1.
A1 in London
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The A1 in London is the southern part of the A1 road. It starts at Aldersgate in the City of London, passing through the capital to Borehamwood on the fringe of Greater London. The A1 is the most recent in a series of routes out of London to York. The Archway Road section was built by Thomas Telford using Roman cement and gravel, a technique that was used there for the first time. The A1 is one of Londons main roads, providing a link to the M1 and the A1 motorways, despite this, its main use is to connect a number of neighbourhoods within north London, less than 5% of its vehicles are through traffic – the bulk is local. The roads along which the A1 route travels are the responsibility of the local boroughs, the Greater London Authority. The A1 is the latest in a series of north from London to York and beyond. Ermine Street later became known as the Old North Road, and is used within London by the current A10. Until the 14th century the route went up what is now Hornsey Road – the A103 road, during the early 1970s plans to widen the A1 along the Archway Road section were abandoned after considerable opposition and four public inquiries during which road protesters disrupted proceedings. The scheme was dropped in 1990. Responsibility for the roads along which the A1 route travels are shared by the local boroughs, the Greater London Authority. The first organised London-wide authority dealing with roads in London was the Metropolitan Board of Works and these different approaches resulted in the Ministry of Transport widening a stretch of the A1 until it reached the control of the GLC, when the widening abruptly stopped. The route of the A1 in London runs from the end of St. The London section of the passes through part of the City of London. The A1 is one of Londons main northern routes, providing a link to the M1 motorway and the A1 motorway, and on to the Midlands, Northern England and Scotland. It connects a number of areas within London, and sections of it serve as the High Street for many of the now-joined villages that make up north London. Even though it is one of Londons major roads, less than 5% of its approximate 60,000 vehicles a day are through traffic – the bulk is local, martins Le Grand, near St Pauls Cathedral. At the end of Aldersgate Street stood Aldersgate Bars, which marked the limits of the City of London
2.
European route E15
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The European route E15 is part of the United Nations international E-road network. It is a north-south reference road, running from Inverness, Scotland south through England and France to Algeciras, along most of its route between Paris and London, the road parallels the LGV Nord and High Speed 1. The E15 has a gap at the English Channel between Dover and Calais, France, there is a ferry link between Dover and Calais. The Eurotunnel Shuttle provides a link via Folkestone. The roads in the UK are signed solely by the local number. elbruz. org/eroads/E15. htm
3.
City of London
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The City of London is a city and county within London. It constituted most of London from its settlement by the Romans in the 1st century AD to the Middle Ages, the City is now only a tiny part of the metropolis of London, though it remains a notable part of central London. Administratively, it one of the 33 local authority districts of Greater London, however, the City of London is not a London borough. The City of London is widely referred to simply as the City and is colloquially known as the Square Mile. Both of these terms are often used as metonyms for the United Kingdoms trading and financial services industries. The name London is now used for a far wider area than just the City. London most often denotes the sprawling London metropolis, or the 32 London boroughs and this wider usage of London is documented as far back as 1888, when the County of London was created. The local authority for the City, namely the City of London Corporation, is unique in the UK and has some unusual responsibilities for a local council and it is also unusual in having responsibilities and ownerships beyond its boundaries. The Corporation is headed by the Lord Mayor of the City of London, the current Lord Mayor, as of November 2016, is Andrew Parmley. The City is a business and financial centre. Throughout the 19th century, the City was the primary business centre. London came top in the Worldwide Centres of Commerce Index, published in 2008, the insurance industry is focused around the eastern side of the City, around Lloyds building. A secondary financial district exists outside of the City, at Canary Wharf,2.5 miles to the east, the City has a resident population of about 7,000 but over 300,000 people commute to and work there, mainly in the financial services sector. It used to be held that Londinium was first established by merchants as a trading port on the tidal Thames in around 47 AD. However, this date is only supposition, many historians now believe London was founded some time before the Roman conquest of Britain in 43 AD. They base this notion on evidence provided by both archaeology and Welsh literary legend, archaeologists have claimed that as much as half of the best British Iron Age art and metalwork discovered in Britain has been found in the London area. One of the most prominent examples is the famously horned Waterloo Helmet dredged from the Thames in the early 1860s and now exhibited at the British Museum. Also, according to an ancient Welsh legend, a king named Lud son of Heli substantially enlarged and improved a pre-existing settlement at London which afterwards came to be renamed after him, the same tradition relates how this Lud son of Heli was later buried at Ludgate
4.
A40 road
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The A40 is a major trunk road connecting London to Goodwick, Wales, and officially called The London to Fishguard Trunk Road in all legal documents and Acts. The road still begins and ends in the places, but a number of changes have been made to its route. The first change dates from 1935, between Ross-on-Wye and Abergavenny, the original route of the A40 was via Skenfrith, this road was renumbered the B4521. Subsequently, the A40 was rerouted within west London, Western Avenue dates from the 1930s, but was originally opened as the A403. After the Second World War, the A40 was rerouted along part of the A219, the old route was renumbered the A4020. For the A40 in London, see A40 road, in central London it is named High Holborn, then Oxford Street. At Marble Arch it joins the A5 Edgware Road as far as the Marylebone Flyover to become Westway, formerly classified A40 as an elevated motorway and it takes the A40 to meet Western Avenue. With two exceptions, Western Avenue forms a grade-separated motorway standard dual-carriageway between Paddington and the M40 motorway, which continues towards Oxford and Birmingham, the two at-grade intersections are Gypsy Corner and Savoy Circus, both of which are traffic light controlled. For the greater part, the road is six lanes wide, at Denham Roundabout, the six lane Western Avenue flows into the M40. The A40 branches off Denham roundabout and runs alongside the M40 as a dual carriageway, after the A413 branches off the A40 becomes single carriageway, still roughly following the route of the M40, passing through the towns of Beaconsfield and High Wycombe. Beyond Stokenchurch the road is much quieter, when meeting the B4009, east of Oxford the A40 becomes a busy dual carriageway again, carrying traffic from the M40 to Oxford and beyond. The route forms the eastern section of the Oxford ring road, crossing the A44, after the road passes under the A34, the A40 reverts to single carriageway for 10 miles. It then turns to dual carriageway again to form the Witney bypass, the dual carriageway then finishes at a roundabout. For the rest of Oxfordshire and Gloucestershire until Cheltenham, other than for a few short stretches and this section has the highest point of the entire A40 which is 250 m above sea level, located 5 km west of the A429 junction. Before Andoversford the A436 breaks off to the west to try to take away from descending into the centre of Cheltenham itself. The road travels through Cheltenham town centre along at least two parallel routes, afterwards it becomes dual carriageway out of Cheltenham and has a junction with the M5 motorway. The junction is a three-level stacked roundabout, where neither road is interrupted, in February 2015, the Witney Oxford Transport Group proposed the reopening of Yarnton railway station as an alternative to improvements to the A40 road proposed by Oxfordshire County Council. There is a case to reopen the railway given the severe traffic congestion on the roads to
5.
North Circular Road
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The North Circular Road is a 25. 7-mile-long ring road around Central London in England. It runs from Chiswick in the west to Woolwich in the east, together with its counterpart, the South Circular Road, it forms a ring road through the Outer London suburbs. This ring road does not make a circuit of the city. The road was designed to connect local industrial communities together in addition to bypassing London. In the early 1990s, the road was extended to bypass Barking, the uncertainty of development has caused urban decay and property blight along its route, and led to criticism over its poor pollution record. Several London Borough Councils have set up regeneration projects to improve the environment for communities surrounding the North Circular, the North Circular Road forms the northern part of a ring-road around Central London. Although the route has alternative names at some points, it is referred to as the North Circular throughout for route planning purposes. In areas where improvements made slowest progress and upgrades are unlikely, the road begins in Gunnersbury at the Chiswick flyover, from which the South Circular Road heads south over Kew Bridge. The first section runs along Gunnersbury Avenue through Gunnersbury Park to Ealing Common, the road crosses the railway west of Paddington to the Hanger Lane gyratory system, a large roundabout on top of the Western Avenue with Hanger Lane tube station. This is one of the busiest junctions in London, incorporating 10,000 vehicles an hour, the A406 runs on purpose-built road to the north of Hanger Lane Gyratory, and is referred to as North Circular Road on street signs. The road is a dual carriageway that connects the industrial estates in the area. Beyond this, there is a junction with IKEA and the Neasden temple to the southeast, and this section of the North Circular was used for filming the car chasing sequences in Withnail And I. Northeast of Brent Cross, at Henlys Corner, the North Circular briefly shares carriageways with the A1 which joins it from the left, the junction complex also serves a local road from Hampstead and pedestrian traffic, and consequently is a major bottleneck on the route. Transport for London have invested in the junction, including a special hands free crossing for the local Jewish community, the road passes north of St Pancras and Islington Cemetery towards Friern Barnet and Muswell Hill. The road narrows to two lane carriageway to pass under a railway bridge, and continues as Telford Road towards Bounds Green. Traffic on the North Circular Road must turn right from Telford Road into Bowes Road, the road continues past densely packed housing and business areas before widening at Green Lanes and assuming the North Circular Road name again. At Great Cambridge Interchange, its most northerly point, the A406 crosses Great Cambridge Road, Angel Road railway station is partially located beneath the flyover at Angel Road, in an area marked for redevelopment known as Meridian Water. This leads onto the Lea Valley Viaduct that provides a crossing of the River Leas flood plain
6.
M1 motorway
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The M1 is a south-north motorway in England connecting London to Leeds, where it joins the A1 near Aberford. It was the first inter-urban motorway to be completed in the UK, the first road to be built to standard in the country was the Preston By-pass. The motorway is 193 miles long and was constructed in four phases, most of the motorway was opened between 1959 and 1968 but the southern end was extended in 1977 and the northern end was extended in 1999. It forms part of the unsigned European route E13, there had been plans since before the Second World War for a motorway network in the United Kingdom. The first section of motorway was the Preston Bypass in Lancashire, the M1 was Britains first full-length motorway and opened in 1959. The early M1 had no speed limits, no central reservation or crash barriers, the first section of the motorway opened between Junction 5 and Junction 18 on 2 November 1959 together with the motorways two spurs, the M10 and the M45. Parts of the Hertfordshire section were built using steam rollers. P, – Minister of Transport – Inauguration Day – 24th March 1958. It was relocated, during widening works in 2007–08, to the side of junction 10. This section of the M1 broadly follows the route of the A5 north-west and it starts at the Watford Bypass, which runs south-east to meet the A1 at Apex corner, and ended on the A5 at Crick. The M10 spur motorway connected the M1 to the North Orbital Road where it met the A5 and,2 miles to the east via the A414, the A6. Although the whole of first section opened in 1959, it was built in two parts with the part being built by John Laing and the southern part being built by Tarmac Construction. The continuation of the motorway from Junction 18 towards Yorkshire was carried out as a series of extensions between 1965 and 1968. From Junction 32, the motorway passes Sheffield, Rotherham, Barnsley and Wakefield, reaching the original end of the motorway at Junction 44 to the east of Leeds. There were plans to route the M1 from just south of Junction 42 where it interchanges with the M62, round the west of Leeds to the A1 at Dishforth, with the M62 and M621, the M1 forms a ring of motorways around the south of Leeds. In 1972 an extension of the M1 was opened into central Leeds as the Leeds South Eastern Motorway where it met the Leeds South Western Motorway coming north-east from the M62 at Junction 3. Sections to be illuminated included the M1 between Junctions 3 and 14, and between Junctions 16 and 24, the motorway junctions and their approaches, and a section of the M1 on either side of Junction 11, would have lighting columns replaced and remain lit. All lighting columns from Junctions 10 to 14 have now been removed completely, between 1996 and 1999 the M1 section north of the M62 underwent a major reconstruction and extension to take the M1 on a new route to the A1 at Aberford. The new road involved the construction of a series of new junctions, bridges, when the new section of M1 was completed and opened on 4 February 1999, the Leeds South Eastern Motorway section of the M1 was redesignated as the M621 and the junctions were given new numbers
7.
A41 road
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The A41 is a major trunk road in England that links London and Birkenhead, although it has now in parts been superseded by motorways. It follows part of the line of the old Roman road, Akeman Street, with the opening of the M40 extension in 1990 from junction 8 – linking with the M42 near Birmingham – much of the route was downgraded in importance. The sections between Bicester and the M42 near Solihull were classified A4141, A4177 and B4100, the route begins near the Marble Arch end of Oxford Street in Londons West End, at the junction with Portman Street/Gloucester Place – Baker Street/Orchard Street. It becomes a dual-carriageway on Finchley Road, through Swiss Cottage, and along Hendon Way, the road passes through Hendon and after the junction with the A5150. The A41 overlaps the A1 at Five Ways Corner with the known as Watford Way. It passes through Mill Hill, separating with the A1 at Apex Corner roundabout After crossing the M1, near Elstree, it links the M1 at Junction 4, the A41 continues alongside the M1 into Hertfordshire. This section is known as Elton Way, as far as the roundabout with the B462, still running parallel to the M1, it intersects with Junction 5. The road continues north, passing over the River Colne, to the east of Watford, after passing under the junction with the A405, the A41 turns towards the west. Here, a new dual-carriageway bypasses Kings Langley, the old route through Kings Langley is now classified A4251 and continues to south of Tring. North of the M25 the road is a motorway standard A road with all junctions grade-separated via underpasses or flyovers. There are no hard shoulders but frequent lay-bys and it climbs through the Chiltern Hills then descends into the valley of the River Bulbourne crossing water meadows just outside Hemel Hempstead at Boxmoor. There are grade separated junctions with the A414, A4251 and A416, the route returns to open country north of here, passing west of Berkhamsted. It passes the National Film Archive, before Tring, near Wigginton, it crosses the Icknield Way Path and Chiltern Way. An arched footbridge spans the road just near the summit before it passes just east of Tring, the Tring bypass was built in 1973 as the A41 motorway, the first section of the Watford-Tring Motorway, although this section was downgraded on 6 July 1987. The Tring bypass ends with the border of Hertfordshire, at the junction with the B4635, B4009, the section to Tring was finally built in the early 1990s, although to a lower standard and only from the M25 junction 20. There were two sections - the 7-mile £23. 9m Berkhamsted bypass, opened September 1993 and the 5-mile £32. 7m Kings Langley bypass, opened August 1993. On 3 October 2003, the dual carriageway section was extended to the 3-mile £25m Aston Clinton Bypass and it enters Buckinghamshire and the district of Aylesbury Vale. It crosses the Grand Union Canal, and there is a junction with the B489, the road goes straight through Aylesbury, which is a bottleneck
8.
