1.
A130 road
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The A130 is a major road in England linking Little Waltham, near Chelmsford, the county town of Essex, with Canvey Island in the south of that county. It is a route for most of its length, only losing that status south of the A13 junction at Sadlers Farm roundabout as it nears its terminus on Canvey Island. It was originally a much longer cross-country route, the present route can be divided into three main sections, plus an overlap with the A12. Here, the A12 multiplexes/overlaps with the A130 for a few miles round the edge of Chelmsford. The second section starts a few miles to the south, the A1114 road is the old road heading back into town, but the A130 road reappears heading south away from the Chelmsford area as a new dual carriageway opened as recently as 2002. This is a secret motorway complete with shoulders, but classified as A-road. The new road here more or less follows the path as the World War II GHQ Line hence the many pillboxes visible alongside the carriageway between the Howe Green and the A132 junctions. An older section of dual carriageway extends as far south as the A13 at the Sadlers Hall Farm, as with the A13 from London, the primary route section of the A130 ends here too. South of the Sadlers Farm roundabout, the leg of the A130 continues as a non-primary single-carriageway route into Canvey Island on the River Thames. Canvey Way is a causeway connecting mainland with island, and connects with the road through the island. The A130 was a longer route. It originally started on the old A10 just south of Cambridge at Trumpington, the section between Trumpington and Stump Cross became A1301, whilst the section between there and Great Dunmow became an extension of the B184. The A11 was also reclassified to minor A-roads and B-roads at this time, in early 2008, the section between Great Dunmow and Little Waltham was declassified to become an extension of the B1008, itself a product of earlier re-routing. During the mid-1980s, the A12 Chelmsford Bypass opened and this led to the A130 multiplexing with the former for a few miles to the north and east of Chelmsford. In more recent times, a new road between the village of Howe Street and the Chelmsford suburb of Springfield, Essex Regiment Way, directs traffic away from the northern suburbs. At the southern end, the route was extended as far as the A13 by the 1970s, the partially dual carriageway section between Chelmsford and the A127 was replaced by a new road in the first part of the 2000s. The older road is now unclassified through the village of Rettendon, roads x 10 entry on the SABRE website South East England road photos
2.
A12 road (England)
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The A12 is a major road in England. It runs north-east /south-west between London and the town of Lowestoft in Suffolk. A section of the road between Lowestoft and Great Yarmouth became the A47, and the part of the unsigned Euroroute E30. Unlike most A roads, a significant portion of the A12 has junction numbers as if it were a motorway, the 84 km section of the A12 through Essex has sections of dual two lanes and dual three lanes with eight changes in width between the M25 to Ipswich. It was named as Britains worst road because of potholes and regular closures due to roadworks in a 2007 survey by Cornhill Insurance, the A12 is covered by the Highways Agency A12 and A120 Route Management Strategy. This section in London was rerouted to run on Eastern Avenue by the mid-1940s, and extended to follow the current route from Blackwall Tunnel along the East Cross Route, the M11 link road in 1999. The route from London to Essex has long been important, with Old Ford being the location of an ancient Celtic crossing of the River Lea. The crossing of the Lea moved to its current location at Bow around 1110 when Matilda, wife of Henry I, a map from 1766 shows a route from London to Great Yarmouth which follows much of the current A12. The Ipswich to South Town and Bungay Turnpike Trust was established in 1785, the trust was wound up in 1872 following the arrival of the East Suffolk Line which was fully operational between the two towns in 1859. Following the demise of the Turnpike trust, responsibility reverted to parish responsibility until the new county took over in 1889. A new section of the A12, known as the M11 link road or A12 Hackney-M11 Link Road, was built in the early 1990s in the face of the major M11 link road protest and finally opened in October 1999. The section of road had originally proposed in 1903 in a Royal Commission on London Traffic. A public inquiry had been held in September 1961 and a further three public inquiries, a Parliamentary Bill and a High Court challenge had been required before the work started, initiated in 2000, the London to Ipswich Multi-modal study reported its conclusions late in 2002. The bascule bridge in Lowestoft, built in 1972, was refurbished in spring 2008, Essex County Council carried out its own inquiry into the road in 2008. Work on a £12. 4m scheme for the a new junction on the A12 at Cuckoo Farm and it was promoted by Essex County Council who prepared plans in 2001. and received funding from the Community Infrastructure Fund. It opened on 16 December 2010, the Eastern Avenue was built in the 1920s as a bypass for the section between Romford and Ilford, meeting what was the A11 at Leytonstone. It was numbered A106 until the 1930s when it became part of the A12, the 5-mile long Brentwood bypass was opened in November 1965. A bypass for Chelmsford was first included in the programme in 1968
3.
