1.
Honiton
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Honiton is a market town and civil parish in East Devon, situated close to the River Otter,17 miles north east of Exeter in the county of Devon. Honiton has an estimated at 11,822. The town grew along the line of the Fosse Way, the ancient Roman road linking Exeter to Lincoln on which it was an important stopping point, the location is mentioned in the Domesday Book as Honetone, meaning Hunas tun or farmstead. It became an important market town, known for its lace making that was introduced by Flemish immigrants in the Elizabethan era, the town also became known for its pottery. In 1765 the town was destroyed by fire. Georgian houses were built to replace some of those that had been destroyed. The buildings of High Street are almost all Georgian, dating from after the two fires of 1747 and 1765, of particular interest are Marwood House,1619, and the Manor House, which was originally a coaching inn. Honiton Garage dates from about 1700 and the Market Hall has a modest early-19th-century stone front, St Michaels Parish Church, which was rebuilt in 1911 after a fire, is situated on a small hill above the town. The old church was large and perfectly rectangular, it was built in the Perpendicular style, the west tower and the outer walls are all that remains of the old building. The cost of the building was paid by Bishop Courtenay of Exeter, lord of the manor of Honiton and by John. The mid-19th-century St Pauls Church was designed by Charles Fowler and is situated in the centre of the town and its erection in 1835 required an act of Parliament and the demolition of half of the adjacent Allhallows Chapel. It was built in 1837–38 in a style incorporating elements of Romanesque architecture, there are pinnacles on the tower and the arcades inside have tall columns, above the nave is a clerestory which resembles those in early Christian basilicas. Honiton is host to the annual Honiton Agricultural Show, an event dating back to 1890. The Hot Pennies ceremony takes place annually on the first Tuesday after 19 July in the High Street of the town, and dates back to the reign of King Stephen. The ceremony has its roots in the practice of landed gentry taking pleasure in throwing hot pennies from windows to local peasants, the custom also had the purpose of encouraging people to travel to the town from the surrounding area to attend a subsequent fair. Warm pennies are then thrown from a number of balconies in the High Street to crowds of local people, the pole is then kept on display for the following fair week. The children of Honiton Community College are allowed off campus for the duration of the Hot Pennies Ceremony itself, Honiton has two primary schools, Honiton Primary School and Littletown Primary School, and a secondary school, Honiton Community College, which includes a sixth form. Honiton is at the junction of the A35, the A30, the A30 now bypasses the town to the north
2.
A30 road
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The A30 is a major road in England, running south-west from London to Lands End. The road has one of the most important in Britain since the 17th century. It used to provide the most direct route from London to the South West, nowadays much of this function is performed by the M3 motorway, however, the section from Honiton to Lands End is a dual carriageway for most of its length and retains trunk road status. The A30 begins at Henlys Roundabout, a junction with the A4 near Hounslow and it runs along the south side of Heathrow Airport, then past Ashford and Staines-upon-Thames, before reaching the M25 motorway. This first section is entirely dual carriageway, after crossing the M25, the A30 runs parallel to the M3 all the way to Basingstoke, bypassing Egham and passing through Bagshot, Camberley, Hartley Wintney and Hook. Just west of Basingstoke, at junction 8 of the M3, the A30 runs parallel to this road all the way to just north-east of Honiton, passing through Stockbridge, Salisbury, Shaftesbury, Sherborne, Yeovil, Crewkerne and Chard. Between the M25 and Honiton, the A30 is mostly single carriageway, however, there are short stretches of dual carriageway from Camberley to Basingstoke, which has a dualled inner ring road, two between Stockbridge and Salisbury, and between Sherborne and Yeovil. This section is a road as far as Penzance. It is mostly dual carriageway, but there are short sections of single carriageway. To pass Exeter, through traffic can join the M5 motorway for three miles, West of Exeter, the A30 is dual carriageway through Devon and into Cornwall, bypassing Whiddon Down, Okehampton and Launceston. The dual carriageway continues through Cornwall to Bodmin Moor, where there is a stretch of single carriageway. The dual carriageway resumes until Carland Cross, after there is a single carriageway stretch to Chiverton Cross. Highways England are currently progressing plans to dual this section of carriageway, from Chiverton Cross, the dual carriageway bypasses Redruth and Camborne. The A30 returns to single carriageway west of Camborne, and a bypass takes the road around Hayle. Between Hayle and Penzance, the A30 returns to the original route, approaching Penzance, the A30 briefly becomes a dual carriageway once again. Once west of Penzance, the A30 becomes a rural road running through or past several villages. A large section of the A30 follows the course of the historic London – Lands End coaching road, the road appeared on John Ogilbys map of Britain in 1675, and was covered by Ogilbys later strip-maps showing The Road from London to The Lands End in Cornwall. Beyond Exeter, the route went via Plymouth and then followed the Cornish south coast via St Austell down to Penzance, some distance away from the modern A30
3.
A37 road
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The A37 is a major road in southern England. It runs north from the A35 at Dorchester in Dorset into Somerset through Yeovil, the road is entirely single carriageway, except in the Yeovil and Bristol built-up areas, at Ilchester, and north of Dorchester. The road is subject to a stream of speed restrictions where it winds through a number of small villages and these parts of the road can be dangerous, especially where wide vehicles pass on sections where buildings are close to the road. Such a route has now superseded by the M27 and M3. From the Podimore roundabout northeast of Ilchester to Shepton Mallet the route traces that of the Fosse Way, one of the worst accident spots on the A37 was the A371 junction just south of Shepton Mallet. The junction was very busy and suffered long traffic queues due to the nature of the road. This muddled configuration resulted in road traffic accidents, many of which were fatal. After a long campaign for the junction to be replaced, a roundabout was constructed in 1999 significantly improving road safety, there have been few other construction schemes on the road in recent decades. In recent years most of the lanes, provided on steep stretches just south of Bristol, have been blocked out with chevrons
4.
A354 road (Great Britain)
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The A354 is a primary route in England which runs from Salisbury in Wiltshire to Easton on the Isle of Portland in Dorset, a total distance of 51 miles. From Salisbury the road crosses Cranborne Chase and briefly merges with the A350 at the Blandford Forum bypass before crossing the Dorset Downs,7 miles to the west it splits from the Dorchester bypass and runs south. The road now bypasses Upwey and Broadwey on a new section of road which has some 2 lane sections going north and 1 lane continuously going south towards Weymouth, after the old and new sections meet at Manor Roundabout the road follows down Weymouth Way alongside Radipole Lake. The final stretch runs across a bridge over Chesil beach onto Portland. The project was to build a 3. 75-mile single carriageway road, with crawler lane along part, the main carriageway of the Weymouth Relief Road opened on Thursday 17 March 2011. The 2012 Olympics at Portland played a factor in making £89m funding for the road available. 1983 - The Dorset Structure Plan proposed to construct the A354 Weymouth, december 1987 to April 1988 - a public inquiry was held into proposals for development in the Lorton area which included a new single carriagewayroute running from Mount Pleasant to Littlemoor. These proposals were refused consent by the Secretary of State, between 1989 and 1992 - various studies and consultation exercises undertaken into alternative route options and alignments for a dual carriageway road between the Ridgeway and north Weymouth. 1992 - work on an application and Environmental Statement for this scheme began. July 1994 - a dual carriageway road along the alignment was granted planning permission,1996 - A public inquiry into the Compulsory Purchase and Side Road Orders was held. The Secretary of State approved these orders, however, work on the scheme was never started as, following a Government review of road construction, the funding for the scheme was not forthcoming. The planning permission lapsed after 5 years, following the lapse of permission Dorset County Council undertook a review of the previously consented scheme. September 2005 - a planning application and Environmental Statement for a road along the route was submitted by Dorset County Council. As a result of the councils re-assessment, changes were made to the September 2005 proposals, March 2011 - Relief Road was opened Dorset for you - Weymouth Relief Road
5.
A31 road
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The A31 is a major trunk road in southern England that runs from Guildford in Surrey to Bere Regis in Dorset. The old route to Winchesters centre then Romsey and the New Forest forms two roads, the B3404 and A3090 roads and is marked for cyclists and it passes Wimborne Minster and by-passes Charborough Park before terminating at a roundabout junction with the A35 road at Bere Regis. The A35 is not a road east of Bere Regis. The A31 is part of the ancient route from London to Winchester, many sections of the A31 were upgraded to dual carriageway in the 1960s, except for the section of road running through the New Forest. The upgrade of the A31 through the New Forest started in the early 1960s, the Governments intention was to create at least one high-speed route to the south coast, while the guardians of the forest, the Verderers, resisted any further development. The first section of the A31 to be dualled was the section that the M27 feeds into at Jct1, further developments occurred from Ringwood to Picket Post near the turn-off for Burley. From 1966-1972, the sections were completed rapidly due to the construction of the M27 motorway up to Jct 1. The Highways Agency declares the New Forest A31 section as being an abnormal, the westbound route, particularly, suffers from poor horizontal and vertical alignment due to its original function as an old single carriageway. Dorset County Council cites relieving this junction as a priority in the Bournemouth LTP 2006-2011. In December 2014 the Government announced a series of schemes as part of an investment in transport infrastructure that included widening the Westbound carriageway to 3 lanes. This section of road is single carriageway for its length, a long section around Winterborne Zelston has a 40 mph speed limit. There are no good overtaking places on this stretch of road due to its narrow, there are three long straight sections of road along Charborough Park, at the end of each straight there is blind bend. Due to the lack of alternative overtaking places traffic use this stretch of road to overtake, the 6 ft wall that runs alongside the road has many holes, and repaired sections which have been hit by cars over the years. The A31 crosses the A350 at a large roundabout, due to the volume of traffic crossing this roundabout on both the A350 and A31, clear lane markings have been added to ease congestion. Sections along the A31 have been widened or straightened and junctions enhanced, a section of the A31 between Winchester and Ower in Hampshire is now known as the A3090. A short dual carriageway section starts from the A36 roundabout near Ower, SABRE - A31 Highways Agency A31 Route Management Strategy
6.
