1.
Beverly, New Jersey
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Beverly is a city in Burlington County, New Jersey, United States. Beverly was originally incorporated as a borough on March 5,1850, Beverly was incorporated as a city by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on April 13,1857, replacing Beverly borough, based on the results of a referendum held that day. Beverly Township, formed in 1859, co-existed alongside Beverly City and was renamed as Delanco Township in 1926, the borough was named for Beverley, England. According to the United States Census Bureau, Beverly had an area of 0.785 square miles. Beverly borders Edgewater Park Township, Delanco Township and Bensalem Township, as of the census of 2010, there were 2,577 people,1,002 households, and 671.3 families residing in the city. The population density was 4,645.4 per square mile, there were 1,086 housing units at an average density of 1,957.7 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 61. 66% White,29. 88% Black or African American,0. 16% Native American,0. 78% Asian,0. 00% Pacific Islander,2. 68% from other races, and 4. 85% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 9. 16% of the population,26. 4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7. 8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.57 and the family size was 3.10. In the city, the population was out with 23. 1% under the age of 18,9. 5% from 18 to 24,25. 9% from 25 to 44,30. 2% from 45 to 64. The median age was 38.5 years, for every 100 females there were 90.9 males. For every 100 females ages 18 and old there were 87.5 males, the Census Bureaus 2006-2010 American Community Survey showed that median household income was $51,964 and the median family income was $61,058. Males had an income of $47,738 and females $40,833. The per capita income was $30,364, about 14. 1% of families and 15. 2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 31. 6% of those under age 18 and 12. 5% of those age 65 or over. At the 2000 United States Census, there were 2,661 people,960 households and 694 families residing in the city, the population density was 4,608.2 per square mile. There were 1,042 housing units at a density of 1,804.5 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 64. 67% White,28. 75% African American,0. 11% Native American,0. 90% Asian,1. 43% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 4. 58% of the population. 21. 6% of all households were made up of individuals and 10. 1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.77 and the average family size was 3.23
Beverly, New Jersey
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St. Stephen's Episcopal Church in Beverly, New Jersey
Beverly, New Jersey
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Beverly highlighted in Burlington County. Inset map: Burlington County highlighted in the State of New Jersey.
2.
Indian Rocks Beach
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Indian Rocks Beach is a city in Pinellas County, Florida, United States. The population was 4,113 at the 2010 census, Indian Rocks Beach is part of the Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater, FL Metropolitan Statistical Area. Indian Rocks Beach is located at 27°53′45″N 82°50′51″W and it lies on a barrier island between the Gulf of Mexico and the Intracoastal Waterway. It is north of Indian Shores and south of Belleair Shore, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 1.4 square miles, of which 0.9 square miles is land and 0.5 square miles is water. As of the census of 2000, there were 5,072 people,2,700 households, the population density was 5,454.6 inhabitants per square mile. There were 4,032 housing units at a density of 4,336.1 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 97. 18% White,0. 30% African American,0. 18% Native American,0. 61% Asian,0. 02% Pacific Islander,0. 30% from other races, and 1. 42% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3. 17% of the population,36. 7% of all households were made up of individuals and 9. 4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1.88 and the family size was 2.39. In the city, the population was out with 10. 1% under the age of 18,4. 3% from 18 to 24,30. 0% from 25 to 44,36. 9% from 45 to 64. The median age was 48 years, for every 100 females there were 102.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 102.1 males, the median income for a household in the city was $53,770, and the median income for a family was $65,724. Males had an income of $41,250 versus $31,833 for females. The per capita income for the city was $40,195, about 1. 3% of families and 4. 7% of the population were below the poverty line, including none of those under age 18 and 3. 6% of those age 65 or over. Indian Rocks Beach Historical Museum is located on Indian Rocks Beach, the museums exhibits cover local history, and it is operated by the Indian Rocks Historical Society. Road Warrior Hawk, professional wrestler who died at his home in Indian Rocks Beach Indian Rocks Beach official website
Indian Rocks Beach
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Indian Rocks Beach in March 2013
Indian Rocks Beach
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Location in
Pinellas County and the state of
Florida
Indian Rocks Beach
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Waves in Indian Rocks Beach in August 2012
Indian Rocks Beach
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Indian Rocks Beach
3.
Speculative fiction
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Speculative fiction as a category ranges from ancient works to both cutting edge, paradigm-changing and neotraditional works of the 21st century. In historiography, what is now called speculative fiction has previously been termed historical invention, historical fiction, such supernatural, alternate history and sexuality themes continue in works produced within the modern speculative fiction genre. In its English language usage in arts and literature since 20th century, a variation on this term is speculative literature. It fell into disuse around the mid-1970s, the Internet Speculative Fiction Database contains a broad list of different subtypes. In the 2000s, the term came into use as a convenient collective term for a set of genres. However, some writers, such as Margaret Atwood, continue to maintain a distinction between speculative fiction as a no Martians type of fiction, about things that really could happen. Academic journals which publish essays on speculative fiction include Extrapolation, according to publisher statistics, men outnumber women about two to one among English-language speculative fiction writers aiming for professional publication. However, the percentages vary considerably by genre, with women outnumbering men in the fields of urban fantasy, paranormal romance and young adult fiction
Speculative fiction
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Speculative fiction
4.
Sunday magazine
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A Sunday magazine is a publication inserted into a Sunday newspaper. It also has known as a Sunday supplement, Sunday newspaper magazine or Sunday magazine section. Traditionally, the articles in these magazines cover a range of subjects. In 1869, the San Francisco Chronicle published what is regarded as the first Sunday magazine, the New York Times Magazine was published on September 6,1896, and it contained the first photographs ever printed in that newspaper. During the 1890s, publications were inserted into Joseph Pulitzers New York World, hearst had the eight-page Womens Home Journal and the 16-page Sunday American Magazine, which later became The American Weekly. Joseph P. Knapp published the Associated Sunday Magazine from 1903 to 1905 and his Every Week, published between 1915 and 1918, reached a circulation of more than 550,000. This was, however, not a Sunday magazine—because it appeared separately on newsstands on Monday mornings, the National Sunday Magazine was published on a semimonthly basis during the early part of the 20th century by the Abbott & Briggs Company. The New York Herald Tribune Sunday Magazine began in 1927 and this Week magazine was launched February 24,1935. At its peak in 1963, This Week was distributed with 42 Sunday newspapers having a circulation of 14.6 million. Prior to 1942, it was similar to the Sunday Grit Story Section and this Week dropped serials in 1940, and in 1942, it shifted the balance to 52% articles and 48% fiction. The magazine was discontinued in 1969, founded in 1941, Parade became the most widely read magazine in the United States with a circulation of 32.4 million and a readership of nearly 72 million. Family Weekly was circulated in smaller cities and towns beginning in 1953 and it was later incorporated into USA Weekend, which began in 1985. By the 1990s, more than half of American newspapers carried USA Weekend or Parade, USA Weekend, which reported a 22 million circulation in the 1990s, could be inserted into Friday, Saturday or Sunday newspapers, while Parade restricted distribution only to Sunday papers. In 1977, The Washington Posts Sunday supplement, Potomac Magazine, in 1994, Parade began React magazine, aimed at middle-schoolers. It was offered only to Parade-subscribing newspapers, after five years, React was in 225 newspapers with over four million circulation. Newspapers used React in their Newspapers in Education programs, most of the UK Saturday and Sunday broadsheet and tabloid papers include one or more supplements. These include the Guardian Weekend magazine and Guide arts listings and the Sunday Telegraph Stella, Sunday Magazine Editors Association Knapps Week
Sunday magazine
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September 6, 2009 issue of
Parade
Sunday magazine
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Gene Pressler cover for The National Sunday Magazine (Los Angeles Times, July 4, 1915).
5.
Fantasy
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Fantasy is a fiction genre set in an imaginary universe, often but not always without any locations, events, or people from the real world. Most fantasy uses magic or other elements as a main plot element, theme. Magic and magical creatures are common in many of these imaginary worlds, in popular culture, the fantasy genre is predominantly of the medievalist form. In its broadest sense, however, fantasy works by many writers, artists, filmmakers. Fantasy is studied in a number of disciplines including English and other studies, cultural studies, comparative literature, history. The identifying trait of fantasy is the reliance on imagination to create narrative elements that do not have to rely on history or nature to be coherent. This differs from realistic fiction in that whereas realistic fiction has to attend to the history and natural laws of reality, an author applies his or her imagination to come up with characters, plots, and settings that are impossible in reality. Fantasy has often compared with science fiction and horror because they are the major categories of speculative fiction. Fantasy is distinguished from science fiction by the plausibility of the narrative elements, a science fiction narrative is unlikely, though seeming possible through logical scientific and/or technological extrapolation, whereas fantasy narratives do not need to be scientifically possible. The imagined elements of fantasy do not need an explanation to be narratively functional. Authors have to rely on the suspension of disbelief, an acceptance of the unbelievable or impossible for the sake of enjoyment. Despite both genres heavy reliance on the supernatural, fantasy and horror are distinguishable, horror primarily evokes fear through the protagonists weaknesses or inability to deal with the antagonists. Beginning perhaps with the earliest written documents, mythic and other elements that would come to define fantasy. MacDonald was an influence on both J. R. R. Tolkien and C. S. Lewis. The other major fantasy author of this era was William Morris, lord Dunsany established the genres popularity in both the novel and the short story form. Many popular mainstream authors also began to write fantasy at this time, including H. Rider Haggard, Rudyard Kipling and Edgar Rice Burroughs. Indeed, juvenile fantasy was considered more acceptable than fantasy intended for adults, nathaniel Hawthorne wrote fantasy in A Wonder-Book for Girls and Boys, intended for children, though works for adults only verged on fantasy. Political and social trends can affect a societys reception towards fantasy, in the early 20th century, the New Culture Movements enthusiasm for Westernization and science in China compelled them to condemn the fantastical shenmo genre of traditional Chinese literature
Fantasy
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Fairy tales and legends, such as
Dobrynya Nikitich 's rescue of Zabava Putyatichna from the dragon
Gorynych, have been an important source for fantasy.
Fantasy
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Many works are unclear as to the belief of the authors in the marvels they contain, as in the enchanted garden from the
Decameron.
6.
EMP Museum
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The Museum of Pop Culture, or MoPOP is a nonprofit museum, dedicated to contemporary popular culture. It was founded by Microsoft co-founder Paul Allen in 2000 as the Experience Music Project, since that time MoPOP has organized dozens of exhibits,17 of which have toured across the US and internationally. An annual 21 and under battle-of-the-bands that supports the all-ages scene, and Pop Conference, a gathering of academics, critics, musicians. MoPOP, in collaboration with the Seattle International Film Festival presents the Science Fiction and Fantasy Short Film Festival, MoPOP is home to exhibits, interactive activity stations, sound sculpture, and various educational resources. Exhibits that cover pop culture, from the art of fantasy, horror cinema, IF VI WAS IX, a guitar sculpture consisting of more than 500 musical instruments and 30 computers conceived by UK exhibit designer Neal Potter and developed by sound sculptor Trimpin. Public programs such as MoPOP’s Science Fiction + Fantasy Short Film Festival, Pop Conference, the Youth Advisory Board, the Science Fiction Museum and Hall of Fame was founded by Paul Allen and Jody Patton and opened to the public on June 18,2004. It incorporated the Science Fiction and Fantasy Hall of Fame which had established in 1996. The museum was divided into galleries with common themes such as Homeworld, Fantastic Voyages, Brave New Worlds. Each gallery displayed related memorabilia in large display cases, posters, from robots to jet packs to space suits and ray guns, its all here. Members of the advisory board included Steven Spielberg, Ray Bradbury, James Cameron. The Science Fiction and Fantasy Hall of Fame was founded in 1996 by the Kansas City Science Fiction and Fantasy Society, the chairmen were Keith Stokes and Robin Wayne Bailey. Only writers and editors were eligible for recognition and four were inducted annually, each class of four was announced at Kansas Citys annual science fiction convention, ConQuesT, and inducted at the Campbell Conference hosted by CSSF. The Hall of Fame stopped inducting fantasy writers after 2004, when it became part of the Science Fiction Museum affiliated with MoPOP, having inducted 36 writers in nine years, in 2005 it began to recognize non-literary media. It retained the quota of four new members and thus reduced the number of writers. The 2005 and 2006 press releases placed new members in Literature, Art, and Film, Television and Media, in 2007 and 2008 the fourth inductee was placed in one of the three substantial categories. MoPOP de-installed the Science Fiction Museum in March 2011, when the exhibition Icons of Science Fiction opened in June 2012, a new Hall of Fame display was unveiled and the class of 2012 inducted. Nominations are submitted by the public but the selections are made by award-winning science fiction authors, artists, editors, publishers, MoPOP restored the original name online during June 2013 and announced five new members, one daily, beginning June 17. The first four were cited largely or wholly for science fiction, tolkien, hailed as the father of modern fantasy literature
EMP Museum
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View of EMP Museum from the
Seattle Center with the
monorail traveling through it
EMP Museum
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Monorail tracks going through the EMP building
EMP Museum
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Nighttime view of EMP Museum
EMP Museum
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Guitar sculpture in the EMP Museum
7.
Philadelphia
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In 1682, William Penn, an English Quaker, founded the city to serve as capital of the Pennsylvania Colony. Philadelphia was one of the capitals in the Revolutionary War. In the 19th century, Philadelphia became an industrial center. It became a destination for African-Americans in the Great Migration. The areas many universities and colleges make Philadelphia a top international study destination, as the city has evolved into an educational, with a gross domestic product of $388 billion, Philadelphia ranks ninth among world cities and fourth in the nation. Philadelphia is the center of activity in Pennsylvania and is home to seven Fortune 1000 companies. The Philadelphia skyline is growing, with a market of almost 81,900 commercial properties in 2016 including several prominent skyscrapers. The city is known for its arts, culture, and rich history, Philadelphia has more outdoor sculptures and murals than any other American city. Fairmount Park, when combined with the adjacent Wissahickon Valley Park in the watershed, is one of the largest contiguous urban park areas in the United States. The 67 National Historic Landmarks in the city helped account for the $10 billion generated by tourism, Philadelphia is the only World Heritage City in the United States. Before Europeans arrived, the Philadelphia area was home to the Lenape Indians in the village of Shackamaxon, the Lenape are a Native American tribe and First Nations band government. They are also called Delaware Indians and their territory was along the Delaware River watershed, western Long Island. Most Lenape were pushed out of their Delaware homeland during the 18th century by expanding European colonies, Lenape communities were weakened by newly introduced diseases, mainly smallpox, and violent conflict with Europeans. Iroquois people occasionally fought the Lenape, surviving Lenape moved west into the upper Ohio River basin. The American Revolutionary War and United States independence pushed them further west, in the 1860s, the United States government sent most Lenape remaining in the eastern United States to the Indian Territory under the Indian removal policy. In the 21st century, most Lenape now reside in the US state of Oklahoma, with communities living also in Wisconsin, Ontario. The Dutch considered the entire Delaware River valley to be part of their New Netherland colony, in 1638, Swedish settlers led by renegade Dutch established the colony of New Sweden at Fort Christina and quickly spread out in the valley. In 1644, New Sweden supported the Susquehannocks in their defeat of the English colony of Maryland
Philadelphia
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From top left, the Philadelphia skyline, a
statue of Benjamin Franklin, the
Liberty Bell, the
Philadelphia Museum of Art,
Philadelphia City Hall, and
Independence Hall
Philadelphia
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An 18th century map of Philadelphia.