M25 motorway
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The M25 or London Orbital Motorway is a 117-mile motorway that encircles almost all of Greater London, England, in the United Kingdom. An ambitious concept to build four concentric ring roads around London was first mooted in the 1960s, further widening is in progress of minor sections with plans for managed motorways in many others. To the east of London the two ends of the M25 are joined to complete a loop by the non-motorway A282 Dartford Crossing of the River Thames between Thurrock and Dartford and this crossing, which consists of twin two-lane tunnels and the four-lane QE2 bridge, is named Canterbury Way. Passage across the bridge or through the tunnels is subject to a toll, in the opposite direction, to the east of the point where the M25 diverges from the main east–west carriageway, that carriageway become the M26 motorway. The radial distance from London varies from 12.5 miles in Potters Bar to 19.5 miles in Byfleet.8 miles, major towns listed as destinations, in various counties, adjoin the M25. North Ockendon is the settlement of Greater London situated outside the M25. In 2004, following a poll, the London Assembly mooted for consultation alignment of the Greater London boundary with the M25. Inside the M25 and outside/beyond the M25 are colloquial, looser alternatives to Greater London sometimes used in haulage, the Communications Act 2003 explicitly uses the M25 as the boundary in requiring a proportion of television programmes to be made outside the London area. Two motorway service areas are on the M25, and two others are accessible from it. Those on the M25 are Clacket Lane between junctions 5 and 6 and Cobham between junctions 9 and 10 and those directly accessible from it are South Mimms off junction 23 and Thurrock off junction 31. Cobham services opened on 13 September 2012, originally, the M25 was unlit except for sections around Heathrow, major interchanges and Junctions 23–30. By 2014 only one significant stretch was still SOX-lit and the units were removed the same year, the motorway passes through five counties. Junctions 1A–5 are in Kent, 6–14 are in Surrey, 15–16 are in Buckinghamshire, 17–25 are in Hertfordshire, policing of the road is carried out by an integrated policing group made up of the Metropolitan, Thames Valley, Essex, Kent, Hertfordshire and Surrey forces. The M25 is one of Europes busiest motorways, in 2003, a maximum of 196,000 vehicles a day were recorded on the motorway just south of London Heathrow Airport between junctions 13 and 14. A precursor of the M25 was the North Orbital Road, the idea of an orbital road around London was first proposed early in the 20th century and then re-examined in Sir Charles Bresseys and Sir Edwin Lutyens The Highway Development Survey,1937. Sir Patrick Abercrombies County of London Plan,1943 and Greater London Plan,1944 proposed a series of five roads encircling the capital, the northern sections of the M25 follow a similar route to the World War II Outer London Defence Ring. Little was done to progress these plans until the 1960s when the Greater London Council developed its London Ringways plan consisting of four rings around the capital. Sections of the two outer rings – Ringway 3 and Ringway 4 – were constructed in the early 1970s and were integrated into the single M25 orbital motorway, but the Ringways plan was hugely controversial owing to the destruction required for the inner two ring roads
9.
A421 road
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The A421 is an important road for east/west journeys across south central England. Together with the A428, the A43 and A34, it forms the route from Cambridge through Milton Keynes to Oxford, the section between the A1 near St Neots and the A5 in Milton Keynes is a national primary route. The road begins at the A1, just south of St Neots, the road bypasses both Great Barford and Bedford to the south to reach the M1 at junction 13. From there, it swings up through the part of Milton Keynes. During this time it crosses the A5, close to here, it then forms the Buckingham by-pass before joining the A43 near Brackley. From here to the A43, the route is single carriageway, exhibitions were held in June 2005 which rejected proposals to re-route the road in favour of widening the current road. The scheme was given in 2005 an estimated total cost of £33 million, in 2014, funding of GB£23.5 million was announced by the government for the dualling work as part of the South East Midlands Local Enterprise Partnership Local Growth Deal. As part of the pinch point reduction programme, in 2014 work commenced on the A421 in Milton Keynes to improve the Kingston roundabout. The A421 Tingewick bypass, near Bicester has a claim to fame as the location of the then fastest speeding incident ever recorded by British police. Andrew Osborne,31, of Leamington Spa, was filmed by a speed camera while travelling at 157 miles per hour on a motorcycle. His friend Neil Bolger,30, of Gaydon, was clocked at 148 miles per hour, both were convicted of dangerous driving, imprisoned for 28 days and banned from driving for two years. Blind Martine Brooks drove along the newly constructed A421 Great Barford Bypass, the drive took place two days before the official road opening, and she was accompanied by Frank Branston, Steve Clarke, and Denise Hubbard. She reached a speed of 65 miles per hour before doing a three point turn, and returning to the A1. The Great Barford Driving Challenge Highways Agency response to a query about widening the Berry Farm Underpass to allow for the canal
10.
A428 road
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The A428 road is a major road in central and eastern England. It connects the cities of Coventry and Cambridge by way of the county towns of Northampton, the road starts on the A4600 Sky Blue Way in Coventry, heading Eastbound out of the city meeting the A444 and A4082 roads before crossing the A46 Eastern Bypass and into Warwickshire. The road then passes through the village of Binley Woods before becoming more rural in nature, meeting the Fosse Way,3.8 miles further along, the road enters Rugby where it meets the A4071 and A426 and passes Rugby School. It then continues out of the town to the east through the suburb of Hillmorton and it meets the M1 at its original terminus, junction 18, and bypasses the towns of Crick and West Haddon. The road passes the Althorp family estate, then enters the town of Northampton, East of Northampton the road passes Little Houghton, Brafield-on-the-Green and Yardley Hastings. After here it enters the Unitary borough of Milton Keynes and it then meets the A509 at Warrington roundabout. Continuing towards Bedford the road passes Lavendon, Cold Brayfield, rossing the River Ouse it enters Bedfordshire at and it meets the A422 at a roundabout entering Bedford. The A428 route here is a concurrency with the A421, bypassing Bedford, Great Barford and Roxton and this £120,000 section of dual carriageway opened in 1959. The route leaves the A1 just south of St Neots, the first mile of the 3-mile St Neots bypass is also the boundary between Bedfordshire and Cambridgeshire. Where it is crossed by the East Coast Main Line, it enters Cambridgeshire, the A428 from here to Cambridge follows the former A45, which became the A428 when the A14 opened. The road enters the district of South Cambridgeshire and it meets the A1198 at Caxton Gibbet roundabout near Papworth Everard. From here the road is dual carriageway, bypassing the existing single carriageway section near Hardwick, the road terminates, merging into the A14 at Girton interchange, where traffic joins first from the M11 junction 14 and then from the trunk A14 road junction 31. Crick West Haddon Little Houghton Bromham Bedford - The first section of the Bedford Western Bypass opened December 2009, the route,3.2 miles in length, commences at the Bromham Bypass on the east side of the river for approximately 1 mile. It then passes southwards crossing the River Great Ouse flood plain, cambourne, Bypassed by a 1.2 miles stretch of dual carriageway opened in May 2003
11.
A14 road (England)
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The A14 is a major road in England, running 127 miles from the Port of Felixstowe, Suffolk to the Catthorpe Interchange at the junction of the M1 and M6 motorways near Rugby, Warwickshire. The road forms part of the unsigned Euroroutes E24 and E30, from the Port of Felixstowe the road heads west, bypassing Ipswich to the south via the Orwell Bridge and to Stowmarket, Bury St Edmunds, Newmarket and Cambridge where it meets the M11. There is a busy section past St Ives, Huntingdon. The road is used by trucks carrying freight from the Port of Felixstowe. There are three at-grade junctions, with the B663 at Bythorn in Cambridgeshire, at the Leighton Bromswold turn a few miles to the east, the M45 motorway was constructed in 1959 parallel to part of the old A45 in the Midlands. It opened on the day as the M1 motorway and was soon one of the busiest sections of motorway. The M45 now carries little traffic, the Bar Hill to Huntington section opened in 1979 prior to the M11 which was fully opened in 1980. The Ipswich southern bypass including the Orwell Bridge opened in 1982, the M1-A1 Link Road, completing the current route, was constructed between 1989 and 1991 following a lengthy period of consultation. The first inquiry was in 1974 and then a series of inquiries for sections of the route from September 1984 until June 1985. Subsequent public inquiries were held regarding Supplementary Orders, the route close to the site of the Battle of Naseby was particularly difficult and was taken to the High Court. The link was opened by John MacGregor, Transport Secretary on 15 July 1994, work to create a compact grade-separated junction and to re-align a 2-mile stretch of carriageway was completed in 2006. The bans are active between 6am and 8pm and are intended to reduce delays to traffic from lorries attempting to pass on these climbs. The road opened in the summer of 2008 with some associated local works being completed early in 2009, work was being carried out a year earlier than scheduled as part of a UK government’s fiscal stimulus package. Junction 55 to the south of Ipswich was signalisation in 2011, the section around Kettering between Junctions 7 and 9 was widened to three lanes between November 2013 and April 2015 at a cost of £42m. After initially being shelved in 2010, the Catthorpe Interchange at the roads Western terminus underwent a restructuring in 2014. The redesigned junction was intended to allow freeflowing traffic movement between the A14, the terminus of the M6 motorway and Junction 19 of the M1 motorway. The first part opened in September 2016, and the upgrade was completed three months later, the Highways Agency unveiled its plans in March 2005. Details of the route for the Fen Drayton to Fen Ditton section were published in March 2007
12.
A15 road (England)
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The A15 is a major road in England. The road restarts 10 miles east, and then north past Barton-upon-Humber. According to the AA, the route is 95 miles long, Norman Cross – Bourne takes 33 minutes, Bourne to Lincoln takes 46 minutes and Lincoln to the Humber Bridge takes 54 minutes. A section of the A15 provides the longest stretch of road in the UK. The A15 is Peterboroughs main connecting road from the south to the A1, joining near Stilton and it begins as London Road at junction 16 of the A1 with the B1043 in Cambridgeshire and the district of North West Cambridgeshire. From here to Yaxley it passes the Norman Cross Hotel and follows the City of Peterborough and Cambridgeshire boundary and it enters the City of Peterborough near Hampton Vale on the left, and meets the A1260 The Serpentine, which leads to two much faster routes around Peterborough. Next is a roundabout for the Cygnet Park business park on the left and it enters Old Fletton near the headquarters of Hotpoint to the left. There is a junction with the A1129 and it crosses the East Coast Main Line. It passes Peterborough United on the right in New Fletton and it meets the start of the A605 at a roundabout and crosses the River Nene. It follows the East Coast Main Line and becomes Lincoln Road and it passes four roundabouts, crossing the Peterborough to Lincoln Line. The route on the east side starts at the Eye roundabout with the A1139 at Newark, then follows the dual-carriageway Paston Parkway, both routes head through Werrington before joining again at Glinton with the roundabout with the B1443. It passes Etton and meets a roundabout with the B1524, B1162, just south of the Welland Gate roundabout on the A1175 and B1166, it crosses the River Welland so entering South Kesteven in Lincolnshire. The roundabout marks the end of the £7 million 4-mile Market Deeping bypass. The A15 and A1175 roads are now merged in a 1-mile dual-carriageway stretch and it meets the B1524 at a roundabout and heads to the left as Peterborough Road Bourne Road and Deeping Road. North of Baston is the Waterside Garden Centre close to where it meets the north-south Roman Road King Street and it goes over the River Glen at the point it is crossed by the Macmillan Way, at Kates Bridge. There is a turn for Obthorpe and it goes through Thurlby, passing the Horseshoe pub, then Northorpe. It meets the recently diverted A151 at a new roundabout, where the road becomes South Road. It passes Bourne Grammar School, then after some treacherous bends near Bourne Abbey becomes South Street, with the towns Heritage centre and war memorial gardens on the left by the Bourne Eau
13.
