1.
Thornaby-on-Tees
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Thornaby-on-Tees is a royal charter town, civil parish and former borough within the Borough of Stockton-on-Tees in the ceremonial county of North Yorkshire, England. It is on the bank of the River Tees,3 miles southeast of Stockton-on-Tees and 4 mi southwest of Middlesbrough. It has a population of 24,741 according to the 2011 census, the name Thornaby came into existence about 800 AD when the land was given by Halfdene, King of the Danes, to Thormod, one of his noblemen, hence Thormods-by – Thormods farmstead. There are other signs of Thornaby being an older settlement. Traces of prehistoric man have been found, the earliest being an axe,8 inches long, dating back to the Mesolithic Period. In 1926, a dugout canoe said to date from about 1600 –1400 BC was found in the mud under 8 feet of water opposite Thornaby High Wood, an arrowhead of the Neolithic Period was found in a garden on Thornaby Village Green. During the Battle of Hastings, one of William the Conquerors noblemen, Robert I de Brus, marched north with a garrison of men, William gave him those lands to control including Thornaby and Middlesbrough. The then King of Denmark, Sweyn, on 9 September 1069 defeated the Normans at York by killing the garrison of 3,000 men. William swore an oath to take revenge on Sweyn by destroying every house and dwelling in the lands under Sweyns rule, leaving all the land in the north east of Yorkshire barren and bare. In the Domesday Book Thornaby is mentioned five times, Thornabys first mention in the Domesday Book states, - Robert Malet has these lands and it appears that they remained undeveloped until the early 19th century as Thurnaby waaste is mentioned in a poem by Tennyson called The Northern Farmer. Over the centuries there have been a number of different spellings of the name Thornaby including Turmozbi, Tormozbi, Tormozbia, the form Thornaby first appears in 1665 and refers to old Thornaby village near the River Tees. In 1825, Thornaby, centred around St Peters Church and the old village green was gradually overshadowed by the newly named town of South Stockton which was 2 mi away. South Stockton was on the Yorkshire side of the river Tees opposite Stockton-on-Tees and it was not until the local government act of 1863 that the district of South Stockton officially came into being. In 1825 South Stockton became the site of William Smiths pottery, Stockton Council made two attempts to take over the local board of South Stockton, first in 1869 and again in 1883, but without success. On 6 October 1892 South Stockton and Old Thornaby merged into one to form the borough of Thornaby-on-Tees. The Anglican parish church on the green is of 12th-century origin. The unusual dedication to St. Peter ad Vincula is derived from the ancient Basilica of San Pietro in Vincoli in Rome, the building, with a simple nave and a bell turret with two bells, was originally dedicated to St. Mary Magdalene. Grace Pace, the mother of Captain James Cook, was baptised at St. Peters in 1702 and it is said that Robert de Thormodbi, wounded in the Crusades at Acre, swore to raise a shrine to the Virgin Mary if he survived his wounds
2.
A19 road
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From Sunderland northwards, the route was formerly the A108. In the past the route was known as the East of Snaith-York-Thirsk-Stockton-on-Tees-Sunderland Trunk Road, most traffic joins the A19, heading for Teesside, from the A168 at Dishforth Interchange. It then passes the Pavilion exhibition centre, much of the course of the southern section of the A19 runs through the old Yorkshire coalfield, with evidence of old slag-heaps and colliery buildings. It passes through Toll Bar and the primary school and it passes through Askern, a former mining village. It meets the B1220 for Carcroft and goes through Owston, passing the Owston Park Lodge, here it passes the Askern Hotel, Red Lion Hotel and Askern Service Station and goes over a level crossing. There is also a lake, St Peters church and a greyhound stadium. There is a turn for Norton. There are some long straights north of here, and the surrounds are flat as the road heads towards the M62. It enters North Yorkshire and the district of Selby where it crosses the River Went near Walden Stubbs, there are some crossroads at Balne Moor, and it passes through Whitley Thorpe and Whitley and the George & Dragon. It meets the M62 at junction 34, from the M62, the village of Eggborough has been bypassed in recent years, with the new road travelling from this roundabout to near the power station to the right. The £44m six mile A63 Selby bypass, to the south of the town opened on 11 June 2004, before this happened, all the traffic, headed straight towards the centre of Selby, over a level-crossing and on to a busy traffic-light junction with the A63 from Leeds. The A19 took the major of the concurrency through the centre, whilst crossing the old toll bridge. The road is still the A19 through Selby, but the bypass is the A63, however, north-bound traffic follows the A63. The £5m 5-mile Riccall and Barlby bypass opened in October 1987 and this provided better junctions with the A63 and A163. The A63 and A19 meet at a roundabout near a large pickle factory and it heads towards Riccall where the road is much straighter after the bypass, it is following what was the East Coast Main Line before the Selby Diversion was built. Where the road leaves the old railway, the Trans Pennine Trail follows along the old track, at Escrick, it enters the Vale of York, and passes the BP York Road Garage, the Parsonage Hotel and the church of St Helen. Next is Deighton, passing the White Swan Inn, then it heads towards Crockey Hill and it meets the A64 near the headquarters of Persimmon plc. The York Northern By-Pass as the A1237 is a substitute for the A19 through York – this road is engineered and has frequent roundabouts
3.
A172 road (Great Britain)
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The A172 is a major road in North Yorkshire, and the unitary authority of Middlesbrough, England. It runs from Ingleby Arncliffe to Middlesbrough, Marton Road is that part of the length of the A172 that links Middlesbrough to Ladgate Lane. Marton Road itself runs from the centre of Middlesbrough, starting at around the site of the old St. Johns Church, along its route the road passes several sites of local interest, including the James Cook University Hospital, and Stewart Park. The A172 changes its name to Stokesley Road at Marton Crossroads, the road can be used to join the A19 north to Newcastle and Sunderland and south. The road also joins the A174 to the towns of Redcar, Saltburn. The road can become congested and is famous locally for the Marton Crawl which happens during peak times, the Marton Crawl can take anything up to 20 minutes to get from Middlesbrough town centre to Marton itself. There are a number of bus services operate along part or all of the road. Amongst these are,27,28,29 and 63, after the junction with Stainton Way, the name changes to Dixons Bank. Pannierman Lane is that part of the road that is part of the Nunthorpe by-pass, and continues to Stokesley
4.
A171 road
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The A171 is a road in England that links the North Yorkshire towns of Middlesbrough and Scarborough. Locally it is known as The Moor Road, the road is mostly single carriageway but has some sections of dual carriageway. Just outside Guisborough it heads into the North York Moors National Park, as it passes the village of Charltons, it rises up at a 15% incline through two 90° turns up to Low Moor, this hill is named Birk Brow. The road then wends its way through the moorland of the North York Moors park past Scaling Dam. The bridge was built in 1980 at an projected cost of £1 million and it then heads due south through Burniston and Scalby before finishing in Scarborough at a junction with the A64 on Falsgrave Road. The route is served by Arriva bus service X93, during the summer part of the timetable the service is roughly one an hour in each direction. A Park and Ride facility was opened at the junction with the B1460 outside of Whitby in 2014, the park has space for 450 vehicles and buses run every 15 minutes to and from the town between the hours of 10 am and 7 pm. At the roundabout junction with the A169 is a monument to the first German aircraft shot down over England in World War II. 3 Hawker Hurricane aircraft of 43 Squadron, RAF Acklington shot down a Heinkel HE111 at Bannial Flat Farm just north of what is now the two A roads junction
5.