A350 road
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The A350 is a north-south primary route in southern England, that runs from the M4 motorway in Wiltshire to Poole in Dorset. The Chippenham bypass is punctuated by six more roundabouts, the last being at the Lackham College, in so doing it crosses the A420 to Bristol and the A4 for Bath to the West and Calne to the East. It then goes past the village of Lacock before reaching Melksham four miles later. The road then follows the Semington bypass, opened in 2004, to Westbury and this section of the road has two light-controlled junctions to connect the road to outlying areas of Trowbridge before reaching the Yarnbrook roundabout. This section is approximately 5 miles long, the road passes through the hamlet of Cann and the villages of Compton Abbas, Fontmell Magna, Sutton Waldron, Iwerne Minster and Stourpaine before reaching Blandford Forum. At Blandford Forum is another bypass built to ease town centre traffic where the A350 crossed and merged with the A354, the bypass still merges the two roads for a short stretch. There are four roundabouts on this section, the last of which sees the two go their separate ways. The road then passes through the villages of Charlton Marshall, Spetisbury, before reaching Poole, the road joins the A35 at a grade separated junction before separating again at a roundabout at the north east end of Holes Bay. This section is a dual carriageway as far as Poole Railway Station, the final section crosses the Black Water Channel by the Poole Bridge before terminating at the roundabout on New Harbour Road where the Ferry Port is located. When first designated in 1922 the A350 ran only from Warminster to Poole, by 1948 the road had been extended north from Warminster to Chippenham on the former routes of the A363 and the A364. In the 1990s the road was extended north from Chippenham to the M4 Motorway by renumbering the A429, the Chippenham bypass was built in the 1990s as a single carriageway and was designed for future widening to dual carriageway. Outline plans have been submitted to complete the sections, as far south as the junction with the A4 Bath Road. In 2004, the route between Melksham and Semington was replaced by a new road that bypassed Semington and, like the Chippenham bypass, was designed to be dualled at a future date, an aqueduct, New Semington Aqueduct, carries the Kennet and Avon Canal over this section. A controversial £33 million bypass around Westbury was initially proposed in 1997 with public consultation, the council submitted an initial planning application during 2005. The council said that the government indicated that it was in favour of the project in 2006, the Council presented a further planning application in 2007. The councils selected route would pass to the east of the town, the council expects it to reduce traffic through Westbury, create more space for cyclists & pedestrians and improve journey time reliability on the A350, by two minutes. The eastern bypass route is supported by the Westbury Bypass Now group, the route has been described as highly intrusive by the councils landscape officer. The scheme was called in in 2007, an Inquiry into the scheme was held in July 2008
7.
A338 road
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The A338 is a major primary route in southern England, that runs from the junction with the A35 at Poole in Dorset to the junction with the A420 at Besselsleigh in Oxfordshire, a distance of 84 miles. The road begins on the edge of Poole by the border with Bournemouth, before heading northward as a grade separated dual carriageway, heading northward up the east side of the Avon, it crosses to the west again near the town of Fordingbridge. It then joins the A30 road at St, marks Roundabout, before separating in a north-easterly direction to follow the entire length of the River Bourne. It has a junction with the main A303 road and then passes through the town of Tidworth. From there the road north to Collingbourne Ducis, where it twists through the village around the church to a mini-roundabout. It turns right to continue alongside the Bourne through another narrow stretch at Collingbourne Kingston to another mini-roundabout before again heading north. Near Burbage the continued route north to Swindon is designated A346 and it passes through the town of Hungerford, where it meets the A4 road. It meets the M4 motorway at junction 14, passes through the village of Great Shefford and it goes through Wantage where it meets the A417 road, and past the villages of Grove, East Hanney and Frilford. It terminates at its junction with the A420 road near Bessels Leigh,6 miles south-west of Oxford, the section of the A338 south of the A31 to the west of the Avon consists mostly of a relatively newly built road. Part is constructed along the trackbed of the former Ringwood, Christchurch, originally, the A338 went from Ringwood to Christchurch on the east side of the valley, along what is now the B3347. The Bournemouth Town Centre section of the A338 Wessex Way is carried on viaducts across the Bourne Valley. On 21 January 2010 Bournemouth Borough Council imposed a 40 mph speed limit on this section of A338 dual carriageway in an attempt to reduce the accident rate of 198 accidents in four years. In February 2011 it was announced that £20m of funding for repair works on the 6.5 miles stretch south of the junction with the A31 was turned down by the government. Dorset County Council had planned to work in September 2010. As a result of the funding request being unsuccessful, ad hoc work will now be carried out over a number of years instead of a period of about 6 months as originally planned. Dorset and Bournemouth councils are expected to meet the cost of the ad hoc work at around £1m per year and this section of the road has a poor safety record, it is heavily trafficked and the resulting risky overtaking is responsible for a number of head-on collisions. The A338 figures in Thomas Hardys Jude the Obscure, chapter 3, the point where the road crests the downs before beginning the steep drop into Wantage is the spot where young Jude stands one evening and looks out for the first time on Oxford
8.
A337 road
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The A337 road is a road in southern England that runs from the M27 motorway in Hampshire to Christchurch in Dorset. The A337 begins at junction 1 of the M27 motorway near Cadnam and it heads south through the New Forest to the large village of Lyndhurst. On account of the A337 being one of only a few roads into the New Forest. In Lyndhurst the A337 meets the A35 road, and rings Lyndhurst village centre as a large roundabout and it continues south through the village of Brockenhurst, where it crosses the South Western Main Line at a level crossing, to the town of Lymington. In Lymington the A337 avoids the town centre, and heads west through Everton and Downton to the town of New Milton and it crosses the border into Dorset, travels through Highcliffe High Street and terminates at a roundabout with the A35 road in Christchurch
9.
A36 road
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The A36 is a trunk road and primary route in southwest England that links the port city of Southampton to the city of Bath. At Bath, the A36 connects with the A4 road to Bristol, originally, the A36 continued to Avonmouth, but this section was renumbered to the A4. The majority of the A36 is built to single carriageway standard, the A36 in Salisbury acts as the citys ring road, bypassing the city centre to dual carriageway standard. Just south-east of Salisbury the largest dualled section runs for about 4 miles, the A36 reverts to single carriageway standard through Totton until it terminates
10.
M271 motorway
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The M271 is a motorway near Southampton in Hampshire, England. Construction began in 1973 and it opened in 1975 and it provides part of the route to Southampton Docks from the M27, which in turn makes up another part of the route to the docks from the nearby M3 Motorway. The motorway begins at Redbridge near Totton at a grade separated roundabout with the A35, heading north, at its first junction, it reduces to 2 lanes and continues east of Hillyfields. After a further 1 mile it reaches a junction with the M27 at a controlled roundabout. North of the M27 it enters the countryside and terminates after a further 1 mile of dual 2 lane road at another roundabout, this time with the A3057 near Upton. The route has several features that are inconsistent with UK motorway standards, including a sharp bend at its terminus. Hampshire County Councils LTTP to 2026 identifies the need for an M271 Spur at the end to connect it to the A33 towards the docks in a free-flow interchange. List of motorways in the United Kingdom CBRD Motorway Database – M271 Pathetic Motorways – M271 The Motorway Archive – M27/M271/M275/A3 Hampshire County Council LTTP 2011–2026
11.
A33 road
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The A33 is a major road in England, situated in the counties of Berkshire and Hampshire. The road currently runs in three disjoint sections, a two-year redevelopment scheme ran from early 2008 until late 2010, widening the northern section of the dual carriageway and significantly expanding and improving the motorway junction. The Mereoak Roundabout south of the motorway was replaced two separate junctions with traffic lights. The section south of the M4 is dual carriageway up to the county boundary with Hampshire, the second section of the A33 starts near Popham, southwest of Basingstoke at a junction with the A30. The road from here to Winchester is a mix of single and dual carriageway. The route runs through much of the borough of Basingstoke and Deane, at Kings Worthy, the road diverts onto part of the original Winchester Bypass, constructed in the late 1930s, up to the A34. The third section of A33 starts at the Chilworth Roundabout, a junction with the M3 and A27, and runs south into the centre of Southampton and further south to Ocean Village. It then turns west & into dual carriageway at a roundabout near the Isle of Wight ferry terminal, past the docks & through Town Quay to run along West Quay Road, continuing past Leisure World & Ikea. The A33 then bears left slightly to carry on along the Millbrook Road West dual carriageway to meet the M271 & A35 at Redbridge Flyover and this section of the route became part of the London - Southampton Trunk Road. The road was progressively detrunked as the M3 was extended, the Winchester Bypass was constructed in the mid 1930s. While a significant improvement at the time, as parts of the road were improved around it, it became increasingly ineffective. The bypass was subsequently replaced by the completion of the M3 over Twyford Down, media related to A33 road at Wikimedia Commons A33 route on OpenStreetMap
12.
A27 road
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The A27 is a major road in England. It runs from its junction with the A36 at Whiteparish in the county of Wiltshire and it closely parallels the south coast in Hampshire, then passes through West Sussex and terminates at Pevensey in East Sussex. It is one of the westernmost Zone 2 roads in the UK, between Portsmouth and Lewes, it is one of the busiest trunk roads in the UK. In 2002 an offpeak journey between Margate and Southampton via the M25 took 2 hours 30 minutes, and via the route using the A259. The reason why the route is so much slower than the M25 alternative is largely due to a series of bottlenecks on the A27. These include Chichester, Arundel, Worthing and Polegate, the British government announced, in its 2013 spending review, that it would go ahead with improvements to the Chichester bypass. The Highways Agency said that the proposals would be subject to consultation in July 2015. The preferred route would then be announced in September 2015 and the plan would be to start construction in February 2018 with a date of December 2019. However the timescales were then revised, there was a six-week public consultation period during Spring 2016. The proposed construction would commence in March 2019 with a completion date of March 2021. After five options were published and two dropped the government cancelled the project on 28 February 2017, citing lack of support from local authorities as the main reason. A proposed scheme to bypass Lancing and Sompting was dropped in 1988, a proposed scheme to bypass Arundel was dropped in 2003, although the junction at the end of the dual carriageway has been partly made into an underpass. Arundel and Worthing are both areas of traffic congestion during times of peak usage. A bridge over the crossing at Beddingham was completed on 22 August 2008. The original proposal called for a dual carriageway link with a bridge over the crossing. However, the project involved improving the original single carriageway road by providing two lanes westbound and one lane eastbound between the Southerham and Beddingham roundabouts. Despite the limited improvements to the A27, it is substantially quicker to travel from Southampton to Margate via the M25 route compared to the coast route of A259. Because of all the delays along its route, according to West Sussex County Council, further, it is widely considered by businesses on the coast to cost money and inhibit economic performance due to its unreliability and frequent congestion
13.