A47 road
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The A47 is a trunk road in England linking Birmingham to Lowestoft, Suffolk. Most of the section between Birmingham and Nuneaton is now classified as the B4114 and it is the only A road in Zone 4 to enter Norfolk and Suffolk. No roads from Zones 2,3,5,6,7,8 or 9 enter the counties, between the Clickers Way roundabout in Earl Shilton and the B582 junction near Leicester, there is a forest. Between Birmingham and Nuneaton is the B4114 road, the A47 road is partly a holiday road, through West Midlands, Warwickshire, Leicestershire, Rutland, Cambridgeshire, and Norfolk, since it ends in Lowestoft, a tourist destination with a beach. On the way it passes the city of Norwich and the Norfolk Broads and its other main function is the transport of goods by road to and from the A1 into Norfolk, north Suffolk and the ports at Great Yarmouth and Lowestoft. The original route of the A47 was Birmingham to Great Yarmouth, at its eastern end, the A47 originally ran through Filby and Caister, with the Acle Straight bearing the number B1140. The A47 was rerouted along the Acle straight in 1935, with the old route being renumbered as the A1064, the second change also dates from 1935. The A47 originally ran via Downham Market, not Kings Lynn, in 1935, it was rerouted via Kings Lynn, replacing part of the A141 and part of the A17. The old route via Downham Market was renumbered as the A1122, the third change took place some time before 1932. The original route of the A47 between Guyhirn and Wisbech was via Wisbech St Mary, with the route being part of the A141. This is because there was no bridge over the River Nene at Guyhirn. Some time between 1923 and 1932 a bridge was built, and the A47 and the A141 swapped routes between Guyhirn and Wisbech, major improvements were made from the late 1970s until early in the 1990s. Bypasses for Uppingham and Blofield were opened in 1982 and 1983 respectively, in 1989 Acle Bypass was completed as a cost of £7.1 million and the £1.2 million East Norton Bypass was opened in December 1990. The three mile £9 million East Dereham-North Tuddenham Improvement opened in August 1992 and the £62 million Norwich southern Bypass in September 1992, in 2002 the government announced a new road building programme which included the three mile dual-carriageway Thorney bypass which opened on 14 December 2005. In February 2017 the Highways Agency redesignated the stretch of the A12 road between Great Yarmouth and Lowestoft as the A47. A study on the A47 which concluded in 2001 looked at improving New Road and these parties did cautiously support further investigation into the option for widening following further investigation of its environmental impact. In 2006 a program of safety improvement for the Acle Straight were announced and this would include road resurfacing, better road markings, improved visibility and the installation of safety cameras at an estimated total cost of £1.6 million. The result would then be monitored whilst long term improvements, such as widening, are considered, a controversial £117 million road scheme to the north of Norwich linking the A1067 road and Norwich International Airport to the A47
14.
A606 road
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The route in earlier times was a far more important route than it is today. It was the road from Nottingham to London. The turnpike went from Nottingham via Melton and Oakham to Kettering, the turnpike trusts were abolished in 1880, the year that the railway line to Melton opened. The trains would run until 1968, the road begins a few hundred yards south of Nottinghamshire County Hall, in West Bridgford in the district of Rushcliffe, at the traffic lights junction of the A60 and the B679. The section to Melton follows the railway from Nottingham to Melton, now the Old Dalby Test Track. The line then continued from Melton to Oakham, then on to Corby and Kettering and it followed the exact line of the former turnpike. It begins as Melton Road, and passes two churches then crosses the railway line to Melton, and the BP Melton Road Filling Station. There is traffic lights at a crossroad for Valley Road, to the left, in Edwalton, the road then crosses the former railway, where a few hundred metres further south it is still accessible by train. To the right is Wheatcrofts garden centre and the road meets the A52 at a busy roundabout, there is a 14 ft 6 in low bridge, so there is a turning point for high vehicles. For the next mile the road is the boundary between Tollerton to the left, and Plumtree, to the right. It passes Tollerton post office and there is traffic lights for Tollerton Lane, the road becomes the parish boundary between Plumtree and Normanton-on-the-Wolds, to the left. The former A606 used to go through both villages before 1930, at the end of the joint bypass, there is a right turn for the British Geological Survey. At the junction for Keyworth, there is the Murco Wolds Service Station, at a crossroads, there is access to Widmerpool, to the right, and the former Widmerpool railway station. The road meets the dual-carriageway A46 at an interchange and this point is the southern end of the A46 Newark to Widmerpool Improvement. At Hickling Pastures, it passes Turnpike Farm, and there is a turn for Hickling. The road becomes more hilly, and it passes through Upper Broughton, crossing the Dalby Brook, the road enters Leicestershire and the district of Melton. In Broughton and Old Dalby, it passes through Nether Broughton, the road is crossed by a pylon line, and ascends Broughton Hill where the road rises 80 metres in 0.5 km. The road descends down a hill into Ab Kettleby, the home of Desert Orchid
15.
A43 road
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The A43 is a primary route in the English Midlands, that runs from the M40 motorway near Ardley in Oxfordshire to Stamford in Lincolnshire. Through Northamptonshire it bypasses the towns of Northampton, Kettering and Corby which are the three destinations on the A43 route. The A43 also links to the M1 motorway, the section of the road between the M40 and M1 is designated a trunk road, managed and maintained by the Highways Agency. The remainder of the route is the responsibility of local authorities, the A43 starts at M40 junction 10 which is widely regarded as being one of the worst motorway junctions in the country despite improvements made in the early 2000s. There are often long tailbacks at the junction, even at off-peak times, following the junction with the M40, the A43 first meets a roundabout with the B4100 for traffic headed north-west for the village of Aynho or south for the town of Bicester. Continuing north, the A43 passes many Oxfordshire and Northamptonshire rural villages and towns before meeting the A421 which spurs towards Buckingham and later, Milton Keynes. The stretch of A43 through south Northamptonshire was upgraded to dual carriageway standard between the M1 and Towcester in 1991 and through to the M40 in the early 2000s. This was primarily to provide a link from the M1 to the M40 and also to Silverstone, during the Grand Prix the A43 is closed to through traffic between Brackley and Towcester. The town of Brackley was bypassed in 1987, just south of Brackley, drivers will approach a traffic island which spurs off in one direction for the A422 or the other direction which continues as the A43 into Northamptonshire. The A422 is met again to the east of Brackley. Two miles north of Brackley, the B4525 joins the A43, from here, the A43 leaves the Oxfordshire borders and continues in a north-easterly direction towards Silverstone, where the road joins the A413 at a grade-separated junction. Later, the A43 bypasses Towcester, where it meets the A5 at a roundabout created when the road was built from Towcester in 1991 and this roundabout was dangerously unsuited to the traffic volumes but was upgraded with traffic light controls during the first half of 2015. A flyover may need to be installed when the expansion of Towcester begins in 2018-2022, continuing towards Northampton, it by-passes Blisworth and Milton Malsor villages, before reaching the M1 at junction 15A, at Rothersthorpe services. From M1 junction 15a the A43 runs concurrently southbound on the M1 to junction 15 and it then follows the A45 Nene Valley Way up to the Lumbertubs Way Interchange. From here it splits from the A45 and continues via dual carriageway where it meets the Round Spinney roundabout, north of Northampton, it rejoins the old course of the A43 and passes through Moulton. A bypass is proposed for here, following this, the road has a straight, rural stretch before reaching a roundabout at Broughton. After bypassing Broughton, it continues towards Kettering and it overlaps the A14 at its Junction 8, to bypass Kettering. At Junction 7 the A43 re-emerges on a new dual carriageway bypass, the old route of the A43 through Kettering town centre is still intact
16.
A52 road
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The A52 is a major road in the East Midlands, England. It is approximately 147 miles long, historically the A52 used to start at Nantwich in Cheshire, but was renumbered to become the A500, the A531, and the B5500—the A500 sections later becoming unclassified. The road starts as Ryecroft from the roundabout with the A34 and it is dual carriageway until the next roundabout, forming part of the Newcastle ring road, with the A527 and A53. It passes the centre on the right, then veers right at a junction with the B5045. As Hartshill Road, it passes the Royal Stoke University Hospital and it takes two possible routes around the town centre, meeting the A500 D Road. It goes under the West Coast Main Line near Stoke-on-Trent railway station and becomes Leek Road and it meets the A50 at a roundabout at Joiners Square near Hanley. It meets the A5008 and A5009 at crossroads, where it turns right, there is a junction with the A5272. As Werrington Road in Bucknall it passes the former Mitchell High School and enters Staffordshire and it passes through Ash Bank and Staffordshire, then meets the A520 at crossroads, then overlaps the A522. It passes through the villages of Kingsley and then Froghall where it crosses over the Churnet Valley Railway and Cauldon Canal, before meeting the A521 and it passes through Whiston and meets the B5417. It meets the A523 and passes through Swinscoe, then briefly enters East Staffordshire, the road enters Derbyshire and the Derbyshire Dales district where it crosses the River Dove over the Hanging Bridge near the junction with the B5032 at Mayfield close to the Queens Arms Hotel. The £3 million 1. 5-mile Ashbourne Relief Road opened in October 1994, there is a roundabout for the exit to Ashbourne and one with the A515. The road climbs up the side of the Dove Valley, the roundabout with the eastern exit to Ashbourne is near an old airfield which is now an industrial estate. The area around the section of road to Derby has links with Bonnie Prince Charlie. It passes through Brailsford and the Rose and Crown and at Kirk Langley and it passes Mackworth, the Munday Arms and Mackworth Hotel, with part of the Mackworth Estate to the south and Markeaton Park. Entering Derby as Ashbourne Road, it meets the busy A38 at a roundabout and it passes the Shell Friargate garage on the left which has now been closed down. From here to the dual-carriageway is a pub crawl, with many student residences close by for the University of Derby. Close by to the north is the new Markeaton campus of the university, the road splits into east and west sections, passing St John the Evangelist church on the left, with the easterly section being Agard Street and the westerly section being Friargate. From the traffic lights at the end of both, the road becomes Ford Street, passing the Friargate Studios
17.
A17 road (England)
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The A17 road is a road linking Newark-on-Trent in Nottinghamshire, England, to Kings Lynn in Norfolk. It stretches for a distance of 62 miles travelling across the flat Fen landscapes of southern Lincolnshire and western Norfolk. It is one of two routes for residents of East Anglia to get to the North of England - the other is the A47 via Peterborough. The road carries more traffic than it was designed to carry and it also carries many goods vehicles that must travel at or below 50 miles per hour on the stretches of single carriageway. Impatient drivers take risks when gaps in the oncoming traffic allow, in the summer there are many caravans off to Great Yarmouth and the north Norfolk coast. The main meeting points at roundabouts of the A52, A15, the section through South Holland is also heavily used by tractors. The western end of the used to begin at the former A46 junction in Newark-on-Trent where Queens Road met North Gate. It then followed Sleaford Road and Beacon Hill Road, meeting the A1 and this section passes over the former RAF Winthorpe, and there is a roundabout for Newlink Business Park and the national distribution centre of Dixons and Currys. It meets the route from Coddington at the Coddington Moor roundabout. There is a turn for Newark Golf Club and a right turn for Barnby in the Willows. From College Plantation to Beckingham Bridge over the River Witham, the road follows the boundary between Lincolnshire and Nottinghamshire, slightly to the north, the road also enters North Kesteven. It returns to its route and passes through Brant Broughton and Stragglethorpe. This is one of the most accident-prone junctions in Lincolnshire and it passes across Leadenham Low Fields, with the Lincoln Cliff seen in the distance. Leadenham is built on the side of the Lincoln Cliff, and the used to pass through. In March 1995 the £3.3 million bypass was opened and it ascends the Lincoln Cliff as a three laned road, and passes under the A607 where there is no junction. The Leadenham Bypass had been planned for over thirty years, and had started out as a carriageway which would have been the safest option for the amount of traffic that the road carries. At the point where it crosses the former Grantham to Lincoln Line, it enters South Kesteven, there is an embankment as it ascends the rest of the Lincoln Cliff at Fulbeck Hilltop Plantation, and follows a former country lane the east of Fulbeck. It meets the route and passes across Fulbeck Heath
18.
A46 road
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The A46 is an A road in England. It starts east of Bath, Somerset and ends in Cleethorpes, Lincolnshire, large portions of the old road have been lost, bypassed, or replaced by motorway development. Between Leicester and Lincoln the road follows the course of the Roman Fosse Way, the original route of the A46 was from Bath to Laceby, passing through Cheltenham, Broadway, Stratford-on-Avon, Coventry, Leicester, Newark and Lincoln. Unusually for such a road, no changes were made to its route until the 1970s. The A46 has also extended from Laceby to Grimsby and Cleethorpes - the road between Laceby and Grimsby was originally part of the A18. The major realignments have been Between Coventry and Leicester the original road was downgraded to the B4065, between Cheltenham and Stratford-on-Avon the road was realigned in the 1980s through Evesham on the former route of the A435 and A439. The original route through some of the most picturesque parts of the Cotswold Hills was downgraded to the B4632, the route was subsequently cut between Cheltenham and Teddington and that section became the A435 again. The A46 was diverted to connect with the M5 motorway on part of the route of the A438. Between Evesham and north of Stratford the route was realigned to run by Alcester and by-pass Stratford. The previous route through Bidford-on-Avon to Stratford became the B439, a new alignment was built from Junction 21a of the M1 to by-pass Leicester to the north. The old route through Leicester was redesignated the A5460 and A607, the A607 deviates from the straight course of the Fosse Way, bypassing the village centres of Thurmaston and Syston. The A46 was realigned to by-pass Warwick, Kenilworth and Coventry, and the old route was redisignated the A429, bypasses were also built around Market Rasen, Lincoln and Newark. The A46 starts at Isaacs Hill roundabout with the A1098 and the A180 and it meets the A1031 at a roundabout and passes the King George V Stadium on the right. It meets the B1213 from the right, then crosses the A16 Peaks Parkway and it heads into Grimsby, meeting the A1243 Bargate. It meets the B1444 where the road becomes a dual carriageway and it meets the A18 at a roundabout. This was the old terminus of the A46, and what is now the A46 heading east into Grimsby used to be the A18, the road becomes the single carriageway road once again and runs alongside the north part of the Lincolnshire Wolds. It bypasses Irby upon Humber and enters the East Midlands and it bypasses Swallow to the North. It climbs a hill to meet the B1225, A1173, the road crosses the Nottingham - Grimsby railway at a level crossing
19.