Whitby
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Whitby is a seaside town, port and civil parish in the Borough of Scarborough and English county of North Yorkshire. It is located within the boundaries of the North Riding of Yorkshire. Situated on the east coast of Yorkshire at the mouth of the River Esk, Whitby has a maritime, mineral. Its East Cliff is home to the ruins of Whitby Abbey, where Cædmon, the fishing port developed during the Middle Ages, supporting important herring and whaling fleets, and was where Captain Cook learned seamanship. Tourism started in Whitby during the Georgian period and developed further on the arrival of the railway in 1839, Jet and alum were mined locally. Whitby Jet, which was mined by the Romans and Victorians, the earliest record of a permanent settlement is in 656, when as Streanœhealh it was the place where Oswy, the Christian king of Northumbria, founded the first abbey, under the abbess Hilda. The Synod of Whitby was held there in 664, in 867, the monastery was destroyed by Viking raiders. Another monastery was founded in 1078 and it was in this period that the town gained its current name, Whitby. The abbey ruin at the top of the East Cliff is the towns oldest and most prominent landmark, other significant features include the swing bridge, which crosses the River Esk and the harbour, which is sheltered by the grade II listed East and West piers. The towns maritime heritage is commemorated by statues of Captain Cook and William Scoresby, the town also has a strong literary tradition and has featured in literary works, television and cinema, most famously in Bram Stokers novel Dracula. As a result, tourism and some forms of fishing remain the mainstay of its economy and it is the closest port to a proposed wind farm development in the North Sea,47 miles from York and 22 miles from Middlesbrough. According to the 2011 UK census, the town had a population of 13,213, Whitby was called Streanæshalc, Streneshalc, Streoneshalch, Streoneshalh, and Streunes-Alae in Lindissi in records of the 7th and 8th centuries. Prestebi, meaning the habitation of priests in Old Norse, is an 11th century name and its name was recorded as Hwitebi and Witebi, meaning the white settlement in Old Norse, in the 12th century, Whitebi in the 13th century and Qwiteby in the 14th century. A monastery was founded at Streanœhealh in AD657 by King Oswiu or Oswy of Northumbria, as an act of thanksgiving, after defeating Penda, at its foundation, the abbey was an Anglo-Saxon double monastery for men and women. Its first abbess, the royal princess Hild, was venerated as a saint. The abbey became a centre of learning and here Cædmon the cowherd was miraculously transformed into a poet whose poetry is an example of Anglo-Saxon literature. The abbey became the royal nunnery of the kingdom of Deira. The Synod of Whitby, in 664, established the Roman date of Easter in Northumbria at the expense of the Celtic one, the monastery was destroyed between 867 and 870 in a series of raids by Vikings from Denmark under their leaders Ingwar and Ubba
6.
Roads in the United Kingdom
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Roads in the United Kingdom form a network of varied quality and capacity. Road distances are shown in miles or yards and UK speed limits are indicated in miles per hour or by the use of the speed limit symbol. Some vehicle categories have various lower maximum limits enforced by speed limiters, enforcement of UK road speed limits increasingly uses speed guns, automated in-vehicle systems and automated roadside traffic cameras. A unified numbering system is in place for Great Britain, whilst in Northern Ireland, the earliest specifically engineered roads were built during the British Iron Age. The road network was expanded during the Roman occupation, some of these survive and others were lost. New roads were added in the Middle Ages and from the 17th century onwards, certain aspects of the legal framework remain under the competence of the United Kingdom parliament. Although some roads have much older origins, the network was subject to development from the 1950s to the mid-1990s. From then, construction of roads has become controversial with direct action campaigns by environmentalists in opposition. In the UK, vehicles drive on the left and on multi-lane carriageways drivers are expected to keep to the left lane except when overtaking, in Great Britain, the Highway Code applies to drivers. In Northern Ireland, the Highway Code for Northern Ireland applies, UK speed limits are shown in mph. With a few exceptions, they are in multiples of 10, unless a lower speed limit is posted on a road, the national speed limit applies, which varies between class of vehicles and the type of road. In a built-up area, unless signs indicate otherwise, a limit of 30 miles per hour applies, other limits are shown in the table. For a road to be classed as a carriageway, the two directions of traffic flow must be physically separated by a central reservation. Roads in the UK are classified as M, A, or B roads, as well as categories of more minor roads, for internal purposes. These numbers follow a zonal system, there is no available explanation for the allocation of road numbers in Northern Ireland. The majority of the major routes are motorways, and are designed to carry long distance traffic. The next category is the A roads, which form the route network. A primary route is defined as, primary destinations are usually cities and large towns, to which, as a result of their size, a high volume of traffic is expected to go
7.
Middlesbrough
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Middlesbrough is a large industrial town on the south bank of the River Tees in North Yorkshire, north-east England, founded in 1830. The local council, an authority, is Middlesbrough Borough Council. The 2011 Census recorded the total resident population as 138,400. Middlesbrough is part of the larger area of Teesside which had an overall population of 376,333 at the 2011 Census. Middlesbrough became a county borough within the North Riding of Yorkshire in 1889, in 1968, the borough was merged with a number of others to form the County Borough of Teesside, which was absorbed in 1974 by the county of Cleveland. In 1996, Cleveland was abolished, and Middlesbrough Borough Council became an authority within North Yorkshire. RGs Erimus was chosen as Middlesbroughs motto in 1830 and it recalls Fuimus the motto of the Norman/Scottish Bruce family, who were lords of Cleveland in the Middle Ages. The towns coat of arms is a lion, from the arms of the Bruce family, a star, from the arms of Captain James Cook. The importance of the church at Middleburg, later known as Middlesbrough Priory, is indicated by the fact that, in 1452. After the Angles, the area home to Viking settlers. The name Mydilsburgh is the earliest recorded form of Middlesbroughs name and dates from the Anglo-Saxon era, in 1801, Middlesbrough was a small farm with a population of just 25. During the latter half of the 19th century, however, it experienced rapid growth, the Stockton and Darlington Railway had been developed to transport coal from Witton Park Colliery and Shildon in County Durham, to the River Tees in the east. It had always been assumed by the investors that Stockton as the then lowest bridging point on the River Tees would be suitable to take the largest ships at the required volume. As a result, in 1829 he and a group of Quaker businessmen bought the Middlesbrough farmstead and associated estate, some 527 acres of land, and established the Middlesbrough Estate Company. Through the company, the set about the development of a new coal port on the banks of the Tees nearby. By 1830 the S&DR had been extended to Middlesbrough and expansion of the town was assured, the town of Middlesbrough was born. New businesses quickly bought up premises and plots of land in the new town and soon shippers, merchants, butchers, innkeepers, joiners, blacksmiths, by 1851 Middlesbroughs population had grown from 40 people in 1829 to 7,600. The first coal shipping staithes at the port were constructed just to the west of the site earmarked for the location of Middlesbrough, the port was linked to the S&DR on 27 December 1830 via a branch that extended to an area just north of the current Middlesbrough railway station
8.
North Yorkshire
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North Yorkshire is a non-metropolitan county and larger ceremonial county in England. It is located primarily in the region of Yorkshire and the Humber, created by the Local Government Act 1972, it covers an area of 8,654 square kilometres, making it the largest county in England. The majority of the Yorkshire Dales and the North York Moors lie within North Yorkshires boundaries, the largest settlements are York, Middlesbrough, Harrogate and Scarborough, the county town, Northallerton, has a population of 16,832. The area under the control of the county council, or shire county, is divided into a number of local government districts, Craven, Hambleton, Harrogate, Richmondshire, Ryedale, Scarborough, the changes were planned to be implemented no later than 1 April 2009. This was rejected on 25 July 2007 so the County Council, the largest settlement in the administrative county is Harrogate, the second largest is Scarborough, while in the ceremonial county, the largest is York. The largest urban area within the county is the Middlesbrough built-up area sub-division of Teesside. Uniquely for a district in England, Stockton-on-Tees is split between North Yorkshire and County Durham for this purpose, Middlesbrough, Stockton-on-Tees, and Redcar and Cleveland boroughs form part of the North East England region. The ceremonial county area, including the authorities, borders East Riding of Yorkshire, South Yorkshire, West Yorkshire, Lancashire, Cumbria. The geology of North Yorkshire is closely reflected in its landscape, within the county are the North York Moors and most of the Yorkshire Dales, two of eleven areas of countryside within England and Wales to be officially designated as national parks. Between the North York Moors in the east and the Pennine Hills in the west lie the Vales of Mowbray, the Tees Lowlands lie to the north of the North York Moors and the Vale of Pickering lies to the south. Its eastern border is the North sea coast, the highest point is Whernside, on the Cumbrian border, at 736 metres. The two major rivers in the county are the River Swale and the River Ure, the Swale and the Ure form the River Ouse which flows through York and into the Humber estuary. The River Tees forms part of the border between North Yorkshire and County Durham and flows from upper Teesdale to Middlesbrough and Stockton and to the coast, North Yorkshire is a non-metropolitan county that operates a cabinet-style council, North Yorkshire County Council. The full council of 72 elects a council leader, who in turn appoints up to 9 more councillors to form the executive cabinet, the cabinet is responsible for making decisions in the County. The county council have their offices in the County Hall in Northallerton, the county is affluent and has above average house prices. Unemployment is below average for the UK and claimants of Job Seekers Allowance is also very low compared to the rest of the UK at 2. 7%, agriculture is an important industry, as are mineral extraction and power generation. The county also has high technology, service and tourism sectors. This is a chart of trend of gross value added for North Yorkshire at current basic prices with figures in millions of British Pounds Sterling
9.