Philadelphia
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Penn's Treaty with the Indians by
Benjamin West
Philadelphia
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Benjamin Franklin, 1777
8.
Philadelphia Inquirer
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The Philadelphia Inquirer is a morning daily newspaper that serves the Philadelphia metropolitan area of the United States. The newspaper was founded by John R. Walker and John Norvell in June 1829 as The Pennsylvania Inquirer and is the third-oldest surviving daily newspaper in the United States. Owned by Philadelphia Media Network, The Inquirer has the eighteenth largest average weekday U. S. newspaper circulation and has won nineteen Pulitzer Prizes and it is the newspaper of record in the Delaware Valley. The paper has risen and fallen in prominence throughout its history, the Inquirer first became a major newspaper during the American Civil War when its war coverage was popular on both sides. The papers circulation dropped after the war, then rose by the end of the 19th century, by the end of the 1960s, The Inquirer trailed its chief competitor, the Philadelphia Evening Bulletin, and lacked modern facilities and experienced staff. In the 1970s, new owners and editors turned the newspaper one of the countrys most prominent. Stan Wischnowski is Vice President of News Operations, the Philadelphia Inquirer was founded as The Pennsylvania Inquirer by printer John R. Walker and John Norvell, former editor of Philadelphias largest newspaper, the Aurora & Gazette. Founded on June 1,1829, The Philadelphia Inquirer is the third-oldest surviving daily newspaper in the United States, however, in 1962, an Inquirer-commissioned historian traced The Inquirer to John Dunlaps The Pennsylvania Packet, which was founded on October 28,1771. In 1850, The Packet was merged with another newspaper, The North American, after Harding acquired The Pennsylvania Inquirer, it was briefly published as an afternoon paper before returning to its original morning format in January 1830. Under Harding, in 1829, The Inquirer moved from its location between Front and Second Streets to between Second and Third Streets. When Harding bought and merged the Morning Journal in January 1830, Ten years later The Inquirer again was moved, this time to its own building at the corner of Third Street and Carters Alley. Harding expanded The Inquirers content and the paper grew into a major Philadelphian newspaper. The expanded content included the addition of fiction, and in 1840, at the time the common practice was to pay little or nothing for the rights of foreign authors works. Harding retired in 1859 and was succeeded by his son William White Harding, William Harding changed the name of the newspaper to its current name, The Philadelphia Inquirer. Harding, in an attempt to increase circulation, cut the price of the paper, in 1859, circulation had been around 7,000, by 1863 it had increased to 70,000. Part of the increase was due to the interest in news during the American Civil War, the Philadelphia Inquirer supported the Union, but Harding wanted their coverage to remain neutral. Confederate generals often sought copies of the paper, believing that the war coverage was accurate. Inquirer journalist Uriah Hunt Painter was at the First Battle of Bull Run in 1861, initial reports from the government claimed a Union victory, but The Inquirer went with Painters firsthand account
Philadelphia Inquirer
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The paper's May 2, 2011 front page
Philadelphia Inquirer
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The Inquirer Building, formerly the Elverson Building, the home of the newspaper from 1924-2011
Philadelphia Inquirer
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The sign above the entrance to The Inquirer Building
Philadelphia Inquirer
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The former
Strawbridge & Clothier Building at 801 Market Street, where the Inquirer and Daily News offices are now located.
9.
The American Weekly
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The American Weekly was a Sunday newspaper supplement published by the Hearst Corporation from November 1,1896, until 1966. During the 1890s, publications were inserted into Joseph Pulitzers New York World, Hearst had the eight-page Womens Home Journal and the 16-page Sunday American Magazine, which later became The American Weekly. Magazine and illustration historian Jim Vadeboncoeur Jr and it was large—about 21 x 15—and printed on fragile newsprint, so few copies have survived the ensuing decades. While much of each 12-24-page issue was taken up with photos and text. The best of the art is by the amazing Lee Conrey. Our collection runs from 1918 to 1943 and issues from 1923 through 1943 have his work and its clear to me that he was a major influence on Virgil Finlay and probably on Alex Raymond. Thousands of his pen and ink drawings appear in these issues. If youve seen the book Virgil Finlay in The American Weekly, nothing was too farfetched to speculate upon if it could offer the possibility of a good picture. Finlay and Conrey both provided lots of imaginative drawings, other regular contributors included Joe Little, Gordon Ross, Edmund Frederick, Ben Jorj Harris, et al, and Ive turned up occasional work by John R. Flanagan, Orson Lowell, Otto Soglow. Not to imply that the following list is typical, but we have found a couple of large color ads each so far by Willy Pogany, N. C. Wyeth, McClelland Barclay, Matt Clark, Dean Cornwell, Bradshaw Crandell, John Lagatta, Andrew Loomis, Rose ONeill, Norman Rockwell, the name was changed to Pictorial Living in 1963 before it was finally cancelled in 1966. Due to the low quality of the paper on which it was printed, as a result, it has become a collectors item
The American Weekly
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Henry Clive 's painting of
Dorothy Lamour as Cleopatra (October 13, 1946)
10.
Virgil Finlay
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Virgil Finlay was an American pulp fantasy, science fiction and horror illustrator. He has been called part of the pulp magazine history, one of the foremost contributors of original and imaginative art work for the most memorable science fiction and fantasy publications of our time. Despite the very labor-intensive and time-consuming nature of his specialty, Finlay created more than 2600 works of art in his 35-year career. The Science Fiction Hall of Fame inducted Finlay in 2012, wright began buying Finlays work, which debuted with illustrations of three different stories in the December 1935 issue and appeared in 62 issues including the last in September 1954. He also created 19 color covers for Weird Tales numbers from February 1937 to March 1953, Finlay quickly branched out to other publications after his 1935 debut, he was an immediate hit. In 1938 he went to work for A, merritt at The American Weekly, moving from Rochester to New York City. Later the same year, he married Beverly Stiles, whom he had known in childhood in Rochester and his adjustment to the city and to his new job was not smooth, however, he was fired and re-hired more than once. Yet during his period on the staff, and later as a freelancer, Finlay estimated that he produced 845 different illustrations, large and small. He resumed his career after demobilization, doing a considerable amount of work for science fiction magazines. As the pulp magazine market narrowed through the 1950s, Finlay turned to magazines as a new venue for his art. Finlay also wrote throughout his adult life. Virtually none was published in his lifetime, though significant samples have been printed posthumously, Finlay had to undergo major surgery for cancer in early 1969. He recovered enough to go back to work for a time, but the cancer returned, Finlay just missed a resurgence in interest in his artwork from the early 1970s onward. Both Donald M. Grant and Gerry de la Ree have published series of collections of Finlay artwork since the artists death, the later books published by Underwood-Miller contain illustrations from the Gerry de la Ree editions, as well as additional material. It was recently given a 21st-century facsimile reprinting by Red Jacket Press, virgil Finlay An Astrology Sketch Book introductions by Beverly C
Virgil Finlay
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Finlay cover,
Weird Tales, December 1937
11.
Hannes Bok
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Hannes Bok, pseudonym for Wayne Francis Woodard, was an American artist and illustrator, as well as an amateur astrologer and writer of fantasy fiction and poetry. He painted nearly 150 covers for science fiction, fantasy. Boks work graced the pages of calendars and early fanzines, as well as dust jackets from specialty book publishers like Arkham House, Llewellyn, Shasta Publishers, and Fantasy Press. His paintings achieved a luminous quality through the use of an arduous glazing process, Bok shared one of the inaugural 1953 Hugo Awards for science fiction achievement. Wayne Woodard was born in Kansas City, Missouri and his parents divorced when he was five, and his father and stepmother, strict disciplinarians, discouraged his artistic efforts. Once he graduated high school, in Duluth, Minnesota, Bok cut off contact with his father, there he became active in SF fandom, including the publication and illustration of fanzines. It was in connection with activities that he originated his pseudonym, first Hans, then Hannes. The pseudonym derives from Johann Sebastian Bach, in 1937, Bok moved to Los Angeles, where he met Ray Bradbury. In 1938, he relocated to Seattle – where he worked for the W. P. A. and became acquainted with artists like Mark Tobey and Morris Graves. Bok had corresponded with and had met Maxfield Parrish, and the influence of Parrishs art on Boks is evident in his choice of subject matter, use of color, and application of glazes. In the summer of 1939, Ray Bradbury carried samples of Boks art eastward to introduce his friends work to magazine editors at the first World Science Fiction Convention. This was a move, since Bradbury was a neophyte with no connections to commercial art or the magazine industry. Bradbury was, at the time, a 19-year-old newspaper seller, Bradbury succeeded, Farnsworth Wright, editor of Weird Tales, accepted Boks art, which debuted in the December 1939 issue of Weird Tales. More than 50 issues of the magazine featured Boks pen-and-ink work until March 1954, Bok also executed six color covers for Weird Tales between March 1940 and March 1942. Weird Tales also published five of Boks stories and two of his poems between 1942 and 1951, once he broke through into professional publications, Bok moved to New York City and lived there the rest of his life. Throughout his life, Bok was deeply interested in astrology, as well as in the music of the Finnish composer Jean Sibelius, with whom Bok had a correspondence. As the years passed, Bok became prone to disagreements with editors over money and artistic issues, he grew reclusive and mystical and he eked out a living, often in near poverty, until his death in 1964. He died, apparently of an attack, at the age of 49
Hannes Bok
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Hannes Bok, date unknown
Hannes Bok
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Cover of the May 1941 issue of Cosmic Science-Fiction, by Bok.
Hannes Bok
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Bok's cover for the March 1940 Weird Tales, illustrating Clyde Irvine's "The Horror in the Glen"
Hannes Bok
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1951 Bok illustration
12.
Elizabeth Kenny
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Elizabeth Kenny was an unaccredited Australian nurse who promoted a controversial new approach to the treatment of poliomyelitis. Her findings ran counter to conventional wisdom, they demonstrated the need to exercise muscles affected by polio instead of immobilising them. Kennys principles of muscle rehabilitation became the foundation of physical therapy and her life story was told in the 1946 film Sister Kenny. She was portrayed by Rosalind Russell, who was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance as Kenny. Elizabeth Kenny was born in Warialda, New South Wales, in 1880 or 1886, the daughter of Mary, a native Australian, and Michael Kenny, a farmer from Ireland. She was called Lisa by her family and was home-schooled by her mother before attending schools in New South Wales and Nobby, at age 17, she broke her wrist in a fall from a horse. Her father took her to Aeneas McDonnell, a doctor in Toowoomba. While there, Kenny studied McDonnells anatomy books and model skeleton and this began a lifelong association with McDonnell, who became her mentor and advisor. Kenny later asserted that she became interested in how muscles worked while convalescing from her accident, instead of using a model skeleton, since they were available for medical students only, she made her own. From age 18 until her mid-twenties, she worked as a bush nurse in the Clifton district. In 1907, Kenny returned to Guyra, New South Wales, while there she claimed to receive basic nursing training from a local midwife, but there is no record of her undertaking formal nursing training. She also brokered agricultural sales between Guyra farmers and northern markets in Brisbane and she was not a member of a religious order, in some Commonwealth nations, the title sister is applied to senior qualified nurses and does not necessarily indicate a religious vocation. In 1909, Kenny returned to Nobby and assumed the role of a nurse after paying a tailor to make her a nurses uniform, complete with cap. Using the money she earned by brokering produce in Guyra, she opened a hospital in 1911 at Clifton. Kenny provided convalescent and midwifery services at St. Canices, Kenny claimed in her 1943 autobiography that she treated her first cases of infantile paralysis in 1910 while working alone as a bush nurse in the Clifton district. That episode was romanticised in the 1946 film Sister Kenny, featuring Rosalind Russell, in her memoir, Kenny claimed she was baffled by the cases she encountered and sought assurance from Dr. Aeneas McDonnell. He wired back. treat them according to the symptoms as they present themselves, sensing that their muscles were tight, she did what mothers around the world did, applied hot compresses and weights made from woollen blankets to their legs. Kenny wrote in her autobiography that a little girl woke up very much relieved and said, Please, several children recovered with no serious aftereffects
Elizabeth Kenny
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Elizabeth Kenny in 1950
Elizabeth Kenny
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Nurse Elizabeth Kenny in August 1915
Elizabeth Kenny
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Sister Kenny House, Nobby, Queensland
Elizabeth Kenny
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Headstone in Nobby cemetery
13.
Jamaica
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Jamaica is an island country situated in the Caribbean Sea, consisting of the third-largest island of the Greater Antilles. The island,10,990 square kilometres in area, lies about 145 kilometres south of Cuba, Jamaica is the fourth-largest island country in the Caribbean, by area. Inhabited by the indigenous Arawak and Taíno peoples, the island came under Spanish rule following the arrival of Christopher Columbus in 1494, Many of the indigenous people died of disease, and the Spanish imported African slaves as labourers. Named Santiago, the island remained a possession of Spain until 1655, under British colonial rule Jamaica became a leading sugar exporter, with its plantation economy highly dependent on slaves imported from Africa. The British fully emancipated all slaves in 1838, and many chose to have subsistence farms rather than to work on plantations. Beginning in the 1840s, the British imported Chinese and Indian indentured labour to work on plantations, the island achieved independence from the United Kingdom on 6 August 1962. With 2.8 million people, Jamaica is the third-most populous Anglophone country in the Americas, Kingston is the countrys capital and largest city, with a population of 937,700. Jamaicans predominately have African ancestry, with significant European, Chinese, Hakka, Indian, due to a high rate of emigration for work since the 1960s, Jamaica has a large diaspora around the world, particularly in Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Jamaica is a Commonwealth realm, with Queen Elizabeth II as its monarch and her appointed representative in the country is the Governor-General of Jamaica, an office held by Sir Patrick Allen since 2009. Andrew Holness has served as the head of government and Prime Minister of Jamaica from March 2016, the indigenous people, the Taíno, called it Xaymaca in Arawakan, meaning the Land of Wood and Water or the Land of Springs. Colloquially Jamaicans refer to their island as the Rock. Slang names such as Jamrock, Jamdown, or briefly Ja, have derived from this, the Arawak and Taíno indigenous people, originating in South America, settled on the island between 4000 and 1000 BC. When Christopher Columbus arrived in 1494, there were more than 200 villages ruled by caciques, the south coast of Jamaica was the most populated, especially around the area now known as Old Harbour. The Taino still inhabited Jamaica when the English took control of the island in 1655, the Jamaican National Heritage Trust is attempting to locate and document any evidence of the Taino/Arawak. Christopher Columbus claimed Jamaica for Spain after landing there in 1494 and his probable landing point was Dry Harbour, now called Discovery Bay, although there is some debate that it might have been St. Anns Bay. St. Anns Bay was named Saint Gloria by Columbus, as the first sighting of the land, the capital was moved to Spanish Town, then called St. Jago de la Vega, around 1534. Spanish Town has the oldest cathedral of the British colonies in the Caribbean, the Spanish were forcibly evicted by the English at Ocho Rios in St. Ann. In 1655, the English, led by Sir William Penn and General Robert Venables, the English continued to import African slaves as labourers
Jamaica
–
Henry Morgan was a famous
Caribbean pirate and privateer; he had first come to the West Indies as an indentured servant, like most of the early English colonists.