Harwich
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Harwich /ˈhærɪtʃ/ is a town in Essex, England and one of the Haven ports, located on the coast with the North Sea to the east. It is in the Tendring district, nearby places include Felixstowe to the northeast, Ipswich to the northwest, Colchester to the southwest and Clacton-on-Sea to the south. It is the northernmost coastal town within Essex, the town became a naval base in 1657 and was heavily fortified, with Harwich Redoubt, Beacon Hill Battery, and Bath Side Battery. Harwich today is contiguous with Dovercourt and the two, along with Parkeston, are referred to collectively as Harwich. The towns name means settlement, from Old English here-wic. The town received its charter in 1238, although there is evidence of earlier settlement – for example, a record of a chapel in 1177, because of its strategic position, Harwich was the target for the invasion of Britain by William of Orange on 11 November 1688. However, unfavourable winds forced his fleet to sail into the English Channel instead, due to the involvement of the Schomberg family in the invasion, Charles Louis Schomberg was made Marquess of Harwich. Writer Daniel Defoe devotes a few pages to the town in A tour thro the Whole Island of Great Britain, visiting in 1722, he noted its formidable fort and harbour of a vast extent. The town, he recounts, was known for an unusual spring rising on Beacon Hill. The locals also claimed that the spring is said to turn wood into iron. Harwich Dockyard was established as a Royal Navy Dockyard in 1652 and it ceased to operate as a Royal Dockyard in 1713. The Royal Navy is no longer present in Harwich but Harwich International Port at nearby Parkeston continues to offer regular services to the Hook of Holland in the Netherlands. Many operations of the container port at Felixstowe and of Trinity House. The port is famous for the phrase Harwich for the Continent, seen on road signs, at least three pairs of lighthouses have been built over recent centuries as leading lights, to help guide vessels into Harwich. The earliest pair were wooden structures, the High Light stood on top of the old Town Gate, in 1818 these were replaced by stone structures, designed by John Rennie Senior, which can still be seen today. They were owned by General Rebow of Wivenhoe Park, who was able to charge 1d per ton on all cargo entering the port, for upkeep of the lights. They were in turn replaced by the pair of cast iron lights at nearby Dovercourt, these too remain in situ, the extant medieval structures are largely private homes. The house featured in the image of Kings Head St to the left is unique in the town and is an example of a sailmakers house, thought to have been built circa 1600
4.
Roads in the United Kingdom
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Roads in the United Kingdom form a network of varied quality and capacity. Road distances are shown in miles or yards and UK speed limits are indicated in miles per hour or by the use of the speed limit symbol. Some vehicle categories have various lower maximum limits enforced by speed limiters, enforcement of UK road speed limits increasingly uses speed guns, automated in-vehicle systems and automated roadside traffic cameras. A unified numbering system is in place for Great Britain, whilst in Northern Ireland, the earliest specifically engineered roads were built during the British Iron Age. The road network was expanded during the Roman occupation, some of these survive and others were lost. New roads were added in the Middle Ages and from the 17th century onwards, certain aspects of the legal framework remain under the competence of the United Kingdom parliament. Although some roads have much older origins, the network was subject to development from the 1950s to the mid-1990s. From then, construction of roads has become controversial with direct action campaigns by environmentalists in opposition. In the UK, vehicles drive on the left and on multi-lane carriageways drivers are expected to keep to the left lane except when overtaking, in Great Britain, the Highway Code applies to drivers. In Northern Ireland, the Highway Code for Northern Ireland applies, UK speed limits are shown in mph. With a few exceptions, they are in multiples of 10, unless a lower speed limit is posted on a road, the national speed limit applies, which varies between class of vehicles and the type of road. In a built-up area, unless signs indicate otherwise, a limit of 30 miles per hour applies, other limits are shown in the table. For a road to be classed as a carriageway, the two directions of traffic flow must be physically separated by a central reservation. Roads in the UK are classified as M, A, or B roads, as well as categories of more minor roads, for internal purposes. These numbers follow a zonal system, there is no available explanation for the allocation of road numbers in Northern Ireland. The majority of the major routes are motorways, and are designed to carry long distance traffic. The next category is the A roads, which form the route network. A primary route is defined as, primary destinations are usually cities and large towns, to which, as a result of their size, a high volume of traffic is expected to go
5.