Southampton
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Southampton, on the south coast of England, is the largest city in the ceremonial county of Hampshire. It is 75 miles south-west of London and 19 miles north-west of Portsmouth, Southampton is a major port and the closest city to the New Forest. It lies at the northernmost point of Southampton Water at the confluence of the Rivers Test and Itchen, the city, which is a unitary authority, has an estimated population of 253,651. The citys name is abbreviated in writing to Soton or Soton. Significant employers in the city include the University of Southampton, Southampton Solent University, Southampton Airport, Ordnance Survey, BBC South, Southampton has a large shopping centre and retail park, Westquay. In 2014, the city approved a follow-up from the Westquay park, WestQuay Watermark. This built-up area is part of the area known as South Hampshire. With a population of over 1.5 million this makes the one of the United Kingdoms most populous metropolitan areas. Archaeological finds suggest that the area has been inhabited since the stone age, following the Roman invasion of Britain in AD43 and the conquering of the local Britons in 70 AD the fortress settlement of Clausentum was established. It was an important trading port and defensive outpost of Winchester, Clausentum was defended by a wall and two ditches and is thought to have contained a bath house. Clausentum was not abandoned until around 410, the Anglo-Saxons formed a new, larger, settlement across the Itchen centred on what is now the St Marys area of the city. The settlement was known as Hamwic, which evolved into Hamtun, archaeological excavations of this site have uncovered one of the best collections of Saxon artefacts in Europe. It is from this town that the county of Hampshire gets its name, viking raids from 840 onwards contributed to the decline of Hamwic in the 9th century, and by the 10th century a fortified settlement, which became medieval Southampton, had been established. Following the Norman Conquest in 1066, Southampton became the port of transit between the then capital of England, Winchester, and Normandy. By the 13th century Southampton had become a port, particularly involved in the import of French wine in exchange for English cloth. The Franciscan friary in Southampton was founded circa 1233, the friars constructed a water supply system in 1290, which carried water from Conduit Head some 1.7 kilometres to the site of the friary inside the town walls. Further remains can be observed at Conduit House on Commercial Road, the friars granted use of the water to the town in 1310. The town was sacked in 1338 by French, Genoese and Monegasque ships, on visiting Southampton in 1339, Edward III ordered that walls be built to close the town
14.
Roads in the United Kingdom
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Roads in the United Kingdom form a network of varied quality and capacity. Road distances are shown in miles or yards and UK speed limits are indicated in miles per hour or by the use of the speed limit symbol. Some vehicle categories have various lower maximum limits enforced by speed limiters, enforcement of UK road speed limits increasingly uses speed guns, automated in-vehicle systems and automated roadside traffic cameras. A unified numbering system is in place for Great Britain, whilst in Northern Ireland, the earliest specifically engineered roads were built during the British Iron Age. The road network was expanded during the Roman occupation, some of these survive and others were lost. New roads were added in the Middle Ages and from the 17th century onwards, certain aspects of the legal framework remain under the competence of the United Kingdom parliament. Although some roads have much older origins, the network was subject to development from the 1950s to the mid-1990s. From then, construction of roads has become controversial with direct action campaigns by environmentalists in opposition. In the UK, vehicles drive on the left and on multi-lane carriageways drivers are expected to keep to the left lane except when overtaking, in Great Britain, the Highway Code applies to drivers. In Northern Ireland, the Highway Code for Northern Ireland applies, UK speed limits are shown in mph. With a few exceptions, they are in multiples of 10, unless a lower speed limit is posted on a road, the national speed limit applies, which varies between class of vehicles and the type of road. In a built-up area, unless signs indicate otherwise, a limit of 30 miles per hour applies, other limits are shown in the table. For a road to be classed as a carriageway, the two directions of traffic flow must be physically separated by a central reservation. Roads in the UK are classified as M, A, or B roads, as well as categories of more minor roads, for internal purposes. These numbers follow a zonal system, there is no available explanation for the allocation of road numbers in Northern Ireland. The majority of the major routes are motorways, and are designed to carry long distance traffic. The next category is the A roads, which form the route network. A primary route is defined as, primary destinations are usually cities and large towns, to which, as a result of their size, a high volume of traffic is expected to go
15.
Bridport
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Bridport is a market town in Dorset, England, situated approximately 1.5 miles inland from the English Channel near the confluence of the small River Brit and its tributary the Asker. Its origins are Saxon and it has a history as a rope-making centre. On the coast and within the boundary is West Bay. In the 21st century Bridports arts scene has contributed to the town becoming increasingly popular with people from outside the locality and it has an arts centre, theatre, library, cinema and museum, and several annual events. It features as Port Bredy in the fictional Wessex of Thomas Hardys novels, in the 2011 census the population of Bridports built-up area was 13,568. The town is twinned with Saint-Vaast-la-Hougue, France, Bridports name probably derives from another location nearby. In the early 10th century the Burghal Hidage recorded the existence of a centre or burh in this area, called Brydian. A probable location for an earlier burh is at Littlebredy, in 1086 the Domesday Book recorded that the town was called Brideport, port is Old English for a market town, thus Brideport may have described the market town belonging to or associated with Bredy. At a later date, in a reversal of a more typical derivation, the town lent its name to the river on which it stood, previously this had been the River Wooth, the Domesday Book recorded that Bridport had 120 houses in the reign of Edward the Confessor. In 1253 the town was awarded its first charter by Henry III, around this time the town was also subjected to attacks by raiding French and Spanish forces. Since the Middle Ages Bridport has been associated with the production of rope, the earliest official record of this industry dates from 1211, when King John ordered that Bridport make as many ropes for ships both large and small and as many cables as you can. The raw materials needed, flax and hemp, used to be grown in the surrounding countryside, Bridports main street is particularly wide due to it previously having been used to dry the ropes, after they had been spun in long gardens behind the houses. Ropes for gallows used to be made in the town, hence the phrase stabbed with a Bridport dagger being used to describe a hanging, in the English Civil War the population of Bridport mainly supported the royalists. At the end of the war in 1651 Charles II briefly stayed in the town as he sought to escape Parliamentarian forces after his defeat at the Battle of Worcester, many buildings in Bridport, particularly in the main street, date from the 18th century. Bridport Town Hall was built in 1785-6, with its clock tower, older buildings can be found in South Street, and include the 13th-century St. Marys parish church, the 14th-century chantry and the 16th-century Bridport Museum. In 1857 the Bridport Railway was opened, which joined the town with the national rail network. This benefitted the towns industry and brought cheaper goods such as coal to the area. In 1884 the line was extended from Bridports station to a new terminus on the coast at Bridport Harbour, the West Bay extension closed to passengers in 1930 and all traffic in 1962
16.
Dorchester, Dorset
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Dorchester is the county town of Dorset, England. It is situated between Poole and Bridport on the A35 trunk route, the area around the town was first settled in prehistoric times. After the departure of the Romans, the town diminished in significance and it was the site of the Bloody Assizes presided over by Judge Jeffreys after the Monmouth Rebellion, and later the trial of the Tolpuddle Martyrs. In the 2011 census, the population of Dorchester was 19,060, the Brewery Square redevelopment project is taking place in phases, with other development projects planned. The town has a college, Kingston Maurward College, the Thomas Hardye Upper School. The Dorset County Hospital offers an accident and emergency service, through vehicular traffic is routed round the town by means of a bypass. The town has a club and a rugby union club, several museums. It is twinned with three towns in Europe, as well as having many listed buildings, a number of notable people have been associated with the town. It was for years the home and inspiration of the author Thomas Hardy. Dorchesters roots stem back to prehistoric times, different tribes lived there from 4000 BC. The Durotriges were likely to have been there when the Romans arrived in Britain in 43 AD and it appears to have taken part of its name from the local Durotriges tribe who inhabited the area. The remains of the Roman walls that surrounded the town can still be seen, the majority have been replaced by pathways that form a square inside modern Dorchester known as The Walks. A small segment of the wall remains near the Top o Town roundabout. Other Roman remains include part of the walls and the foundations of a town house near the county hall. Modern building works within the walls have unearthed Roman finds, in 1936 a cache of 22,000 3rd-century Roman coins was discovered in South Street. Other Roman finds include silver and copper known as Dorn pennies, a gold ring. The County Museum contains many Roman artefacts, the Romans built an aqueduct to supply the town with water. It was rediscovered in 1900 as the remains of a cut into the chalk
17.
Poole
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Poole /puːl/ is a large coastal town and seaport in the county of Dorset, on the south coast of England. The town is 33 kilometres east of Dorchester, and adjoins Bournemouth to the east, the local council is Borough of Poole and was made a unitary authority in 1997, gaining administrative independence from Dorset County Council. The borough had a population of 147,645 at the 2011 census, together with Bournemouth and Christchurch, the town forms the South East Dorset conurbation with a total population of over 465,000. Human settlement in the dates back to before the Iron Age. The earliest recorded use of the name was in the 12th century when the town began to emerge as an important port. Later, the town had important trade links with North America and, at its peak during the 18th century, in the Second World War, Poole was one of the main departing points for the Normandy landings. Poole is a tourist resort, attracting visitors with its natural harbour, history. The town has a port with cross-Channel freight and passenger ferry services. The headquarters of the Royal National Lifeboat Institution are in Poole, despite their names, Poole is the home of The Arts University Bournemouth, the Bournemouth Symphony Orchestra and a significant part of Bournemouth University. The towns name derives from a corruption of the Celtic word bol, variants include Pool, Pole, Poles, Poll, Polle, Polman, and Poolman. The area around modern Poole has been inhabited for the past 2,500 years, during the 3rd century BC, Celts known as the Durotriges moved from hilltop settlements at Maiden Castle and Badbury Rings to heathland around the River Frome and Poole Harbour. The Romans landed at Poole during their conquest of Britain in the 1st century and took over an Iron Age settlement at Hamworthy, in Anglo-Saxon times, Poole was included in the Kingdom of Wessex. The settlement was used as a base for fishing and the harbour a place for ships to anchor on their way to the River Frome, following the Norman conquest of England, Poole rapidly grew into a busy port as the importance of Wareham declined. The town was part of the manor of Canford, but does not exist as an entry in the Domesday Book. The earliest written mention of Poole occurred on a document from 1196 describing the newly built St Jamess Chapel in La Pole. The Lord of the Manor, Sir William Longspée, sold a charter of liberties to the burgesses of Poole in 1248 to raise funds for his participation in the Seventh Crusade. Consequently, Poole gained a measure of freedom from feudal rule and acquired the right to appoint a mayor. In 1568, Poole gained further autonomy when it was granted independence from Dorset
18.
