lincoln Beach site. The history of Lincoln Beach is recounted in the book, The Land Was Ours, Lincoln Beach amusement park at the Roller Coaster DataBase Andrew W. Kahrl, The Land Was Ours, African American Beaches from Jim Crow to the Sunbelt South
7th, 8th, and Upper 9th Wards travel guide from Wikivoyage