Jamaica
Jamaica
–
Prince Charles and the
Duchess of Cornwall during a visit to Jamaica in 2008.
Jamaica
–
Inside the
Jamaican Parliament.
14.
Ecuador
–
Ecuador also includes the Galápagos Islands in the Pacific, about 1,000 kilometres west of the mainland. What is now Ecuador was home to a variety of Amerindian groups that were incorporated into the Inca Empire during the 15th century. The territory was colonized by Spain during the 16th century, achieving independence in 1820 as part of Gran Colombia, Spanish is the official language and is spoken by a majority of the population, though 13 Amerindian languages are also recognized, including Quichua and Shuar. The capital city is Quito, while the largest city is Guayaquil, in reflection of the countrys rich cultural heritage, the historical center of Quito was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1978. Cuenca, the third-largest city, was declared a World Heritage Site in 1999 as an outstanding example of a planned. Ecuador has an economy that is highly dependent on commodities, namely petroleum. The country is classified as a medium-income country, Ecuador is a democratic presidential republic. The new constitution of 2008 is the first in the world to recognize legally enforceable Rights of Nature, Ecuador is also known for its rich ecology, hosting many endemic plants and animals, such as those of the Galápagos Islands. It is one of 17 megadiverse countries in the world, various peoples had settled in the area of the future Ecuador before the arrival of the Incas. They developed different languages while emerging as unique ethnic groups, even though their languages were unrelated, these groups developed similar groups of cultures, each based in different environments. Over time these groups began to interact and intermingle with each other so that groups of families in one area became one community or tribe, with a similar language and culture. Many civilizations arose in Ecuador, such as the Valdivia Culture and Machalilla Culture on the coast, the Quitus, each civilization developed its own distinctive architecture, pottery, and religious interests. Eventually, through wars and marriage alliances of their leaders, a group of nations formed confederations, one region consolidated under a confederation called the Shyris, which exercised organized trading and bartering between the different regions. Its political and military came under the rule of the Duchicela blood-line. The native confederations that gave them the most problems were deported to distant areas of Peru, Bolivia, similarly, a number of loyal Inca subjects from Peru and Bolivia were brought to Ecuador to prevent rebellion. Thus, the region of highland Ecuador became part of the Inca Empire in 1463 sharing the same language, in contrast, when the Incas made incursions into coastal Ecuador and the eastern Amazon jungles of Ecuador, they found both the environment and indigenous people more hostile. Moreover, when the Incas tried to subdue them, these indigenous people withdrew to the interior, as a result, Inca expansion into the Amazon basin and the Pacific coast of Ecuador was hampered. The indigenous people of the Amazon jungle and coastal Ecuador remained relatively autonomous until the Spanish soldiers, the Amazonian people and the Cayapas of Coastal Ecuador were the only groups to resist Inca and Spanish domination, maintaining their language and culture well into the 21st century
Ecuador
–
Ingapirca ruins northeast of Cañar canton,
Cañar Province
Ecuador
–
Flag
Ecuador
–
Spanish Historical Center in
Quito
Ecuador
–
Shipwrights from Francisco de Orellana's expedition building a small
brigantine, the San Pedro.
15.
Orchid
–
The Orchidaceae are a diverse and widespread family of flowering plants, with blooms that are often colourful and often fragrant, commonly known as the orchid family. Along with the Asteraceae, they are one of the two largest families of flowering plants, the Orchidaceae have about 28,000 currently accepted species, distributed in about 763 genera. The determination of which family is larger is still under debate, regardless, the number of orchid species nearly equals the number of bony fishes and is more than twice the number of bird species, and about four times the number of mammal species. The family also encompasses about 6–11% of all seed plants, the largest genera are Bulbophyllum, Epidendrum, Dendrobium and Pleurothallis. The family also includes Vanilla, Orchis, and many cultivated plants such as Phalaenopsis. Moreover, since the introduction of species into cultivation in the 19th century, horticulturists have produced more than 100,000 hybrids. Orchids are easily distinguished from plants, as they share some very evident, shared derived characteristics. Among these are, bilateral symmetry of the flower, many flowers, a nearly always highly modified petal, fused stamens and carpels. All orchids are perennial herbs that lack any permanent woody structure and they can grow according to two patterns, Monopodial, The stem grows from a single bud, leaves are added from the apex each year and the stem grows longer accordingly. The stem of orchids with a monopodial growth can reach several metres in length, as in Vanda, Sympodial, Sympodial orchids have a front and a back. The plant produces a series of adjacent shoots which grow to a size, bloom. Sympodial orchids grow laterally rather than vertically, following the surface of their support, the growth continues by development of new leads, with their own leaves and roots, sprouting from or next to those of the previous year, as in Cattleya. While a new lead is developing, the rhizome may start its growth again from a so-called eye, Sympodial orchids may have visible pseudobulbs joined by a rhizome, which creeps along the top or just beneath the soil. Terrestrial orchids may be rhizomatous or form corms or tubers, the root caps of terrestrial orchids are smooth and white. Some sympodial terrestrial orchids, such as Orchis and Ophrys, have two subterranean tuberous roots, one is used as a food reserve for wintry periods, and provides for the development of the other one, from which visible growth develops. In warm and constantly humid climates, many terrestrial orchids do not need pseudobulbs, epiphytic orchids, those that grow upon a support, have modified aerial roots that can sometimes be a few meters long. In the older parts of the roots, a modified spongy epidermis and it is made of dead cells and can have a silvery-grey, white or brown appearance. In some orchids, the velamen includes spongy and fibrous bodies near the passage cells, the cells of the root epidermis grow at a right angle to the axis of the root to allow them to get a firm grasp on their support
Orchid
Orchid
–
"Orchid" redirects here. For other uses, see
Orchid (disambiguation).
Orchid
–
Anacamptis lactea showing the two tubers
Orchid
–
The pseudobulb of Prosthechea fragrans
16.
Witchcraft
–
Witchcraft broadly means the practice of, and belief in, magical skills and abilities that are able to be exercised by individuals and certain social groups. Witchcraft often occupies a religious, divinatory or medicinal role, and is present within societies. The concept of witchcraft and the belief in its existence have existed throughout recorded history and it posits a theosophical conflict between good and evil, where witchcraft was generally evil and often associated with the Devil and Devil worship. Christian views in the day are diverse and cover the gamut of views from intense belief and opposition to non-belief. From the mid-20th century, witchcraft – sometimes called contemporary witchcraft to clearly distinguish it from older beliefs – became the name of a branch of modern paganism and it is most notably practiced in the Wiccan and modern witchcraft traditions, and no longer practices in secrecy. The Western mainstream Christian view is far from the only societal perspective about witchcraft, Beliefs related to witchcraft and magic in these cultures were at times influenced by the prevailing Western concepts. Suspicion of modern medicine due to beliefs about illness being due to witchcraft also continues in countries to this day. HIV/AIDS and Ebola virus disease are two examples of infectious disease epidemics whose medical care and containment has been severely hampered by regional beliefs in witchcraft. Other severe medical conditions whose treatment is hampered in this way include tuberculosis, leprosy, epilepsy, the word witchcraft derives from the Old English wiccecræft, a compound of wicce and cræft. This definition was pioneered in a study of central African magical beliefs by E. E. Evans-Pritchard, European witchcraft is seen by historians and anthropologists as an ideology for explaining misfortune, however, this ideology has manifested in diverse ways, as described below. Some modern commentators believe the malefic nature of witchcraft is a Christian projection, many examples appear in early texts, such as those from ancient Egypt and Babylonia. Malicious magic users can become a cause for disease, sickness in animals, bad luck, sudden death, impotence. Witchcraft of a benign and socially acceptable sort may then be employed to turn the malevolence aside. The folk magic used to identify or protect against malicious magic users is often indistinguishable from that used by the witches themselves, there has also existed in popular belief the concept of white witches and white witchcraft, which is strictly benevolent. Many neopagan witches strongly identify with this concept, and profess ethical codes that prevent them from performing magic on a person without their request. Probably the most obvious characteristic of a witch was the ability to cast a spell, spell being the word used to signify the means employed to carry out a magical action. A spell could consist of a set of words, a formula or verse, or a ritual action, or any combination of these. Strictly speaking, necromancy is the practice of conjuring the spirits of the dead for divination or prophecy – although the term has also applied to raising the dead for other purposes
Witchcraft
–
Witches by
Hans Baldung. Woodcut, 1508
Witchcraft
–
Magic Circle by
John William Waterhouse, 1886
Witchcraft
–
A painting in the
Rila Monastery in
Bulgaria, condemning witchcraft and traditional
folk magic
Witchcraft
–
Execution of alleged witches, 1587
17.
Magic (paranormal)
–
Magic or sorcery is the use of rituals, symbols, actions, gestures, and language with the aim of exploiting supernatural forces. The term magic has a variety of meanings, and there is no agreed upon definition of what it is or how it can be used. Religious scholars have defined magic in many different ways, one approach, associated with the anthropologists Edward Tylor and James G. Frazer, has magic and science be opposites. Many scholars of religion have rejected the utility of the term magic, the term magic comes from the Old Persian magu, a word that applied to a form of religious functionary about which little is known. This meaning of the term was adopted by Latin in the first century BCE. The concept was incorporated into Christian theology during the first century CE. This concept was pervasive throughout the Middle Ages, although in the modern period Italian humanists reinterpreted the term in a positive sense to establish the idea of natural magic. Both negative and positive understandings of the term were retained in Western culture over the following centuries, throughout Western history, there have been examples of individuals claiming to be practitioners of magic and referring to themselves as magicians. This trend has proliferated in the period, with a growing number of magicians appearing within the esoteric milieu. Scholars of religion have failed to agree on a definition of magic is. The subject has one of intense dispute, with some scholars criticizing the validity of the term in the first place. Even among those throughout history who have described themselves as magicians, there has been some debate among scholars as to whether to use the term magic at all. The scholar of religion Jonathan Z. Smith for example argued that it had no utility as a term that scholars should use. Religious historian Wouter Hanegraaff agreed, stating that the magic is an important object of historical research. Since the 1990s its usage among scholars has declined, within Western culture, magic has been linked to the idea of the Other. Using the term magic when discussing non-Western cultures or pre-modern forms of Western society raises problems, alternately, this term implies that all categories of magic are ethnocentric and that such Western preconceptions are an unavoidable component of scholarly research. Magic is one of the most heavily theorized concepts in the study of religion, the intellectualist approach to defining magic is associated with two prominent British anthropologists, Edward Tylor and James G. Frazer. This was an approach that viewed magic as being the theoretical opposite of science, in his 1871 book Primitive Culture, Tylor characterized magic as beliefs based on the error of mistaking ideal analogy for real analogy
Magic (paranormal)
–
"
Circe Offering the Cup to Ulysses " by
John William Waterhouse
Magic (paranormal)
–
The "
Magician " card from a 15th-century
tarot deck.
Magic (paranormal)
–
Juju charm protecting dugout canoe on riverbank, in
Suriname.1954.
Magic (paranormal)
–
Traditional welcome performance,
Mitral,
Kheda district, Gujarat
18.
Monkshood
–
These herbaceous perennial plants are chiefly native to the mountainous parts of the Northern Hemisphere, growing in the moisture-retentive but well-draining soils of mountain meadows. Most species are poisonous and must be dealt with carefully. The dark green leaves of Aconitum species lack stipules and they are palmate or deeply palmately lobed with five to seven segments. Each segment again is trilobed with coarse sharp teeth, the leaves have a spiral arrangement. The lower leaves have long petioles, the tall, erect stem is crowned by racemes of large blue, purple, white, yellow, or pink zygomorphic flowers with numerous stamens. They are distinguishable by having one of the five sepals, called the galea, in the form of a cylindrical helmet. Two to 10 petals are present, the two upper petals are large and are placed under the hood of the calyx and are supported on long stalks. They have a spur at their apex, containing the nectar. The other petals are small and scale-like or nonforming, the three to five carpels are partially fused at the base. The fruit is an aggregate of follicles, a follicle being a dry, Aconitum species have been recorded as food plant of the caterpillars of several moths. The yellow tiger moth Arctia flavia, and the purple-shaded gem Euchalcia variabilis are at home on A. vulparia, the purple-lined sallow Pyrrhia exprimens, and Blepharita amica were found eating from A. septentrionale. The dot moth Melanchra persicariae occurs both on A. septentrionale and A. intermedium, the golden plusia Polychrysia moneta is hosted by A. vulparia, A. napellus, A. septentrionale, and A. intermedium. Other moths associated with Aconitum species include the wormwood pug Eupithecia absinthiata, satyr pug E. satyrata, Aterpia charpentierana and it is also the primary food source for the Old World bumblebee Bombus consobrinus. The roots of A. ferox supply the Nepalese poison called bikh, bish and it contains large quantities of the alkaloid pseudaconitine, which is a deadly poison. A. palmatum yields another of the bikh poisons, the root of A. luridum, of the Himalaya, is said to be as poisonous as that of A. ferox or A. napellus. Several species of Aconitum have been used as arrow poisons, the Minaro in Ladakh use A. napellus on their arrows to hunt ibex, while the Ainu in Japan used a species of Aconitum to hunt bear. The Chinese also used Aconitum poisons both for hunting and for warfare, Aconitum poisons were used by the Aleuts of Alaskas Aleutian Islands for hunting whales. Usually, one man in an armed with a poison-tipped lance would hunt the whale, paralyzing it with the poison
Monkshood
–
Monkshood
Monkshood
–
Dissected flower of Aconitum vulparia, showing the
nectaries
Monkshood
–
Monkshood, Aconitum napellus
Monkshood
–
Plant as used in Chinese-style herbology (in Japanese) (
crude medicine)
19.