Bournemouth
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Bournemouth /ˈbɔːrnməθ/ is a large coastal resort town on the south coast of England directly to the east of the Jurassic Coast, a 96-mile World Heritage Site. According to the 2011 census, the town has a population of 183,491 making it the largest settlement in Dorset. With Poole to the west and Christchurch in the east, Bournemouth forms the South East Dorset conurbation, before it was founded in 1810 by Lewis Tregonwell, the area was a deserted heathland occasionally visited by fishermen and smugglers. Initially marketed as a resort, the town received a boost when it appeared in Dr Granvilles book. Bournemouths growth really accelerated with the arrival of the railway and it became a town in 1870. Historically part of Hampshire, it joined Dorset with the reorganisation of government in 1974. Since 1997, the town has been administered by a unitary authority, the local council is Bournemouth Borough Council. The town centre has notable Victorian architecture and the 202-foot spire of St Peters Church, Bournemouths location has made it a popular destination for tourists, attracting over five million visitors annually with its beaches and popular nightlife. The town is also a centre of business, home of the Bournemouth International Centre or BIC. The word bourne, meaning a stream, is a derivative of burna. A travel guide published in 1831 calls the place Bourne Cliffe or Tregonwells Bourne after its founder, the Spas of England, published ten years later, calls it simply Bourne as does an 1838 edition of the Hampshire Advertiser. In the late 19th century Bournemouth became predominant, although its two-word form appears to have remained in use up until at least the early 20th century, in the 12th century the region around the mouth of the River Bourne was part of the Hundred of Holdenhurst. Although the Dorset and Hampshire region surrounding it had been the site of settlement for thousands of years, Westover was largely a remote. In 1574 the Earl of Southampton noted that the area was Devoid of all habitation, on this barren and uncultivated heath there was not a human to direct us. Bronze Age burials near Moordown, and the discovery of Iron Age pottery on the East Cliff in 1969, Hengistbury Head, added to the borough in 1932, was the site of a much older Palaeolithic encampment. No-one lived at the mouth of the Bourne river and the regular visitors to the area before the 19th century were a few fishermen, turf cutters. Prior to the Christchurch Inclosures Act 1802, more than 70% of the Westover area was common land, in 1809 the Tapps Arms public house appeared on the heath. A few years later, in 1812, the first official residents, retired army officer Lewis Tregonwell and his wife, the area was well known to Tregonwell who, during the Napoleonic wars, spent much of his time searching the heath and coastline for French invaders and smugglers
19.
Road
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Roads consist of one or two roadways, each with one or more lanes and any associated sidewalks and road verges. Roads that are available for use by the public may be referred to as parkways, avenues, freeways, interstates, highways, or primary, secondary, and tertiary local roads. In urban areas roads may diverge through a city or village and be named as streets, serving a function as urban space easement. Modern roads are normally smoothed, paved, or otherwise prepared to allow easy travel, historically many roads were simply recognizable routes without any formal construction or maintenance. In the United Kingdom there is ambiguity between the terms highway and road. The Highway code details rules for road users and this includes footpaths, bridleways and cycle tracks, and also road and driveways on private land and many car parks. Vehicle Excise Duty, a use tax, is payable on some vehicles used on the public road. The definition of a road depends on the definition of a highway, in the United States, laws distinguish between public roads, which are open to public use, and private roads, which are privately controlled. The assertion that the first pathways were the trails made by animals has not been universally accepted, others believe that some roads originated from following animal trails. The Icknield Way is given as an example of type of road origination. By about 10,000 BC, rough roads/pathways were used by human travelers, the worlds oldest known paved road was constructed in Egypt some time between 2600 and 2200 BC. Stone-paved streets are found in the city of Ur in the Middle East dating back to 4000 BC, corduroy roads are found dating to 4000 BC in Glastonbury, England. The Sweet Track, a timber causeway in England, is one of the oldest engineered roads discovered. Built in winter 3807 BC or spring 3806 BC, tree-ring dating enabled very precise dating and it was claimed to be the oldest road in the world until the 2009 discovery of a 6, 000-year-old trackway in Plumstead, London. Brick-paved streets were used in India as early as 3000 BC, in 500 BC, Darius I the Great started an extensive road system for Persia, including the Royal Road, which was one of the finest highways of its time. The road remained in use after Roman times, a hybrid of road transport and ship transport beginning in about 1740 is the horse-drawn boat in which the horse follows a cleared path along the river bank. From about 312 BC, the Roman Empire built straight strong stone Roman roads throughout Europe and North Africa, at its peak the Roman Empire was connected by 29 major roads moving out from Rome and covering 78,000 kilometers or 52,964 Roman miles of paved roads. In the 8th century AD, many roads were built throughout the Arab Empire, the most sophisticated roads were those in Baghdad, which were paved with tar
20.
Southern England
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Southern England, or the South of England, also known as the South, refers roughly to the southern counties of England. The extent of area can take a number of different interpretations depending on the context, including geographical, cultural, political. Geographically, the extent of the south of England may vary from the southern one-third of the country, to the southern half, the South is often considered a principal cultural area of England, along with the Midlands and Northern England. Many consider the area to have a distinct identity from the rest of England, however without universal agreement on cultural, political. For statistical purposes, Southern England is divided into four regions, South West England, South East England, London, combined, these have a total area of 62,042 square kilometres, and a population of 28 million. People often apply the term loosely, without deeper consideration of the geographical identities of Southern England. This can cause confusion over the depth of affiliation between its areas, as in much of the rest of England, people tend to have a deeper affiliation to their county or city. Thus, residents of Essex are unlikely to feel much affinity with people in Oxfordshire, similarly, there is a strong distinction between natives of the south-west and south-east. The sport of rugby experienced a schism in 1895 with many based in Yorkshire, Lancashire and surrounding areas breaking from the Rugby Football Union. The disagreement that led to the split was over the issue of professional payments, there is a perception that league is the code of rugby played in the north, whilst union is the code played in the south. In most definitions, Southern England includes all the counties on/near the English Channel, the exact northern extent varies and as with most geographical regions, people sometimes debate the boundaries. Despite these definitions, the boundary is generally taken to correspond to an imaginary line from the Severn Estuary to the Wash
21.
Devon
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Devon, also known as Devonshire, which was formerly its common and official name, is a county of England, reaching from the Bristol Channel in the north to the English Channel in the south. It is part of South West England, bounded by Cornwall to the west, Somerset to the northeast, combined as a ceremonial county, Devons area is 6,707 km2 and its population is about 1.1 million. Devon derives its name from Dumnonia, which, during the British Iron Age, Roman Britain, the Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain resulted in the partial assimilation of Dumnonia into the Kingdom of Wessex during the eighth and ninth centuries. The western boundary with Cornwall was set at the River Tamar by King Æthelstan in 936, Devon was constituted as a shire of the Kingdom of England thereafter. The north and south coasts of Devon each have both cliffs and sandy shores, and the bays contain seaside resorts, fishing towns. The inland terrain is rural, generally hilly, and has a low density in comparison to many other parts of England. Dartmoor is the largest open space in southern England at 954 km2, to the north of Dartmoor are the Culm Measures and Exmoor. In the valleys and lowlands of south and east Devon the soil is fertile, drained by rivers including the Exe, the Culm, the Teign, the Dart. As well as agriculture, much of the economy of Devon is linked with tourism, in the Brittonic, Devon is known as Welsh, Dyfnaint, Breton, Devnent and Cornish, Dewnens, each meaning deep valleys. One erroneous theory is that the suffix is due to a mistake in the making of the original letters patent for the Duke of Devonshire. However, there are references to Defenascire in Anglo-Saxon texts from before 1000 AD, the term Devonshire may have originated around the 8th century, when it changed from Dumnonia to Defenascir. Kents Cavern in Torquay had produced human remains from 30–40,000 years ago, Dartmoor is thought to have been occupied by Mesolithic hunter-gatherer peoples from about 6000 BC. The Romans held the area under occupation for around 350 years. Devon became a frontier between Brittonic and Anglo-Saxon Wessex, and it was absorbed into Wessex by the mid 9th century. This suggests the Anglo-Saxon migration into Devon was limited rather than a movement of people. The border with Cornwall was set by King Æthelstan on the east bank of the River Tamar in 936 AD, the arrival of William of Orange to launch the Glorious Revolution of 1688 took place at Brixham. Devon has produced tin, copper and other metals from ancient times, Devons tin miners enjoyed a substantial degree of independence through Devons Stannary Parliament, which dates back to the 12th century. The last recorded sitting was in 1748, agriculture has been an important industry in Devon since the 19th century
22.
Hampshire
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Hampshire is a county on the southern coast of England in the United Kingdom. The county town of Hampshire is Winchester, the capital city of England. The larger South Hampshire metropolitan area has a population of 1,547,000, Hampshire is notable for housing the birthplaces of the Royal Navy, British Army, and Royal Air Force. It is bordered by Dorset to the west, Wiltshire to the north-west, Berkshire to the north, Surrey to the north-east, the southern boundary is the coastline of the English Channel and the Solent, facing the Isle of Wight. At its greatest size in 1890, Hampshire was the fifth largest county in England and it now has an overall area of 3,700 square kilometres, and measures about 86 kilometres east–west and 76 kilometres north–south. Hampshires tourist attractions include many seaside resorts and two parks, the New Forest and the South Downs. Hampshire has a maritime history and two of Europes largest ports, Portsmouth and Southampton, lie on its coast. The county is famed as home of writers Jane Austen and Charles Dickens, Hampshire takes its name from the settlement that is now the city of Southampton. Southampton was known in Old English as Hamtun, roughly meaning village-town, the old name was recorded in the Domesday book as Hantescire, and it is from this spelling that the modern abbreviation Hants derives. From 1889 until 1959, the county was named the County of Southampton and has also been known as Southamptonshire. The region is believed to have continuously occupied since the end of the last Ice Age about 12,000 BCE. At this time Britain was still attached to the European continent and was covered with deciduous woodland. The first inhabitants came overland from Europe, these were anatomically and behaviourally modern humans, notable sites from this period include Bouldnor Cliff. Agriculture had arrived in southern Britain by 4000 BCE, and with it a neolithic culture, some deforestation took place at that time, although it was during the Bronze Age, beginning in 2200 BCE, that this became more widespread and systematic. Hampshire has few monuments to show from early periods, although nearby Stonehenge was built in several phases at some time between 3100 BCE and 2200 BCE. It is maintained that by this period the people of Britain predominantly spoke a Celtic language, hillforts largely declined in importance in the second half of the second century BCE, with many being abandoned. Julius Caesar invaded southeastern England briefly in 55 and again in 54 BCE, notable sites from this period include Hengistbury Head, which was a major port. There is a Museum of the Iron Age in Andover, the Romans invaded Britain again in 43 CE, and Hampshire was incorporated into the Roman province of Britannia very quickly
23.