England
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England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west, the Irish Sea lies northwest of England and the Celtic Sea lies to the southwest. England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east, the country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain in its centre and south, and includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly, and the Isle of Wight. England became a state in the 10th century, and since the Age of Discovery. The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England, transforming its society into the worlds first industrialised nation, Englands terrain mostly comprises low hills and plains, especially in central and southern England. However, there are uplands in the north and in the southwest, the capital is London, which is the largest metropolitan area in both the United Kingdom and the European Union. In 1801, Great Britain was united with the Kingdom of Ireland through another Act of Union to become the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. In 1922 the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom, leading to the latter being renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain, the name England is derived from the Old English name Englaland, which means land of the Angles. The Angles were one of the Germanic tribes that settled in Great Britain during the Early Middle Ages, the Angles came from the Angeln peninsula in the Bay of Kiel area of the Baltic Sea. The earliest recorded use of the term, as Engla londe, is in the ninth century translation into Old English of Bedes Ecclesiastical History of the English People. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, its spelling was first used in 1538. The earliest attested reference to the Angles occurs in the 1st-century work by Tacitus, Germania, the etymology of the tribal name itself is disputed by scholars, it has been suggested that it derives from the shape of the Angeln peninsula, an angular shape. An alternative name for England is Albion, the name Albion originally referred to the entire island of Great Britain. The nominally earliest record of the name appears in the Aristotelian Corpus, specifically the 4th century BC De Mundo, in it are two very large islands called Britannia, these are Albion and Ierne. But modern scholarly consensus ascribes De Mundo not to Aristotle but to Pseudo-Aristotle, the word Albion or insula Albionum has two possible origins. Albion is now applied to England in a poetic capacity. Another romantic name for England is Loegria, related to the Welsh word for England, Lloegr, the earliest known evidence of human presence in the area now known as England was that of Homo antecessor, dating to approximately 780,000 years ago. The oldest proto-human bones discovered in England date from 500,000 years ago, Modern humans are known to have inhabited the area during the Upper Paleolithic period, though permanent settlements were only established within the last 6,000 years
10.
Great Britain road numbering scheme
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The Great Britain road numbering scheme is a numbering scheme used to classify and identify all roads in Great Britain. Each road is given a letter, which represents the roads category. Introduced to arrange funding allocations, the numbers soon became used on maps, two sub-schemes exist, one for motorways, and another for non-motorway roads. The scheme applies only to England, Scotland and Wales, similar systems are used in Northern Ireland, the Isle of Man, Jersey and British overseas territories. All of these schemes use identical basic conventions and road-sign designs. Work on classification began in 1913 by the governments Roads Board to determine the quality, the definitive list of these roads was published on 1 April 1923 following consultations with local authorities. Government funding towards the repairs of roads were set at 60% for the former. Shortly after this, the numbers started to appear in road atlases and on signs on the roads themselves, the Trunk Roads Act 1936 gave the Ministry direct control of the major routes and a new classification system was created to identify these routes. Originally these numbers beginning in T were to be made public, with the introduction of motorways in the late 1950s, a new classification M was introduced. In many cases the motorways duplicated existing stretches of A-road, which therefore lost much of their significance and were in some cases renumbered, occasionally the new motorway would take the name of the old A-road rather than having its own number. The most notable example of this is the A1, in England and Wales the road numbering system for all-purpose roads is based on a radial pattern centred on London. In Scotland the same scheme is centred on Edinburgh, in both cases the main single-digit roads normally define the zone boundaries. The exception is between Zones 1 and 2, where the River Thames defines the boundary, Zone 5, North/East of the A5, west of the A6, south of the Solway Firth/Eden Estuary covering North Wales, North Midlands, western Leicestershire, Cheshire, Cumbria and Lancashire. In Central London, the A40 provides a border between the 4 and 5 zones east of Marble Arch, the original A5 also provides such a border, and north of St Albans the original A6 provides an Eastern border. Zone 6, East of the A6 and A7, west of the A1 covering North East England, Yorkshire, Nottinghamshire, eastern Leicestershire and Rutland, between St Albans and Luton, the original A6 provides the Western border of the 6-zone. For example, the A38 road, a road running from Bodmin to Mansfield starts in Zone 3. Additionally, the A1 in Newcastle upon Tyne has moved twice, originally along the Great North Road, it then moved to the Tyne Tunnel, causing some of the roads in Zone 1 to lie in Zone 6. The designated A1 later moved to the bypass around the city
11.
A1 road (Great Britain)
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The A1 is the longest numbered road in the UK, at 410 miles. It connects London, the capital of England and the United Kingdom, with Edinburgh, the course of the A1 has changed where towns or villages have been bypassed, and where new alignments have taken a slightly different route. Several sections of the route have been upgraded to motorway standard, between the M25 and the A696 the road has been designated as part of the unsigned Euroroute E15 from Inverness to Algeciras. The A1 is the latest in a series of north from London to York. It was designated in 1921 by the Ministry of Transport under the Great Britain road numbering scheme, the earliest documented northern routes are the roads created by the Romans during the period from AD43 to AD410, which consisted of several itinera recorded in the Antonine Itinerary. A combination of these were used by the Anglo-Saxons as the route from London to York, Ermine Street later became known as the Old North Road. Part of this route in London is followed by the current A10, by the 12th century, because of flooding and damage by traffic, an alternative route out of London was found through Muswell Hill, and became part of the Great North Road. A turnpike road, New North Road and Canonbury Road, was constructed in 1812 linking the start of the Old North Road around Shoreditch with the Great North Road at Highbury Corner, the A1 route was modified in 1927 when bypasses were built around Barnet and Hatfield. In the 1930s bypasses were added around Chester-le-Street and Durham, in 1960 Stamford, Biggleswade and Doncaster were bypassed, as were Retford in 1961 and St Neots in 1971. Baldock was bypassed in July 1967, during the early 1970s plans to widen the A1 along Archway Road in London were abandoned after considerable opposition and four public inquiries during which road protesters disrupted proceedings. The scheme was dropped in 1990. The Hatfield cut-and-cover was opened in 1986, few of the surviving coaching inns can be seen while driving on the A1, because the modern route now bypasses the towns with the inns. The A1 runs from New Change in the City of London at St. Pauls Cathedral to the centre of Edinburgh, the road skirts the remains of Sherwood Forest, and passes Catterick Garrison. It shares its London terminus with the A40, in the City area of Central London and it runs out of London through Islington, up Holloway Road, through Highgate, Barnet, Potters Bar, Hatfield, Welwyn, Stevenage, Baldock, Biggleswade, Sandy and St Neots. Scotch Corner, in North Yorkshire, marks the point where before the M6 was built the traffic for Glasgow, as well as a hotel there have been a variety of sites for the transport café, now subsumed as a motorway services. Most of the English section of the A1 is a series of alternating sections of dual carriageway and motorway, from Newcastle upon Tyne to Edinburgh it is a trunk road with alternating sections of dual and single carriageway. The table below summaries the road as motorways and non-motorways sections, A 13-mile section of the road in North Yorkshire, neolithic remains and a Roman fort were discovered. The total cost of works was some £50 million
12.