Aconitum
–
These herbaceous perennial plants are chiefly native to the mountainous parts of the Northern Hemisphere, growing in the moisture-retentive but well-draining soils of mountain meadows. Most species are poisonous and must be dealt with carefully. The dark green leaves of Aconitum species lack stipules and they are palmate or deeply palmately lobed with five to seven segments. Each segment again is trilobed with coarse sharp teeth, the leaves have a spiral arrangement. The lower leaves have long petioles, the tall, erect stem is crowned by racemes of large blue, purple, white, yellow, or pink zygomorphic flowers with numerous stamens. They are distinguishable by having one of the five sepals, called the galea, in the form of a cylindrical helmet. Two to 10 petals are present, the two upper petals are large and are placed under the hood of the calyx and are supported on long stalks. They have a spur at their apex, containing the nectar. The other petals are small and scale-like or nonforming, the three to five carpels are partially fused at the base. The fruit is an aggregate of follicles, a follicle being a dry, Aconitum species have been recorded as food plant of the caterpillars of several moths. The yellow tiger moth Arctia flavia, and the purple-shaded gem Euchalcia variabilis are at home on A. vulparia, the purple-lined sallow Pyrrhia exprimens, and Blepharita amica were found eating from A. septentrionale. The dot moth Melanchra persicariae occurs both on A. septentrionale and A. intermedium, the golden plusia Polychrysia moneta is hosted by A. vulparia, A. napellus, A. septentrionale, and A. intermedium. Other moths associated with Aconitum species include the wormwood pug Eupithecia absinthiata, satyr pug E. satyrata, Aterpia charpentierana and it is also the primary food source for the Old World bumblebee Bombus consobrinus. The roots of A. ferox supply the Nepalese poison called bikh, bish and it contains large quantities of the alkaloid pseudaconitine, which is a deadly poison. A. palmatum yields another of the bikh poisons, the root of A. luridum, of the Himalaya, is said to be as poisonous as that of A. ferox or A. napellus. Several species of Aconitum have been used as arrow poisons, the Minaro in Ladakh use A. napellus on their arrows to hunt ibex, while the Ainu in Japan used a species of Aconitum to hunt bear. The Chinese also used Aconitum poisons both for hunting and for warfare, Aconitum poisons were used by the Aleuts of Alaskas Aleutian Islands for hunting whales. Usually, one man in an armed with a poison-tipped lance would hunt the whale, paralyzing it with the poison
Aconitum
–
Monkshood
Aconitum
–
Dissected flower of Aconitum vulparia, showing the
nectaries
Aconitum
–
Monkshood, Aconitum napellus
Aconitum
–
Plant as used in Chinese-style herbology (in Japanese) (
crude medicine)
20.
Datura
–
Datura is a genus of nine species of poisonous vespertine flowering plants belonging to the family Solanaceae. They are commonly known as daturas, but also known as devils trumpets and they are also sometimes called moonflowers, jimsonweed, devils weed, hells bells, thorn-apple, and many more. Its precise and natural distribution is uncertain, owing to its cultivation and naturalization throughout the temperate. All species of Datura are poisonous, especially their seeds and flowers, some South American plants formerly thought of as Datura are now treated as belonging to the distinct genus Brugmansia. Other related taxa include Hyosyamus niger, Atropa belladonna, Mandragora officinarum, the name Datura is taken from Hindi धतूरा dhatūra thorn-apple, ultimately from Sanskrit धत्तूर dhattūra white thorn-apple. In the Ayurvedic text Sushruta different species of Datura are also referred to as kanaka, record of this name in English dates back to 1662. Nathaniel Hawthorne refers to one type in The Scarlet Letter as apple-Peru, in Mexico, its common name is toloache. Datura species are herbaceous, leafy annuals and short-lived perennials which can reach up to 2 m in height, the leaves are alternate, 10–20 cm long and 5–18 cm broad, with a lobed or toothed margin. The flowers are erect or spreading, trumpet-shaped, 5–20 cm long and 4–12 cm broad at the mouth, colors vary from white to yellow, pink, and pale purple. The fruit is a spiny capsule 4–10 cm long and 2–6 cm broad, the seeds disperse freely over pastures, fields and even wasteland locations. Datura belongs to the classic witches weeds, along with deadly nightshade, henbane, most parts of the plants are toxic, and datura has a long history of use for causing delirious states and death. It was well known as an ingredient of potions and witches brews. In India it has referred to as Poisonous and as an aphrodisiac. In little measures it was used in Ayurveda as a medicine from the ancient times and it is used in rituals and prayers to Shiva. It is also used in Ganesh Chaturthi, the larvae of some Lepidoptera species, including Hypercompe indecisa, eat some Datura species. It is difficult to classify Datura as to its species, later, these new species are found to be simply varieties that have evolved due to conditions at a specific location. They usually disappear in a few years, contributing to the confusion is the fact that various species, such as D. wrightii and D. inoxia, are very similar in appearance, and the variation within a species can be extreme. For example, Datura species can change size of plant, leaf, today, experts classify only nine species of Datura, D. ceratocaula Jacq. – torna loco D. discolor Bernh
Datura
–
Datura
Datura
–
Datura metel
Datura
–
Fruit
Datura
–
D. inoxia with ripe, split-open fruit
21.
Peyote
–
Lophophora williamsii /loʊˈfɒfərə wɪlˈjæmsiaɪ/ or peyote is a small, spineless cactus with psychoactive alkaloids, particularly mescaline. The English common name comes from the like-spelled Spanish name. Other sources translate the Nahuatl word as Divine Messenger, Native North Americans are likely to have used peyote, often for spiritual purposes, for at least 5,500 years. Peyote is native to Mexico and southwestern Texas and it is found primarily in the Chihuahuan Desert and in the states of Coahuila, Nuevo León, Tamaulipas and San Luis Potosí among scrub, especially where there is limestone. Peyote has a history of ritualistic and medicinal use by indigenous Americans. It flowers from March through May, and sometimes as late as September, the flowers are pink, with thigmotactic anthers. The various species of the genus Lophophora grow low to the ground and they form groups with numerous. The blue-green, yellow-green or sometimes reddish green shoots are mostly flattened spheres with sunken shoot tips and they can reach heights of from 2 to 7 centimeters and diameters of 4 to 12 centimeters. There are often significant, vertical ribs consisting of low and rounded or hump-like bumps, from the cusp areoles arises a tuft of soft, yellowish or whitish woolly hairs. Flowers are pink or white to yellowish, sometimes reddish. They open during the day, are from 1 to 2.4 centimeters long, the cactus produces flowers sporadically, these are followed by small edible pink fruit. The club-shaped to elongated, fleshy fruits are bare and more or less rosy colored, at maturity, they are brownish-white and dry. The fruits do not burst open on their own and they are between 1.5 and 2 centimeters long and they contain black, pear-shaped seeds that are 1 to 1.5 mm long and 1 mm wide. The seeds require hot and humid conditions to germinate, Peyote contains a large spectrum of phenethylamine alkaloids. The mescaline content of Lophophora williamsii is about 0. 4% fresh, cultivated specimens grow considerably faster, sometimes taking less than three years to go from seedling to mature flowering adult. More rapid growth can be achieved by grafting peyote onto mature San Pedro root stock, the top of the cactus that grows above ground, also referred to as the crown, consists of disc-shaped buttons that are cut above the roots and sometimes dried. When done properly, the top of the root will form a callus, when poor harvesting techniques are used, however, the entire plant dies. Currently in South Texas, peyote grows naturally but has been over-harvested, the buttons are generally chewed, or boiled in water to produce a psychoactive tea
Peyote
–
Peyote
Peyote
–
A group of Lophophora williamsii.
Peyote
–
A flowering peyote.
Peyote
–
Lophophora williamsii seedling at roughly 1 1/2 months of age
22.
Cannabis (drug)
–
Cannabis, also known as marijuana among several other names, is a preparation of the Cannabis plant intended for use as a psychoactive drug or medicine. The main psychoactive part of cannabis is tetrahydrocannabinol, one of 483 known compounds in the plant, Cannabis can be used by smoking, vaporization, within food, or as an extract. Cannabis is often used for its mental and physical effects, such as a high or stoned feeling, a change in perception, euphoria. Short term side effects may include a decrease in short-term memory, dry mouth, impaired motor skills, red eyes, long term side effects may include addiction, decreased mental ability in those who started as teenagers, and behavioral problems in children whose mothers used cannabis during pregnancy. Onset of effects is within minutes when smoked and about 30 to 60 minutes when cooked and they last for between two and six hours. Cannabis is mostly used recreationally or as a medicinal drug and it may also be used for religious or spiritual purposes. In 2013, between 128 and 232 million people used cannabis, in 2015, 43% of Americans had used cannabis, which increased to 51% in 2016. About 12% have used it in the past year, and 7. 3% have used it in the past month and this makes it the most commonly used illegal drug both in the world and the United States. The earliest recorded uses date from the 3rd millennium BC, since the early 20th century, cannabis has been subject to legal restrictions. The possession, use, and sale of cannabis is illegal in most countries of the world, Medical cannabis refers to the physician-recommended use of cannabis, which is taking place in Canada, Belgium, Australia, the Netherlands, Spain, and 23 U. S. states. Cannabis use started to become popular in the US in the 1970s, support for legalization has increased in the United States and several US states have legalized recreational or medical use. Medical cannabis, or medical marijuana can refer to the use of cannabis and its cannabinoids to treat disease or improve symptoms, however, the use of cannabis as a medicine has not been rigorously scientifically tested, often due to production restrictions and other federal regulations. There is limited evidence suggesting cannabis can be used to reduce nausea and vomiting during chemotherapy, to improve appetite in people with HIV/AIDS and its use for other medical applications is insufficient for conclusions about safety or efficacy. Short-term use increases the risk of minor and major adverse effects. Common side effects include dizziness, feeling tired, vomiting, long-term effects of cannabis are not clear. Concerns include memory and cognition problems, risk of addiction, schizophrenia in people. Cannabis has psychoactive and physiological effects when consumed, at higher doses, effects can include altered body image, auditory and/or visual illusions, pseudohallucinations and ataxia from selective impairment of polysynaptic reflexes. In some cases, cannabis can lead to states such as depersonalization and derealization
Cannabis (drug)
–
A flowering cannabis plant
Cannabis (drug)
–
A joint prior to rolling, with a paper handmade filter on the left
Cannabis (drug)
–
Dried flower buds
Cannabis (drug)
–
Kief
23.
Queens
–
Queens is the easternmost and largest in area of the five boroughs of New York City. Coterminous with Queens County since 1899, the borough of Queens is the second-largest in population, with a census-estimated 2,339,150 residents in 2015, approximately 48% of them foreign-born. Queens County also is the second-most populous county in the U. S. state of New York, behind the borough of Brooklyn. Queens is the fourth-most densely populated county among New York Citys boroughs, if each of New York Citys boroughs were an independent city, Queens also would be the nations fourth most populous city, after Los Angeles, Chicago, and Brooklyn. Queens is the most ethnically diverse area in the world. Queens was established in 1683 as one of the original 12 counties of New York and it was named after the Portuguese Princess Catherine of Braganza, Queen of England, Scotland, and Ireland. It became a borough of New York City in 1898, and from 1683 until 1899, Queens has the most diversified economy of the five boroughs of New York City It is home to JFK International Airport and LaGuardia Airport. These airports are among the busiest in the world, causing the airspace above Queens to be the most congested in the country, attractions in Queens include Flushing Meadows Park, Citi Field, the US Open tennis tournament, Kaufman Astoria Studios, Silvercup Studios, and Aqueduct Racetrack. European colonization brought Dutch and English settlers, as a part of the New Netherland colony, First settlements occurred in 1635 followed by early colonizations at Maspeth in 1642, and Vlissingen in 1643. Other early settlements included Newtown and Jamaica, however, these towns were mostly inhabited by English settlers from New England via eastern Long Island subject to Dutch law. After the capture of the colony by the English and its renaming as New York in 1664, the Flushing Remonstrance signed by colonists in 1657 is considered a precursor to the United States Constitutions provision on freedom of religion in the Bill of Rights. The signers protested the Dutch colonial authorities persecution of Quakers in what is today the borough of Queens, originally, Queens County included the adjacent area now comprising Nassau County. It was a county of New York State, one of twelve created on November 1,1683. The county was named after Catherine of Braganza, since she was queen of England at the time, the county was founded alongside Kings County, and Richmond County. On October 7,1691, all counties in the Colony of New York were redefined, Queens gained North Brother Island, South Brother Island, and Huletts Island. On December 3,1768, Queens gained other islands in Long Island Sound that were not already assigned to a county, Queens played a minor role in the American Revolution, as compared to Brooklyn, where the Battle of Long Island was largely fought. Queens, like the rest of Long Island, remained under British occupation after the Battle of Long Island in 1776 and was occupied throughout most of the rest of the Revolutionary War. Under the Quartering Act, British soldiers used, as barracks, even though many local people were against unannounced quartering, sentiment throughout the county remained in favor of the British crown
Queens
–
Clockwise from top-left:
Unisphere,
Rockaway Park beach,
US Open 's
Billie Jean King National Tennis Center,
Queensboro Bridge,
Flushing -bound
7 train,
New York Mets —
Citi Field.
Queens
–
Catherine of Braganza, Queen of England.
Queens
–
Looking south from the
Queensboro Bridge in
Long Island City, this photo was published in 1920 by the Queens Chamber of Commerce to illustrate the borough's "numerous attractive industrial plants"
Queens
–
NASA Landsat satellite image of Long Island and surrounding areas.
24.
H. Rider Haggard
–
Sir Henry Rider Haggard, KBE, known as H. Rider Haggard, was an English writer of adventure novels set in exotic locations, predominantly Africa, and a pioneer of the Lost World literary genre. He was also involved in agricultural reform throughout the British Empire and his stories, situated at the lighter end of Victorian literature, continue to be popular and influential. His father was born in Saint Petersburg, Russia, to British parents and this was because his father, who perhaps regarded him as somebody who was not going to amount to much, could no longer afford to maintain his expensive private education. After failing his entrance exam, he was sent to a private crammer in London to prepare for the entrance exam for the British Foreign Office. During his two years in London he came into contact with people interested in the study of psychical phenomena. In 1875, Haggards father sent him to what is now South Africa to take up a position as assistant to the secretary to Sir Henry Bulwer. In 1876 he was transferred to the staff of Sir Theophilus Shepstone and it was in this role that Haggard was present in Pretoria in April 1877 for the official announcement of the British annexation of the Boer Republic of the Transvaal. Indeed, Haggard raised the Union flag and read out much of the following the loss of voice of the official originally entrusted with the duty. At about that time, Haggard fell in love with Mary Elizabeth Lilly Jackson, in 1878 he became Registrar of the High Court in the Transvaal, and wrote to his father informing him that he intended to return to England and marry her. His father forbade it until Haggard had made a career for himself, and by 1879 Jackson had married Frank Archer, when Haggard eventually returned to England, he married a friend of his sister, Marianna Louisa Margitson in 1880, and the couple travelled to Africa together. They had a son named Jack and three daughters, Angela, Dorothy and Lilias, Lilias Rider Haggard became an author, edited The Rabbit Skin Cap and I Walked By Night, and wrote a biography of her father entitled The Cloak That I Left. Moving back to England in 1882, the couple settled in Ditchingham, Norfolk, later they lived in Kessingland and had connections with the church in Bungay, Suffolk. Haggard turned to the study of law and was called to the bar in 1884 and his practice of law was desultory and much of his time was taken up by the writing of novels which he saw as being more profitable. Haggard lived at 69 Gunterstone Road in Hammersmith, London, from mid-1885 to circa April 1888 and it was at this Hammersmith address that he completed King Solomons Mines. Haggard was heavily influenced by the larger-than-life adventurers whom he met in Colonial Africa, most notably Frederick Selous, Haggard belonged to the Athenaeum, Savile, and Authors clubs. Years later, when Haggard was a successful novelist, he was contacted by his love, Lilly Archer. She had been deserted by her husband, who had embezzled funds entrusted to him and had fled bankrupt to Africa, Haggard installed her and her sons in a house and saw to the childrens education. Lilly eventually followed her husband to Africa, where he infected her with syphilis before dying of it himself, Lilly returned to England in late 1907, where Haggard again supported her until her death on 22 April 1909
H. Rider Haggard
–
Sir H. Rider Haggard
H. Rider Haggard
–
Portrait of H. Rider Haggard c. 1902
H. Rider Haggard
–
Blue plaque, 69 Gunterstone Road, London
H. Rider Haggard
–
Vanity Fair, 1887
25.