Trunk road
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Many trunk roads have segregated lanes in a dual carriageway, or are of motorway standard. In the United Kingdom, trunk roads were first defined for Great Britain in the Trunk Roads Act 1936, thirty major roads were classed as trunk roads and the minister of transport took direct control of them and the bridges across them. The Trunk Roads Act came into force in England and Wales on 1 April 1937 and this development did not extend to Northern Ireland, which has always had a separate system of highway and road traffic law. At that time,4,500 miles of British roads were classified as trunk roads, additional roads have been trunked, notably in the Trunk Roads Act 1946. Others, like virtually all British motorways, have entered the system as a result of new construction, as of 2004, Great Britain had 7,845 miles of trunk roads, of which 2,161 miles were motorways. The Welsh government has had responsibility for roads in Wales since its establishment in 1998. England has 4,814 miles, Scotland has 1,982 miles and Wales has 1,048 miles of trunk roads, highways England publishes a full network map of trunk roads and motorways in England. Most interurban trunk roads are primary routes, the category of roads recommended for long distance, not all primary routes are trunk roads, the difference being that maintenance of trunk roads is paid for by national government bodies rather than the local councils in whose area they lie. Primary routes are identified by their signs, which feature white text on a green background with route numbers in yellow. Trunk roads, like other A roads, can be either single- or dual-carriageway, a trunk road which has been upgraded to motorway standards may retain its original A number, but with an M in brackets to denote that motorway regulations apply on it. Long distance examples of this are the A1 in England, and it is possible for roads to be de-trunked – for example, when superseded by a motorway following a similar route – in which case they normally become ordinary A roads. When a road is de-trunked signposts are often replaced, and sometimes route numbers are changed, in Ireland, major roads were previously classified under an old system as trunk roads, and had route numbers prefixed by a T. Connecting roads were classified as roads, and had route numbers prefixed by an L. Many of these roads had their origins in historic routes, including turnpike roads, local road numbers were previously not signposted, although they are now indicated on signs in many areas of the country. The current L-prefixed local roads are unrelated to the previous L-prefixed link road classification, some former trunk roads, or sections of former trunk roads, became non-trunk regional roads under the new road numbering system introduced in the 1970s and 1980s. More recently, sections of national primary routes which have been bypassed by motorways or other road improvement schemes have been downgraded to regional road status. Though the term trunk road is not commonly used in American English, each state maintains all of its roads and tries to integrate them into a system appropriate for that state. The states of Michigan, Minnesota, and Wisconsin designate their highways as state trunklines or state trunk highways, not all state highways and state routes, however, serve this purpose or are constructed to these standards, many in rural areas are simple two-lane roads
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Dorset
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Dorset /ˈdɔːrsᵻt/ is a county in South West England on the English Channel coast. The ceremonial county comprises the county, which is governed by Dorset County Council. Covering an area of 2,653 square kilometres, Dorset borders Devon to the west, Somerset to the north-west, Wiltshire to the north-east, the county town is Dorchester which is in the south. After the reorganisation of government in 1974 the countys border was extended eastward to incorporate the Hampshire towns of Bournemouth. Around half of the lives in the South East Dorset conurbation. The county has a history of human settlement stretching back to the Neolithic era. The Romans conquered Dorsets indigenous Celtic tribe, and during the early Middle Ages, the first recorded Viking raid on the British Isles occurred in Dorset during the eighth century, and the Black Death entered England at Melcombe Regis in 1348. During the Second World War, Dorset was heavily involved in the preparations for the invasion of Normandy, the former was the sailing venue in the 2012 Summer Olympics, and both have clubs or hire venues for sailing, Cornish pilot gig rowing, sea kayaking and powerboating. Dorset has a varied landscape featuring broad elevated chalk downs, steep limestone ridges, over half the county is designated as an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. Three-quarters of its coastline is part of the Jurassic Coast Natural World Heritage Site due to its geological and it features notable landforms such as Lulworth Cove, the Isle of Portland, Chesil Beach and Durdle Door. Agriculture was traditionally the major industry of Dorset but is now in decline, there are no motorways in Dorset but a network of A roads cross the county and two railway main lines connect to London. Dorset has ports at Poole, Weymouth and Portland, and an international airport, the county has a variety of museums, theatres and festivals, and is host to one of Europes largest outdoor shows. It is the birthplace of Thomas Hardy, who used the county as the setting of his novels. Dorset derives its name from the county town of Dorchester, the Romans established the settlement in the 1st century and named it Durnovaria which was a Latinised version of a Common Brittonic word possibly meaning place with fist-sized pebbles. It is first mentioned in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle in AD845 and in the 10th century the countys archaic name, the first human visitors to Dorset were Mesolithic hunters, from around 8000 BC. The first permanent Neolithic settlers appeared around 3000 BC and were responsible for the creation of the Dorset Cursus, from 2800 BC onwards Bronze Age farmers cleared Dorsets woodlands for agricultural use and Dorsets high chalk hills provided a location for numerous round barrows. During the Iron Age, the British tribe known as the Durotriges established a series of forts across the county—most notably Maiden Castle which is one of the largest in Europe. The Romans arrived in Dorset during their conquest of Britain in AD43, Maiden Castle was captured by a Roman legion under the command of Vespasian, and the Roman settlement of Durnovaria was established nearby
25.
New Forest
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The New Forest is an area of southern England which includes one of the largest remaining tracts of unenclosed pasture land, heathland and forest in the heavily populated south east of England. It covers southwest Hampshire and extends into southeast Wiltshire and towards east Dorset, the name also refers to the New Forest National Park which has similar boundaries. There are many dotted around the area, and several small towns in the Forest. There are around 250 round barrows within its boundaries, and scattered boiling mounds, the Jutes were one of the early Anglo-Saxon tribal groups who colonised this area of southern Hampshire. The word ytene is also found locally as a synonym for giant, following the Norman Conquest, the New Forest was proclaimed a royal forest, in about 1079, by William the Conqueror. It was used for royal hunts, mainly of deer and it was created at the expense of more than 20 small hamlets and isolated farmsteads, hence it was then new as a single compact area. Two of Williams sons died in the forest, Prince Richard in 1081 and this Forest at present affordeth great variety of Game, where his Majesty oft-times withdraws himself for his divertisement. The reputed spot of Rufuss death is marked with a known as the Rufus Stone. Tirrell him seing not, Unwares him flew with dint of arrow shot, the common rights were confirmed by statute in 1698. The New Forest became a source of timber for the Royal Navy, in the Great Storm of 1703, about 4000 oak trees were lost. It also reconstituted the Court of Verderers as representatives of the Commoners, as of 2005, roughly 90% of the New Forest is still owned by the Crown. The Crown lands have been managed by the Forestry Commission since 1923, felling of broadleaved trees, and their replacement by conifers, began during the First World War to meet the wartime demand for wood. Further encroachments were made during the Second World War and this process is today being reversed in places, with some plantations being returned to heathland or broadleaved woodland. During the Second World War, an area of the forest, further New Forest Acts followed in 1949,1964 and 1970. The New Forest became a Site of Special Scientific Interest in 1971, the New Forest was proposed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in June 1999, and it became a National Park in 2005. Forest laws were enacted to preserve the New Forest as a location for royal deer hunting, there were also licences granted to gather bracken after Michaelmas Day as litter for animals. Along with grazing, pannage is still an important part of the Forests ecology, pigs can eat acorns without a problem, but for ponies and cattle large quantities of acorns can be poisonous. Pannage always lasts 60 days, but the date varies according to the weather –
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Exeter
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Exeter is a cathedral city in Devon, England with a population of 127,300. It lies within the county of Devon, of which it is the county town as well as the home of Devon County Council, currently, the administrative area has the status of a non-metropolitan district and is therefore under the administration of the County Council. The city is on the River Exe about 37 miles northeast of Plymouth and 70 miles southwest of Bristol, Exeter was the most south-westerly Roman fortified settlement in Britain, although there is evidence a Cornish tribe existed in Exeter before the Roman invasion. Exeter became a centre during the Middle Ages and into the Tudor times, Exeter Cathedral, founded in the mid 11th century. During the late 19th century, Exeter became an affluent centre for the wool trade, after the Second World War, much of the city centre was rebuilt and is now considered to be a centre for modern business and tourism in Devon and Cornwall. The name Exe is a development of the Brittonic name—meaning water or, more exactly, full of fish —that also appears in the English Axe and Esk, the Welsh Usk. Exeter began as settlements on a dry ridge ending in a spur overlooking a navigable river teeming with fish, although there have been no major prehistoric finds, these advantages suggest the site was occupied early. Coins have been discovered from the Hellenistic kingdoms, suggesting the existence of a settlement trading with the Mediterranean as early as 250 BC. Such early towns had been a feature of pre-Roman Gaul as described by Julius Caesar in his Commentaries, the Romans established a 42-acre playing-card shaped fort named Isca around AD55. To distinguish the two, the Romans also referred to Exeter as Isca Dumnoniorum, Watertown of the Dumnonii, a small fort was also maintained at Topsham, a supply depot on the route between the two was excavated at St Loyes on Topsham Road in 2010. The presence of the built up an unplanned civilian community of natives. This area was excavated in the 1970s, but could not be maintained for public view owing to its proximity to the present-day cathedral, in January 2015, it was announced that Exeter Cathedral had launched a bid to restore the baths and open an underground centre for visitors. In the late 2nd century, the ditch and rampart defences around the old fortress were replaced by a bank and wall enclosing a much larger area, although most of the visible structure is older, the course of the Roman wall was used for Exeters subsequent city walls. Thus about 70% of the Roman wall remains, and most of its route can be traced on foot, the dating of the coins so far discovered, however, suggests a rapid decline, virtually none have been discovered dated after the year 380. By that time, the city was held by the Saxons, Exeter was known to the Saxons as Escanceaster. In 876, it was attacked and briefly captured by Danish Vikings, alfred the Great drove them out the next summer. Over the next few years, he elevated Exeter to one of the four burhs in Devon and these permitted the city to fend off another attack and siege by the Danes in 893. King Athelstan again strengthened the walls around 928, and at the time drove out the remaining Britons from the city
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Charmouth
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Charmouth is a village and civil parish at the mouth of the River Char in West Dorset, England. Dorset County Council estimate that in 2013 the population of the parish was 1,310. In the 2011 census the population of the parish, combined with the parish of Catherston Leweston to the north, was 1,352. The history of Charmouth dates back to the Iron Age when a Celtic tribe, evidence of hill forts can still be seen in the area. The name Charmouth originated from the Saxon Cerne meaning stony river, historian George Roberts wrote, During the Saxon period, the neighbouring coast was particularly subject to the invasions of the Danes, concerning whom so much has been written. In 787, the Danes, Northern men, or Normans, a. D.833, according to the Saxon Chronicle, though some of our historians place the event in 831 or 832, a dreadful battle was fought at Charmouth. The Danes having met with repulses in other parts of the kingdom sailed to Charmouth where having landed, Speed says, they made cruel ravage and slaughter. Their fleet consisted of 35 ships, containing a powerful army, their force, Huntingdon remarks, must have amounted to 17,500 men. Egbert collected the whole force of the county, and marched to attack them, after they had continued their ravages, according to Matthew of Westminster, about a twelve month. The king had nearly succeeded in cutting them off as they were forming, he threw them into great confusion, the Saxons were routed, the night alone prevented their destruction by the infuriated invaders, by the favour of which, Speed says, the king hardly escaped. Among the number of the slain were two earls, his officers, Dudda and Osmond, Wigen, bishop of Sherborne. The Danes, finding a settlement would be liable to the attacks of the brave Egbert, retired to their ships with precipitation and they continued to hover about the coast. In 840, they effected a landing on the same spot, a successive series of invasions followed. In 1086 in the Domesday Book Charmouth was recorded as Cernemude and it was in Whitchurch Canonicorum Hundred and the tenant-in-chief was Count Robert of Mortain. A small trading ship was bound for St Malo. On the following day Charles left Charmouth pursued by troops, who were alerted to his presence by an employee of the inn. The buildings on either side of Charmouths main street vary in age, some of the cottages date from the 17th or 18th centuries. A number of buildings in the village have listed building status, abbots House is a grade II listed, early 16th-century house that was re-faced in the 18th century
28.