A57 road
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The A57 is a major road in England. Within Manchester a short stretch becomes the A57 motorway, the 3-mile £4 million Aston relief road in Sheffield opened in mid-1985, with the old route now designated as the B6200. The A57 begins at The Strand near the River Mersey, as part of Water Street, the connecting roads Moorfields and Hatton Garden are also part of the A57, which join the east and west directions. In both directions, Churchill Way crosses the A59 near the entrance of the Queensway Tunnel and it overlaps briefly with the A580 as Islington, separated as two one-way roads, then becomes Prescot Street, passing the Royal Liverpool University Hospital. At the junction with the B5340, it becomes Kensington, meeting the A5089 to the south and B5188 to the north and it crosses a railway at Fairfield passing St Annes Church on the left near the Stanley public house, overlapping with the B5189 Green Lane to the north. It meets the A5047 to the south near a Tesco and the B5189 at Old Swan, at the junction with the A5058 Queens Drive it enters Knotty Ash, becoming East Prescot Road and a trunk road. There is a roundabout and it enters Dovecot before it passes through Huyton and it passes through Prescot as the non-trunk Derby Street then High Street. It meets the A58 again and becomes a road, then meets the B5200 at a roundabout. It crosses the Liverpool to Wigan Line near Scotchbarn Leisure Centre and it meets the B5201 to the north opposite Whiston Hospital. It passes through Rainhill, meeting the B5413 near the railway station and it passes Rainhill High School to the left, then St Bartholomew RC Primary School. At junction 7 of the M62, it meets the A557, the road runs along the road from junction 7 for about 1 mile, then it meets the B5419 at a crossroads, and the A569 to the left at Bold Heath near the Griffin Inn. At Lingley Green it enters as Liverpool Road, passing the Trigger Pond pub on the left and it crosses the Liverpool to Manchester Line. At Great Sankey, it becomes a dual-carriageway and meets the A562 at a roundabout, the original route through Warrington town centre included the narrow Sankey Street, which required special narrow buses to be operated. The road now bypasses Warrington town centre via a new elevated road, Midland Way, the road loses its trunk road status and becomes School Brow. Warrington Parish Church, St Elphin, is to the right, the road becomes Manchester Road, and meets the A50 at crossroads. It passes through Bruche, home of a police training centre. At Paddington, the road becomes dual-carriageway as New Manchester Road, in Woolston, it becomes Manchester Road. It passes a 40 mph speed camera near Woolston Leisure Centre, at junction 21 of the M6, it becomes a trunk road and meets the B5210 Woolston Grange Avenue at a roundabout, then passes the Mascrat Manor at another roundabout
20.
M18 motorway (Great Britain)
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The M18 is a motorway in Yorkshire, England. It runs from the east of Rotherham to Goole and is approximately 26 miles long, a section of the road forms part of the unsigned Euroroute E13. The M18 runs in a north east/south west direction from junction 32 of the M1 motorway to junction 35 of the M62 motorway and it passes east of Rotherham, southeast of Doncaster and Armthorpe, and west of Thorne. It meets the A1 at junction 2 --known as the Wadworth Interchange—and the M180 motorway at junction 5, access to Doncaster is provided from junctions 3 and 4 Much of the M18 is a two lane dual carriageway, and carries relatively low volumes of traffic. However, the section linking the M1 and A1 is much busier and has three lanes in each direction and it then passes over the Wadworth Viaduct. To the north it crosses the East Coast Main Line, and until its closure and the dismantling of the pit head gear. Work started in 2013 and the became operational in February 2016. Data from driver location signs are used to distance and carriageway identifier information. The location sequence is a continuation of the M1 location sequence, list of motorways in the United Kingdom CBRD Motorway Database – M18 Hotels and restaurants along the motorway. Motorway Archive – M1 to A1 Motorway Archive – A1 to M62
21.
M62 motorway
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The road is part of the unsigned Euroroutes E20 and E22. The motorway absorbed the northern end of the Stretford-Eccles bypass, which was built between 1957 and 1960, adjusted for inflation to 2007, its construction cost approximately £765 million. The motorway has a daily traffic flow of 144,000 vehicles in West Yorkshire. The M62 coach bombing of 1974 and the Great Heck rail crash of 2001 are the largest incidents to have occurred on the M62, Stott Hall Farm, situated between the carriageways on the Pennine section has become one of the best-known sights on the motorway. The M62 has no junctions numbered 1,2, or 3, or even an officially numbered 4, because it was intended to start in Liverpool proper, between Liverpool and Manchester, and east of Leeds, the terrain along which the road passes is relatively flat. The motorways origins are found in the 1930s, when the need for a route between Lancashire and Yorkshire had been agreed after discussion by their county highway authorities. At the same time, it was envisaged that a route between Liverpool and Hull was needed to connect the ports to industrial Yorkshire. After the Second World War, the Minister of Transport appointed engineers to inspect road standards between the A580 road in Swinton and the A1 road near Selby. The 1949 Road Plan for South Lancashire identified the need to upgrade the A580 to dual carriageway with grade separation and provide bypasses at Huyton and Cadishead. In 1952, the route for a motorway, the Lancashire–Yorkshire Motorway, was laid down. By the 1960s, the proposed A580 upgrade to dual carriageway was considered inadequate, the route of the Lancashire-Yorkshire motorway was considered inadequate as it failed to cater for several industrial towns in Yorkshire. Initially the plans were unpopular and not supported by the Ministry of Transport and it was the intention to build an urban motorway in Liverpool. The M62 was intended to terminate at Liverpools Inner Motorway, which was not built, difficulties arose building the Liverpool urban motorway resulting in delays, with the section between Tarbock and Liverpool the last to be completed in 1976. In total, two viaducts, ten bridges and seven underpasses were constructed to secure the integrity of the surrounding residential areas. The motorway was constructed only as far as the Queens Drive inner ring road, simultaneously, a contract to link the M6 with Manchester was underway, which required land drainage and the removal of unsuitable earth. This section was completed in August 1974, creating a link between Ferrybridge and Tarbock. Two motorways were planned, the M52 from Liverpool to Salford, the first part of the M62 to be built was the Stretford–Eccles Bypass, which is now the section between Junctions 7 to 13 of the M60. Construction started in 1957, and the motorway opened in 1960 and it was originally built as a 2-lane motorway only
22.
A63 road
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The A63 is a major road in Yorkshire, England between Leeds and Kingston upon Hull. A section between South Cave and Hull forms the continuation of the M62 motorway and is part of the unsigned Euroroute E20. The route from Leeds out to Selby runs roughly parallel, at the end of this dual carriageway section, the route meets the M1, and the road continues north along the motorway for one junction then resumes as the A63. From junction 46 of the M1, the Thorpe Park roundabout, there is a turning for Lidgett Lane to the left, next to Garforth Academy, with the Shell garage on the right. It crosses the Leeds Country Way, and there is the B6137 to the right for Kippax, on the Garforth/Micklefield parish boundary is a roundabout with the A656 Roman Ridge. At the Boot and Shoe junction, with the former A1, there is the Esso Boot & Shoe Service Station, there is a grade-separated left turn for the B1222. At the Selby Fork junction south of the Selby Fork Hotel, the A1246 continues southwards along the former A1, and it crosses the A1 at junction 42 at South Milford. It meets the A162 at a roundabout, crosses a railway and it follows Causeway Dike and passes through Hambleton, where to the east it crosses the Selby Diversion of the East Coast Main Line, and the A1238 at a roundabout. The route follows the six-mile £44 million Selby Bypass and £5 million Barlby Bypass, the short section around Barlby follows what was the old East Coast Main Line railway before the Selby Diversion opened in the early 1980s. An alternative route eastwards from the Selby bypass, to the M62, is the A1041 via Camblesforth, the route out to Hull is shadowed by the Selby-Hull railway line. It leaves at the Barlby Roundabout to the right, passing Osgodby then over the railway line, a planned bypass at Osgodby was cancelled due to increases in prices of land. It crosses the River Derwent and enters the East Riding of Yorkshire and it passes through Newsholme before passing straight through Howden next to Howden Minster. It passes through the town as Bridgegate and Hull Road, passing Howden School, access to the M62 is via junction 37 to the west, along Boothferry Road. From Howden, the A63 is renamed to be the B1230, the B1230 continues and carries the A63 traffic over the M62 motorway and onwards into Gilberdyke. When the B1230 was originally the A63, the road through Gilberdyke was a dual carriageway for about three miles to the other side of Newport. Where the B1230 crosses the M62 motorway at Newport, the M62 finishes, before the last eastern section of the M62 to be built, the motorway terminated at a temporary junction at Balkholme onto the A63. Before the M62 opened, the single carriageway A63 was Hulls main route to the South of England, the section from junction 38 of the M62 to the A1034 junction near South Cave was single carriageway before the M62 opened in May 1976. The section was constructed as the dualling of the Caves Bypass and opened when the last eastern section of the M62 opened, from junction 38, the B1230 leads to North Cave along the former A63
23.
A64 road
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The A64 is a major road in North and West Yorkshire, England, which links Leeds, York and Scarborough. The road approximates a section of the old Roman road running from Chester to Bridlington, the road begins in Leeds as the motorway A64 at Richmond Hill and the Woodpecker Junction, and close to the West Yorkshire Playhouse and the NHSs imposing Quarry House. At Killingbeck, the A63 forks to the right at its western terminus and it passes Asda on the left, with the Killingbeck Retail Park, and Seacroft Hospital on the right. It meets Foundry Lane and Cross Gates Road at a next to Killingbeck police station. At Arthursdale it passes over the former Wetherby - Cross Gates railway line, at Saw Wood it is crossed by the Leeds Country Way. The section from Leeds to Bramham was scheduled for improvement in two stages, but this was cancelled in the mid-1980s, just before junction 45 of the A1, the road enters North Yorkshire, and the district of Selby. At the Bramham Moor Interchange there are roads to Aberford. Where the road meets the A1, it used to pass unhindered as a carriageway, but since the motorway section of the A1 was opened on 4 February 1999. East of the junction at Stutton with Hazlewood, the Roman Ridge joins the road, the four-mile £8.9 million dual carriageway Tadcaster Bypass opened in September 1978. The A659 is to the left, with University of Leeds Headley Hall Farm to the west, on the bypass there is a junction for the A162 near Stutton. It crosses the River Wharfe south of the breweries of Samuel Smith, near to the right is Oxton Hall, home of Humphrey Smith. At Oxton the road rejoins the former route, on the eastbound side is the Total Bilbrough Filling Station, with the York East Little Chef and Travelodge at the point where the Roman road join from the west, briefly following the road. In February 2004, work began on a new £11 million flyover at the Colton Lane/Bilbrough Top junction, the central reserve had long been an accident blackspot, and residents of the local villages had campaigned for its closure. The flyover was opened on 9 June 2005 by Dr Stephen Ladyman, the BP Bilbrough Top Service Station on the west-bound side was built as well, with a McDonalds. At the turn-off for Askham Richard, the road enters the City of York next to the Buckles Inn, on the left is Askham Bryan College, then Copmanthorpe is on the right, followed by Bishopthorpe. There is a junction for Yorks northern bypass, which was built in the late 1980s, the East Coast Main Line passes under the A1036 junction for York to the left. To the east of the junction, the former ECML is crossed, the road then crosses the River Ouse. The nine-mile £12 million dual carriageway York Bypass opened in April 1976 and it passes under the B1222 and meets the A19 at the Fulford Interchange, near the headquarters of Persimmon plc, and is crossed by the Minster Way, then the Wilberforce Way
24.
A168 road
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The A168 is a major road in North Yorkshire, England. It runs from Northallerton to Wetherby, acting as an access road for the A1. The original route ran from Topcliffe to Northallerton, the current southern section of the A167, heading northwards, it begins at the roundabout with the A659 near junction 45 of the A1. This section of road was built when the A1 was improved to A1 in the Bramham to Wetherby section of the A1 Darrington to Dishforth scheme which was completed in December 2009, at Sweep Farm it follows the route of the former A1. It meets the terminus of the A58 at a roundabout. It runs next to the motorway Wetherby bypass and there is a roundabout for the former B1224, there is a roundabout for an industrial estate and then one for the newly diverted B1224, and junction 46 of the A1, where it rejoins the former Great North Road. There is a junction for Kirk Deighton then one for Cowthorpe, at Walshford Bridge it crosses the River Nidd. The former route of the A1 went through Walshford, the A1 Wetherby to Walshford section opened in August 2005, when the former A1 south of Walshford became the A168. At Great Ribston with Walshford there is a roundabout for Walshford west of the A1, the A168 from 1995-2005 terminated at Walshford, where the A1 joined the A1. The former A1 north of Walshford became the A168 when the thirteen-mile Walshford to Dishforth section was built by Alfred McAlpine and AMEC, at Allerton Mauleverer with Hopperton it passes under the A59, accessed from a turn to the right which leads to Allerton Castle. Flaxby Golf Club is to the left, near Flaxby, there is a left turn for Arkendale, and right turns for Marton and Grafton. At junction 48 of the A1 it meets the A6055 for Knaresborough, the former course of the Great North Road carries straight on through Boroughbridge. The A168 follows the course of the A1 bypass, next to the current A1. It crosses the River Ure and at Kirby Hill there is a roundabout for the B6265 for Ripon to the west and it resumes the route of the Great North Road. At the point where it runs parallel to runway of the former RAF Dishforth at Norton-le-Clay, the road becomes the parish boundary between Marton-le-Moor and Dishforth. At Dishforth, the road leaves Dere Street and forms part of junction 49 of the A1, the A1 junction was planned in the 1970s to be the northern terminus of the A6183, a motorway-standard road that bypassed Leeds to the west from Kirkhamgate, north-west of Wakefield. The scheme was eventually condensed into the A1-M1 motorway link road, the A168 becomes the main route from the A1 to Teesside, joining the short section of the A168, and a trunk road. The former route went through Dishforth, to the south, the South of Topcliffe and Asenby By-pass, including Dishforth by-pass section was built in 1970, connecting with the A1 at the Dishforth Roundabout
25.