Robert W. Chambers
–
Robert William Chambers was an American artist and fiction writer, best known for his book of short stories entitled The King in Yellow, published in 1895. He was born in Brooklyn, New York, to William P. Chambers, a corporate and bankruptcy lawyer and his parents met when Caroline was twelve years old and William P. was interning with her father, Joseph Boughton, a prominent corporate lawyer. Eventually the two formed the law firm of Chambers and Boughton which continued to prosper even after Josephs death in 1861. Roberts great-grandfather, William Chambers, a lieutenant in the British Royal Navy, was married to Amelia Saunders, the couple moved from Westerly, to Greenfield, Massachusetts and then to Galway, New York, where their son, also William Chambers, was born. The second William graduated from Union College at the age of 18, and then went to a college in Boston, where he studied to be a doctor. Upon graduating, he and his wife, Eliza P. Allen, a descendant of Roger Williams. His brother was architect Walter Boughton Chambers, Robert was first educated at the Brooklyn Polytechnic Institute, and then entered the Art Students League at around the age of twenty, where the artist Charles Dana Gibson was his fellow student. Chambers studied at the École des Beaux-Arts, and at Académie Julian, in Paris from 1886 to 1893, on his return to New York, he succeeded in selling his illustrations to Life, Truth, and Vogue magazines. Then, for unclear, he devoted his time to writing, producing his first novel. His most famous, and perhaps most meritorious, effort is The King in Yellow and this included several famous weird short stories which are connected by the theme of a fictitious drama of the same title, which drives those who read it insane. E. F. Bleiler described The King in Yellow as one of the most important works of American supernatural fiction and it was also strongly admired by H. P. Lovecraft and his circle. Chambers returned to the genre in his later short story collections The Maker of Moons, The Mystery of Choice and The Tree of Heaven. Some of Chamberss work contains elements of fiction, such as In Search of the Unknown. About a zoologist who encounters monsters, Chambers later turned to writing romantic fiction to earn a living. According to some estimates, Chambers had one of the most successful careers of his period, his later novels selling well. Many of his works were also serialized in magazines and his novel The Man They Hanged was about Captain Kidd, and argued that Kidd was not a pirate, and had been made a scapegoat by the British government. During World War I he wrote war adventure novels and war stories, some of which showed a return to his old weird style. After 1924 he devoted solely to writing historical fiction
Robert W. Chambers
–
Robert William Chambers
Robert W. Chambers
–
Cover of the first edition of In Search of the Unknown
26.
Helena Blavatsky
–
Helena Petrovna Blavatsky was a Russian occultist, spirit medium, and author who co-founded the Theosophical Society in 1875. She gained a following as the leading theoretician of Theosophy. Born into an aristocratic Russian-German family in Yekaterinoslav, Ukraine, Blavatsky traveled widely around the Russian Empire as a child, largely self-educated, she developed an interest in Western esotericism during her teenage years. According to her claims, in 1849 she embarked on a series of world travels, visiting Europe, the Americas. Both contemporary critics and later biographers have argued that some or all of foreign visits were fictitious. Relocating to the United States in 1873, she befriended Henry Steel Olcott and rose to attention as a spirit medium. In New York City, Blavatsky co-founded the Theosophical Society with Olcott, in 1877 she published Isis Unveiled, a book outlining her Theosophical world-view. In 1880 she and Olcott moved to India, where the Society was allied to the Arya Samaj and that same year, while in Ceylon she and Olcott became the first Westerners to officially convert to Buddhism. Although opposed by the British administration, Theosophy spread rapidly in India, amid ailing health, in 1885 she returned to Europe, there establishing the Blavatsky Lodge in London. Here she published The Secret Doctrine, a commentary on what she claimed were ancient Tibetan manuscripts and she died of influenza in the home of her disciple and successor, Annie Besant. Blavatsky was a controversial figure during her lifetime, championed by supporters as a guru and derided as a fraudulent charlatan. Developing a reliable account of Blavatskys life has proved difficult for biographers because in life she deliberately provided contradictory accounts. Further, very few of her own writings authored prior to 1873 survive, the accounts of her early life provided by her family members have also been considered dubious by biographers. Blavatsky was born as Helena Petrovna von Hahn in the Ukrainian town of Yekaterinoslav and her birth date was 12 August 1831, although according to the Julian calendar used in 19th-century Russia it was 31 July. Immediately after her birth, she was baptized into the Russian Orthodox Church and her mother was Helena Andreyevna von Hahn, a self-educated 17-year-old who herself was the daughter of Princess Yelena Pavlovna Dolgorukova, a similarly self-educated aristocrat. Pyotr had not been present at his daughters birth, having been in Poland fighting to suppress the November Uprising against Russian rule, a year after Pyotrs arrival in Yekaterinoslav, the family relocated to the nearby army town of Romankovo. When Blavatsky was two old, her younger brother, Sasha, died in another army town when no medical help could be found. In 1835, mother and daughter moved to Odessa, where Blavatskys maternal grandfather Andrei Fadeyev and it was in this city that Blavatskys sister Vera Petrovna was born
Helena Blavatsky
–
Blavatsky in 1877
Helena Blavatsky
–
Yekaterinoslav in the early 19th century
Helena Blavatsky
–
A painting of Blavatsky and her mother, titled "Two Helens (Helena Hahn and Helena Blavatsky)" 1844–1845
27.
Gertrude Barrows Bennett
–
Gertrude Barrows Bennett was the first major female writer of fantasy and science fiction in the United States, publishing her stories under the pseudonym Francis Stevens. Bennett wrote a number of highly acclaimed fantasies between 1917 and 1923 and has called the woman who invented dark fantasy. Her most famous books include Claimed and the lost world novel The Citadel of Fear, Bennett also wrote an early dystopian novel, The Heads of Cerberus. Gertrude Mabel Barrows was born in Minneapolis in 1883 and she completed school through the eighth grade, then attended night school in hopes of becoming an illustrator. Instead, she working as a stenographer, a job she held on. In 1909 Barrows married Stewart Bennett, a British journalist and explorer, a year later her husband died while on an expedition. With a new-born daughter to raise, Bennett continued working as a stenographer, when her father died toward the end of World War I, Bennett assumed care for her invalid mother. During this time period Bennett began to write a number of stories and novels. In the mid-1920s, she moved to California, because Bennett was estranged from her daughter, for a number of years researchers believed Bennett died in 1939. However, new research, including her death certificate, shows that she died in 1948, Bennett wrote her first short story at age 17, a science fiction story titled The Curious Experience of Thomas Dunbar. She mailed the story to Argosy, then one of the top pulp magazines, the story was accepted and published in the March 1904 issue. Once Bennett began to care of her mother, she decided to return to fiction writing as a means of supporting her family. The first story she completed after her return to writing was the novella The Nightmare, the story is set on an island separated from the rest of the world, on which evolution has taken a different course. The Nightmare resembles Edgar Rice Burroughs The Land That Time Forgot, while Bennett had submitted The Nightmare under her own name, she had asked to use a pseudonym if it was published. The magazines editor chose not to use the pseudonym Bennett suggested, when readers responded positively to the story, Bennett chose to continue writing under the name. Over the next few years, Bennett wrote a number of short stories and her short story Friend Island, for example, is set in a 22nd-century ruled by women. Another story is the novella Serapion, about a man possessed by a supernatural creature and this story has been released in an electronic book entitled Possessed, A Tale of the Demon Serapion, with three other stories by her. Many of her stories have been collected in The Nightmare
Gertrude Barrows Bennett
–
Cover of Gertrude Barrows Bennett's (writing as Francis Stevens) short story collection The Nightmare and Other Tales of Dark Fantasy, University of Nebraska Press, 2004.
28.
Pulp magazine
–
Pulp magazines were inexpensive fiction magazines that were published from 1896 to the 1950s. The term pulp derives from the wood pulp paper on which the magazines were printed, in contrast. The typical pulp magazine had 128 pages, it was 7 inches wide by 10 inches high, the pulps gave rise to the term pulp fiction in reference to run-of-the-mill, low-quality literature. Pulps were the successors to the penny dreadfuls, dime novels, although many respected writers wrote for pulps, the magazines were best known for their lurid, exploitative, and sensational subject matter. The first pulp was Frank Munseys revamped Argosy Magazine of 1896, with about 135,000 words per issue, on paper with untrimmed edges. In six years Argosy went from a few thousand copies per month to over half a million, Street & Smith, a dime novel and boys weekly publisher, was next on the market. Seeing Argosys success, they launched The Popular Magazine in 1903, due to differences in page layout however, the magazine had substantially less text than Argosy. Haggards Lost World genre influenced several key pulp writers, including Edgar Rice Burroughs, Robert E. Howard, Talbot Mundy and Abraham Merritt. Street and Smiths next innovation was the introduction of specialized genre pulps, with each focusing on a particular genre, such as detective stories, romance. At their peak of popularity in the 1920s and 1930s, the most successful pulps could sell up to one million copies per issue, in 1934, Frank Gruber says there were some 150 pulp titles. The most successful pulp magazines were Argosy, Adventure, Blue Book and Short Stories, although pulp magazines were primarily an American phenomenon, there were also a number of British pulp magazines published between the Edwardian era and World War II. Notable UK pulps included Pall Mall Magazine, The Novel Magazine, Cassells Magazine, The Story-Teller, The Sovereign Magazine, Hutchinsons Adventure-Story and Hutchinsons Mystery-Story. The German fantasy magazine Der Orchideengarten had a format to American pulp magazines, in that it was printed on rough pulp paper. During the Second World War paper shortages had a impact on pulp production, starting a steady rise in costs. Beginning with Ellery Queens Mystery Magazine in 1941, pulp magazines began to switch to digest size, in 1949, Street & Smith closed most of their pulp magazines in order to move upmarket and produce slicks. The pulp format declined from rising expenses, but even more due to the competition from comic books, television. In a more affluent post-war America, the price gap compared to slick magazines was far less significant, in the 1950s, mens adventure magazines began to replace the pulp. The format is still in use for some lengthy serials, like the German science fiction weekly Perry Rhodan, many titles of course survived only briefly
Pulp magazine
–
Cover of the pulp magazine Spicy Detective Stories (April 1935, vol. 2, no. 6) featuring "Bullet from Nowhere" by
Robert Leslie Bellem
Pulp magazine
–
Cover of the pulp magazine Dime Mystery Book Magazine, January 1933
29.
Ireland
–
Ireland is an island in the North Atlantic. It is separated from Great Britain to its east by the North Channel, the Irish Sea, Ireland is the second-largest island of the British Isles, the third-largest in Europe, and the twentieth-largest on Earth. Politically, Ireland is divided between the Republic of Ireland, which covers five-sixths of the island, and Northern Ireland, in 2011, the population of Ireland was about 6.4 million, ranking it the second-most populous island in Europe after Great Britain. Just under 4.6 million live in the Republic of Ireland, the islands geography comprises relatively low-lying mountains surrounding a central plain, with several navigable rivers extending inland. The island has lush vegetation, a product of its mild, thick woodlands covered the island until the Middle Ages. As of 2013, the amount of land that is wooded in Ireland is about 11% of the total, there are twenty-six extant mammal species native to Ireland. The Irish climate is moderate and classified as oceanic. As a result, winters are milder than expected for such a northerly area, however, summers are cooler than those in Continental Europe. Rainfall and cloud cover are abundant, the earliest evidence of human presence in Ireland is dated at 10,500 BC. Gaelic Ireland had emerged by the 1st century CE, the island was Christianised from the 5th century onward. Following the Norman invasion in the 12th century, England claimed sovereignty over Ireland, however, English rule did not extend over the whole island until the 16th–17th century Tudor conquest, which led to colonisation by settlers from Britain. In the 1690s, a system of Protestant English rule was designed to materially disadvantage the Catholic majority and Protestant dissenters, with the Acts of Union in 1801, Ireland became a part of the United Kingdom. Northern Ireland saw much civil unrest from the late 1960s until the 1990s and this subsided following a political agreement in 1998. In 1973 the Republic of Ireland joined the European Economic Community while the United Kingdom, Irish culture has had a significant influence on other cultures, especially in the fields of literature. Alongside mainstream Western culture, an indigenous culture exists, as expressed through Gaelic games, Irish music. The culture of the island shares many features with that of Great Britain, including the English language, and sports such as association football, rugby, horse racing. The name Ireland derives from Old Irish Eriu and this in turn derives from Proto-Celtic *Iveriu, which is also the source of Latin Hibernia. Iveriu derives from a root meaning fat, prosperous, during the last glacial period, and up until about 9000 years ago, most of Ireland was covered with ice, most of the time
Ireland
–
Satellite image of Ireland on 11 October 2010
Ireland
–
The
Gowran Ogham Stone,
Christianised c.6th Century. On display in
St. Mary's Collegiate Church Gowran.
Ireland
–
The Uragh Stone Circle a
Neolithic stone circle in Gleninchaquin Park,
County Kerry
30.