Axminster
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Axminster is a market town and civil parish on the eastern border of the county of Devon in England, some 28 miles from the county town of Exeter. The town is built on a hill overlooking the River Axe which heads towards the English Channel at Axmouth, at the 2001 census, it had a population of 5,626, increasing to 5,761 at the 2011 census. The town contains two wards the total sum of both wards being a population of 7,110. The market is held every Thursday. Axminster gave its name to a type of carpet, an Axminster-type power loom is capable of weaving high quality carpets with many varying colours and patterns. While Axminster carpets are made in the town by Axminster Carpets Ltd, the town dates back to the Celtic times of around 300 BC. It lies on two major Roman roads, the Fosse Way from Lincoln to Seaton, and the Dorchester to Exeter road, there was a Roman fort on the crossroads at Woodbury Farm, just south of the present town. Axminster appears on the Peutinger Map, one of only 15 British towns on that Roman era map, Axminster was recorded in the late 9th century as Ascanmynster and in the Domesday Book of 1086 as Aixeministra. The name means monastery or large church by the River Axe and is a mixture of languages, the history of the town is very much linked to the carpet industry, started by Thomas Whitty at Court House near the church in 1755. The completion of the early hand tufted carpets was marked by a peal of bells from the church as it took a great amount of time. In 1210, a charter was granted to the town included the right to hold a weekly cattle market which took place in the market square until it was moved to Trinity Square in 1834. It then moved in October 1912 to a site off South Street where it was held for 94 years and it finally closed in 2006 in the aftermath of the 2001 United Kingdom foot-and-mouth outbreak. A building on the site continued to be used for a general auction until all the buildings were demolished and replaced by a housing development. The town was on the route from London to Exeter. In 1760 a coaching inn named The George Hotel was opened on the corner of Lyme Street, over 16 coaches a day would stop at the hotel in its heyday for refreshments and to change horses, the building still stands but it is currently unoccupied. Part of the parish of Axminster had historically been an exclave of Dorset until the Counties Act 1844, Axminster railway station was opened on 19 July 1860, with the London and South Western Railway offering direct services between Central Station in Exeter and Yeovil. The station building was designed by the LSWRs architect Sir William Tite in mock gothic style, in 1903, the branch line from Axminster to Lyme Regis was opened. This branch line was closed with the Beeching cuts, in the 1960s, one engine has been preserved on the Bluebell Line, in Sussex, while the station was dismantled and reconstructed at New Alresford, on the Watercress Line, in Hampshire
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Dual carriageway
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A dual carriageway is a class of highway with carriageways for traffic travelling in opposite directions separated by a central reservation. Roads with two or more carriageways which are designed to higher standards with controlled access are generally classed as motorways, freeways, a road without a central reservation is a single carriageway regardless of the number of lanes. Dual carriageways have improved road traffic safety over single carriageways and typically have speed limits as a result. In some places, express lanes and local/collector lanes are used within a system to provide more capacity. A very early example of a dual carriageway was the Via Portuensis, in 1907 the Long Island Motor Parkway opened, and roughly 20% of it featured a semi-dual-carriageway design. The New York City Belt Parkway system, which was built between 1907 and 1934, also pioneered the same design, however the majority of it featured concrete or brick railings as lane dividers instead of grass medians. In 1924 the first Italian autostrada was opened running 55 km from Milan to Varese and it featured a broad road bed and did not feature lane dividers except near cities and through the mountains. The London end of the Great West Road became Britains first dual carriageway when it was opened in 1925 by King George V, in 1927 the Rome bypass was opened. It ran 92 km bypassing Rome to the east, almost the entire length featured a dual-carriageway design. In the early 1930s it was extended all the way to Naples. Most of the routing was destroyed by the Allies in the World War II. By 1930 several US and European cities had built dual-carriageway highways, in 1932 the first German autobahn opened between Cologne and Bonn. It ran 21 km and became a precedent for future highways, although it, like the first autostrada, did not feature a dual-carriageway design, it inspired the mass construction of future high-speed roadways. During the 1930s, Germany, Italy, and the Soviet Union began construction of a network of dual carriageway expressways. By 1942, Germany had over 3,200 km of dual carriageway roads, Italy had nearly 1,300 km, opened to traffic in 1940, the 160-mile-long Pennsylvania Turnpike was the first rural dual carriageway built in the United States. By 1955 several states had built dual carriageway freeways and turnpikes, completed in 1994, the major highway system links all the major cities of the United States. In the UK, although the dual carriageway applies to any road with physically separated lanes. Such major dual carriageways usually have two lanes of traffic in each direction, with the lane nearest the centre being reserved for overtaking, occasionally dual carriageways have only one lane in each direction, or more than two lanes each way
30.
Bypass (road)
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A bypass specifically designated for trucks may be called a truck route. Petrol stations, shopping centres and some businesses are often built there for ease of access, while homes are often avoided for noise. Bypass routes are often controversial, as they require the building of a road carrying heavy traffic where no road previously existed and this creates a conflict between those who support a bypass to reduce congestion in a built up area, and those who oppose the development of undeveloped land. However, those of the city may also oppose the project. World Largest Bypass Road in India All big City have 12 Bypass, the first London bypass, the present Marylebone Road between Paddington and Islington, was started in 1756. Bypasses can take years to gain planning approval and funding. Many towns and villages have been campaigning for bypasses for over 30 years e. g. Banwell in North Somerset, the protest was popularly known as the Third Battle of Newbury, a name which was also adopted by one of the main protest groups. The name was chosen in reference to the First Battle of Newbury of 1643, in the United States, bypass routes are a type of special route used on an alternative routing of a highway around a town when the main route of the highway goes through the town. The original designation of these routes were truck routes to divert truck traffic away from the town. However, many Truck routes remain where the mainline of the highway is prohibited for trucks, in a few cases, both a bypass and a business route exist, both with auxiliary signs. Bypass routes are less common than business routes, many of those that existed before the era of Interstate highways have lost their old designations. Around St. Louis, Missouri, what had been U. S. Route 50 Bypass was absorbed into a diversion of U. S. Route 50 from Interstate 44 and Interstate 64. In the Interstate Highway System in the United States, bypasses, another meaning of the term bypass route is a highway that was constructed to bypass an area that is often congested with traffic. This includes Interstate Highway beltways and U. S, highways constructed to circumvent downtown areas. Examples of these are U. S. Route 60 bypassing Williamsburg, Virginia, Route 31 bypassing metro South Bend, Indiana, and Interstate 75 bypassing Tampa and St. Petersburg, Florida. These bypasses usually carry mainline routes rather than auxiliary bypass routes, the first bypass route in the United States was completed in 1958, as Alabama State Route 210 in Dothan, Alabama. The term shoofly, while common in rail terminology, can also be applied to a short temporary roadway which bypasses a construction site or other obstruction, manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices uses the term diversion. In Brazil the widest and busiest bypasses are located in the state of São Paulo and it is divided into sections and connected to major highways and while not being a toll road itself, accesses to other motorways are often placed through toll booths
31.
Puddletown
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Puddletown is a village and associated civil parish in the West Dorset district of Dorset, England. The village is situated about 4.5 miles northeast of the county town Dorchester and is sited by the River Piddle and its civil parish covers 7,185 acres and extends to the neighbouring River Frome to the south. In 2013 the estimated population of the parish was 1,450. Puddletowns parish church has significant architectural interest, particularly its furnishings and it has a 12th-century font and well-preserved woodwork, including 17th-century box pews. Puddletown used to be known as Piddletown, but it was changed for reasons of social decorum, the timing of this change is uncertain but it probably began during the 19th century, though it wasnt officially sanctioned until the late 1950s. Puddletown provided the inspiration for the settlement of Weatherbury in Thomas Hardys novel Far from the Madding Crowd. Weatherbury Farm, the home of principal character Bathsheba Everdene, is based on a house within the parish. The name Puddletown means farmstead on the River Piddle and it derives from the Old English pidele, a river-name meaning fen or marsh, and tūn, meaning farmstead. In the Domesday Book of 1086 it was recorded as Pitretone, several settlements along the River Piddle derive their name from it, and previously they all were spelled like the river. However, whereas in the reaches of the river the settlement names—such as Piddletrenthide and Piddlehinton—retain the piddle spelling. Evidence of prehistoric occupation in the parish exists in the form of 30 round barrows, about half of which are sited over chalk. Many of the barrows have been damaged by more recent activities, the remains of strip lynchets of Celtic fields have been found near a few of the barrows. One of the three Rainbarrows on Duddle Heath has been excavated, bucket urns containing cremations from the site were taken to the Dorset County Museum, in the 21st century a section of the original road—which was 26 metres wide—was discovered in Puddletown Forest. There used to be several small settlements within Puddletown parish, though except for Puddletown village these have all either diminished or disappeared and these settlements were Cheselbourne Ford, Bardolfeston, Hyde, Waterston, South Louvard, Little Piddle and Ilsington. Records indicate that Bardolfeston was declining by the 13th century and, though still occupied in the 16th, Cottage industry, often undertaken by women and children, was used to supplement agricultural income, though there were fewer opportunities for this after the French Revolution. The parish church of St Mary is mainly medieval with an earlier core. To the east of the church is Ilsington House, also known as the Old Manor and it was originally owned by the 3rd Earl of Huntingdon and in 1724 by Robert Walpole. Between 1780 and 1830 it was leased to General Thomas Garth, the General adopted King George IIIs illegitimate grandson by Princess Sophia, and brought him up at the manor
32.