Colchester
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Colchester /ˈkoʊltʃɛstər/ is an historic large town and the largest settlement within the borough of Colchester in the county of Essex. As the oldest recorded Roman town in Britain, Colchester is claimed to be the oldest town in Britain and it was for a time the capital of Roman Britain, and is a member of the Most Ancient European Towns Network. Colchester is some 50 miles northeast of London and is connected to the capital by the A12 road and it is seen as a popular town for commuters, and is less than 30 miles away from Stansted Airport and 20 miles from the passenger ferry port of Harwich. Colchester is home to Colchester Castle and Colchester United Football Club and it has a Conservative Member of Parliament, Will Quince, who was elected in the 2015 General Election. The River Colne runs through the town and it is a widely held belief that the name Colchester is derived from the Latin words Colonia and Castra, meaning fortifications. The earliest forms of the name Colchester are Colenceaster and Colneceastre from the 10th century, in this way of interpreting the name, the River Colne which runs through the town takes its name from Colonia as well. Cologne also gained its name from a similar etymology, ekwall went as far as to say it has often been held that Colchester contains as first element colonia. This derivation is ruled out of court by the fact that Colne is the name of old villages situated a good many miles from Colchester. The identification of Colonia with Colchester is doubtful, from these deposits beneath the town have been found Palaeolithic flint tools, including at least six Acheulian handaxes. Further flint tools made by hunter gatherers living in the Colne Valley during the Mesolithic have been discovered and this included a pit found at Culver Street containing a ritually placed Neolithic grooved ware pot, as well as find spots containing later Deverel-Rimbury bucket urns. Before the Roman conquest of Britain it was already a centre of power for Cunobelin – known to Shakespeare as Cymbeline – king of the Catuvellauni, who minted coins there. Its Celtic name, Camulodunon, variously represented as CA, CAM, CAMV, CAMVL and CAMVLODVNO on the coins of Cunobelinus, during the 30s AD Camulodunon controlled a large swathe of Southern and Eastern Britain, with Cunobelin called King of the Britons by Roman writers. Camulodunon is considered one of possible sites around Britain for the legendary Camelot of King Arthur. Soon after the Roman conquest of Britain in AD43, a Roman legionary fortress was established, later, when the Roman frontier moved outwards and the twentieth legion had moved to the west, Camulodunum became a colonia named in a second-century inscription as Colonia Victricensis. This contained a large and elaborate Temple to the Divine Claudius, Colchester is home to two of the five Roman theatres found in Britain, the one at Gosbecks being the largest in Britain, able to seat 5,000. Camulodunum served as a provincial Roman capital of Britain, but was attacked and destroyed during Boudicas rebellion in AD61, sometime after the destruction, London became the capital of the province of Britannia. Colchesters town walls c.3,000 yd. long were built c. 65–80 A. D. when the Roman town was rebuilt after the Boudicca rebellion. In 2004, Colchester Archaeological Trust discovered the remains of a Roman Circus underneath the Garrison in Colchester, the Roman town of Camulodunum, officially known as Colonia Victricensis, reached its peak in the Second and Third centuries AD
6.