Scandinavia
–
Scandinavia /ˌskændᵻˈneɪviə/ is a historical and cultural region in Northern Europe characterized by a common ethnocultural North Germanic heritage and mutually intelligible North Germanic languages. The term Scandinavia always includes the three kingdoms of Denmark, Norway and Sweden, the remote Norwegian islands of Svalbard and Jan Mayen are usually not seen as a part of Scandinavia, nor is Greenland, an overseas territory of Denmark. This looser definition almost equates to that of the Nordic countries, in Nordic languages, only Denmark, Norway and Sweden are commonly included in the definition of Scandinavia. In English usage, Scandinavia sometimes refers to the geographical area, the name Scandinavia originally referred vaguely to the formerly Danish, now Swedish, region Scania. Icelanders and the Faroese are to a significant extent descended from the Norse, Finland is mainly populated by Finns, with a minority of approximately 5% of Swedish speakers. A small minority of Sami people live in the north of Scandinavia. The Danish, Norwegian and Swedish languages form a continuum and are known as the Scandinavian languages—all of which are considered mutually intelligible with one another. Faroese and Icelandic, sometimes referred to as insular Scandinavian languages, are intelligible in continental Scandinavian languages only to a limited extent, Finnish and Meänkieli are closely related to each other and more distantly to the Sami languages, but are entirely unrelated to the Scandinavian languages. Apart from these, German, Yiddish and Romani are recognized minority languages in Scandinavia, the southern and by far most populous regions of Scandinavia have a temperate climate. Scandinavia extends north of the Arctic Circle, but has mild weather for its latitude due to the Gulf Stream. Much of the Scandinavian mountains have a tundra climate. There are many lakes and moraines, legacies of the last glacial period, Scandinavia usually refers to Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. Some sources argue for the inclusion of the Faroe Islands, Finland and Iceland, though that broader region is known by the countries concerned as Norden. Before this time, the term Scandinavia was familiar mainly to classical scholars through Pliny the Elders writings, and was used vaguely for Scania, as a political term, Scandinavia was first used by students agitating for Pan-Scandinavianism in the 1830s. After a visit to Sweden, Andersen became a supporter of early political Scandinavism, the term is often defined according to the conventions of the cultures that lay claim to the term in their own use. More precisely, and subject to no dispute, is that Finland is included in the broader term Nordic countries, various promotional agencies of the Nordic countries in the United States serve to promote market and tourism interests in the region. The official tourist boards of Scandinavia sometimes cooperate under one umbrella, Norways government entered one year later. All five Nordic governments participate in the joint promotional efforts in the United States through the Scandinavian Tourist Board of North America, Scandinavia can thus be considered a subset of the Nordic countries
Scandinavia
–
Scandinavia
Scandinavia
–
Late
Baltic Ice Lake around 10,300 years
B.P., with a channel near Mount
Billingen through what is now central
Sweden (political boundaries added)
Scandinavia
–
Kautokeino, the main
Sami city in
Norway
31.
Germany
–
Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a federal parliamentary republic in central-western Europe. It includes 16 constituent states, covers an area of 357,021 square kilometres, with about 82 million inhabitants, Germany is the most populous member state of the European Union. After the United States, it is the second most popular destination in the world. Germanys capital and largest metropolis is Berlin, while its largest conurbation is the Ruhr, other major cities include Hamburg, Munich, Cologne, Frankfurt, Stuttgart, Düsseldorf and Leipzig. Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity, a region named Germania was documented before 100 AD. During the Migration Period the Germanic tribes expanded southward, beginning in the 10th century, German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire. During the 16th century, northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation, in 1871, Germany became a nation state when most of the German states unified into the Prussian-dominated German Empire. After World War I and the German Revolution of 1918–1919, the Empire was replaced by the parliamentary Weimar Republic, the establishment of the national socialist dictatorship in 1933 led to World War II and the Holocaust. After a period of Allied occupation, two German states were founded, the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic, in 1990, the country was reunified. In the 21st century, Germany is a power and has the worlds fourth-largest economy by nominal GDP. As a global leader in industrial and technological sectors, it is both the worlds third-largest exporter and importer of goods. Germany is a country with a very high standard of living sustained by a skilled. It upholds a social security and universal health system, environmental protection. Germany was a member of the European Economic Community in 1957. It is part of the Schengen Area, and became a co-founder of the Eurozone in 1999, Germany is a member of the United Nations, NATO, the G8, the G20, and the OECD. The national military expenditure is the 9th highest in the world, the English word Germany derives from the Latin Germania, which came into use after Julius Caesar adopted it for the peoples east of the Rhine. This in turn descends from Proto-Germanic *þiudiskaz popular, derived from *þeudō, descended from Proto-Indo-European *tewtéh₂- people, the discovery of the Mauer 1 mandible shows that ancient humans were present in Germany at least 600,000 years ago. The oldest complete hunting weapons found anywhere in the world were discovered in a mine in Schöningen where three 380, 000-year-old wooden javelins were unearthed
Germany
–
The
Nebra sky disk is dated to c. 1600 BC.
Germany
–
Flag
Germany
–
Martin Luther (1483–1546) initiated the
Protestant Reformation.
Germany
–
Foundation of the
German Empire in
Versailles, 1871.
Bismarck is at the center in a white uniform.
32.
Pointillistic
–
Pointillism /ˈpɔɪntᵻlɪzəm/ is a technique of painting in which small, distinct dots of color are applied in patterns to form an image. Georges Seurat and Paul Signac developed the technique in 1886, branching from Impressionism, the term Pointillism was coined by art critics in the late 1880s to ridicule the works of these artists, and is now used without its earlier mocking connotation. The movement Seurat began with this technique is known as Neo-Impressionism, the Divisionists, too, used a similar technique of patterns to form images, though with larger cube-like brushstrokes. The technique relies on the ability of the eye and mind of the viewer to blend the color spots into a range of tones. It is related to Divisionism, a technical variant of the method. Divisionism is concerned with theory, whereas pointillism is more focused on the specific style of brushwork used to apply the paint. It is a technique with few serious practitioners today, and is seen in the works of Seurat, Signac. However, see also Andy Warhols early works, and Pop Art, the practice of Pointillism is in sharp contrast to the traditional methods of blending pigments on a palette. Pointillism is analogous to the four-color CMYK printing process used by some printers and large presses that place dots of Cyan, Magenta, Yellow. Televisions and computer monitors use a technique to represent image colors using Red, Green. If red, blue, and green light are mixed, the result is something close to white light, painting is inherently subtractive, but Pointillist colors often seem brighter than typical mixed subtractive colors. This may be partly because subtractive mixing of the pigments is avoided, the painting technique used for Pointillist color mixing is at the expense of the traditional brushwork used to delineate texture. The majority of Pointillism is done in oil paint, anything may be used in its place, but oils are preferred for their thickness and tendency not to run or bleed. Pointillism also refers to a style of 20th-century music composition, different musical notes are made in seclusion, rather than in a linear sequence, giving a sound texture similar to the painting version of Pointillism. This type of music is known as punctualism or klangfarbenmelodie
Pointillistic
–
Detail from
Seurat 's La Parade de Cirque (1889), showing the contrasting dots of paint used in Pointillism
Pointillistic
–
Paul Signac, Femmes au Puits, 1892, showing a detail with constituent colors.
Musée d'Orsay, Paris
Pointillistic
–
Henri-Edmond Cross, L'air du soir, c.1893,
Musée d'Orsay
Pointillistic
–
Vincent van Gogh, Self Portrait, 1887, using pointillist technique.
33.
Argosy All-Story Weekly
–
Argosy, later titled The Argosy and Argosy All-Story Weekly, was an American pulp magazine from 1882 through 1978, published by Frank Munsey. It is the first American pulp magazine, the magazine began as a childrens weekly story–paper entitled The Golden Argosy. Munsey put most of his money, around $500, into purchasing stories for the magazine, once he was in New York, the stockbroker backed out, and Munsey decided to release his New York friend from involvement, since they were now hopelessly underfunded. Munsey then pitched the magazine to a New York publisher, and managed to convince him to publish the magazine, the first issue was published on December 2,1882, and came out weekly. The first issue was eight pages, cost five cents, and included the first installments of serialized stories by Horatio Alger, Jr. and Edward S. Ellis. Other authors associated with Argosy s early days include Annie Ashmoore, W. H. W. Campbell, Harry Castlemon, Frank H. Converse, George H. Coomer, Mary A. Denison, Malcolm Douglas, Colonel A. B. Ellis, J. L. Harbour, D. O. S. Lowell, Oliver Optic, Richard H. Titherington, Edgar L. Warren and Matthew White, five months after the first issue, the publisher went bankrupt and entered receivership. By placing a claim for his salary, Munsey managed to assume control of the magazine. Munsey borrowed $300 from a friend in Maine, and managed to scrape along as he learned the fundamentals of the publishing industry. Munsey found that children had been a mistake, as they did not stay subscribed for any length of time. Additionally, children did not have money to spend, which limited the number of advertisers interested in reaching them. In December 1888 the title was changed to The Argosy, publication switched from weekly to monthly in April 1894, at which time the magazine began its shift towards pulp fiction. It eventually published its first all-fiction issue in 1896, the all-fiction Argosy launched a new genre of magazines, and is considered the pioneer among pulp magazines. The magazine switched back to a publication schedule in October 1917. In January 1919, The Argosy merged with Railroad Mans Magazine, prior to World War One, The Argosy had several notable writers, including Upton Sinclair, Zane Grey, Albert Payson Terhune, Gertrude Barrows Bennett, and former dime novelist William Wallace Cook. The All-Story Magazine magazine was another Munsey pulp, debuting in January 1905, this pulp was published monthly until March 1914. Effective March 7,1914, it changed to a weekly schedule, in May 1914, All-Story Weekly was merged with another story pulp, The Cavalier, and used the title All-Story Cavalier Weekly for one year. Editors of All-Story included Newell Metcalf and Robert H. Davis, in 1920, All-Story Weekly was merged into The Argosy, resulting in a new title, Argosy All-Story Weekly, which published works in a number of literary genres, including science fiction and Westerns
Argosy All-Story Weekly
–
The Argosy, April 1906
Argosy All-Story Weekly
–
The All-Story (June 1912), containing part five of six of
Edgar Rice Burroughs ' "
Under the Moons of Mars "
Argosy All-Story Weekly
–
Argosy All-Story Weekly cover for the story "
The Metal Monster " by
A. Merritt (August 7, 1920)
34.
All-Story Weekly
–
Argosy, later titled The Argosy and Argosy All-Story Weekly, was an American pulp magazine from 1882 through 1978, published by Frank Munsey. It is the first American pulp magazine, the magazine began as a childrens weekly story–paper entitled The Golden Argosy. Munsey put most of his money, around $500, into purchasing stories for the magazine, once he was in New York, the stockbroker backed out, and Munsey decided to release his New York friend from involvement, since they were now hopelessly underfunded. Munsey then pitched the magazine to a New York publisher, and managed to convince him to publish the magazine, the first issue was published on December 2,1882, and came out weekly. The first issue was eight pages, cost five cents, and included the first installments of serialized stories by Horatio Alger, Jr. and Edward S. Ellis. Other authors associated with Argosy s early days include Annie Ashmoore, W. H. W. Campbell, Harry Castlemon, Frank H. Converse, George H. Coomer, Mary A. Denison, Malcolm Douglas, Colonel A. B. Ellis, J. L. Harbour, D. O. S. Lowell, Oliver Optic, Richard H. Titherington, Edgar L. Warren and Matthew White, five months after the first issue, the publisher went bankrupt and entered receivership. By placing a claim for his salary, Munsey managed to assume control of the magazine. Munsey borrowed $300 from a friend in Maine, and managed to scrape along as he learned the fundamentals of the publishing industry. Munsey found that children had been a mistake, as they did not stay subscribed for any length of time. Additionally, children did not have money to spend, which limited the number of advertisers interested in reaching them. In December 1888 the title was changed to The Argosy, publication switched from weekly to monthly in April 1894, at which time the magazine began its shift towards pulp fiction. It eventually published its first all-fiction issue in 1896, the all-fiction Argosy launched a new genre of magazines, and is considered the pioneer among pulp magazines. The magazine switched back to a publication schedule in October 1917. In January 1919, The Argosy merged with Railroad Mans Magazine, prior to World War One, The Argosy had several notable writers, including Upton Sinclair, Zane Grey, Albert Payson Terhune, Gertrude Barrows Bennett, and former dime novelist William Wallace Cook. The All-Story Magazine magazine was another Munsey pulp, debuting in January 1905, this pulp was published monthly until March 1914. Effective March 7,1914, it changed to a weekly schedule, in May 1914, All-Story Weekly was merged with another story pulp, The Cavalier, and used the title All-Story Cavalier Weekly for one year. Editors of All-Story included Newell Metcalf and Robert H. Davis, in 1920, All-Story Weekly was merged into The Argosy, resulting in a new title, Argosy All-Story Weekly, which published works in a number of literary genres, including science fiction and Westerns
All-Story Weekly
–
The Argosy, April 1906
All-Story Weekly
–
The All-Story (June 1912), containing part five of six of
Edgar Rice Burroughs ' "
Under the Moons of Mars "
All-Story Weekly
–
Argosy All-Story Weekly cover for the story "
The Metal Monster " by
A. Merritt (August 7, 1920)
35.
The Moon Pool
–
The Moon Pool is a fantasy novel by Abraham Merritt. It originally appeared as two stories in All-Story Weekly, The Moon Pool and its sequel, Conquest of the Moon Pool. These were then reworked into a novel released in 1919, the protagonist, Dr. Goodwin, would later appear in Merritts second novel The Metal Monster. Although Merritt did not invent the lost world novel—he followed in the footsteps of Bulwer-Lytton, Conan Doyle, Edgar Rice Burroughs, the plot concerns an advanced race which has developed within the Earths core. Eventually their most intelligent members create an offspring and this created entity encompasses both great good and great evil, but it slowly turns away from its creators and towards evil. The entity is called either the Dweller or the Shining One, and the reason they do not do so is simply that they continue to love it. The Dweller is in the habit of rising to the surface of the earth and capturing men and women which it holds in an unholy stasis and it increases its knowledge and power constantly, but has a weakness, since it knows nothing of love. The scientist Dr. Goodwin and the half-Irish, half-American pilot Larry OKeefe, eventually they meet a woman, beautiful and evil, named Yolara, who in essence serves the Shining One, and the handmaiden of the Silent Ones, beautiful and good, named Lakla. Both want OKeefe and eventually battle over him, there is also a race of very powerful and handsome Polynesian-like dwarves and a race of humanoids whom the Silent Ones developed from a semi-sentient froglike species. There develops a battle between the forces of good and evil with not only the world, but perhaps even the existence of good itself is at stake. But can the forces of good prevail using fear as a weapon, or will they have to rely upon love expressed by willing sacrifice. The book has published a number of times,1919, US. The original story was reprinted in The Mammoth Book of Fantasy by Mike Ashley, the Moon Pool is sometimes cited as an influence on The Call of Cthulhu by H. P. Lovecraft, which may in turn have itself influenced Merritts later story Dwellers in the Mirage, in particular, The Moon Pool is partly set on Nan Madol, a location which would, some claim, later inspire Lovecrafts Rlyeh. The text is available via Project Gutenberg, the Moon Pool at Project Gutenberg The Moon Pool at the University of Virginia Featured Review, The Moon Pool, the SF Site The Moon Pool public domain audiobook at LibriVox
The Moon Pool
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Argosy All-Story Weekly cover in which The Moon Pool was first published (June 22, 1918)
36.