Roundabout
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A roundabout is a type of circular intersection or junction in which road traffic flows almost continuously in one direction around a central island. So-called modern roundabouts require entering traffic to give way to traffic already in the circle, variations on the basic concept include integration with tram and/or train lines, two-way flow, higher speeds and many others. Traffic exiting the roundabout comes from one direction, rather than three, simplifying the pedestrians visual environment, Traffic moves slowly enough to allow visual engagement with pedestrians, encouraging deference towards them. Other benefits include reduced driver confusion associated with perpendicular junctions and reduced queuing associated with traffic lights and they allow U-turns within the normal flow of traffic, which often are not possible at other forms of junction. Moreover, since vehicles on average spend less time idling at roundabouts than at signalled intersections, also, when entering vehicles only need to give way, they do not always perform a full stop. As a result, by keeping a part of their momentum, additionally, slow moving traffic in roundabouts makes less noise than traffic that must stop and start, speed up and brake. Modern roundabouts are commonplace throughout the world, half of the worlds roundabouts are in France, although the United Kingdom has more as a proportion of the road than any other country. C. The operating and entry characteristics of these circles differ considerably from modern roundabouts, in 1907 architect John McLaren designed one of the first American roundabouts for both autos and street cars in the Hanchett Residence Park in what is now San Jose, California. The first British circular junction was built in Letchworth Garden City in 1909 and its centre originally was intended partly as a traffic island for pedestrians. It was featured in the film The Worlds End, in the early 20th century, numerous traffic circles were constructed in the United States, particularly in the northeast. Examples include a circle in Atherton, California, widespread use of the modern roundabout began when the UKs Transport Research Laboratory engineers re-engineered circular intersections during the 1960s. Frank Blackmore led the development of the offside priority rule and subsequently invented the mini-roundabout to overcome capacity and safety limitations, the design became mandatory in the United Kingdom for all new roundabouts in November 1966. This give-way requirement has been the law in New York state since the 1920s, in the United States modern roundabouts emerged in the 1990s. Municipalities introducing new roundabouts often are met with some degree of public resistance, surveys show that negative public opinion reverses as drivers gain experience with roundabouts. American confusion at how to enter and especially how to exit a roundabout was the subject of such as featured in the film European Vacation. By 2011, however, some 3,000 roundabouts had been established, a 1998 survey of municipalities found public opinion 68% opposed prior to construction, changing thereafter to 73% in favour. A2007 survey found public support ranging from 22% to 44% prior to construction, the first modern roundabout in the United States was constructed in Summerlin, Nevada in 1990. This roundabout occasioned dismay from residents, and a news program said about it, Even police agree
33.
Bere Regis
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Bere Regis /ˈbɪər ˈriːdʒᵻs/) is a village and civil parish in the Purbeck district of Dorset, England, situated 6 miles north-west of Wareham. In the 2011 census the parish had a population of 1,745. The village has one shop, a post office and two pubs, The Royal Oak and The Drax Arms, the parish church is St. John the Baptist Church. The village features in the Domesday Book, woodbury Hill,0.5 miles east of Bere Regis village, is the site of an Iron age contour hill-fort, the ramparts of which enclose 12 acres on a flat-topped spur of land. The original settlements in the parish were Shitterton, Bere Regis village and Doddings Farm, later settlements were small farms in the Piddle Valley to the south, first recorded between the mid 13th and mid 14th centuries. Bere Regis is in a ward that bears its name. The ward population in the 2011 census was 1,945, the ward forms part of the parliamentary constituency of Mid Dorset and North Poole. Its Member of Parliament since 2001 is the Liberal Democrat Annette Brooke, locally, Bere Regis is governed by Dorset County Council at the county level, Purbeck District Council at the district level, and Bere Regis Parish Council at the parish level. The parish council meets once per month, the village is situated at the western terminus of the A31 road, where it joins the A35, although both roads now bypass the village. The local travel hubs are Wareham railway station,6 miles from the village, to the south-east of the village a large conifer plantation, Wareham Forest, stretches several miles to Wareham. To the west is Dorchester, north is Blandford Forum and east is Bournemouth, further to the south is the chalk ridge of the Purbeck Hills, and 10 miles to the south is the Jurassic Coast, a World Heritage Site on the English Channel. Having suffered extensive fires throughout its history, including the most serious in 1777, there is, however, a selection of Georgian and Victorian buildings. The nearby hamlet of Shitterton, protected by the Bere River from the fires, still retains an extensive selection of older buildings, amongst them is the oldest residential building in the parish, the 550-year-old Honeycombe Cottage. The oldest parts of the church of St John Baptist are of the 12th century. The tower is built of stone-and-flint chequerwork, and the roof of the nave is said to have been the gift of Cardinal John Morton. Features of interest include the arcades, some 16th-century seating and a number of Purbeck marble monuments, the Victorian and later stained glass is of poor quality. In the 2011 census Bere Regis civil parish had 852 dwellings,803 households, the village has one village school, Bere Regis First School. This is a primary school for children aged 4–10
34.
Upton, Dorset
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Upton is a town in south east Dorset, England. It is the second largest town in the district of Purbeck, the town is built around a road junction where the Blandford to Hamworthy road crosses the main Poole to Dorchester road. The Poole suburbs of Hamworthy and Turlin Moor adjoin the town to the south, an area of heathland, Upton Heath, is situated to the north of the town and is a Site of Special Scientific Interest. Additionally there are Upton Woods, as well as Lytchett Heath and Lytchett Bay, although mostly residential, Upton features a small industrial estate with businesses including Southern Print. Close to Upton lies Upton House, a park and former Upton Estate. In 2000, The Upton Clock Tower was built at the Upton Crossroads to celebrate the new millennium, Upton forms part of the civil parish of Lytchett Minster and Upton, which in turn forms part of the Purbeck local government district of Dorset. It is within the Mid Dorset and North Poole constituency of the House of Commons, Upton has two state schools, Upton Infant School and Upton Junior School, which are feeder schools for Lytchett Minster School. The Yarrells Preparatory School and Ladybirds Playschool are also based in the town, the A35 trunk road runs past Upton, as does the A350. Upton is served by Wilts & Dorset bus routes numbers 8 and 40 which provide links to Poole, Wareham, first Bus also operate the X53 service through the town serving Poole, Wareham, Weymouth, Bridport and Exeter. Damory Coaches operates two services,347 and 387, the 347 serves, Poole, Fleetsbridge, Creekmoor and Lytchett Matravers whilst the 387 serves Poole, Hamworthy, Lytchett Matravers, Bere Regis and Dorchester. The nearby Hamworthy railway station provides access to travel, with half-hourly trains to London, Southampton, Weymouth, Wareham, Poole. Poole station is a drive away, with more frequent services. Dorset County Council, Lytchett Minster/Upton Memories of Upton - Upton Millennium Project LUCA Website - Lytchett Minster and Upton Community Association
35.
Christchurch, Dorset
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Christchurch /ˈkraɪst. tʃɜːrtʃ/ is a borough and town on the south coast of England. The town adjoins Bournemouth in the west and the New Forest lies to the east, historically in the county of Hampshire, it became part of the administrative county of Dorset in the 1974 reorganisation of local government. Covering an area of 19.5 square miles, Christchurch had a 2013 population of 48,368, making it the fourth most populous town in Dorset, the town developed into an important trading port and was fortified in the 9th century. Further defences were added in the 12th century with the construction of a castle which was destroyed by the Parliamentarian Army during the English Civil War, during the 18th and 19th centuries smuggling flourished in Christchurch and became one of the towns most lucrative industries. The towns harbour, beaches, nature reserves and historically important buildings have made Christchurch a popular tourist destination attracting some 1.5 million visitors a year. Bournemouth Airport, an airport which handles approximately 800,000 passengers a year, is located within the borough boundary at Hurn. The airports industrial park contains a number of aerospace and engineering businesses and is one of the largest employment sites in Dorset, Christchurch is a popular destination for retirees and has one of the oldest populations in the country with 30 per cent of residents aged over 65. Christchurch was founded in approximately 650 AD by missionaries sent to Wessex by St Birinus and they settled on a stretch of raised land between the rivers Avon and Stour which carried people and their wares to and from settlements such as Blandford and Old Sarum. The harbour became one of the most important in Saxon England as it was reached from the continent. The town appears in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle entry of 901 as Tweoxneam from Old English betweoxn, in 1094 a chief minister of King William II, Ranulf Flambard, then Dean of Twynham, began the building of a priory on the site of the original mission church. Soon after the construction of the priory the town known as Christchurch. Some time in the early 12th century, a castle was built within the town. Originally a wooden fort built by Richard de Redvers, first cousin to King Henry I, the castle again saw action during the Civil War of 1642–1651 when occupied by the Parliamentarians. Christchurch changed hands a number of times, originally under Royalist control, Lord Goring briefly retook the town in 1645 but was obliged to withdraw and returned with a larger force days later and laid siege to the castle. However, the Parliamentarians withstood the siege and maintained their hold on the town, fearing such a powerful stronghold might once again fall into Royalist hands, Cromwell ordered the castle to be destroyed in 1652. Although the fishing industry thrived in Christchurch, the importance of the harbour declined as it became inaccessible to vessels of a large draught, the harbour entrance was particularly troublesome with constantly shifting sandbars. In 1665 Edward Hyde, Earl of Clarendon, bought the Lordship of the Manor of Christchurch. As part of his plans to trade in the town
36.
Lyndhurst, Hampshire
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Lyndhurst /lɪndhərst/ is a large village and civil parish situated in the New Forest National Park in Hampshire, England. The nearest city is Southampton, about nine miles to the north-east, as of 2001 Lyndhurst had a population of 2,973, increasing to 3,029 at the 2011 Census. The name derives from an Old English name, comprising the words lind, known as the Capital of the New Forest, Lyndhurst houses the New Forest District Council. The first mention of Lyndhurst was in the Domesday Book of 1086 under the name Linhest, the Court of Verderers sits in the Queens House in Lyndhurst. The church of St. Michael and All Angels was built in the 1860s, local folklore records Lyndhurst as the site of a Dragon-slaying, and as being haunted by the ghost of Richard Fitzgeorge de Stacpoole, 1st Duc de Stacpoole. Alice Liddell, the inspiration for Alice in Lewis Carrolls Alices Adventures in Wonderland, is buried there, the name Lyndhurst is an Old English name, meaning Wooded hill growing with lime-trees. The name comprises the words lind and hyrst, the first mention of Lyndhurst was in the Domesday Book of 1086 under the name Linhest. It was part of the lands of the New Forest. Herbert may have been the ancestor of the Lyndhurst family, beginning with Herbert Lyndhurst, the manor was back in the hands of the king before 1362, and it was granted to various noble families over the course of the following century. Between 1467 and 1581 it was in the hands of the Earls of Arundel, the estate was once again passed to various noble families until 1667, when Charles II granted it to Charles Paulet, 1st Duke of Bolton. He was followed successively by his son and grandson, but by the mid 18th century it was back in royal hands, being held successively by Prince William Henry, a royal park was attached to the manor of Lyndhurst from a very early date. It was unusual for being a Kings Park within a Kings Forest, in 1299 it covered an area of 500 acres, the profits from the honey gathered there amounting to 2 shillings per annum. It was actively worked during the 14th and 15th centuries when payments were made for the fencing and repairing of the palings, the old Park of Lyndhurst is where the Parkhill Hotel now stands, the new park being on the A337 Brockenhurst road. The village is the capital of the New Forest, with the district council based in the village. The Court of Verderers sits in the Queens House in Lyndhurst, the church of St. Michael and All Angels is a major landmark, built of many different colours of brick, on one of the highest points in the village. Lyndhurst is also home to the New Forest Centre, which includes the New Forest Museum and it was established in February 1922 following the marriage of president Mary, Princess Royal and Countess of Harewood. The headquarters of the privately owned British chemicals company Ineos is located in the village, the civil parish includes the hamlets of Bank and Emery Down. Lyndhurst is surrounded by varied forest, from the heathland of Parkhill to the bog of Matley, and the open forest with its ancient oak and beech to the enclosures of softwoods
37.