England
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England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west, the Irish Sea lies northwest of England and the Celtic Sea lies to the southwest. England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east, the country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain in its centre and south, and includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly, and the Isle of Wight. England became a state in the 10th century, and since the Age of Discovery. The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England, transforming its society into the worlds first industrialised nation, Englands terrain mostly comprises low hills and plains, especially in central and southern England. However, there are uplands in the north and in the southwest, the capital is London, which is the largest metropolitan area in both the United Kingdom and the European Union. In 1801, Great Britain was united with the Kingdom of Ireland through another Act of Union to become the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. In 1922 the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom, leading to the latter being renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain, the name England is derived from the Old English name Englaland, which means land of the Angles. The Angles were one of the Germanic tribes that settled in Great Britain during the Early Middle Ages, the Angles came from the Angeln peninsula in the Bay of Kiel area of the Baltic Sea. The earliest recorded use of the term, as Engla londe, is in the ninth century translation into Old English of Bedes Ecclesiastical History of the English People. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, its spelling was first used in 1538. The earliest attested reference to the Angles occurs in the 1st-century work by Tacitus, Germania, the etymology of the tribal name itself is disputed by scholars, it has been suggested that it derives from the shape of the Angeln peninsula, an angular shape. An alternative name for England is Albion, the name Albion originally referred to the entire island of Great Britain. The nominally earliest record of the name appears in the Aristotelian Corpus, specifically the 4th century BC De Mundo, in it are two very large islands called Britannia, these are Albion and Ierne. But modern scholarly consensus ascribes De Mundo not to Aristotle but to Pseudo-Aristotle, the word Albion or insula Albionum has two possible origins. Albion is now applied to England in a poetic capacity. Another romantic name for England is Loegria, related to the Welsh word for England, Lloegr, the earliest known evidence of human presence in the area now known as England was that of Homo antecessor, dating to approximately 780,000 years ago. The oldest proto-human bones discovered in England date from 500,000 years ago, Modern humans are known to have inhabited the area during the Upper Paleolithic period, though permanent settlements were only established within the last 6,000 years
7.
Bypass (road)
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A bypass specifically designated for trucks may be called a truck route. Petrol stations, shopping centres and some businesses are often built there for ease of access, while homes are often avoided for noise. Bypass routes are often controversial, as they require the building of a road carrying heavy traffic where no road previously existed and this creates a conflict between those who support a bypass to reduce congestion in a built up area, and those who oppose the development of undeveloped land. However, those of the city may also oppose the project. World Largest Bypass Road in India All big City have 12 Bypass, the first London bypass, the present Marylebone Road between Paddington and Islington, was started in 1756. Bypasses can take years to gain planning approval and funding. Many towns and villages have been campaigning for bypasses for over 30 years e. g. Banwell in North Somerset, the protest was popularly known as the Third Battle of Newbury, a name which was also adopted by one of the main protest groups. The name was chosen in reference to the First Battle of Newbury of 1643, in the United States, bypass routes are a type of special route used on an alternative routing of a highway around a town when the main route of the highway goes through the town. The original designation of these routes were truck routes to divert truck traffic away from the town. However, many Truck routes remain where the mainline of the highway is prohibited for trucks, in a few cases, both a bypass and a business route exist, both with auxiliary signs. Bypass routes are less common than business routes, many of those that existed before the era of Interstate highways have lost their old designations. Around St. Louis, Missouri, what had been U. S. Route 50 Bypass was absorbed into a diversion of U. S. Route 50 from Interstate 44 and Interstate 64. In the Interstate Highway System in the United States, bypasses, another meaning of the term bypass route is a highway that was constructed to bypass an area that is often congested with traffic. This includes Interstate Highway beltways and U. S, highways constructed to circumvent downtown areas. Examples of these are U. S. Route 60 bypassing Williamsburg, Virginia, Route 31 bypassing metro South Bend, Indiana, and Interstate 75 bypassing Tampa and St. Petersburg, Florida. These bypasses usually carry mainline routes rather than auxiliary bypass routes, the first bypass route in the United States was completed in 1958, as Alabama State Route 210 in Dothan, Alabama. The term shoofly, while common in rail terminology, can also be applied to a short temporary roadway which bypasses a construction site or other obstruction, manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices uses the term diversion. In Brazil the widest and busiest bypasses are located in the state of São Paulo and it is divided into sections and connected to major highways and while not being a toll road itself, accesses to other motorways are often placed through toll booths
8.