A61 road
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The A61 is a major trunk road in England connecting Derby and Thirsk in North Yorkshire by way of Alfreton, Clay Cross, Chesterfield, Sheffield, Barnsley, Wakefield, Leeds, Harrogate and Ripon. The road is paralleled by the M1 motorway between Derby and Leeds. Heading south, the road begins as single carriageway from Thirsk which bypasses Ripon and travels towards Harrogate, here, the road divides into two major one-way streets which enclose the town centre and run along The Stray. As Leeds Road, it passes through the southern suburbs of Harrogate before meeting the A658 near the village of Pannal. The A61 continues through Harewood before approaching the norths metropolis, where a sudden urban fringe approaches, as the road enters Leeds and crosses the A6120 outer ring road, the road becomes Scott Hall Road, a main dual carriageway and artery for north Leeds. For a distance it stays the same before the arrival of the superbusway near Potternewton, here, the A61 rises slightly, and a panoramic view of Leeds skyline is revealed. The descent into Leeds is quick and the road turns into a multi-lane road. Fast-flowing traffic is directed onto the A61, although traffic is directed off the A61 to avoid Leeds City Centre as it routes around the back of Quarry House. The A61 meets it shortly after, as it shares the city loop for a short distance. After crossing the river, the road again before taking traffic out to the motorways. The road then continues out of Leeds towards Wakefield and Barnsley, south of Barnsley it crosses the M1 at Junction 36 then heads towards Sheffield. Between the M1 at Junction 36 and the Westwood roundabout intersection with the A616, the A61 travels into Sheffield through Grenoside and Hillsborough, passing next to the Sheffield Wednesday football stadium. At this point it forms a major artery into the City Centre from the north and it meets the A57 twice, at Park Square and Brookhill roundabout. The A61 takes a southerly course past Sheffield United football stadium through Heeley as Chesterfield Road and climbs up to Norton, between Sheffield and Chesterfield is a dual carriageway, avoids Dronfield as the eponymous by-pass. The road used to go through Chesterfield town centre, passing by the crooked spire. This was alleviated by the construction of the Chesterfield bypass in the 1980s on the alignment of the former Great Central Railway, the road reverts to single carriageway south of Chesterfield, passing through Clay Cross and Alfreton. South of Alfreton, the A61 merges with the dual carriageway A38, the A61 road continues towards the city centre along Sir Frank Whittle Road until it finally ends at the junction with the A52 near to the headquarters of Derbyshire County Cricket Club. Route of A61 overlaid on Google Maps In June 2008 a 6. 2-mile stretch of the A61 between Barnsley and Wakefield was named as the most dangerous road in Britain, when motorcycle accidents were excluded
26.
A66 road
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The A66 is a major road in Northern England, which in part follows the course of the Roman road from Scotch Corner to Penrith. It runs from east of Middlesbrough in the county of North Yorkshire to Workington in Cumbria. Most of what is now the A66 west of Penrith was originally A594 – only a stub of this road remains. There is a stretch of dual carriageway along the northern part of Bassenthwaite Lake between Keswick and Cockermouth. Whilst the eastbound section follows the line of the disused Cockermouth, Keswick and Penrith Railway. The westbound section was closed due to damage in December 2015. This section has a 50 miles per hour limit monitored by average speed cameras, when road numbers were first designated in the 1920s, the A66 was assigned to the route between Penrith and Hull via Scotch Corner and York, mainly along former Roman roads. Its original route and todays route are largely congruous between Penrith and Scotch Corner, the historic route between Scotch Corner and Hull follows what is now todays A1, A168, B6265, A59 and A1079. The middle 56 miles section of the A66 between Scotch Corner on the A1 and Penrith on the M6 forms one of the key trans-Pennines trunk routes and has one of the worst road-safety records in the UK. Various bypasses and upgrades have been constructed since the early 1970s, giving the current mix of single, in 2002, after many years of local campaigning, the Transport Minister, John Spellar, gave support for the upgrading of the remaining single-carriageway sections by the Highways Agency. The first three projects began construction in early 2006 and opened in 2007 and 2008, the whole route between the A1 and M6 was due to be dualled by 2011, by which time the A1 at Scotch Corner was also due to have been upgraded to motorway standard. After the construction of several sections commenced, it was announced that those schemes currently in the planning phase would not go ahead until 2016 at the earliest. The Highways Agency website states Other than those already committed, the Regions did not identify any other major schemes for the A66 as high priorities to receive funding. This means that there is no likelihood of any additional major schemes on this route being funded within the next ten-year period. However the Regional Funding Allocation process will be reviewed in due course, in September 2015, the government said that £500,000 would be invested into the study of the two Trans-Pennine routes of the A66 and the A69. The proposal would be for one or even roads to be dualled wholly between the A1/A1 and the M6. All dates for openings are based on information provided by the Highways Agency and are subject to change or delay. The section of road between Scotch Corner and Penrith accounted for 70 deaths over ten years up until 2002, which was above the average for single lane carriageways
27.
A66(M) motorway
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The A66 is a major road in Northern England, which in part follows the course of the Roman road from Scotch Corner to Penrith. It runs from east of Middlesbrough in the county of North Yorkshire to Workington in Cumbria. Most of what is now the A66 west of Penrith was originally A594 – only a stub of this road remains. There is a stretch of dual carriageway along the northern part of Bassenthwaite Lake between Keswick and Cockermouth. Whilst the eastbound section follows the line of the disused Cockermouth, Keswick and Penrith Railway. The westbound section was closed due to damage in December 2015. This section has a 50 miles per hour limit monitored by average speed cameras, when road numbers were first designated in the 1920s, the A66 was assigned to the route between Penrith and Hull via Scotch Corner and York, mainly along former Roman roads. Its original route and todays route are largely congruous between Penrith and Scotch Corner, the historic route between Scotch Corner and Hull follows what is now todays A1, A168, B6265, A59 and A1079. The middle 56 miles section of the A66 between Scotch Corner on the A1 and Penrith on the M6 forms one of the key trans-Pennines trunk routes and has one of the worst road-safety records in the UK. Various bypasses and upgrades have been constructed since the early 1970s, giving the current mix of single, in 2002, after many years of local campaigning, the Transport Minister, John Spellar, gave support for the upgrading of the remaining single-carriageway sections by the Highways Agency. The first three projects began construction in early 2006 and opened in 2007 and 2008, the whole route between the A1 and M6 was due to be dualled by 2011, by which time the A1 at Scotch Corner was also due to have been upgraded to motorway standard. After the construction of several sections commenced, it was announced that those schemes currently in the planning phase would not go ahead until 2016 at the earliest. The Highways Agency website states Other than those already committed, the Regions did not identify any other major schemes for the A66 as high priorities to receive funding. This means that there is no likelihood of any additional major schemes on this route being funded within the next ten-year period. However the Regional Funding Allocation process will be reviewed in due course, in September 2015, the government said that £500,000 would be invested into the study of the two Trans-Pennine routes of the A66 and the A69. The proposal would be for one or even roads to be dualled wholly between the A1/A1 and the M6. All dates for openings are based on information provided by the Highways Agency and are subject to change or delay. The section of road between Scotch Corner and Penrith accounted for 70 deaths over ten years up until 2002, which was above the average for single lane carriageways
28.
A689 road (Great Britain)
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The A689 is a road in northern England that runs east from the A595,3.1 miles to the west of Carlisle in Cumbria, to Hartlepool in the North East. The road begins west of Carlisle, just outside the city at the A595, the initial 5.13 miles stretch is newly opened as part of the Carlisle Northern Development Route, a road bypassing Carlisle from west to north. Crossing the River Eden and the West Coast Main Line, the road intersects with Junction 44 of the M6 at Greymoorhill, from Junction 44 of the M6, the A689 runs roughly south-east to a roundabout, with the B6264. From here, the A689 heads east, and crosses the River Irthing at Ruleholme, the A689 joins the route of the A69 around part of the Brampton bypass. Near the village of Milton, the A689 turns right, and continues through Milton, the route continues roughly south-east, and re-enters the county of Cumbria just north of small market town of Alston. After passing through Alston, the A689 eventually crosses the border into County Durham, heading south-easterly still, the A689 encounters the town of Bishop Auckland, where it temporarily heads north-easterly, before setting off in an easterly direction north of Bishop Auckland. The A689 meets the A167 at the Rushyford roundabout, then comes across the A1 at Junction 60. The A689 meets the A19 near Wolviston, before turning north-east, List of highest paved roads in Europe List of mountain passes A689 Carlisle-Hartlepool - from SABREs Roads By 10
29.
A690 road (Great Britain)
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The A690 is a road in County Durham running from Sunderland in the east through Durham to Crook. Throughout the Sunderland section it is known as either Durham Road or New Durham Road, a single carriageway section runs from the city centre to a large roundabout at the Barnes. The road then climbs a hill toward High Barnes, alongside the Bede site of the Sunderland College before becoming dual carriageway. Beyond a set of lights at the Prospect Hotel, the road remains dual carriageway. The road then climbs another hill, becoming single carriageway, with the Farringdon estate to the east, a down hill stretch leads into the East Herrington and then on toward the A19 fly-over. Just after the A19 intersection, the once again becomes a dual carriageway with a speed limit of 50 miles per hour. Within the first mile after the A19, the comes to a notoriously bad intersection - which is frequented by a speed camera van on the Eastbound carriageway just outside the Evans Halshaw. The road then runs through Houghton-le-Spring, via a locally famous transport feature named Houghton Cut and this huge cut through the hillside was reputedly built with the forced labour of Napoleonic prisoners of war. The road then runs out of the City of Sunderland boundary and on toward the A1
30.
A194(M) motorway
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The A194 road is a road in Tyne and Wear, England. It runs northeast from its start at junction 65 of the A1 near Washington, there are intermediate junctions with the A182 and the A195 before the motorway section ends at the A184 junction. The junctions were unnumbered until 2013 when they were designated J1 to J3, the A194 continues as a trunk road to its next major junction, the A19 which provides access to the Tyne Tunnel, Sunderland and Teesside. At this point, A194 ceases to be a trunk road, list of motorways in the United Kingdom CBRD Motorway Database – A194 Pathetic Motorways – A194 The Motorway Archive – A194
31.
A1231 road
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The A1231 road connects Sunderland and Washington in Tyne and Wear, North East England. It is the road connecting these towns and is one of the main roads giving access to Sunderland city centre. The total length of the road is approximately 9 miles, the A1231 originates as a single carriageway at the Whitehouse Road / Addison Road roundabout junction with the A1018 Commercial Road in Hendon. It then runs via the Esplanade gyratory on the edge of Mowbray Park, just south of the city centre, to an intersection with Ryhope Road. Immediately north of Priestman, the A1231 is a dual carriageway named St. Michaels Way, the A1231 becomes a national speed limit dual carriageway Wessington Way passing through the southern edge of Southwick, Castletown and Hylton Castle. To the south, the Hylton Riverside retail park is parallel to the road, along this section a park and ride scheme operates on matchdays for visitors to the Stadium of Light. The road passes over the A19 and heads west toward Washington as the Sunderland Highway, just past the A19, the A1231 runs along the southern edge of the Nissan car plant. The A1231 crosses the A182 Washington Highway as it passes the Galleries Washington town centre, the A1231 terminates as a feeder to the north-bound A1 north west of Birtley. Despite being designated a primary route, Sunderland City Council deem it necessary to close this section of the road on several Sundays each summer for essential maintenance, other main roads in the town such as the A182 and A195 are maintained without needing to be closed. It may be the most frequently closed road in England
32.
A19 road
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From Sunderland northwards, the route was formerly the A108. In the past the route was known as the East of Snaith-York-Thirsk-Stockton-on-Tees-Sunderland Trunk Road, most traffic joins the A19, heading for Teesside, from the A168 at Dishforth Interchange. It then passes the Pavilion exhibition centre, much of the course of the southern section of the A19 runs through the old Yorkshire coalfield, with evidence of old slag-heaps and colliery buildings. It passes through Toll Bar and the primary school and it passes through Askern, a former mining village. It meets the B1220 for Carcroft and goes through Owston, passing the Owston Park Lodge, here it passes the Askern Hotel, Red Lion Hotel and Askern Service Station and goes over a level crossing. There is also a lake, St Peters church and a greyhound stadium. There is a turn for Norton. There are some long straights north of here, and the surrounds are flat as the road heads towards the M62. It enters North Yorkshire and the district of Selby where it crosses the River Went near Walden Stubbs, there are some crossroads at Balne Moor, and it passes through Whitley Thorpe and Whitley and the George & Dragon. It meets the M62 at junction 34, from the M62, the village of Eggborough has been bypassed in recent years, with the new road travelling from this roundabout to near the power station to the right. The £44m six mile A63 Selby bypass, to the south of the town opened on 11 June 2004, before this happened, all the traffic, headed straight towards the centre of Selby, over a level-crossing and on to a busy traffic-light junction with the A63 from Leeds. The A19 took the major of the concurrency through the centre, whilst crossing the old toll bridge. The road is still the A19 through Selby, but the bypass is the A63, however, north-bound traffic follows the A63. The £5m 5-mile Riccall and Barlby bypass opened in October 1987 and this provided better junctions with the A63 and A163. The A63 and A19 meet at a roundabout near a large pickle factory and it heads towards Riccall where the road is much straighter after the bypass, it is following what was the East Coast Main Line before the Selby Diversion was built. Where the road leaves the old railway, the Trans Pennine Trail follows along the old track, at Escrick, it enters the Vale of York, and passes the BP York Road Garage, the Parsonage Hotel and the church of St Helen. Next is Deighton, passing the White Swan Inn, then it heads towards Crockey Hill and it meets the A64 near the headquarters of Persimmon plc. The York Northern By-Pass as the A1237 is a substitute for the A19 through York – this road is engineered and has frequent roundabouts
33.