A10 road (England)
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The A10 is a major road in England. Its southern end is at London Bridge in the London Borough of Southwark, from London to Royston it chiefly follows the line of Roman Ermine Street. Within the City of London, the route of the A10 comprises King William Street, Gracechurch Street, Bishopsgate and it then becomes Shoreditch High Street, Kingsland Road, Kingsland High Street and Stoke Newington Road. It runs through Stoke Newington as Stoke Newington High Street and then becomes Stamford Hill, in July 2013, the Tottenham Hale gyratory was removed and the A10 now follows the route of Tottenham High Road in both directions. North of Tottenham, the A10 leaves its historical route of Tottenham High Road/Hertford Road to join the Great Cambridge Road via Bruce Grove, the Roundway is the southern end of a long dual carriageway section of the A10, which extends to just south of Buntingford. This dual carriageway section bisects the London Borough of Enfield, skirting the Enfield fringes of Enfield Town before crossing the M25 motorway at junction 25, near Waltham Cross. Until the late 1970s, the Great Cambridge Road passed through the towns of Broxbourne, Hoddesdon, since then, an all-purpose road from Cheshunt by-passes these towns. The Kingsmead Viaduct takes the A10 high over the Lea Valley between Hertford and Ware and the Hertford East Branch Line railway. North of Ware, a further scheme was opened in late 2004, taking the A10 around the Hertfordshire villages of Wadesmill, Thundridge, High Cross. The bypass would have opened sooner, but the lime-stabilised subsoil heaved, a substantial portion of the road surface had to be relaid. Further north, there is another section of 1970s dual carriageway road between Puckeridge and Buntingford, the contract for which was awarded to Meres Construction Ltd in April 1972, Buntingford was by-passed in the 1980s, however this is only single carriageway. From Buntingford, the runs through the villages of Chipping, Buckland. A10 traffic is signposted to travel north on the M11, skirting round the top of Cambridge on the A14, however, the former course of the A10 turns into the A1309 and heads for the city centre. The A10 reappears to the north of Cambridge at the Milton Interchange of the A14 and heads north, bypassing Ely and its northern section runs along the valley of the River Great Ouse. Where the A10 bisects Cheshunt as a dual carriageway, it is prone to traffic congestion. However, in the wake of protests against a scheme in Wanstead, this was dropped. Society for All British Road Enthusiasts entry for the A10 Road to Nowhere – A10
13.
A11 road (England)
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The A11 is a major trunk road in England. It also multiplexes/overlaps with the A14 on the Newmarket bypass, All this part has been declassified and is now a minor road. Thus the A11 now starts at Aldgate, just inside the boundary of the City of London. The first stretch is Aldgate High Street, passing south of Aldgate tube station, traffic is one way round the Aldgate one-way system. East of Aldgate station, the A11 enters the London Borough of Tower Hamlets and it becomes Whitechapel High Street, again part of the Aldgate one-way system. The A11 passes through Whitechapel, past Whitechapel tube station and the Royal London Hospital, next, it becomes Bow Road, passing Bow Road tube station and Bow Church DLR station. There is a dual carriageway flyover over the Bow Interchange roundabout, however, at the end of the flyover, the A11 crosses into the London Borough of Newham and becomes a western extension to the A118. Following the opening of the A12 extension in 1999, the A11 was re-numbered to make it seem an important road. This is the limit of the downgraded section. The A11 number wont reappear until Stump Cross in deepest Essex, the road enters Cambridgeshire, with the road number A11 finally re-appearing at M11 Junction 9A, and the A11 is now a trunk road. It roughly follows the route of a Roman road for the remainder of its length, the A11 formerly went through Newmarket, that stretch is now the A1304. The Newmarket bypass, opened to traffic in July 1975, is a dual carriageway, the western end is the A11, but most of its length is a multiplex/overlap with the A14. The A11 re-appears north-east of Newmarket, and remained a dual carriageway until Barton Mills, the road bypasses Barton Mills before entering Norfolk in the Thetford Forest, passing the 113-foot-tall Elveden War Memorial. This section of the road opened as a carriageway on 12 December 2014. This completes the dualling of the road between Norwich and London. The upgrading of the section of single carriageway between Barton Mills and Thetford means the road is dual carriageway all the way to Norwich. The road continues northeast bypassing Thetford, Attleborough and Wymondham, the A11 originally ran through the centre of all three towns giving rise to congestion which frequently became the focus of delays on the route. It also passes the Snetterton Circuit motor racing venue, on entering Norwich, it becomes single carriageway again and is called Newmarket Road
14.
A12 road (England)
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The A12 is a major road in England. It runs north-east /south-west between London and the town of Lowestoft in Suffolk. A section of the road between Lowestoft and Great Yarmouth became the A47, and the part of the unsigned Euroroute E30. Unlike most A roads, a significant portion of the A12 has junction numbers as if it were a motorway, the 84 km section of the A12 through Essex has sections of dual two lanes and dual three lanes with eight changes in width between the M25 to Ipswich. It was named as Britains worst road because of potholes and regular closures due to roadworks in a 2007 survey by Cornhill Insurance, the A12 is covered by the Highways Agency A12 and A120 Route Management Strategy. This section in London was rerouted to run on Eastern Avenue by the mid-1940s, and extended to follow the current route from Blackwall Tunnel along the East Cross Route, the M11 link road in 1999. The route from London to Essex has long been important, with Old Ford being the location of an ancient Celtic crossing of the River Lea. The crossing of the Lea moved to its current location at Bow around 1110 when Matilda, wife of Henry I, a map from 1766 shows a route from London to Great Yarmouth which follows much of the current A12. The Ipswich to South Town and Bungay Turnpike Trust was established in 1785, the trust was wound up in 1872 following the arrival of the East Suffolk Line which was fully operational between the two towns in 1859. Following the demise of the Turnpike trust, responsibility reverted to parish responsibility until the new county took over in 1889. A new section of the A12, known as the M11 link road or A12 Hackney-M11 Link Road, was built in the early 1990s in the face of the major M11 link road protest and finally opened in October 1999. The section of road had originally proposed in 1903 in a Royal Commission on London Traffic. A public inquiry had been held in September 1961 and a further three public inquiries, a Parliamentary Bill and a High Court challenge had been required before the work started, initiated in 2000, the London to Ipswich Multi-modal study reported its conclusions late in 2002. The bascule bridge in Lowestoft, built in 1972, was refurbished in spring 2008, Essex County Council carried out its own inquiry into the road in 2008. Work on a £12. 4m scheme for the a new junction on the A12 at Cuckoo Farm and it was promoted by Essex County Council who prepared plans in 2001. and received funding from the Community Infrastructure Fund. It opened on 16 December 2010, the Eastern Avenue was built in the 1920s as a bypass for the section between Romford and Ilford, meeting what was the A11 at Leytonstone. It was numbered A106 until the 1930s when it became part of the A12, the 5-mile long Brentwood bypass was opened in November 1965. A bypass for Chelmsford was first included in the programme in 1968
15.
A13 road (England)
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The A13 is a major road in England linking Central London with east London and south Essex. Its route is similar to that of the London, Tilbury and Southend Railway and it is a trunk road between London and the Tilbury junction, a primary route between there and Sadlers Hall Farm near South Benfleet, and a non-primary route between there and Shoeburyness. Then it goes through Barking, Dagenham and Rainham before it reaches the M25, then it goes past Pitsea and a new junction that turns the A13 in to the A130. Then the A13 continues on to Shoeburyness where the road ends, at the London end, Commercial Road and East India Dock Road form one of two main arteries through the historic East End. The A13 route is a recent addition to Londons radial network. Commercial Road dates from 1802, while East India Dock Road was set out from 1806-1812, the first iron bridge across the River Lea was built in 1810. Today the route is largely single carriageway, though notable is the junction with the A12. This section of A13 is used by the important London Bus routes 15 and 115 and this grade-separated route continues all the way to the Greater London Boundary. Notable junctions include Canning Town, and the A406 junction near Beckton, as well as the single carriageway Lodge Avenue flyover near Barking and this section is structurally sound and built to high standards, but was subject to a 40 mph speed limit. Prior to grade-separation, the limit was 50 mph. Works involved inserting new underpasses at Prince Regent and Movers Lane, a new flyover at Beckton Alps, also inserted was the free-flow link to the A1261 tunnel. London Bus route 173 is the route to use the A13 here. However, the limit was increased back to 50 mph in 2011. The contract also included the Wennington to M25 motorway section and it has National Speed Limit from just east of Goresbrook Interchange. London Bus routes 173 and 287 are the routes to use the A13 here. The A13 here is a much older dual carriageway, dating mostly to the 1980s, including the four-lane flyover above the M25, the Wennington to M25 section opened in late 1998. The next junction, the turn-off for Lakeside, has only west-facing slips and it is then dual three lanes past the junction with the A1089, the road into Tilbury, and loses its Trunk Road status to the latter. The A13 finally drops down to two each way at the nearby A128 junction
16.