The Metal Monster
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The Metal Monster is a fantasy novel by Abraham Merritt. It was first serialized in Argosy All-Story Weekly in 1920 and features the return of Dr. Goodwin who first appeared in The Moon Pool, the epic adventure starts with a foreword where Merritt is assigned the duty to relay Dr. Walter T. Dr. Goodwin is on an expedition in the Himalayas. There he meets Dick Drake, the son of one of his old science acquaintances and they are witnesses of a strange aurora-like effect, but seemingly a deliberate one. As they go out to investigate, they meet Goodwins old friends Martin and Ruth Ventnor, the two are besieged by Persians as Darius III led when Alexander of Macedon conquered them more than two thousand years ago. The group is saved by a magnificent woman they get to know as Norhala and they are led to a hidden valley occupied by what they name The Metal Monster, a strange metal city occupied by the metal animate Things Norhala commands. This city is governed by what they call the Metal Emperor, Ruth is slowly being converted by Norhala to become like her, her little sister. Martin, her brother, tries shooting the Metal Emperor, who retaliates with a ray blast, closed in between the Metal Monster and the Persians, it falls to Goodwin and Drake to find a way to escape their predicament. 1941, US, Avon, OCLC11120996, Pub date 1941, Paperback, P. Lovecraft, though he at first avoided the revised version, at the suggestion of C. M. Eddy, Jr. According to his March 6,1934 letter to James F. Morton, The copyright for this story has expired in the United States and, thus, the text is available via Project Gutenberg. Three versions of the story exist, the second version is named The Metal Emperor, appearing in 1927 in Hugo Gernsbacks Science and Invention magazine. It is a version of the first story, with the leading characters name changed to Louis Thorton. The Metal Monster at Project Gutenberg The Metal Monster at the University of Virginia Featured Review, The Metal Monster, SF Site The Metal Monster public domain audiobook at LibriVox
The Metal Monster
–
Argosy All-Story Weekly cover featuring The Metal Monster (August 7, 1920)
37.
The Face in the Abyss
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The Face in the Abyss is a fantasy novel by A. Merritt. The novel is composed of a novelette with the title and its sequel. It was first published in its form in 1931 by Horace Liveright. The novelette The Face in the Abyss originally appeared in the magazine Argosy All-Story Weekly in the September 8,1923 issue, the Snake Mother was originally serialized in seven parts in Argosy beginning with the October 25,1930 issue. The novel concerns American mining engineer Nicholas Graydon, while searching for lost Inca treasure in South America, he encounters Suarra, handmaiden to the Snake Mother of Yu-Atlanchi. She leads Graydon to an abyss where Nimir, the Lord of Evil is imprisoned in a face of gold. While Graydons companions are transformed by the face into globules of gold on account of their greed, he is saved by Suarra, ISBN 0-86007-025-5, Pub date 1974, Paperback 1991, US, Donald M. Grant, Publisher, Inc. ISBN 0-937986-01-1, Pub date July 1991, Hardback Peter Levi has noted parallels between The Face in the Abyss and a story H. P, lovecraft created as a ghostwriter, The Mound. The Science-Fantasy Publishers, A Bibliographic History, 1923-1998, westminster, MD and Baltimore, Mirage Press, Ltd. p.334. Crawford, Jr. Joseph H. James J. Donahue,333, A Bibliography of the Science-Fantasy Novel. The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction and Fantasy, the Face in the Abyss at Project Gutenberg Australia
The Face in the Abyss
–
Dust-jacket from the first edition
38.
Seven Footprints to Satan
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Seven Footprints to Satan is a 1929 American horror film directed by Danish filmmaker Benjamin Christensen. It was produced as both a silent film and as a part-talkie, making it one of the last – if not the last – silent horror films. Jim and Eve, a young society couple, are kidnapped on the eve of Jims departure for Africa and brought to a mansion that is home to a strange, cast notes Loretta Young, in one of her first films, appears uncredited as one of Satans victims. Seven Footprints to Satan is the fifth of seven made by Christensen during his tenure in Hollywood. Seven Footprints to Satan was released as both a silent film and as a film with Vitaphone musical score (after first talking picture The Terror, sound effects. The film received negative reviews, including from such publications as The New York Times. All hokum – and the Philadelphia Inquirer, in which Mildred Martin wrote after all the screams and creaks, despite this it performed well at the box office. A companion Photoplay edition of the Merritt novel, published by Grosset & Dunlap and featuring several stills from the film, the silent version is in the Danish Film Museum film archive and in the Fondazione Cineteca Italiana film archive. The sound version is presumed lost, with no known 16mm copy, the Vitaphone soundtrack for recording is also lost
Seven Footprints to Satan
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theatrical release poster
39.
Dwellers in the Mirage
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Dwellers in the Mirage is a fantasy novel by A. Merritt. It was first published in form in 1932 by Horace Liveright. The novel was serialized in six parts in the magazine Argosy beginning with the January 23,1932 issue. The novel concerns American Leif Langdon who discovers a warm valley in Alaska, the inhabitants recognize Langdon as the reincarnation of their long dead hero, Dwayanu. Dwayanus spirit possesses Langdon and starts a war with the Little People, Langdon eventually fights off the presence of Dwayanu and destroys the Kraken. There are variant endings of the work, in the original, Leifs love dies, but the publisher inartistically has her survive. The original tragic ending has been reinstated in recent reprints. Boucher and McComas described Dwellers in the Mirage as attractive to those who love wild adventure even when shallowly written, the Science-Fantasy Publishers, A Bibliographic History, 1923-1998. Westminster, MD and Baltimore, Mirage Press, Ltd. p.316, crawford, Jr. Joseph H. James J. Donahue, Donald M. Grant. 333, A Bibliography of the Science-Fantasy Novel, the Encyclopedia of Science Fiction and Fantasy. Dwellers in the Mirage at the Australian Project Gutenberg site
Dwellers in the Mirage
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Dust-jacket from the first edition
Dwellers in the Mirage
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Fantastic Novels published Dwellers in the Mirage in April 1941 and reprinted it in September 1949.
40.
Weird Tales
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Weird Tales is an American fantasy and horror fiction pulp magazine founded by J. C. Henneberger and J. M. Lansinger in March 1923, Henneberger sold his interest in the publisher, Rural Publishing Corporation, to Lansinger and refinanced Weird Tales, with Farnsworth Wright as the new editor. The first issue under Wrights control was dated November 1924, the magazine was more successful under Wright, and despite occasional financial setbacks it prospered over the next fifteen years. Under Wrights control the magazine lived up to its subtitle, The Unique Magazine, Lovecrafts Cthulhu mythos stories first appeared in Weird Tales, starting with The Call of Cthulhu in 1928. These were well-received, and a group of associated with Lovecraft wrote other stories set in the same milieu. Other well-liked authors included Nictzin Dyalhis, E. Hoffman Price, Robert Bloch, Edmond Hamilton wrote a good deal of science fiction for Weird Tales, though after a few years he used the magazine for his more fantastic stories, and submitted his space operas elsewhere. In 1938 the magazine was sold to William Delaney, the publisher of Short Stories, Weird Tales ceased publication in 1954, but since then numerous attempts have been made to relaunch the magazine, starting in 1973. The longest-lasting version began in 1988 and ran with a hiatus for over 20 years under an assortment of publishers. In the mid-1990s the title was changed to Worlds of Fantasy & Horror because of licensing issues, as of 2016, the most recent published issue was dated Spring 2014. In the late 19th century popular magazines typically did not print fiction to the exclusion of content, they would include non-fiction articles. In October 1896, the Frank A. Munsey companys Argosy magazine was the first to switch to printing only fiction and this is now regarded by magazine historians as having been the start of the pulp magazine era. Other titles that specialized in particular fiction genres followed, starting in 1915 with Detective Story Magazine, with Western Story Magazine following in 1919. C Henneberger, a journalist and magazine editor who had been publishing College Humor and Magazine of Fun, formed Rural Publishing Corporation of Chicago and their first venture was Detective Tales, a pulp magazine that appeared twice a month, starting with the October 1,1922 issue. It was initially unsuccessful, and as part of a refinancing plan Henneberger decided to publish another magazine that would allow him to some of his costs between the two titles. Henneberger had long been an admirer of Edgar Allan Poe, so he created a magazine that would focus on horror. Henneberger chose Edwin Baird, the editor of Detective Tales, to edit Weird Tales, Farnsworth Wright was first reader, and Otis Adelbert Kline also worked on the magazine, assisting Baird. Payment rates were low, usually between a quarter and a cent per word, the budget went up to one cent per word for the most popular writers. Sales were initially poor, and Henneberger soon decided to change the format from the standard size to large pulp
Weird Tales
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The cover of Weird Tales issue May 1934 featuring
Queen of the Black Coast, one of
Robert E. Howard 's original stories about
Conan the Barbarian.
Weird Tales
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Cover of the June 1936 issue. Cover art by
Margaret Brundage.
Weird Tales
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Cover of the September 1954 issue. Cover art by
Virgil Finlay (reprint from August 1939)
41.
Robert E. Howard
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Robert Ervin Howard was an American author who wrote pulp fiction in a diverse range of genres. He is well known for his character Conan the Barbarian and is regarded as the father of the sword, Howard was born and raised in Texas. He spent most of his life in the town of Cross Plains with some time spent in nearby Brownwood, a bookish and intellectual child, he was also a fan of boxing and spent some time in his late teens bodybuilding, eventually taking up amateur boxing. From the age of nine he dreamed of becoming a writer of adventure fiction, thereafter, until his death by suicide at age 30, Howards writings were published in a wide selection of magazines, journals, and newspapers, and he had become successful in several genres. Although a Conan novel was published in 1934, his stories never appeared in book form during his lifetime. The main outlet for his stories was the pulp magazine Weird Tales, with Conan and his other heroes, Howard created the genre now known as sword and sorcery, spawning many imitators and giving him a large influence in the fantasy field. Howard remains a highly read author, with his best works still reprinted, howard’s suicide and the circumstances surrounding it have led to speculation about his mental health. His mother had been ill with tuberculosis his entire life, and upon learning she had entered a coma from which she was not expected to wake, he walked out to his car and shot himself in the head. Howard was born January 22,1906 in Peaster, Texas, the son of a traveling country physician, Dr. Isaac Mordecai Howard. His early life was spent wandering through a variety of Texas cowtowns and boomtowns, Dark Valley, Seminole, Bronte, Poteet, Oran, Wichita Falls, Bagwell, Cross Cut, during Howards youth his parents relationship began to break down. The Howard family had problems with money which may have been exacerbated by Isaac Howard investing in get-rich-quick schemes, Hester Howard, meanwhile, came to believe that she had married below herself. Soon the pair were actively fighting, Hester did not want Isaac to have anything to do with their son. She had a strong influence on her sons intellectual growth. She had spent her early years helping a variety of sick relatives and she instilled in her son a deep love of poetry and literature, recited verse daily and supported him unceasingly in his efforts to write. Other themes began to appear at time which would later seep into his prose. Although he loved reading and learning, he found school to be confining, experiences watching and confronting bullies revealed the omnipresence of evil and enemies in the world, and taught him the value of physical strength and violence. Firsthand tales of gunfights, lynchings, feuds, and Indian raids developed his distinctly Texan, sports, especially boxing, became a passionate preoccupation. At the time, boxing was the most popular sport in the country, with a cultural influence far in excess of what it is today
Robert E. Howard
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Howard in 1934
Robert E. Howard
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Robert E. Howard at about five years old (circa 1911).
Robert E. Howard
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The Howard house in Cross Plains, Texas. Now the
Robert E. Howard Museum
Robert E. Howard
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Weird Tales (August 1928) featuring "Red Shadows," the first Solomon Kane story
42.
C. L. Moore
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Catherine Lucille Moore was an American science fiction and fantasy writer, who most often used the pen name C. L. Moore. She was among the first women to write in either genre, Moores work paved the way for many other female speculative fiction writers. She and her first husband Henry Kuttner were prolific co-authors under their own names, Moore was born on January 24,1911 in Indianapolis, Indiana. She was chronically ill as a child and spent much of her time reading literature of the fantastic and she left college during the Great Depression to work as a secretary at the Fletcher Trust Company in Indianapolis. Both series are named for their lead characters. One of the Northwest Smith stories, Nymph of Darkness, was written in collaboration with Forrest J Ackerman, the most famous Northwest Smith story is Shambleau, which was also Moores first professional sale. It originally appeared in the November 1933 issue of Weird Tales, netting her $100 and her most famous Jirel story is also the first one, Black Gods Kiss, which was the cover story in the October 1934 issue of Weird Tales, subtitled the weirdest story ever told. Moores early stories were notable for their emphasis on the senses and emotions, Moores work also appeared in Astounding Science Fiction magazine throughout the 1940s. Moore met Henry Kuttner, also a fiction writer, in 1936 when he wrote her a fan letter under the impression that C. L. Moore was a man. In this very prolific partnership they managed to combine Moores style with Kuttners more cerebral storytelling and their works include a classic, Mimsy Were the Borogoves, the basis for the film The Last Mimzy, and Vintage Season, the basis for the film Timescape. They also collaborated on a story that combined Moore’s signature characters, Northwest Smith and Jirel of Joiry, after Kuttners death in 1958, Moore continued teaching his writing course at the University of Southern California but wrote almost no fiction. She did write for a few shows under her married name. Moore was the author guest of honor at Kansas City, MOs fantasy and science fiction convention BYOB-Con 6, E. van Vogt, and others, as well as many visiting writers and speakers. She developed Alzheimers disease but that was not obvious for several years and that caused dismay among the former SFWA presidents, for she was a great favorite to receive the award. Moore died on April 4,1987 at her home in Hollywood, the Science Fiction and Fantasy Hall of Fame inducted Moore in 1998, its third class of two deceased and two living writers. It was filmed in 1992 as Timescape, L. F. Fantasy, Horror. and Sex, The Early Stories of C. L. Science Fiction and Fantasy Hall of Fame
C. L. Moore
–
Moore
C. L. Moore
–
Cover of Weird Tales, October 1934, featuring "The Black God's Kiss" by Moore (painting by
Margaret Brundage)
43.