A69 road
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The A69 is a major northern trunk road in England, running east-west across the Pennines, through the counties of Tyne and Wear, Northumberland and Cumbria. Originally the road started in Blaydon, but since the creation of the A1 Western Bypass around Newcastle upon Tyne, the route from the A1 junction to Carlisle City Centre is 54 miles. It continues west and passes over what was Hadrians Wall, which now has been south of the road. Hereafter the road is always south of the wall, the road carries on up the Tyne valley, bypassing the village of Corbridge and the market town Hexham. The A69 crosses the River Tyne west of Hexham, re-crosses it west of the village of Haydon Bridge, after crossing the border into Cumbria, the A69 by-passes the town of Brampton, before coming to a roundabout junction with the A689 road. The A69 turns left here, and travels through the village of Warwick Bridge, following a short piece of dual carriageway, the A69 comes to Junction 43 of the M6 motorway, which skirts the eastern edge of Carlisle. The A69 into Carlisle has the name Warwick Road, and is known to be one of the most congested roads in the county. At Saint Aidans Church, the A69 turns right up Victoria Place, and meets the A7 road at a busy traffic-light controlled crossroads, the road forms part of the unsigned Euroroute E18. The A69 is a route linking the north-east and north-west of England. For about 20 miles between its start at Newcastle and the Hexham by-pass the A69 is dual carriageway standard, and is grade separated. The rest of the route, apart from a dual carriageway section near the M6 Junction 43 is single carriageway. Haydon Bridge was the last village on the A69 in Northumberland to have a bypass and this was officially opened on Wednesday 25 March 2009 and passes to the south of the village with a new bridge over the River South Tyne to the west of the village. A report on the A69 in 2011 noted that in the previous year 82 accidents were recorded with 130 injuries,10 serious injuries, campaigning has been ongoing to get the section from Hexham to Carlisle dualled to allow vehicles to overtake safely
34.
A167 road
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The A167 is a road in North East England. Most of its route was formerly the A1 as most of it is the route of the Great North Road until the A1 was re-routed with the opening of the A1 in the 1960s. The route starts from the A168 at Topcliffe, North Yorkshire and runs to Cowgate, Tyne and Wear where the route splits in two. The northern fork continues to Kenton Bar, where it meets the A1 and the A696, while the southern fork heads west, again terminating at the A1, this time at Westerhope. From the Topcliffe A168 Junction, the route north through Northallerton. It runs on through Darlington, across A1 junction 59, and on to Newton Aycliffe, Ferryhill, Durham, the A167 bypass at Chilton near Ferryhill was completed and opened to traffic on 20 June 2005. Construction had started in 2004,65 years after first proposed when the route was still the A1, beyond Chester-le-Street the A167 continues to A1 junction 63 and through Birtley before crossing the A1 at the junction near the Angel of the North. The start point of the Great North Run is on the A167 Central Motorway in Newcastle, the A167 continues through Gateshead across the Tyne Bridge into Newcastle upon Tyne, where it becomes the A167 Newcastle Central Motorway for a short distance. After the city centre it reverts to dual carriageway to its terminus at the Kenton Bar A1/A696 junction, originally the road was the A1, but changes to the route of the A1 have caused changes to the route number. When the A1 was re-routed through the Tyne Tunnel, it was renumbered as the A6127 – becoming one of only two four-digit, Axxxx motorways, the other being the A6144 motorway. After the construction of the A1 western bypass, the Tyne Tunnel became the A19, the A167 is unusual in that it has a slip road leading from an unclassified road directly onto the right-hand lane at Camden Street, a result of its two-tier construction. However, as of late 2011 this slip road is closed and it also has other junctions where entry to and exit from the motorway is via the outside lane, which can lead to a lot of weaving and conflicting traffic movement. The A167 is subject to a 50 miles per hour speed limit throughout, CBRD Motorway Database – A167 Pathetic Motorways – A167 BBC News, A167 Chilton Bypass Opens The Motorway Archive – A167
35.
Edinburgh City Bypass
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The Edinburgh City Bypass, designated as A720, is one of the most important trunk roads in Scotland. The road is dual carriageway throughout, including emergency laybys. The road is classed as a road in legal terms. Every motorway in the UK is termed a special road in that specific regulations govern its use, not every special road is signed as a motorway and this bypass is one of those roads. Between Gogar and Sheriffhall junctions the A720 forms part of European route E15, north of Gogar, the E15 runs towards the A90 and the Forth Road Bridge, and south of Sheriffhall along the A68. A720 was built in sections between 1980 and 1989, the first section built was the Colinton section opened in 1981, with the Dreghorn junction opening circa 1985. Next up was the Sighthill section which opened in late-1986,1988 saw two sections open, the Burdiehouse section in the summer followed in the autumn by the section between the A68 at Sheriffhall and the A1 at Old Craighall. The last section was completed in 1989 around the Gilmerton junction and this junction comes shortly after the eastern start of the A720, which was completed in 2008 as the Dalkeith Northern Bypass of the A68. This is a route for traffic to south-east Scotland. About 1.5 miles further is the most congested junction on the bypass, traffic jams at the roundabout are common at most times of day. As of 2015, an upgrade for the Sheriffhall Junction is in preparation and this is a small junction which is for the A772, that used to be the A7 until the mid-1990s. This road leads to Cameron Toll shopping centre as well as the A701, there is evidence that western slip-roads were considered at the roundabout to join the A772. This junction offers only connections to and from the west on the A720, just shortly after the Gilmerton junction, comes the Lasswade junction. Like the Gilmerton junction, this junction offers only connections to and this junction includes access to Straiton Retail Park, Costco, and IKEA. This junction also provides access to the A701 and southern suburbs and this junction was the original eastern terminus of the road. This is a junction with the A702, which provides access to western England, via Abington and the A74 to Carlisle. This junction primarily provides access to the services on the bypass. Local roads including the B701, and Dreghorn Barracks are also accessed from this junction and this junction was the original western terminus of the road
36.
Edinburgh
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Edinburgh is the capital city of Scotland and one of its 32 local government council areas. Located in Lothian on the Firth of Forths southern shore, it is Scotlands second most populous city and the seventh most populous in the United Kingdom. The 2014 official population estimates are 464,990 for the city of Edinburgh,492,680 for the authority area. Recognised as the capital of Scotland since at least the 15th century, Edinburgh is home to the Scottish Parliament and it is the largest financial centre in the UK after London. Historically part of Midlothian, the city has long been a centre of education, particularly in the fields of medicine, Scots law, literature, the sciences and engineering. The University of Edinburgh, founded in 1582 and now one of four in the city, was placed 17th in the QS World University Rankings in 2013 and 2014. The city is famous for the Edinburgh International Festival and the Fringe. The citys historical and cultural attractions have made it the United Kingdoms second most popular tourist destination after London, attracting over one million overseas visitors each year. Historic sites in Edinburgh include Edinburgh Castle, Holyrood Palace, the churches of St. Giles, Greyfriars and the Canongate, Edinburghs Old Town and New Town together are listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, which has been managed by Edinburgh World Heritage since 1999. It appears to derive from the place name Eidyn mentioned in the Old Welsh epic poem Y Gododdin, the poem names Din Eidyn as a hill fort in the territory of the Gododdin. The Celtic element din was dropped and replaced by the Old English burh, the first documentary evidence of the medieval burgh is a royal charter, c. 1124–1127, by King David I granting a toft in burgo meo de Edenesburg to the Priory of Dunfermline. In modern Gaelic, the city is called Dùn Èideann, the earliest known human habitation in the Edinburgh area was at Cramond, where evidence was found of a Mesolithic camp site dated to c.8500 BC. Traces of later Bronze Age and Iron Age settlements have found on Castle Rock, Arthurs Seat, Craiglockhart Hill. When the Romans arrived in Lothian at the end of the 1st century AD, at some point before the 7th century AD, the Gododdin, who were presumably descendants of the Votadini, built the hill fort of Din Eidyn or Etin. Although its location has not been identified, it likely they would have chosen a commanding position like the Castle Rock, Arthurs Seat. In 638, the Gododdin stronghold was besieged by forces loyal to King Oswald of Northumbria and it thenceforth remained under their jurisdiction. The royal burgh was founded by King David I in the early 12th century on land belonging to the Crown, in 1638, King Charles Is attempt to introduce Anglican church forms in Scotland encountered stiff Presbyterian opposition culminating in the conflicts of the Wars of the Three Kingdoms. In the 17th century, Edinburghs boundaries were defined by the citys defensive town walls
37.
Roads in the United Kingdom
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Roads in the United Kingdom form a network of varied quality and capacity. Road distances are shown in miles or yards and UK speed limits are indicated in miles per hour or by the use of the speed limit symbol. Some vehicle categories have various lower maximum limits enforced by speed limiters, enforcement of UK road speed limits increasingly uses speed guns, automated in-vehicle systems and automated roadside traffic cameras. A unified numbering system is in place for Great Britain, whilst in Northern Ireland, the earliest specifically engineered roads were built during the British Iron Age. The road network was expanded during the Roman occupation, some of these survive and others were lost. New roads were added in the Middle Ages and from the 17th century onwards, certain aspects of the legal framework remain under the competence of the United Kingdom parliament. Although some roads have much older origins, the network was subject to development from the 1950s to the mid-1990s. From then, construction of roads has become controversial with direct action campaigns by environmentalists in opposition. In the UK, vehicles drive on the left and on multi-lane carriageways drivers are expected to keep to the left lane except when overtaking, in Great Britain, the Highway Code applies to drivers. In Northern Ireland, the Highway Code for Northern Ireland applies, UK speed limits are shown in mph. With a few exceptions, they are in multiples of 10, unless a lower speed limit is posted on a road, the national speed limit applies, which varies between class of vehicles and the type of road. In a built-up area, unless signs indicate otherwise, a limit of 30 miles per hour applies, other limits are shown in the table. For a road to be classed as a carriageway, the two directions of traffic flow must be physically separated by a central reservation. Roads in the UK are classified as M, A, or B roads, as well as categories of more minor roads, for internal purposes. These numbers follow a zonal system, there is no available explanation for the allocation of road numbers in Northern Ireland. The majority of the major routes are motorways, and are designed to carry long distance traffic. The next category is the A roads, which form the route network. A primary route is defined as, primary destinations are usually cities and large towns, to which, as a result of their size, a high volume of traffic is expected to go
38.
London
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London /ˈlʌndən/ is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom. Standing on the River Thames in the south east of the island of Great Britain and it was founded by the Romans, who named it Londinium. Londons ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its 1. 12-square-mile medieval boundaries. London is a global city in the arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism. It is crowned as the worlds largest financial centre and has the fifth- or sixth-largest metropolitan area GDP in the world, London is a world cultural capital. It is the worlds most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the worlds largest city airport system measured by passenger traffic, London is the worlds leading investment destination, hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city. Londons universities form the largest concentration of education institutes in Europe. In 2012, London became the first city to have hosted the modern Summer Olympic Games three times, London has a diverse range of people and cultures, and more than 300 languages are spoken in the region. Its estimated mid-2015 municipal population was 8,673,713, the largest of any city in the European Union, Londons urban area is the second most populous in the EU, after Paris, with 9,787,426 inhabitants at the 2011 census. The citys metropolitan area is the most populous in the EU with 13,879,757 inhabitants, the city-region therefore has a similar land area and population to that of the New York metropolitan area. London was the worlds most populous city from around 1831 to 1925, Other famous landmarks include Buckingham Palace, the London Eye, Piccadilly Circus, St Pauls Cathedral, Tower Bridge, Trafalgar Square, and The Shard. The London Underground is the oldest underground railway network in the world, the etymology of London is uncertain. It is an ancient name, found in sources from the 2nd century and it is recorded c.121 as Londinium, which points to Romano-British origin, and hand-written Roman tablets recovered in the city originating from AD 65/70-80 include the word Londinio. The earliest attempted explanation, now disregarded, is attributed to Geoffrey of Monmouth in Historia Regum Britanniae and this had it that the name originated from a supposed King Lud, who had allegedly taken over the city and named it Kaerlud. From 1898, it was accepted that the name was of Celtic origin and meant place belonging to a man called *Londinos. The ultimate difficulty lies in reconciling the Latin form Londinium with the modern Welsh Llundain, which should demand a form *lōndinion, from earlier *loundiniom. The possibility cannot be ruled out that the Welsh name was borrowed back in from English at a later date, and thus cannot be used as a basis from which to reconstruct the original name. Until 1889, the name London officially applied only to the City of London, two recent discoveries indicate probable very early settlements near the Thames in the London area
39.