A14 road (England)
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The A14 is a major road in England, running 127 miles from the Port of Felixstowe, Suffolk to the Catthorpe Interchange at the junction of the M1 and M6 motorways near Rugby, Warwickshire. The road forms part of the unsigned Euroroutes E24 and E30, from the Port of Felixstowe the road heads west, bypassing Ipswich to the south via the Orwell Bridge and to Stowmarket, Bury St Edmunds, Newmarket and Cambridge where it meets the M11. There is a busy section past St Ives, Huntingdon. The road is used by trucks carrying freight from the Port of Felixstowe. There are three at-grade junctions, with the B663 at Bythorn in Cambridgeshire, at the Leighton Bromswold turn a few miles to the east, the M45 motorway was constructed in 1959 parallel to part of the old A45 in the Midlands. It opened on the day as the M1 motorway and was soon one of the busiest sections of motorway. The M45 now carries little traffic, the Bar Hill to Huntington section opened in 1979 prior to the M11 which was fully opened in 1980. The Ipswich southern bypass including the Orwell Bridge opened in 1982, the M1-A1 Link Road, completing the current route, was constructed between 1989 and 1991 following a lengthy period of consultation. The first inquiry was in 1974 and then a series of inquiries for sections of the route from September 1984 until June 1985. Subsequent public inquiries were held regarding Supplementary Orders, the route close to the site of the Battle of Naseby was particularly difficult and was taken to the High Court. The link was opened by John MacGregor, Transport Secretary on 15 July 1994, work to create a compact grade-separated junction and to re-align a 2-mile stretch of carriageway was completed in 2006. The bans are active between 6am and 8pm and are intended to reduce delays to traffic from lorries attempting to pass on these climbs. The road opened in the summer of 2008 with some associated local works being completed early in 2009, work was being carried out a year earlier than scheduled as part of a UK government’s fiscal stimulus package. Junction 55 to the south of Ipswich was signalisation in 2011, the section around Kettering between Junctions 7 and 9 was widened to three lanes between November 2013 and April 2015 at a cost of £42m. After initially being shelved in 2010, the Catthorpe Interchange at the roads Western terminus underwent a restructuring in 2014. The redesigned junction was intended to allow freeflowing traffic movement between the A14, the terminus of the M6 motorway and Junction 19 of the M1 motorway. The first part opened in September 2016, and the upgrade was completed three months later, the Highways Agency unveiled its plans in March 2005. Details of the route for the Fen Drayton to Fen Ditton section were published in March 2007
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A15 road (England)
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The A15 is a major road in England. The road restarts 10 miles east, and then north past Barton-upon-Humber. According to the AA, the route is 95 miles long, Norman Cross – Bourne takes 33 minutes, Bourne to Lincoln takes 46 minutes and Lincoln to the Humber Bridge takes 54 minutes. A section of the A15 provides the longest stretch of road in the UK. The A15 is Peterboroughs main connecting road from the south to the A1, joining near Stilton and it begins as London Road at junction 16 of the A1 with the B1043 in Cambridgeshire and the district of North West Cambridgeshire. From here to Yaxley it passes the Norman Cross Hotel and follows the City of Peterborough and Cambridgeshire boundary and it enters the City of Peterborough near Hampton Vale on the left, and meets the A1260 The Serpentine, which leads to two much faster routes around Peterborough. Next is a roundabout for the Cygnet Park business park on the left and it enters Old Fletton near the headquarters of Hotpoint to the left. There is a junction with the A1129 and it crosses the East Coast Main Line. It passes Peterborough United on the right in New Fletton and it meets the start of the A605 at a roundabout and crosses the River Nene. It follows the East Coast Main Line and becomes Lincoln Road and it passes four roundabouts, crossing the Peterborough to Lincoln Line. The route on the east side starts at the Eye roundabout with the A1139 at Newark, then follows the dual-carriageway Paston Parkway, both routes head through Werrington before joining again at Glinton with the roundabout with the B1443. It passes Etton and meets a roundabout with the B1524, B1162, just south of the Welland Gate roundabout on the A1175 and B1166, it crosses the River Welland so entering South Kesteven in Lincolnshire. The roundabout marks the end of the £7 million 4-mile Market Deeping bypass. The A15 and A1175 roads are now merged in a 1-mile dual-carriageway stretch and it meets the B1524 at a roundabout and heads to the left as Peterborough Road Bourne Road and Deeping Road. North of Baston is the Waterside Garden Centre close to where it meets the north-south Roman Road King Street and it goes over the River Glen at the point it is crossed by the Macmillan Way, at Kates Bridge. There is a turn for Obthorpe and it goes through Thurlby, passing the Horseshoe pub, then Northorpe. It meets the recently diverted A151 at a new roundabout, where the road becomes South Road. It passes Bourne Grammar School, then after some treacherous bends near Bourne Abbey becomes South Street, with the towns Heritage centre and war memorial gardens on the left by the Bourne Eau
18.
A16 road (England)
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Most of the A16 is single carriageway. The 1-mile £1.2 million Ludborough Bypass opened in November 1992, the 1-mile Fotherby Bypass opened in 2004. The 3-mile £6.6 million Louth Bypass opened in August 1991, the 1-mile Partney Bypass opened in August 2005. From West Keal to Boston, the road is very flat, the 1-mile £1 million Stickford Bypass opened in October 1992. The £1.4 million Boston Inner Relief Road opened in early 1978, there are demands for Boston to be bypassed. The 6-mile £11.5 million Boston-Algarkirk Diversion opened in October 1991, the 11-mile £23 million Spalding-Sutterton Improvement opened in August 1995. The route of the A16 changed following the completion of the new Spalding-Peterborough link road, the section between Spalding to the south of Crowland only, opened in August 2010, the remainder was completed in October 2011. The new route has taken the number A16, effectively linking the route with Peterborough, the A1073 route had become increasingly dangerous over the years because traffic usage had increased. It was narrow with many corners and slopes, and much of it was on an embankment with deep ditches either side. There were dangerous junctions, particularly with the B1443 between Peakirk and Thorney, which formed a staggered crossroads, the road was a principal route servicing the food-processing industry in Spalding, bringing in supplies and moving products to the supermarket distribution system to the south. An upgrade to the route had been under discussion for many years, eventually a route was agreed, avoiding Cowbit and Crowland and joining the A47 west of Eye, and in 2008 construction work began, originally due to be completed by Autumn 2010. Lincolnshire Police drop off member of public by the A16 who then dies from hypothermia walking home, park and Ride site at Stickney
19.