Bishop's Stortford
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Bishops Stortford is a historic market town and civil parish in Hertfordshire, England. It is just west of the M11 motorway on the county boundary with Essex and is the closest sizeable town to London Stansted Airport. Bishops Stortford is 27 miles north east of Charing Cross in central London and 35 miles from Liverpool Street station, Bishops Stortford has a population of 38,202, adjusting to 37,838 at the 2011 Census. Nothing is known of Bishops Stortford until it became a small Roman settlement on Stane Street, the settlement was abandoned in the 5th century after the breakup of the Roman Empire. A new Saxon settlement grew up on the site, named Steort-ford, in 1060, William Bishop of London bought Stortford manor and estate for eight pounds, leading to the towns modern name. At the time of the Domesday Book the village had a population of around 120, the Normans built a wooden motte-and-bailey edifice known as Waytemore Castle. Only the baptismal font survives from the Norman church of St Michaels and its conspicuous belfry and spire were built in 1812. Despite outbreaks of the plague in the 16th and 17th centuries, the River Stort is named after the town, and not the town after the river. When cartographers visited the town in the 16th century, they reasoned that the town must have named for the ford over the river. After 1769, the River Stort was made navigable, and the became a stop on the mail coach road between Cambridge and London. By 1801, Bishops Stortford was a town, and a corn exchange had been established. While the main industry was malting, in 1842 the railway came to Bishops Stortford. Another Victorian introduction was the opening of a hospital in 1895, in 1901 the population exceeded 7,000. The 1901 house known as Carfield Castle was used as a billet in World War I. During World War II, Bishops Stortford was the centre for many Britons. By 1951, Bishops Stortfords population had reached 13,000, the M11 motorway, Stansted Airport, and rail links to London and Cambridge contributed to its rise in population to about 35,000 in the 2001 national census. Post-war development has enlarged the area further. In March and April 1825, a number of buildings in Bishops Stortford were set alight, a committee that formed offered a £500 reward for information on the arsonist
9.
Port of Felixstowe
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The Port of Felixstowe, in Felixstowe, Suffolk is the United Kingdoms busiest container port, dealing with 42% of Britains containerised trade. In 2011, it was ranked as the 35th busiest container port in the world, the port handled 3.74 million twenty-foot equivalent units of traffic in 2011. In 1967, it set up Britains first container terminal for £3. 5m in a deal with Sea-Land Service. Because container shipping is much more efficient in bulk, this early start led to it becoming the UKs largest container port. Felixstowe is owned by Hutchison Port Holdings Group, the port has always been privately owned. In 1951, Gordon Parker, a merchant, bought the Felixstowe Dock & Railway Company. In 1976, Felixstowe was bought by European Ferries, in June 1991, P&O sold Felixstowe to Hutchison Whampoa of Hong Kong for £90m. In June 1994, Hutchison Whampoas Hutchison International Port Holdings bought out Orient Overseas Internationals 25% stake in Felixstowe for £50m, the port has its own Port of Felixstowe Police, fire, and ambulance services. The port has two container terminals, Trinity and Landguard as well as a RO-RO terminal. There is a quay of over 2.3 kilometres. The main navigation channel is dredged to 14.5 metres below chart datum, the A14 connects the port to the English Midlands via the M6, the north via the M1 and M6 and A1 and via the A12 to London. Each terminal has its own rail terminal which connects to the Felixstowe Branch Line, seafarers welfare charity Apostleship of the Sea, which provides practical and pastoral support to seafarers, has a port chaplain based at Felixstowe port. In 2008, work began on the construction and reconfiguration of Felixstowe South terminal creating 1,300 m of quay served by 13 new ship-to-shore gantry cranes. Work will be carried out in two stages with 750 m of sea wall complete by the end of 2010 and stage which is expected to open in 2014 and this new terminal will have a clearance of 16 m and gantries suited for extra large box carriers. The West Coast Main Line had previously been cleared to W10 and this work will accommodate additional freight traffic as a result of Felixstowe South expansion at the Port of Felixstowe. It will also allow the newer high-cube containers to be carried by train -, network Rail completed the gauge enhancement from Ipswich to Peterborough in 2008. Work should be completed by 2014, at an estimated cost of £291 million. As part of the Felixstowe South development, Hutchison Ports will provide financial support intended to increase capacity at the Copdock interchange between the A14 and the A12
10.