Hertford
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Hertford is the county town of Hertfordshire, England, and is also a civil parish in the East Hertfordshire district of the county. Forming a civil parish, the 2011 census put the population of Hertford at about 26,000, the earliest reference to the town appears in the Ecclesiastical History of the English People, written by Bede in 731 AD, which refers to Herutford. Herut is the Old English spelling of hart, meaning a fully mature stag, the Domesday Book of 1086 gives a spelling of Hertforde. Hertford has been the county town of Hertfordshire since Saxon times when it was governed by the kings reeves, by the 13th century, the reeves had been replaced by a bailiff, elected by the burgesses. Charters of 1554 and 1589 established a council of eleven chief burgesses. Another charter of 1605 changed the title to mayor. In 1835, Hertford became a Municipal Corporation, the ratepayers elected twelve councillors, since 1974, Hertford has been within the East Hertfordshire district of Hertfordshire. The headquarters of Hertfordshire County Council is at County Hall in Hertford. East Herts District Councils offices almost adjoin County Hall, and there is also a Hertford Town Council based at Hertford Castle. Hertford is at the confluence of four valleys, the Rib, Beane and Mimram join the River Lea at Hertford to flow south toward the Thames as the Lee Navigation. The town centre still has its medieval layout with many timber-framed buildings hidden under later frontages, Hertford suffers from traffic problems despite the existence of the 1960s A414 bypass called Gascoyne Way which passes close to the town centre. Plans have long existed to connect the A10 with the A414, nevertheless, the town retains very much a country-town feel, despite lying only 19.2 miles north of Central London. This is aided by its proximity to towns such as Harlow, Bishops Stortford. Possibly the first mention of the town was in 673 A. D. the first synod of a number of the bishops in England was held either in Hertford or at Hartford and it was called by Theodore of Tarsus, decisions included the calculation of the date of Easter. In 912 AD, Edward the Elder built two burhs close by the ford over the River Lea as a defence against Danish incursions, by the time of the Domesday Book, Hertford had two churches, two markets and three mills. The Normans began work on Hertford Castle, and Hertford Priory was founded by Ralph de Limesy, king Henry II rebuilt the castle in stone, but in 1216, during the First Barons War, it was besieged and captured after 25 days by Prince Louis of France. The castle was visited by English royalty and in 1358, Queen Isabella, wife of Edward II. The priory was dissolved in 1536 and subsequently demolished and in 1563, Hertford grew and prospered as a market and county town, communication was improved by the construction of the Lea Navigation Canal in 1767 and the arrival of the railway in 1843. A fair amount of employment in the town is centred on County Hall, Wallfields and McMullens Brewery, many residents commute to work in London
40.
Stevenage
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Stevenage /ˈstiːvənᵻdʒ/ is a town and borough in Hertfordshire, England. It is situated to the east of junctions 7 and 8 of the A1, Stevenage is roughly 32.9 miles north of central London. Its population has increased significantly over the last century, the population was 1,430 in 1801,4,049 in 1901,79,715 in 2001 and 83,957 in 2011. The largest increase occurred in the 1950s and 1960s, after Stevenage was designated a new town under the New Towns Act of 1946, the current population is now estimated to be around 84,000. Two films were set in and around Stevenage, Here We Go Round the Mulberry Bush, spy Game was partly filmed in Stevenage but set in Washington, D. C. The 1959 film Serious Charge was also filmed in Stevenage, Stevenage may derive from Old English stiþen āc / stiðen āc / stithen ac meaning the stiff oak. The name was recorded as Stithenæce, c.1060 and Stigenace in 1086 in the Domesday Book, Stevenage lies near the line of the Roman road from Verulamium to Baldock. Some Romano-British remains were discovered during the building of the New Town, the most substantial evidence of activity from Roman times is Six Hills, six tumuli by the side of the old Great North Road – presumably the burial places of a local family. A little to the east of the Roman sites the first Saxon camp was made in a clearing in the woods where the church, manor house, settlements also sprang up in Chells, Broadwater and Shephall. In the Domesday Book the Lord of the Manor was the Abbot of Westminster Abbey, the settlement had moved down to the Great North Road and in 1281 it was granted a Royal Charter to hold a weekly market and annual fair. The earliest part of St Nicholas Church dates from the 12th century, the known list of priests or rectors is relatively complete from 1213. The remains of a moated homestead in Whomerley Wood is an 80-yard-square trench almost 5 feet wide in parts. It was probably the home of Ralph de Homle, and both Roman and later pottery has been found there, around 1500 the Church was much improved, with decorative woodwork and the addition of a clerestory. In 1558 Thomas Alleyne, a rector of the town, founded a grammar school for boys, Alleynes Grammar School. Francis Cammaerts was headmaster of the school from 1952 to 1961, the school, which was a mixed comprehensive school and is now an Academy as of 2013, still exists on its original site at the north end of the High Street. It was intended to move the school to Great Ashby, Stevenages prosperity came in part from the North Road, which was turnpiked in the early 18th century. Many inns in the High Street served the stage coaches,21 of which passed through Stevenage each day in 1800, in 1857 the Great Northern Railway was constructed, and the era of the stage coach had ended. Stevenage grew only slowly throughout the 19th century and a church was constructed at the south end of the High Street
41.
Huntingdon
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Huntingdon is a market town in Cambridgeshire, England. The town was chartered by King John in 1205 and it is the traditional county town of Huntingdonshire and the seat of the Huntingdonshire district council. It is known as the birthplace of Oliver Cromwell, who was born in 1599 and was the member of parliament for the town in the 17th century, the former Conservative prime minister John Major was the MP for the town from 1979 to 2001. Huntingdon was founded by the Anglo-Saxons and Danes and it prospered successively as a bridging point of the River Great Ouse, as a market town, and in the 18th and 19th centuries as a coaching centre, most notably The George Hotel. The town has a medieval bridge that used to serve as the main route of Ermine Street over the river. The bridge only ceased to be the crossing point to Godmanchester in 1975. Its valuable trading position was secured by the now vanished Huntingdon Castle, the site is now a Scheduled Ancient Monument, and is home to a beacon used to commemorate the 400th anniversary of the Spanish Armada. In 1746, the botanists Wood and Ingram of nearby Brampton developed a species of elm tree, Ulmus × hollandica Vegeta. Original historical documents relating to Huntingdon, including the borough charter of 1205, are held by Cambridgeshire Archives, between the railway station and the old hospital building, stands a replica cannon. In the 1990s the replica was installed to replace an original Crimean War one, when the replica was installed it was placed in the opposite direction to the original. The George Hotel, on the corner of High Street and George Street was once a posting house and it was named after St. George in 1574 and was bought some 25 years later by Henry Cromwell, grandfather of Oliver Cromwell. Charles I made The George his headquarters in 1645, later Dick Turpin is reputed to have been a visitor when it was a coaching inn on the Great North Road. The mid-19th century saw two wings of the inn burnt down but two were saved including the one with the balcony overlooking the yard. Since 1959 the courtyard and its balcony have been the setting for performances of the plays of Shakespeare, Huntingdon is has a town council consisting of 24 councillors. As elsewhere, local elections are every four years. Two of the town councillors serve also as mayor and deputy mayor, Council meetings are normally held once a month at the town hall. Huntingdon has three wards of Huntingdon North, Huntingdon East and Huntingdon West for Huntingdonshire District Council. The ward of Huntingdon East is represented by three councillors and the two wards each by two
42.
Peterborough
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Peterborough is a cathedral city in Cambridgeshire, England, with a population of 183,631 in 2011. Historically part of Northamptonshire, it is 75 miles north of London, on the River Nene which flows into the North Sea 30 miles to the north-east, the railway station is an important stop on the East Coast Main Line between London and Edinburgh. The local topography is flat and in some places lies below sea level, human settlement in the area began before the Bronze Age, as can be seen at the Flag Fen archaeological site to the east of the current city centre, also with evidence of Roman occupation. The Anglo-Saxon period saw the establishment of a monastery, Medeshamstede, the population grew rapidly following the arrival of the railways in the 19th century, and Peterborough became an industrial centre, particularly noted for its brick manufacture. Following the Second World War, growth was limited until designation as a New Town in the 1960s, housing and population are expanding and a £1 billion regeneration of the city centre and immediately surrounding area is underway. In common with much of the United Kingdom, industrial employment has fallen, with a significant proportion of new jobs in financial services and distribution. The contrasting form Gildenburgh is also found in the 12th century history of the abbey, present-day Peterborough is the latest in a series of settlements which have at one time or other benefited from its site where the Nene leaves large areas of permanently drained land for the fens. Remains of Bronze Age settlement and what is thought to be religious activity can be seen at the Flag Fen archaeological site to the east of the city centre. The Romans established a garrison town at Durobrivae on Ermine Street, five miles to the west in Water Newton. Durobrivaes earliest appearance among surviving records is in the Antonine Itinerary of the late 2nd century. There was also a large 1st century Roman fort at Longthorpe, designed to house half a legion, or about 3,000 soldiers, it may have been established as early as around AD 44–48. Peterborough was an important area of production in the Roman period, providing Nene Valley Ware that was traded as far away as Cornwall. His brother Wulfhere murdered his own sons, similarly converted and then finished the monastery by way of atonement, Hereward, the outlaw, wake or exile, set off with supporters from his exile in Flanders and rampaged through the town in 1069 or 1070. The abbey church was rebuilt and greatly enlarged in the 12th century, the Peterborough Chronicle, a version of the Anglo-Saxon one, contains unique information about the history of England after the Norman conquest, written here by monks in the 12th century. This is the only prose history in English between the conquest and the later 14th century. The burgesses received their first charter from Abbot Robert – probably Robert of Sutton, the abbey church became one of Henry VIIIs retained, more secular, cathedrals in 1541, having been assessed at the Dissolution as having revenue at £1,972.7. ¾ per annum. When civil war broke out, Peterborough was divided between supporters of King Charles I and supporters of the Long Parliament, the Royalist forces were defeated within a few weeks and retreated to Burghley House, where they were captured and sent to Cambridge. Housing and sanitary improvements were effected under the provisions of an Act of Parliament passed in 1790, among the privileges claimed by the abbot as early as the 13th century was that of having a prison for felons taken in the Soke of Peterborough
43.
Stamford, Lincolnshire
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Stamford is a town on the River Welland in Lincolnshire, England,92 miles north of London on the A1. The population at the 2001 census was 21,800 including the adjacent parish of St Martins Without, the town has 17th and 18th-century stone buildings, older timber-framed buildings and five medieval parish churches. In 2013, Stamford was rated the best place to live by the Sunday Times, in AD61 Boudica followed the Roman 9th Legion across the river. The Anglo-Saxons later chose Stamford as their town, being on a more important river than the Gwash. In 972 King Edgar made Stamford a borough, the Anglo-Saxons and Danes faced each other across the river. The town originally grew as a Danish settlement at the lowest point that the Welland could be crossed by ford or bridge, Stamford was the only one of the Danelaw Five Burghs not to become a county town. Stamford was a town but only a very small portion of the walls now remain. Stamford became a port on the Great North Road, the latter superseding Ermine Street in importance. Notable buildings in the include the mediaeval Brownes Hospital, several churches and the buildings of Stamford School. A Norman castle was built about 1075 and apparently demolished in 1484, the site stood derelict until the late twentieth century when it was built over and now includes a bus station and a modern housing development. A small part of the wall survives at the junction of Castle Dyke. Stamford has been hosting a fair since the Middle Ages. Stamford fair is mentioned in Shakespeares Henry IV part 2, the mid-Lent fair is the largest street fair in Lincolnshire and one of the largest in the country. On 7 March 1190, crusaders at the fair led a pogrom, for over 600 years Stamford was the site of the Stamford Bull Run festival, held annually on 13 November, St Brices day, until 1839. According to local tradition, the custom was started by William de Warenne, 5th Earl of Surrey, some butchers came to part the combatants and one of the bulls ran into the town. Stamford Museum was in a Victorian building in Broad Street from 1980 to 2011, in June 2011 it closed because of Lincolnshire County Council budget cuts. Some of the exhibits have been relocated to the Discover Stamford area at the towns library. Stamford is part of the Parliamentary constituency of Grantham and Stamford, the incumbent Member of Parliament is the Conservative, Nick Boles
44.