A17 road (England)
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The A17 road is a road linking Newark-on-Trent in Nottinghamshire, England, to Kings Lynn in Norfolk. It stretches for a distance of 62 miles travelling across the flat Fen landscapes of southern Lincolnshire and western Norfolk. It is one of two routes for residents of East Anglia to get to the North of England - the other is the A47 via Peterborough. The road carries more traffic than it was designed to carry and it also carries many goods vehicles that must travel at or below 50 miles per hour on the stretches of single carriageway. Impatient drivers take risks when gaps in the oncoming traffic allow, in the summer there are many caravans off to Great Yarmouth and the north Norfolk coast. The main meeting points at roundabouts of the A52, A15, the section through South Holland is also heavily used by tractors. The western end of the used to begin at the former A46 junction in Newark-on-Trent where Queens Road met North Gate. It then followed Sleaford Road and Beacon Hill Road, meeting the A1 and this section passes over the former RAF Winthorpe, and there is a roundabout for Newlink Business Park and the national distribution centre of Dixons and Currys. It meets the route from Coddington at the Coddington Moor roundabout. There is a turn for Newark Golf Club and a right turn for Barnby in the Willows. From College Plantation to Beckingham Bridge over the River Witham, the road follows the boundary between Lincolnshire and Nottinghamshire, slightly to the north, the road also enters North Kesteven. It returns to its route and passes through Brant Broughton and Stragglethorpe. This is one of the most accident-prone junctions in Lincolnshire and it passes across Leadenham Low Fields, with the Lincoln Cliff seen in the distance. Leadenham is built on the side of the Lincoln Cliff, and the used to pass through. In March 1995 the £3.3 million bypass was opened and it ascends the Lincoln Cliff as a three laned road, and passes under the A607 where there is no junction. The Leadenham Bypass had been planned for over thirty years, and had started out as a carriageway which would have been the safest option for the amount of traffic that the road carries. At the point where it crosses the former Grantham to Lincoln Line, it enters South Kesteven, there is an embankment as it ascends the rest of the Lincoln Cliff at Fulbeck Hilltop Plantation, and follows a former country lane the east of Fulbeck. It meets the route and passes across Fulbeck Heath
20.
A18 road (England)
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The A18 is a road in England that links Doncaster in South Yorkshire with Ludborough in Lincolnshire, via Scunthorpe. It meets the A638 at the Sidings Roundabout then becomes Carr House Road, overlapping the A638. At the Racecourse Roundabout in Belle Vue, the A638 leaves to the right, and the road becomes Leger Way, passing the Doncaster College for the Deaf on the left, and Doncaster Racecourse on the right. Near Intake, it becomes single carriageway, which it continues as for most of its length until it reaches Scunthorpe, on the right is Danum Academy and Sandall Wood School, a special needs school. There is a roundabout with Armthorpe Road, with Wheatley Hills to the left, at the Sandall Park Roundabout the road meets its old route and becomes Thorne Road. At the Shaw Lane Roundabout it meets the A630, with exits for Shaw Lane Industrial Estate, and the road overlaps the A630 under a railway line. At the next roundabout, on the edge of Doncaster, the A630 leaves to the right, as a road to the M18. The road, now without trunk status, passes Hungerhill School on the left near The Ridgewood pub, there is a roundabout for Armthorpe Lane and Hatfield Lane. It enters Dunsville as High Street, where it passes the Flare Path pub on the right and Dunsville Primary School on the left and it enters Hatfield, passing the Hatfield Chase pub and Ash Hill Academy. It becomes Manor Road near the Blue Bell pub and passes the church on the left. It becomes Epworth Road and meets the A1146 to the left, near Hatfield Woodhouse and it becomes Tudworth Road and passes the Green Tree Brewers Fayre pub on the left, overlapping the A614 from the right at the Green Tree junction. As High Levels Bank, it crosses a flat landscape known as Hatfield Chase, often quite windy. It passes the Black Bull Inn on the right, then enters North Lincolnshire and it runs alongside the large North Engine Drain, with the former RAF Sandtoft nearby to the south, next to the M180. It passes the Lincolnshire Golf Club, to the right, at Hirst Priory near Belton, at Crowle, it meets the A161, close to junction 2 of the M180 and Crowle railway station. It passes through Gunness, crossing the B1216 as Station Road, East of here to the A159 Ashby Road roundabout the road has trunk status. There is a roundabout for the park and then the Berkeley Roundabout. It passes Kingsway golf club on the right and crosses the railway and it passes close to North Lindsey College on the right and meets the Queensway Roundabout for the trunk road A159 at Old Brumby, becoming the non-trunk dual-carriageway Queensway. It passes through New Brumby and Brumby Junior School on the left and it is crossed by the B1501 and at the Ashby Ville Roundabout it meets the A1029 from the town centre and an exit road for the Lakeside Retail Park and Morrisons near the steel works
21.
London Inner Ring Road
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The London Inner Ring Road is a 12-mile route formed from a number of major roads that encircle Central London. The ring road forms the boundary of the London congestion charge zone, the route is described as the Inner Ring Road because there are two further sets of roads that have been described as London ring roads. The North and South Circular Roads together form the ring road around London. The M25 motorway is the outermost road encircling the metropolis, at a diameter of 40–50 miles. Plans for an Inner Ring Road were put forward by Patrick Abercrombie in the 1940s, the route is signed as Ring Road and is made up of the following roads, A100 A1202 A1210/A1211 A201 A202 A302 A3204 A4202 A5 A501. It formed part of the historical New Road, construction of the New Road from Paddington to Islington began in 1756 to relieve congestion in the built-up area of London. At that time the districts of Marylebone, Fitzrovia and Bloomsbury were on the edge of the city. The New Road ran through the fields to the north of three neighbourhoods. The road is now one of the busiest main roads in the city and it runs from Edgware Road in the west to Angel, in the east. City Road was constructed in 1761 to continue the route eastwards to the edge of the City of London. Pentonville Road runs west to east from Kings Cross to City Road and it acquired its present name in 1857. There are several halls of residence located on Pentonville Road, these being Dinwiddy House, Paul Robeson House, there are two green spaces along the road – Joseph Grimaldi Park and Claremont Square, the latter however is not open to the public. This street is distinguished by the set back housing lines originally intended to provide an atmosphere of spaciousness along the thoroughfare and it is one of the locations on the UK version of the Monopoly board game, which features areas native to London. Pentonville Road is one of the many London placenames mentioned the song Transmetropolitan by The Pogues and it runs from Aldgate southwards to the Tower of London. The northern part, north of the junction with Goodmans Yard and Prescot Street, has one way northbound traffic and it also links to Long Lane. The road has an abundance of shops along part of its length. There is also Bermondsey Square which holds a market every Friday morning, usually known as Bermondsey Market. Towards its southern end are a collection of shops, pubs, Kennington Lane is an A-road running between the Elephant & Castle to the east and Vauxhall to the west
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Rotherhithe Tunnel
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It was formally opened in 1908 by George, Prince of Wales, and Richard Robinson, Chairman of the London County Council. The work took place between 1904 and 1908, executed by resident engineer Edward H. Tabor and contractors Price and Reeves, the tunnel was excavated partly using a tunnelling shield and partly by cut-and-cover. The entrance arches are the edges of the tunnelling shield. The tunnel consists of a bore,4,860 feet long, carrying a two-lane carriageway 48 feet below the high-water level of the Thames. Four shafts were sunk alongside the tunnel to aid construction, later ventilation, the two riverside shafts, red brick with stone dressings, had iron spiral staircases as pedestrian entrances. They are closed to the public, and the entrances are the portals. Pedestrian and cycle access is permitted, but the distances involved for pedestrians increased significantly when the spiral staircases closed, shaft number 1 houses a WWII vintage London Underground flood gate which protected the line running through Brunel’s Thames Tunnel. The tunnel is entered via a sloping brick-lined cutting at each end leading to the entrance portal, the tunneled section is between shafts 1 and 4, measures 3,689 feet long and is lined with cast iron segments. At the time of its construction, the tunnel was said to be the largest subaqueous tunnel in existence, the tunnel was designed to serve foot and horse-drawn traffic between the docks on either side of the river. This accounts for some of its unusual design features. The roadways are narrow, with each lane only some 8 feet wide, the tunnel is shallow, with a maximum gradient of 1 in 36, to cater for non-mechanised traffic. It includes sharp, nearly right-angled bends at the points where it goes under the river bed. These served two purposes, avoiding the docks on each side of the river, and preventing horses from seeing daylight at the end of the tunnel too early and this has made it difficult for vehicles to traverse the tunnel safely. Large vehicles cannot easily pass the sharp bends and are therefore banned, the speed limit is 20 miles per hour and is enforced using average speed cameras. A2003 survey rated the tunnel the tenth most dangerous tunnel in Europe due to its safety features. Its proximity to the river makes it vulnerable to flooding. Like many other London tunnels and bridges, the tunnel carries far more traffic than it was designed for. It was well-used from the start, with 2,600 vehicles a day soon after it opened — a figure which was seen as justifying the expense of its construction