Harwich International Port
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Harwich International Port is a North Sea seaport in Essex, England, and one of the Haven ports. It lies on the bank of the River Stour one mile upstream from the town of Harwich. The port was known as Parkeston Quay. This new quay was opened in 1883 by Charles H. Parkes, the then Chairman of the Great Eastern Railway company, the port being named after him as Parkeston Quay. The port had its own station, and a hotel was built between the northern platform and the quay, the hotel building is now used as offices. The railway station was originally called Parkeston Quay, but was renamed Harwich Parkeston Quay in 1934 when the new Parkeston Quay West station was opened to serve the west end of the quay and it was given its current name, Harwich International, in 1995. The port remained under the ownership of the Great Eastern Railway until 1923 when the became part of the London. In 1939 the Admiralty requisitioned Parkeston Quay for naval purposes, naming it HMS Badger and it was released back to the LNER in 1946. On 1 January 1948 the LNER was nationalised and the port came under the ownership of British Railways. Following the privatisation of BRs ferry services as Sealink British Ferries in 1984, the port was sold to Sealinks new owners Sea Containers, in 1997, Parkeston Quay was acquired by Hutchison Ports Ltd, the current owners, who have renamed the port as Harwich International Port. The main user of the port is the ferry services of Stena Line to the Hook of Holland. Previously, DFDS Seaways operated services to Esbjerg, Denmark, Cuxhaven, Germany, and Gothenburg, Sweden, cruise ships once called regularly at the port during the summer months, although in recent times, these calls have become more & more infrequent. 2016 have 12 visits which is the lowest amount since the service started, tankers call at the Petrochem Carless refinery and some general cargo and bulk cargos are worked at the port. There are four berths with linkspans. The specialised pier for the High Speed Ferry Discovery is disused now that the high speed ferry service has been discontinued, there are extensive railway sidings adjacent to and within the port with 40 acres of standing for cars. In total there are over 105 acres of land with parking for over 1000 trailers
11.
Coggeshall
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Coggeshall is a small market town of 3,919 residents in Essex, England, between Colchester and Braintree on the Roman road of Stane Street, and intersected by the River Blackwater. The population increased to 4,727 at the 2011 Census and it is known for its almost 300 listed buildings and formerly extensive antique trade. Many local businesses, such as the White Hart Hotel and the Chapel Inn, have established for hundreds of years. A market has been run every week on Market Hill since 1256, Coggeshall won the Essex Best Kept Village award in its category in 1998 and 2001–03, it was named the Eastern England & Home Counties Village of the Year in 2003. Official brown coloured sightseeing/tourist road signs on the entry to the town from the A120 road still show Coggeshall as Village of the Year, the meaning of the name Coggeshall is much debated. Different pronunciations and spellings have been used throughout its history and many theories as to the origin have arisen. The earliest mention of the name is in a grant from around 1040 where it is called Coggashael, the Domesday Book from 1086 addresses the town as Cogheshal and it is mentioned elsewhere as Cogshall, Coxal and Gogshall. Beaumont brought together several theories in his 1890 book A History of Coggeshall, weever 1631 wrote about a monument found on Coccillway, thought that Coccill was a lord of the area in Roman days and a corruption of the name led to Coggeshall. Philip Morant opined that the name was a corruption of Cocks-hall and this may also be supported by Beaumonts suggestion that the first parish church, like the current one, was dedicated to Saint Peter, and the cockerel was used as a sign of this dedication. Beaumont also reasons that the name may have come from the red-coloured shrub the Coccus, whose colour is pronounced Coch, there are several towns throughout Britain with similar names, Uggeshall, Cockfield, Cogshull, Cogges, Coxhall Knoll. Part of the Parish was known as Crowland, the Parish of Crowland in Lincolnshire has an area within it called Gogguslands, Coggeshall has been called Sunnydon, referenced in 1224 as an alias for the town. Coggeshall dates back at least to an early Saxon settlement, though the area has settled since the Mesolithic period. There is evidence of a Roman villa or settlement before then and the lies on Stane Street. The drainage aqueducts of Stane Street are still visible in the cellar of the Chapel Inn today, Roman coins dating from 31 BC to AD395 have been found in the area and Coggeshall has been considered the site of a Roman station mentioned in the Itineraries of Antoninus. Coggeshall is situated at a ford of the River Blackwater, part of another path running from the Blackwater Valley to the Colne Valley, where these paths crossed a settlement started. Coggeshall is mentioned in the Domesday Book as Cogheshal, william the Conqueror gave the Manor to Eustace, the Count of Boulogne. Matilda visited the Abbey for the last time in 1151 and asked for the Abbots blessing, If thou should never see my face again, More things are wrought by prayer than this World dreams of. Flint and rubble were the materials used in the construction of the monastery, and the buildings were faced with stone punted up the Blackwater
12.