Frank Belknap Long
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Frank Belknap Long was an American writer of horror fiction, fantasy, science fiction, poetry, gothic romance, comic books, and non-fiction. Though his writing career spanned seven decades, he is best known for his horror and science fiction short stories, during his life, Long received the World Fantasy Award for Life Achievement, the Bram Stoker Award for Lifetime Achievement, and the First Fandom Hall of Fame Award. He was born in Manhattan, New York City on April 27,1901 and he grew up in the Harlem area of Manhattan. His father was a prosperous dentist and his mother was May Doty, the family resided at 823 West End Avenue in Manhattan. As a boy he was fascinated by history, and wrote that he dreamed of running away from home. He developed his interest in the weird by reading the Oz books, Jules Verne, in his late teens, he was active in the United Amateur Press Association in which he won a prize from The Boys World and thus discovered amateur journalism. His first published tale was Dr Whitlocks Price, Long attended New York University from 1920 to 1921, studying journalism but later transferred to Columbia, leaving without a degree. In 1921, he suffered an attack of appendicitis, leading to a ruptured appendix. He spent a month in New Yorks Roosevelt Hospital, where he came close to dying, Longs brush with death propelled him into a decision that he would leave college to pursue a freelance writing career. In 1923, at the age of 22, he sold his first short story, The Desert Lich, throughout the next four decades, Long was to be a frequent contributor to pulp magazines, including two of the most famous, Weird Tales and Astounding Science Fiction. Long was a freelance writer, also publishing many non-fiction articles. His first book, the scarce volume A Man from Genoa, two copies are held in the collections of John Hay Library. Longs closest friends in this period included Samuel Loveman, H, warner Munn, and James F. Morton. P. Lovecraft related to him in a letter, the short novel was published many years later in separate book form by Arkham House in 1963 - The Horror from the Hills. In the late 1930s, Long turned his hand to science fiction and he also contributed horror stories to Unknown, later called Unknown Worlds. Long contributed an episode to the round-robin story The Challenge from Beyond and his second published book was, like The Man from Genoa and Other Poems, also a volume of fantastic verse - The Goblin Tower, published jointly by H. P. Lovecraft and Robert H. Barlow under Barlows The Dragonfly Press imprint, published in an edition of only 100 copies, this volume is exceedingly scarce, two copies are held at the collections of John Hay Library. In pulps such as Thrilling Wonder Stories and Startling Stories during the 1940s, what Long characterized as a minor disability kept him out of World War II and writing full-time during the early 1940s
Frank Belknap Long
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Frank Belknap Long, date unknown
Frank Belknap Long
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Long's 1935
Weird Tales story "The Body-Masters" was reprinted in 1950 as "The Love-Slave and the Scientists"
Frank Belknap Long
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The tower of Frank Belknap Long in
Woodlawn Cemetery
44.
The Black Wheel
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The Black Wheel is a fantasy novel written by A. Merritt had completed the first seven chapters, roughly 20,000 words, Bok wrote the remainder of the novel, twenty chapters of more than 60,000 words, working from a sketchy plot outline left by Merritt. The Black Wheel was originally published in 1947, by the specialty publisher New Collectors Group, according to Robert Weinberg, The New Collectors Group was the joint effort of Paul Dennis OConnor, Stanley Mullen and Martin Greenberg. Their first two hardcovers were The Fox Woman and Blue Pagoda and The Black Wheel, both by A, Bok was a science fiction artist and a lifelong fan of Merritts work. The two books were short novels begun but never finished by Merritt, Bok finished both novels and provided the illustrations for the books as well. Both books did reasonably well considering that neither story was very good, the company broke up early in 1948 when the other partners grew disillusioned with OConnors business practices. Greenberg withdrew from the press and with fan, David Kyle. In 1976, The Black Wheel was included in a collection of Merritt-Bok collaborations issued by Arno Press. A mass market paperback was released by Avon Books in 1981, E. F. Bleiler, however, found Boks effort not a very good job. Baird Searles, reviewing the 1981 reissue, declared the years ahead of its time. And concluded that Bok had captured the dreamlike -- or nightmarish -- quality that Merritt often achieved, though he never attains the extravagant, baroque splendor of Merritt at his best
The Black Wheel
–
First edition
45.
Sam Moskowitz
–
Sam Moskowitz was an American writer, critic, and historian of science fiction. As a child, Moskowitz greatly enjoyed reading science fiction pulp magazines, as a teenager, he organized a branch of the Science Fiction League. Meanwhile, Donald A. Wollheim helped organize the Futurians, a club with Marxist sympathies. While still in his teens, Moskowitz became chairman of the first World Science Fiction Convention held in New York City in 1939 and he barred several Futurians from the convention because they threatened to disrupt it. This event is referred to by historians of fandom as the Great Exclusion Act, Moskowitz later worked professionally in the science fiction field. He edited Science-Fiction Plus, a genre magazine owned by Hugo Gernsback. He compiled about two dozen anthologies, and a few collections, most published in the 1960s and early 1970s. Moskowitz also wrote a handful of short stories and his exhaustive cataloging of early sf magazine stories by important genre authors remains the best resource for nonspecialists. Reviewing Seekers of Tomorrow, Algis Budrys wryly noted that Moskowitz is a master of denotation and he wouldnt know a connotation if it snapped at his ankle, which is something that happens quite often. He added, however, that Moskowitz knows and transmits, at least as much about the history of fiction and its evolution. Moskowitzs works include also The Immortal Storm, a review of internecine strife within fandom. The miracle is that S-F survived even the love of its most rabid fans, anthony Boucher noted that never has so much been written about so little, but added that the book was a unique document not without a good deal of social and psychological value. Moskowitz was also renowned as a fiction book collector, with a tremendous number of important early works. His book collection was auctioned off after his death, as Sam Martin, he was also editor of the trade publications Quick Frozen Foods and Quick Frozen Foods International for many years. First Fandom, an organization of science fiction fans active before 1940, Moskowitz smoked cigarettes frequently throughout his adult life. A few years before his death, throat cancer required the removal of his larynx. He continued to speak at science fiction conventions, using an electronic voice-box held against his throat, throughout his later years, although his controversial opinions were often disputed by others, he was recognized as a leading authority on the history of science fiction. Merritt Howard Phillips Lovecraft and Nils Helmer Frome, A Recollection of One of Canadas Earliest Science Fiction Fans After All These Years, Sam Moskowitz - A Preliminary Bibliography
Sam Moskowitz
–
Sam Moskowitz, date unknown
46.
H. P. Lovecraft
–
Howard Phillips Lovecraft was an American author who achieved posthumous fame through his influential works of horror fiction. He was virtually unknown and published only in magazines before he died in poverty. Lovecraft was born in Providence, Rhode Island, where he spent most of his life, among his most celebrated tales are The Call of Cthulhu and The Shadow over Innsmouth, both canonical to the Cthulhu Mythos. Lovecraft was never able to support himself from earnings as author and editor and he saw commercial success increasingly elude him in this latter period, partly because he lacked the confidence and drive to promote himself. He subsisted in straitened circumstances in his last years, an inheritance was completely spent by the time that he died at age 46. Lovecraft was born on August 20,1890 in his home at 194 Angell Street in Providence. Both of his parents were of entirely English ancestry, and most of his ancestors had been in New England since the colonial period and his great-grandfather Joseph Lovecraft Jr. emigrated to Rochester, New York from Devon, England in 1831. Lovecraft maintained throughout his life that his father died in a condition of paralysis brought on by nervous exhaustion. It has been suggested that his fathers mental illness may have been caused by syphilis, all five resided together in the family home. Lovecraft was a prodigy, reciting poetry at the age of three and writing complete poems by six. His grandfather encouraged his reading, providing him with such as One Thousand and One Nights, Thomas Bulfinchs Age of Fable, and childrens versions of the Iliad. His grandfather also stirred the boys interest in the weird by telling him his own tales of gothic horror. Lovecraft was frequently ill as a child, and he attended school until he was eight years old because of his sickly condition. He read voraciously during this period and became enamored of chemistry. He produced several hectographed publications with a circulation, beginning in 1899 with The Scientific Gazette. Four years later, he returned to school at Hope High School. Beginning in his life, Lovecraft is believed to have suffered from sleep paralysis. Much of his work is thought to have been directly inspired by these terrors
H. P. Lovecraft
–
Lovecraft in 1934
H. P. Lovecraft
–
Lovecraft at c. nine years old
H. P. Lovecraft
–
Lovecraft in 1915
H. P. Lovecraft
–
Lovecraft's final home, May 1933 until March 10, 1937
47.
Richard Shaver
–
Richard Sharpe Shaver was an American writer and artist. The controversy stemmed from the claim by Shaver, and his editor and publisher Ray Palmer, Shavers stories were promoted by Ray Palmer as The Shaver Mystery. During the last decades of his life, Shaver devoted himself to rock books—stones that he believed had created by the advanced ancient races and embedded with legible pictures. He produced paintings based on the images and photographed the rock books extensively. Posthumously, Shaver has gained a reputation as an artist and his paintings and photos have been exhibited in Los Angeles, New York, Shaver claimed to have worked in a factory where, in 1932, odd things began to occur. More frighteningly, he received the telepathic record of a torture session conducted by malign entities in caverns deep within the earth. According to Michael Barkun, Shaver offered inconsistent accounts of how he first learned of the hidden cavern world, Shaver said he then quit his job, and became a hobo for a while. Barkun writes that Shaver was hospitalized briefly for psychiatric problems in 1934, Barkun notes that afterwards, Shavers whereabouts and actions cannot be reliably traced until the early 1940s. In 1971, Ray Palmer reported that Shaver had spent eight years not in the Cavern World, during 1943, Shaver wrote a letter to Amazing Stories magazine. He claimed to have discovered an ancient language he called Mantong, in Mantong, each sound had a hidden meaning, and by applying this formula to any word in any language, one could decode a secret meaning to any word, name or phrase. Editor Ray Palmer applied the Mantong formula to several words, according to Palmer, Palmer wrote back to Shaver, asking how he had learned of Mantong. Shaver responded with an approximately 10, 000-word document entitled A Warning to Future Man, Shaver wrote of extremely advanced prehistoric races who had built cavern cities inside the Earth before abandoning Earth for another planet due to damaging radiation from the Sun. Shavers robots were not mechanical constructs, but were due to their savage behavior. These Deros still lived in the cities, according to Shaver. With the sophisticated ray machinery that the ancient races had left behind, they spied on people and projected tormenting thoughts. Deros could be blamed for nearly all misfortunes, from accidental injuries or illnesses to airplane crashes. Women especially were singled out for treatment, including rape. Though generally confined to their caves, Shaver claimed that the Deros sometimes traveled with spaceships or rockets, Shaver claimed to possess first-hand knowledge of the Deros and their caves, insisting he had been their prisoner for several years
Richard Shaver
–
Shaver's first published work, the novella "I Remember Lemuria", was the cover story in the March 1945 Amazing Stories
48.
Karl Edward Wagner
–
Karl Edward Wagner was an American writer, poet, editor and publisher of horror, science fiction, and heroic fantasy, who was born in Knoxville, Tennessee and originally trained as a psychiatrist. He wrote numerous dark fantasy and horror stories and his Carcosa publishing company issued four volumes of the best stories by some of the major authors of the so-called Golden Age pulp magazines. He is possibly best known for his creation of a series of stories featuring the character Kane and his disillusionment with the medical profession can be detected in the stories The Fourth Seal and Into Whose Hands. He described his philosophy as nihilistic, anarchistic and absurdist. Wagner also admired the cinema of Sam Peckinpah, stating I worship the film The Wild Bunch, Wagner was the fourth and youngest child of Aubrey J. Wagner and Dorothea Huber. His father was an official of the Tennessee Valley Authority, Wagner earned a history degree from Kenyon College during 1967, and a psychiatry degree from University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill. As noted above, he disliked the medical profession, which he abandoned upon establishing himself as a writer, Wagner was productive as both a writer and editor/anthologist, see below. His friends included the writer Manly Wade Wellman, two of whose collections he published with the Carcosa publishing imprint, Wagner died in his home in Chapel Hill, North Carolina, on October 14,1994, essentially of the consequences of longterm alcoholism. It was reported in a late 1994 issue of the Newsletter of the Horror Writers of America that Wagners causes of death were heart failure, Exorcisms and Ecstasies, a posthumous volume of uncollected stories, miscellany and tributes was published by small press publisher Fedogan & Bremer during 1997. Night Shade Books has published the complete Kane stories in two hardcover volumes and his three volumes of Echoes of Valor also featured restored versions of pulp-era fantasy stories by authors such as Fritz Leiber, C. L. Moore, Henry Kuttner, and Nictzin Dyalhis. Wagner wrote an unpublished Bran Mak Morn novel, Queen of the Night, Wagner created his own mystical and immortal pre-historical anti-hero, Kane, whose name and background are based on traditional conceptions of the biblical Cain. Kane is an immortal somewhat like the Wandering Jew Kanes character also includes elements of Robert E. Howards Solomon Kane and he is an immortal, cursed to wander the earth until he is destroyed by the violence that he himself has created. He sells his loyalty as a fighter to the highest bidder and he is a well-read and intelligent man who has traveled his world for centuries and is able to discuss music, poetry, politics, and many other subjects. He is also amoral and a born killer, the Kane stories are often classified as tales of sword and sorcery, which some critics have compared favourably to those of Howard and Michael Moorcock. Howards mighty-thewed barbarian Conan the Cimmerian, Wagner set about creating his own fantasy character while still attending medical school, the result was initially published as a paperback original during 1970 by West Coast pornography publisher Powell Publications, with a lurid cover. The text of the novel was altered by an unknown copyeditor to conform with the cover art, after publishing a pseudonymous pornographic novel with a small New York company, Wagner relinquished his chance to become a doctor and instead decided to write full-time. During 1973, Warner Paperback library published Death Angels Shadow, which collected the three original Kane novellas and he also began selling his stories and poems regularly to the growing small press magazine market. Several of his tales were published in Gary Hoppenstands Midnight Sunn, a magazine devoted to Kane
Karl Edward Wagner
–
Karl Edward Wagner at writers panel, World Fantasy Conference, Seattle, 1989.
49.
Michael Moorcock
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Michael John Moorcock is an English writer, primarily of science fiction and fantasy, who has also published literary novels. He is best known for his novels about the character Elric of Melniboné and his publication of Bug Jack Barron by Norman Spinrad as a serial novel was notorious, in Parliament some British MPs condemned the Arts Council for funding the magazine. He is also a recording musician, contributing to the band Hawkwind. In 2008, The Times newspaper named Moorcock in its list of The 50 greatest British writers since 1945. Michael Moorcock was born in London in 1939 and the landscape of London, particularly the area of Notting Hill Gate, Moorcock is the former husband of Hilary Bailey. He is also the husband of Jill Riches, who later married Robert Calvert. She illustrated some of Moorcocks book covers, including the Gloriana dustjacket, Moorcock was the subject of two book-length works, a monograph and an interview, by Colin Greenland. In 1983, Greenland published The Entropy Exhibition, Michael Moorcock and he followed this with Michael Moorcock, Death is No Obstacle, a book-length interview in 1992. In the 1990s, he moved to Texas in the United States and he spends half of the year in Texas, the other half in Paris. Moorcocks works are noted for their nature and content. In one interview, Moorcock states, I am an anarchist and my moral/philosophical position is that of an anarchist. Further, in describing how his writing relates to his philosophy, Moorcock says, My books frequently deal with aristocratic heroes, gods. All of them end on a note which often states quite boldly that one should serve neither gods nor masters, besides using fiction to explore his politics, Moorcock also engages in political activism. Moorcock began writing whilst he was still at school, contributing to a magazine he entitled Outlaws Own from 1950 on. In 1957 at the age of 17, Moorcock became editor of the Tarzan Adventures where he published at least a dozen of his own Sojan the Swordsman stories during that year, at age 18, he wrote the allegorical fantasy novel The Golden Barge. This remained unpublished until 1980, when it was issued by Savoy Books with an introduction by M. John Harrison, at 19 years of age he also edited Sexton Blake Library and returned to late Victorian London for some of his books. Writing ever since, he has produced a volume of work. His first story in New Worlds was Going Home, Moorcock replaced Carnell as New Worlds editor from the May–June 1964 number
Michael Moorcock
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Moorcock in 2006