Grantham
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Grantham is a market town within the South Kesteven district of Lincolnshire, England. It bestrides the London to Edinburgh East Coast Main Line railway and the River Witham, Grantham is about 26 miles south of the city and county town of Lincoln, and about 24 miles east of the city of Nottingham. The resident population in 2014 was estimated as 43,117, the town is best known as the birthplace of former prime minister Margaret Thatcher, and the place where Isaac Newton went to school, at The Kings School. It is close to an ancient Roman road, and was the scene of Oliver Cromwells first advantage over Royalists during the English Civil War at Gonerby Moor, the origin of Grantham is uncertain, although the name is said probably to be Old English Granta+ham, meaning Grantas homestead. It appeared as early as 1086 in the Domesday Book in its present form of Grantham, the place name element grand could possibly mean gravel. The name of the town is the origin of the Scottish surname, now used as a given name. Late neolithic vessels from a burial were found at Little Gonerby, in the north of the town, a number of flint blades have been found, including from near Welham Street to the south-east of the town centre and from near Barrowby where a macehead has also been found. At Little Gonerby a neolithic settlement site was discovered with finds of pottery, Bronze Age flint scatters have also been found in several places, particularly on the higher ground near Barrowby. At Saltersford a Bronze Age ingot and a rapier were found, there are also several ring ditches on the higher ground above Saltersford. According to the Chronicles of Raphael Holinshed, Gorbonianus, a legendary King of the Britons built Grantham between 292 and 282 BC, the Domesday account notes Queen Edith having 12 carucates to the geld, with no arable land outside the village. She had a hall, two carucates and land for three ploughs without geld, and 111 burgesses, ivo had one church and four mills rendering 12 shillings, and eight acres of meadow without geld. The lands of Bishop Osmond were described, In Londonthorpe. is land for two ploughs and this land belongs to the church of Grantham. In Spittlegate, St Wulfram of Grantham has half a carucate of land to the geld, in Great Gonerby, St Wulfram of Grantham has 1 carucate of land. There is land for twelve oxen, on 4 December 1290, the funeral cortège of Eleanor of Castile, accompanied by her husband King Edward I, stopped at Grantham on its way from Lincoln to Westminster Abbey. An Eleanor Cross was later erected in the town, although its location has not been identified. In 1363 The Castles, Manors and towns of Stamford and Grantham were granted to Edmund of Langley, 1st Duke of York, the question has been raised as to whether Grantham House was the site of a castle, however, no such site has been reliably identified. The street name Castlegate cannot be traced further back than the 17th century, there are references to a Hospital in Grantham as early as the 1330s. Grantham received its Charter of Incorporation in 1463, the town developed when the railway came to the town
45.
Nottingham
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Nottingham is a city and unitary authority area in Nottinghamshire, England, located 128 miles north of London, in the East Midlands. Nottingham has links to the legend of Robin Hood and to the lace-making, bicycle and it was granted its city charter in 1897 as part of Queen Victorias Diamond Jubilee celebrations. Nottingham is a tourist destination, in 2011, visitors spent over £1.5 billion - the thirteenth highest amount in Englands 111 statistical territories. In 2015, Nottingham had an population of 321,550 with the wider urban area. Its urban area is the largest in the east Midlands and the second largest in the Midlands, the population of the Nottingham/Derby metropolitan area is estimated to be 1,610,000. Its metropolitan economy is the seventh largest in the United Kingdom with a GDP of $50. 9bn, the city is also ranked as a sufficiency-level world city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network. It is also a sporting centre, and in October 2015 was named Home of English Sport. The city also has rugby, ice hockey and cricket teams, and the Aegon Nottingham Open. This accolade came just over a year after Nottingham was named as the UKs first City of Football, on 11 December 2015, Nottingham was named a Unesco City of Literature, joining Norwich, Melbourne, Prague and Barcelona as one of only a handful in the world. The title reflects Nottinghams literary heritage, with Lord Byron, DH Lawrence and it has two universities, the University of Nottingham and Nottingham Trent University, which are attended by over 70,610 students. In modern Welsh it is known poetically as Y Ty Ogofog, when it fell under the rule of a Saxon chieftain named Snot it became known as Snotingaham, the homestead of Snots people. Some authors derive Nottingham from Snottenga, caves, and ham, Nottingham Castle was constructed in 1068 on a sandstone outcrop by the River Leen. Following the Norman Conquest the Saxon settlement developed into the English Borough of Nottingham and housed a Town Hall, a settlement also developed around the castle on the hill opposite and was the French borough supporting the Normans in the castle. Eventually, the space between was built on as the town grew and the Old Market Square became the focus of Nottingham several centuries later, defences, consisted initially of a ditch and bank in the early 12th century. The ditch was later widened, in the mid 13th century, a short length of the wall survives, and is visible at the northern end of Maid Marian Way, and is protected as a Scheduled Monument. On the return of Richard the Lionheart from the Crusades, the Castle was occupied by supporters of Prince John and it was besieged by Richard and, after a sharp conflict, was captured. In the legends of Robin Hood, Nottingham Castle is the scene of the showdown between the Sheriff and the hero outlaw. By the 15th century Nottingham had established itself as a centre of an export trade in religious sculpture made from Nottingham Alabaster
46.
Newark-on-Trent
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Newark-on-Trent or Newark /ˈnjuːək/ is a market town in Nottinghamshire in the East Midlands of England. It stands on the River Trent, the A1, and the East Coast Main Line railway, the origins of the town are possibly Roman as it lies on an important Roman road, the Fosse Way. The town grew around Newark Castle, now ruined, and a marketplace, now lined with historic buildings. In the English Civil War, it was besieged by Parliamentary forces and had to be relieved by Prince Rupert in a known as the Relief of Newark. The estimated population in 2007 was 26,330, increasing to 27,700 at the 2011 census, the origins of the town are possibly Roman due to its position on an important Roman road, the Fosse Way. In a document which purports to be a charter of 664, after his death it changed to, and remained in the hands of, the Bishops of Lincoln from 1092 until the reign of Edward VI. There were burgesses in Newark at the time of the Domesday survey, the Newark wapentake in the east of Nottinghamshire was established during the period of Anglo-Saxon rule. Newark Castle was originally a Saxon fortified manor house, founded by King Edward the Elder, in 1073, Robert Bloet, bishop of Lincoln founded an earthwork motte and bailey fortress on the site. From 1123–33, Bishop Alexander the Magnificent completely rebuilt the castle, the river bridge was built about the same time under charter from Henry I, also St. Leonards Hospital. He also gained from the king a charter to hold a fair at the castle each year. He gained a charter under King Stephen to establish a mint in the town, the town became a local centre for the wool and cloth trade, certainly by the time of Henry II a major market was established. Wednesday and Saturday markets in the town were established during the period 1156–1329 when a series of charters granted to the Bishop of Lincoln made them possible, King John died of dysentery in Newark in 1216. Around the time of Edward IIIs death, and excluding beggars and clergy, in January 1571 or 1572, the composer Robert Parsons fell into the swollen River Trent at Newark and drowned. There is no record of his ever having been retrieved from the river following his death. The dissolution affected Newarks political landscape heavily, and even more changes came in 1547 when the Bishop of Lincoln exchanged ownership of the town with the Crown. Newark was incorporated under an alderman and twelve assistants in 1549, during the English Civil War, Newark was a mainstay of the royalist cause, Charles I having raised his standard in nearby Nottingham. It was attacked in February 1643 by two troops of horsemen, but beat them back. The town fielded at times as many as 600 soldiers, and raided Nottingham, Grantham, Northampton, Gainsborough, and others with mixed success, but enough to cause it to rise to national notice
47.
Retford
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Retford is a market town in Nottinghamshire in the East Midlands of England, located 31 miles from the city of Nottingham, and 23 miles west of Lincoln, in the district of Bassetlaw. The population of the town at the 2011 census was 22,013, the town is situated in a valley with the River Idle and the Chesterfield Canal running through the centre of the town. The village of Ordsall, west of the River Idle and the East Coast Main Line railway, Retford is under the control of Bassetlaw District Council, with their base being located in neighbouring Worksop. Retford is twinned with the town of Pfungstadt, Germany, Retford gained its first charter in 1246, when Henry III granted the right for a fair, this was later extended to holding a Saturday Market by Edward I in 1275. It was reformed by the Municipal Corporations Act 1835, and then remained a municipal borough until 1974 when it was merged into Bassetlaw district and its civic traditions are maintained by Charter Trustees. The origins of its name are unknown and have been subject to much debate and it was originally named Redforde because the river water was tinged red due to the red clay river bed and frequent crossing of people and livestock disturbing the clay river bed. The first land settled was on the side of the ford. This was known as West Retforth, the highly unusual coat of arms for the town consists of two rampant choughs. On 27 June 2007, a few low-lying parts of the town were affected by the 2007 United Kingdom floods, the majority of Kings Park was flooded under three feet of water. The Asda and Morrisons supermarkets adjacent to the river were also flooded, in the Market Square there is an ornate French-inspired Victorian Town Hall, in front of which is The Broad Stone. Legend says that this stone had a hollow in it used to be filled with vinegar during plague times to disinfect coins. However, it is thought to be the base of a boundary marker - perhaps the Dominie Cross. Also in the Market Square is the war memorial unveiled by Sir Frederick Milner in 1921, the memorial is in the form of an Eleanor cross, an octagonal structure of late gothic design. The names of the men killed in World War I are on the lower 8 panels, the monument was designed by architect Leonard W. Barnard F. R. I. B. A. of Cheltenham. The memorial is constructed of Stancliffe stone from Darley Dale, Derbyshire, just across from the Market Square is Cannon Square which has St Swithuns Church and a cannon captured from the Russians during the Siege of Sevastopol at the end of the Crimean War in 1856. From 2011, Retford was made the European town of respect, each yeah retford has been this for 7 years at August. Nikolaus Pevsner, architectural historian, was scathing about Retford. A singularly unattractive town, he wrote, however Bill Bryson, the American author and former president of the Campaign to Protect Rural England praised the town
48.
Doncaster
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Doncaster, is a large market town in South Yorkshire, England. Together with its suburbs and settlements, the town forms part of the Metropolitan Borough of Doncaster. The town itself has a population of 109,805, the Doncaster Urban Area had a population of 158,141 in 2011 and includes Doncaster and the neighbouring small village of Bentley as well as some other villages. Possibly inhabited by people, Doncaster grew up at the site of a Roman fort constructed in the 1st century at a crossing of the River Don. The 2nd century Antonine Itinerary and the early 5th century Notitia Dignitatum called this fort Danum, julius Agricola during the late 70s. Doncaster provided a direct land route between Lincoln and York. The main route between Lincoln and York was Ermine Street, which required parties to break into smaller units to cross the Humber in boats, as this was not always practical, the Romans considered Doncaster to be an important staging post. The Roman road through Doncaster appears on two recorded in the Antonine Itinerary. The itinerary include the section of road between Lincoln and York, and list three stations along the route between these two coloniae. Routes 7 and 8 are entitled the route from York to London, several areas of known intense archaeological interest have been identified in the town, although many—in particular St Sepulchre Gate—remain hidden under buildings. The Roman fort is believed to have located on the site that is now covered by St Georges Minster. The Register names the unit as under the command of the Duke of the Britons, Doncaster is generally believed to be the Cair Daun listed as one of the 28 cities of Britain in the 9th century History of the Britons traditionally attributed to Nennius. It was certainly an Anglo-Saxon burh, during which period it received its present name, Don- from the Roman settlement, the settlement was mentioned in the 1003 will of Wulfric Spott. Shortly after the Norman Conquest, Nigel Fossard refortified the town, by the time of the Domesday Book, Hexthorpe in the wapentake of Strafforth was described as having a church and two mills. The historian David Hey says that these represent the settlement at Doncaster. He also suggests that the street name Frenchgate indicates that Fossard invited fellow Normans to trade in the town, as the 13th century approached, Doncaster matured into a busy town, in 1194 King Richard I granted it national recognition with a town charter. Doncaster had a fire in 1204, from which it slowly recovered. At the time, buildings were built of wood, and open fireplaces were used for cooking and heating, in 1248 a charter was granted for Doncaster Market to be held around the Church of St Mary Magdalene, built in Norman times
49.
Pontefract
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Pontefract is a historic market town in West Yorkshire, England, near the A1 and the M62 motorway. Pontefracts motto is Post mortem patris pro filio, Latin for After the death of the father, support the son, at the end of the 11th century, the modern township of Pontefract consisted of two distinct and separate localities known as Tanshelf and Kirkby. Such a crossing point would have been important in the early days. Historians believe that, in all probability, it is this event which gives the township of Pontefract its modern name. The name Pontefract originates from the Latin for broken bridge, formed of the elements pons, Pontefract was not recorded in the 1086 Domesday Book, but it was noted as Pontefracto in 1090, four years after the Domesday survey. In 2007 a suspected extension of Ferrybridge Henge – a Neolithic henge – was discovered near Pontefract during a survey in preparation for the construction of a row of houses, once the survey was complete, the construction continued. The modern town is situated on an old Roman road, described as the Roman Ridge, the period of Yorkshires history between the demise of the Viking king Eric Bloodaxe in 954 and the arrival of the Normans in 1068 is known as the Anglo-Scandinavian age. The modern township of Pontefract consisted of two Anglo-Scandinavian settlements, known as Tanshelf and Kirkby, in Yorkshire, place-name locations often contain the distinctive Danish -by i. e. Kirkby. And even today, the streets in Pontefract are designated by the Danish word gate e. g. Bailygate. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle makes its first reference to Tanshelf in the year 947 when King Eadred of England met with the council of Northumbria to accept its submission. King Eadred did not enjoy Northumbrias support for long, and a year later the kingdom voted Eric Bloodaxe King of York, when the Doomsday Book was commissioned by William the Conqueror in 1086 Tanshelf was still a sizeable settlement for the period. The town had a priest,60 petty burgesses,16 cottagers,16 villagers and 8 smallholders, Tanshelf also had a church, a fishery and three mills. Archaeologists have discovered the remains of the church on The Booths in Pontefract, off North Baileygate, the oldest grave dates from around 690. The church is likely to be at Tanshelf and may have similar to the church at Ledsham. The area which is now the market place was the original meeting place of the Osgoldcross wapentake. In the Anglo-Saxon period a part of the township of Pontefract was known by the Anglo-Scandinavian name of Kirkby. Pontefract Castle began as a motte and bailey castle, built before 1086. The de Lacys lived in the castle for more than two centuries and were holders of the castle and the Honour of Pontefract from 1067 until the death of Alice de Lacy in 1348, King Richard II was murdered at the castle in 1400
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