Concurrency (road)
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A concurrency in a road network is an instance of one physical road bearing two or more different highway, motorway, or other route numbers. When two freeways share the same right-of-way, it is called a common section or commons. Other terminology for a concurrency includes overlap, coincidence, duplex, triplex, multiplex, concurrent numbering can become very common in countries that allow it. In some countries, however, concurrent numbering is avoided by posting only one number on road signs. Criticism of concurrencies include environmental intrusion, as well as being considered a factor in road accidents, most concurrencies are simply a combination of two route numbers on the same physical road. This is often advantageous as well as economically advantageous, it may be better for two route numbers to be combined into one along riverways or through mountain valleys. Some nations allow for concurrencies to occur, however, some nations specifically do not allow it to happen, in those nations which do permit concurrencies, it can become very common. In these countries, there are a variety of concurrences which can occur, an example of this is the concurrency of I-70 and I-76 on the Pennsylvania Turnpike in western Pennsylvania. A triple Interstate concurrency is found north of Madison, Wisconsin, with I-39, I-90, Wisconsin has another triple Interstate concurrency along the five-mile section of I-41, I-43, and I-894 in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. The concurrency of I-41 and I-43 on this roadway is an example of a wrong-way concurrency, the longest Interstate highway concurrency is I-80 and I-90 for 265 miles across Indiana and Ohio. There are examples of eight-way concurrencies, I-465 around Indianapolis and Georgia State Route 10 Loop around downtown Athens, Georgia. Portions of the 53-mile I-465 overlap with I-74, US31, US36, US40, US52, US421, SR37, seven of the eight other designations overlap between exits 46 and 47 to create an eight-way concurrency. In the United States, concurrencies are simply marked by placing signs for both routes on the same or adjacent posts, the federal Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices prescribes that when mounting these adjacent signs together that the numbers will be arranged vertically or horizontally in order of precedence. The order to be used is Interstate Highways, U. S. Highways, state highways, and finally county roads, several states do not officially have any concurrencies, instead officially ending routes on each side of one. There are several circumstances where unusual concurrencies exist along state borders, one example occurs along the Oklahoma–Arkansas state line. At the northern end of this border Oklahoma State Highway 20 runs concurrently with Arkansas Highway 43, concurrencies are also found in Canada. In Manitoba, the Trans-Canada Highway from Winnipeg to Portage la Prairie is concurrently signed with Yellowhead Highway, in Ontario, the Queen Elizabeth Way and Highway 403 run concurrently between Burlington and Oakville, forming the provinces only concurrency between two 400-series highways. In the United Kingdom, routes do not run concurrently with others, where this would normally occur, the roadway takes the number of only one of the routes, while the other routes are considered to have a gap and are signed in brackets
A10 road
A1184 road
A1250 road
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M11 motorway Junction 8
A130 road
A131 road
A12 road Junctions 25 and 29
A1232 road
A133 road
A136 road