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A102 road
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The northern portal lies just south of the East India Dock Road in Blackwall, A the southern entrances are just south of The O2 on the Greenwich Peninsula. B The road is managed by Transport for London. By the 1930s, capacity was becoming inadequate, and consequently a second opened in 1967. It forms part of a key route into Central London from South East London, the tunnels are no longer open to pedestrians, cyclists or other non-motorised traffic, and the northbound tunnel has a 4. 0-metre height limit. The London Buses route 108 between Lewisham and Stratford runs through the tunnels, a tunnel in the Blackwall area was originally proposed in the 1880s. By this time, all bridges in London east of the ferry at Chiswick were toll-free. The Thames Tunnel Act was created in August 1887, which provided the framework necessary to construct the tunnel. The initial proposal, made by Sir Joseph Bazalgette, called for three parallel tunnels, two for traffic and one for foot, with an expected completion date of works within seven years. The original tunnel as built was designed by Sir Alexander Binnie and built by S. Pearson & Sons and it was constructed using tunnelling shield and compressed air techniques and a Greathead shield. It was lit by three rows of incandescent street lights, to clear the site in Greenwich, more than 600 people had to be rehoused, and a house reputedly once owned by Sir Walter Raleigh had to be demolished. The tunnel was opened by the Prince of Wales on 22 May 1897. The total cost of the tunnel was £1.4 M and 800 men were employed in its construction, the southern entrance gateway to the tunnel, also known as Southern Tunnel House, was designed by LCC architect Thomas Blashill and was built just before the tunnel was completed. It comprises two floors with an attic, today the western bore is only used for northbound traffic and is not accessible to vehicles taller than 4 m. The tunnel itself has several bends, whose purpose was to prevent horses from bolting once they saw daylight. The tunnel carries two lanes of traffic, though higher vehicles need to keep to the lane so that they do not hit the tunnels inner lining. Due to the increase in traffic in the early 20th century. In 1930, John Mills, MP for Dartford, remarked that HGVs delivering from Essex to Kent could not practically use any crossing of the Thames downstream of the tunnel. The LCC obtained an act to construct a new tunnel in 1938, construction eventually started in 1958 with preliminary work on the northern approach road. By this time, traffic had become progressively worse, in 1960, Richard Marsh, MP for Greenwich complained that vehicles could spend 30 to 45 minutes stuck in tunnel traffic
24.
A105 road
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The A105 road is an A road in London, England. It runs from Canonbury, in between Highbury and Dalston, to Enfield Town, the road is 8 miles long. Part of the road forms Green Lanes, one of the longest streets in London, the road originally continued north from Enfield Town through Forty Hill and Bulls Cross, crossing the A10 to the A1010 at Bullsmoor to the south of Waltham Cross. The section between Enfield Town and the A10 is now unclassified, the northern-most section has since been extended eastwards to become part of the A1055
25.
A110 road (England)
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The A110 is an A road in London, England. It runs from Woodford to Barnet, close to Underhill Stadium, the A110 starts at the junction with the A11 at Woodford Green. Only a short section of it is in this borough, in Waltham Forest, the A110 is called Whitehall Road and Kings Road before going through Chingford. It is then called Kings Head Hill and then Lea Valley Road, in Enfield, the A110 is called Lea Valley Road and Nags Head Road at Ponders End. The remainder of the road towards Enfield town centre is called Southbury Road, the road serves Enfield town centre. The original course is now called Wharf Road, further on, the A110 is called Windmill Hill before the junction with the A1005 at a roundabout, and then Slades Hill, Enfield Road and Bramley Road. After crossing the A111 road at a roundabout, the road becomes Cat Hill before leaving Enfield, the final section of the A110 is in Barnet. The road is called Cat Hill and Brookhill Road in East Barnet, and then East Barnet Road and Station Road until it meets the A1000 road east of Barnet town centre
26.
A111 road (England)
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The A111 is an A road in London, England. It runs from Palmers Green to Potters Bar, the A111 starts at the junction with the Great Cambridge Road east of Palmers Green, and not far from the North Circular Road. The road at first runs westwards, and in Palmers Green is called Hedge Lane and Bourne Hill and it then becomes The Bourne before reaching Southgate. After Southgate Circus the A111 is called Chase Side, until it meets the A110 road at a roundabout, the road heads northwards through Cockfosters and Hadley Wood, where it is called Cockfosters Road, and then Stagg Hill, before entering Hertfordshire. Once in Hertfordshire, the A111 crosses the M25 at Junction 24 and it then continues for a short distance, as Southgate Road, before meeting the A1000 road in Potters Bar
27.
A120 road
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The A120 is an important trunk road in the East of England. It follows the course of Stane Street, a Roman road from Standon, from Colchester the A120 leads roughly east to the Essex port of Harwich. The road forms part of the unsigned Euroroute E32, the old A120 has been bypassed in several places, such that the old Roman road can be easily traced on a map, with the current designated A120 being less straight. The ultimate strategic aim is provide a high quality direct link between Stansted and the A12, a road connecting London with the ports of Felixstowe. A few miles east of Braintree at the town of Coggeshall. This is a large deviation, as the original route passed through the south of the town. To the east of Colchester the A120 intersects the A12, and this passes to the northwest of Colchester, before the A12 splits off and heads north-northeast, whereupon the A120 re-emerges, heading roughly east. The £22. 7m eight-mile Colchester Eastern Bypass opened in June 1982, as part of the application to add a second runway at Stansted, it was proposed that a new junction on the A120, replacing two existing ones, would be built to improve access to Stansted Airport. The proposal lapsed when the application for a runway was withdrawn by BAA in 2010. There were proposals to turn the A120 into a dual carriageway between Braintree and the junction with the A12, in July 2009 the proposed improvements were scrapped
28.
A127 road
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The A127, also known as the Southend Arterial Road, is a major road in London and Essex, England. It was constructed as a new road project in the 1920s, linking London with Southend-on-Sea. Formerly classified as a road, it was de-trunked in 1997. It is known as the Southend Arterial Road except for part of its length in Southend-on-Sea and it is also streetlit for its whole length despite its majority coverage through rural land. The A127 starts as a turning off the A12 at Gallows Corner in the London Borough of Havering, traffic heading towards London goes over a flyover and joins the A12 traffic which merges onto the slip-road from the roundabout below, which is where the A127 ends. Traffic heading towards Southend also uses the flyover as well as slip roads and its first significant junction is a crossroads after 1⁄2 mile with Squirrels Heath Road and Ardleigh Green Road. There are traffic lights here, but after that, there are no lights or roundabouts until it enters Southend-on-Sea. 4 miles after Gallows Corner the A127 crosses the M25 motorway at M25 Junction 29 - the start of slip-roads on the A127, and then immediately crosses into Essex. After a couple of side road exits, the next major junction is with the A128 Brentwood exit at the Halfway House near West Horndon,3 miles east of the M25. It continues through southern Essex and into the Basildon district, the next junction is 2 miles east of the Halfway House, for the Dunton and Laindon exit. 1 mile further on there is a called the Fortune of War. Originally this site was a roundabout with two exits for local routes around Laindon, with a Happy Eater restaurant and the Fortune of War public house adjacent to the roundabout. After the Fortune of War, the first of the Basildon exits appears immediately, for the A176 to Basildon town centre and hospital, after a couple of exits to Crays Hill, the next junction is over 2 miles on for the A132 Basildon and Wickford exit. London bound there is an exit for the Mayflower Retail Park just past the A132,2 miles on Southend bound is the junction with the A1245 and new A130 Chelmsford/Canvey Island exit. Indeed, the new A130 bridge over the A127 just before this exit is one of only two bridges on the entire stretch of road. 2 miles further on is the A129 exit to Rayleigh and Hadleigh, after this, the road soon enters into Southend-on-Sea. In Southend, at the Kent Elms junction with the A1015 Rayleigh Road, the A127 changes its name to Prince Avenue. There is a roundabout and a turn-off for a shopping centre, the next roundabout is Cuckoo Corner
29.
A128 road
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The A128 is an A-road in Essex, England. The road is approximately 16.8 miles long and it runs from Orsett, at its southern origin, at its southern end, the A128 originates as an exit from the Stanford-le-Hope bypass of the A13 near Orsett, where it is named Brentwood Road. Continuing north, the road is named Tilbury Road as it meets the A127 at the Halfway House junction near West Horndon. As the road continues in a direction, motorists pass through the villages of Herongate. At this double mini-roundabout, called Wilsons Corner, drivers can turn onto the A1023, northbound from Wilsons Corner, the A128 becomes known as the Ongar Road for the next 6.5 miles, and passes through Pilgrims Hatch and Kelvedon Hatch. The final stretch of the A128 at its end is the High Street of Chipping Ongar. It terminates at the Four Wantz roundabout where motorists can take either the A414 or the B184 toward Fyfield
30.
A129 road
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The A129 is a main road in Essex, England. The road connects Shenfield in the west and Hadleigh in the east and it forms a road link between the railway stations of Shenfield and Rayleigh. More significantly, it serves commuters heading towards either London or Southend, in the west, its route starts in the town of Shenfield at the junction of the A1023, where it is called Hutton Road. From the town the road soon becomes Rayleigh Road and it runs through the adjacent town of Hutton and through an area until it enters the boundary of Billericay. In the centre of Billericay the A129 is named Sun Street, to the south of Billericay the road enters the village of Crays Hill and becomes Crays Hill. On exiting the village it is again London Road, the road continues to Wickford and just before it is briefly interrupted by the A132 it is a dual carriageway for a short distance. When the road recommences off the A132 it is again called Southend Road, just after it leaves Shotgate there is a Pegasus crossing. On approaching Rayleigh and passing under the A130 it again becomes London Road, in Rayleigh, it is first Station Road and then Crown Hill, both for short distances. It then runs North-South and becomes the High Street and High Road, to the south of the A127 it is Rayleigh Road and runs through Thundersley before terminating on the A13 Victoria House Roundabout in Hadleigh
31.
A130 road
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The A130 is a major road in England linking Little Waltham, near Chelmsford, the county town of Essex, with Canvey Island in the south of that county. It is a route for most of its length, only losing that status south of the A13 junction at Sadlers Farm roundabout as it nears its terminus on Canvey Island. It was originally a much longer cross-country route, the present route can be divided into three main sections, plus an overlap with the A12. Here, the A12 multiplexes/overlaps with the A130 for a few miles round the edge of Chelmsford. The second section starts a few miles to the south, the A1114 road is the old road heading back into town, but the A130 road reappears heading south away from the Chelmsford area as a new dual carriageway opened as recently as 2002. This is a secret motorway complete with shoulders, but classified as A-road. The new road here more or less follows the path as the World War II GHQ Line hence the many pillboxes visible alongside the carriageway between the Howe Green and the A132 junctions. An older section of dual carriageway extends as far south as the A13 at the Sadlers Hall Farm, as with the A13 from London, the primary route section of the A130 ends here too. South of the Sadlers Farm roundabout, the leg of the A130 continues as a non-primary single-carriageway route into Canvey Island on the River Thames. Canvey Way is a causeway connecting mainland with island, and connects with the road through the island. The A130 was a longer route. It originally started on the old A10 just south of Cambridge at Trumpington, the section between Trumpington and Stump Cross became A1301, whilst the section between there and Great Dunmow became an extension of the B184. The A11 was also reclassified to minor A-roads and B-roads at this time, in early 2008, the section between Great Dunmow and Little Waltham was declassified to become an extension of the B1008, itself a product of earlier re-routing. During the mid-1980s, the A12 Chelmsford Bypass opened and this led to the A130 multiplexing with the former for a few miles to the north and east of Chelmsford. In more recent times, a new road between the village of Howe Street and the Chelmsford suburb of Springfield, Essex Regiment Way, directs traffic away from the northern suburbs. At the southern end, the route was extended as far as the A13 by the 1970s, the partially dual carriageway section between Chelmsford and the A127 was replaced by a new road in the first part of the 2000s. The older road is now unclassified through the village of Rettendon, roads x 10 entry on the SABRE website South East England road photos
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A133 road
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The A133 road runs between Colchester and Clacton-on-Sea. One end is at Cymbeline Way in Lexden, from where the runs through the Avenue of Remembrance. It also runs past Wivenhoe Park, through Elmstead Market, Frating Green, the road by-passes Weeley, Weeley Heath, Little Clacton, Great Clacton ending in Clacton on Sea. The A133 stretch within Colchester was formerly the A12
33.
A135 road
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The A135 is a road in Teesside, England, running from Stockton-on-Tees through Eaglescliffe to Yarm on the A67, on the boundary with the River Tees. It is also known as Yarm Road, and was the A19 before the dual carriageway was built, in the 19th century, a stagecoach raced along Yarm Road against Locomotion Number One which ran alongside on the Stockton to Darlington railway line. There is no record as to which won the race
34.
A140 road
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The A140 is an A-class road in Norfolk and Suffolk, East Anglia, England partly following the route of the Roman Pye Road. It runs from the A14 near Needham Market to the A149 south of Cromer and it is of primary status for the entirety of its route. It is approximately 56 miles in length, there are 33 road junctions, and many driveway accesses to private dwellinghouses, and the route is crossed by 37 footpaths and bridleways and 3 designated cycle routes. The road starts as dual carriageway from junction 51 with the A14 and it then continues to the Suffolk countryside providing access to the villages of Little Stonham, Mendlesham and Mendlesham Green. It passes through Brockford Street, Thwaite, Stoke Ash, Thornham Parva, Yaxley,1 mile later it reaches a roundabout with the A143 - where it enters Norfolk and becomes dual carriageway - and a second outside Scole links it with the A1066. This section of road bypasses Scole to the east of Diss, the road bypasses Scole and then Thelveton after which it meets a roundabout marking the end of the dual carriageway. Shortly after it crosses the A47 at the Harford Interchange and River Yare, south of Norwich it turns left making up the west portion of the outer ring road. In the ring road it has junctions with the A11, B1108, A1074, A1067 and it heads north close to Horsham St Faith and then Newton St Faith. The road passes through mixed woodland close to the villages of Hainford, Stratton Strawless, the southern section from the junction with the A14 to Scole once formed part of Suffolks first turnpike trust in which ran from Ipswich to Scole. The trust was established in 1741. A turnpike trust was established from Scole Bridge to Norwich by act of parliament much later in 1826, most turnpikes in Suffolk were removed in the 1870s. The 1826 Act was not however officially repealed until 2008 by the Statute Law Act 2008, in 1986 the governments Roads for Prosperity White Paper proposed the dualling of the entire Suffolk stretch of the A140 from its junction with the A14 and Scole. The 30 mph zones had 40 mph buffers either side, between 2006 and 2008 Suffolk County Council removed a number of 40 mph buffers to improve compliance and understanding and extended some 30 mph zones slightly at the same time. A long-standing development proposal for the A140 is a bypass for the village of Long Stratton, in 2002 Norfolk County Council held a public consultation which resulted in a preferred route being selected in 2003, which bypassed to the east of the village. A planning application for the scheme was submitted in 2004 and the application was approved in February 2005, however, changes in the way road schemes are funded meant that no central government funding was approved. Since then Norfolk County Council has been unable to further funding for the scheme. The Norwich Northern Distributor Road is proposed to start at the A140 north of Norwich near to Norwich International Airport and it was given Program Entry status by the government in December 2009
A19 road
A172 road
A171 road
A1053 road
A1042 road
A1085 road
A173 road
A1044 road
A1032 road