Lymington
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Lymington /ˈlɪmᵻŋtən/ is a port town on the west bank of the Lymington River on the Solent, in the New Forest district of Hampshire, England. It lies east of the South East Dorset conurbation and faces Yarmouth, Isle of Wight, the town has a large tourist industry, based on proximity to the New Forest and its harbour. It is a yachting centre with three marinas. According to the 2011 census, the Lymington urban area had a population of 15,407, with the nearby parish of Boldre, including Walhampton, the population in 2011 was 17,410. The earliest settlement in the Lymington area was around the Iron Age hill fort known today as Buckland Rings, the hill and ditches of the fort survive, and archaeological excavation of part of the walls was carried out in 1935. The fort has been dated to around the 6th century BC, there is another supposed Iron Age site at nearby Ampress Hole. However, evidence of settlement there is sparse before Domesday book. Lymington itself began as an Anglo-Saxon village, the Jutes arrived in the area from the Isle of Wight in the 6th century and founded a settlement called Limentun. The Old English word tun means a farm or hamlet whilst limen is derived from the Ancient British word *lemanos meaning an elm tree, the town is recorded in Domesday as Lentune. About 1200, the lord of the manor, William de Redvers created the borough of New Lymington around the present quay and High Street and he gave the town its first charter and the right to hold a market. The town became a borough in 1585, returning two MPs until 1832, when its electoral base was expanded. Its representation was reduced to one member under the Second Reform Act of 1867, Lymington was famous for salt-making from the Middle Ages up to the 19th century. There was an almost continuous belt of salt workings along the coast toward Hurst Spit, in the 18th and early 19th centuries, Lymington possessed a military depot that included a number of foreign troops – mostly artillery but also several militia regiments. At the time of the Napoleonic Wars, the Kings German Legion-Artillery was based near Portchester Castle, as well as Germans and Dutch, there were French émigrés and French regiments. They were raised to take part in the ill-fated Quiberon Invasion of France, much of the town centre is Victorian and Georgian, with narrow cobbled streets in the area of the quay. Lymington particularly promotes stories about its smuggling, there are unproven stories of smugglers tunnels running from the old inns and under the High Street to the town quay. Lymington was one of the boroughs reformed by the Municipal Corporations Act 1835, in 1932 the borough was extended to include Milton, the parishes of Milford on Sea and Pennington, and parts of Lymington Rural District, so extending it along the coast to the edge of Christchurch. The borough of Lymington was abolished on 1 April 1974 under the terms of the Local Government Act 1972, becoming an area in the district of New Forest
38.
Ashurst, Hampshire
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Ashurst is a village in the New Forest district of Hampshire, England, which together with Colbury hamlet makes the parish of Ashurst and Colbury. Ashurst is on the A35 road near the Southampton conurbation, according to the 2001 census the parish had a population of 2,011, increasing to 2,093 at the 2011 Census. The parish is on the edge of the designated New Forest National Park area, the village has a campsite, some shops and a railway station. The parish is bounded to the west by Netley Marsh parish and the Bartley Water, to the north by the A326 road and Totton and Eling, and to the south by Denny Lodge parish in the New Forest. Ashurst is close to the City of Southampton and is considered an exurb of it. Millvina Dean, the last survivor of the sinking of RMS Titanic, was living in Ashurst at the time of her death in May 2009 at the age of 97, Ashurst has three pubs, The Happy Cheese, The Forest Inn and The New Forest Hotel. A pub named The Angry Cheese used to be located opposite The Happy Cheese, across the road, the original Happy Cheese was a small hotel and restaurant owned by Micheal Leonard. It burned down in 1980 and was rebuilt as the current Happy Cheese pub several years later, in June 2010, The Forest Inn closed after the business went into liquidation. However, it reopened on 12 November 2010 under new management following total refurbishment, there are five restaurants along the main road through Ashurst. There is also a vet, upholsterer, Post Office, newsagent, there is also a Welcome food store, part of the Co-operative chain, located further along the main road towards Colbury. There are two educational establishments in Ashurst, Foxhills Infant School and Foxhills Junior School, Foxhills Infant School teaches pupils between the ages of four and seven and as of May 2011 had in total 210 pupils on roll. It shares its grounds with Foxhills Junior School, where many of the Infant School pupils progress onto, in 1993, it became a Junior School once again taking in children aged between 7 and 11. The school had around 332 children on roll in September 2010, the majority of pupils come from the neighbouring Foxhills Infants School, Eling Infants School or Hazelwood First School. In its most recent Ofsted inspection report in 2010, it received a Grade 2, both schools enjoy a 16-acre site with large playgrounds and lots of resources, including a 6-acre nature reserve with a pond. The reserve, during the last few years, has benefited from a grant from the Millennium Heritage Fund which allowed construction paths. The whole school building area is protected by CCTV and a private patrol company, also on the same site is Ashurst Pre-School that currently takes 86 children from two years nine months to five years on roll. Ashurst is well served by transport links, the largest being the Ashurst railway station, the line runs from London Waterloo to Weymouth. Ashurst is also on the Bluestar 6 Bus Route that runs from Lymington to Southampton, Ashurst and Colbury Parish Council New Forest Community Media - A not-for-profit media site serving the National Park Foxhills Infant School Foxhills Junior School
39.
Totton and Eling
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Totton and Eling is a town and civil parish in Hampshire, England, with a population of around 29,000 people. Surrounding towns and villages include Ashurst, Marchwood, Cadnam and Ower, Totton claimed to be the largest village in England until it was made a town in 1974. This is backed up by the presence of several areas of shops, which served their respective villages in the past. Until the 1967 forest perambulation fencing, New Forest ponies were free to roam its streets, at their closest points, Totton and Ashurst are less than 0.4 km apart, if measured from the closest buildings. Tottons town centre has changed little since the 1970s, commercial Road and the A35 causeway are the main exit routes from the town. The areas behind Calmore Industrial Estate by the River Test have been regenerated with lakes for boating, there is also the Testwood Lakes Centre, with walks along the Test Way running from Totton to Inkpen Beacon in Berkshire, via Romsey in Hampshire. Eling can be accessed by crossing the line which divides the original old village of Totton and the areas of Eling. This goes to Brokenford which has some pathways from Totton to the A35 Bypass road at Eling recreation ground, the villages name is pronounced the same as that of the London town and borough of Ealing. The construction of Testwood Lakes revealed a treasure-trove of ancient artefacts including one of the oldest known bridges in England, believed to date to around c.1, the areas history is inevitably closely connected with ship and boat building but more with its timber trade. It was the site of much illegal dealing in the timber obtained from the New Forest. Elings attractions include the church and The Eling Experience. St Marys is a Norman church built on Saxon foundations with registers dating back to 1537, the Eling Experience is Eling Tide Mill and heritage centre, and the outdoor walks around the mill pond at Bartley Water and the Solent Water shoreline at Goatee Beach. Eling Tide Mill is one of the few working tide mills in the UK. Hampshires only surviving medieval toll bridge is here, across Bartley Water by the side of the Tide Mill and this has been in use since at least 1418 and still charges users today. The Eling Experience is currently closed for refurbishment but the walks remain open, the original village of Totton can be described as the areas of Totton, Testwood and the Salmon Leap, dissected by the A36 and the A336 and bordered by the River Test. From this, many new developments were made to expand the town, the Calmore estate was built in the early 1970s to the north of the town, and subsequent housing has merged the estate to the town as a whole. Extended housing to the Hounsdown region also occurred during the 1970s, with the construction of the school, in the late 1980s and 1990s, more housing was built to the west of the town towards Netley Marsh and along Ringwood Road. These developments, collectively referred to as West Totton, consisted of a new area and church
40.
Grade separation
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The composition of such transport axes does not have to be uniform, it can consist of a mixture of roads, footpaths, railways, canals, or airport runways. Bridges, tunnels, or a combination of both can be built at a junction to achieve the grade separation. Roads with grade separation generally allow traffic to move freely, with interruptions, and at higher overall speeds. In addition, less trouble between traffic movements reduces the risk of accidents, grade-separated road junctions are typically space-intensive, complicated, and costly, due to the need for large physical structures such as tunnels, ramps, and bridges. Their height can be obtrusive, and this, combined with the traffic volumes that grade-separated roads attract, tend to make them unpopular to nearby landowners. For these reasons, proposals for new grade-separated roads can receive significant public opposition, however, they require significant engineering effort, and are very expensive and time-consuming to construct. Grade-separated pedestrian and cycling routes often require modest space since they do not typically intersect with the facility that they cross, grade-separation can create accessibility problems for people with disabilities due to the vertical gradient required to pass or to reach rail platforms. The term is most widely applied to describe a road junction in which the flow of traffic on one or more of the roads is not disrupted. Instead of a connection, traffic must use on and off ramps or slip roads to access the other roads at the junction. The road which carries on through the junction can also be referred to as grade separated, typically, large freeways, highways, motorways, or dual carriageways are chosen to be grade separated, through their entire length or for part of it. Grade separation drastically increases the capacity of a road compared to a road with at-grade junctions. For instance, it is uncommon to find an at-grade junction on a British motorway, it is all. Interstate Highway, though a few do exist, if traffic can traverse the junction from any direction without being forced to come to a halt, then the junction is described as fully grade separated or free-flowing. These junctions connect two freeways, Stack interchange Cloverleaf interchange These junctions connect two roads, but only one is fully grade-separated, i. e. This situation is most prevalent either where the designer has placed the on-slip to the road before the off-slip at a junction. Weaving can be alleviated by using collector/distributor roads to separate entering and exiting traffic, attempts have been made to increase the capacity of railways by making tracks cross in a grade-separated manner, as opposed to the traditional use of flat crossings to change tracks. A grade-separated rail interchange is known as a junction and one which is not a level junction. Also in Britain, the Southern Railway later made use of flying junctions on other parts of its busy former LSWR main line
41.
Swaythling
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Swaythling is a suburb and electoral ward of the city of Southampton in Hampshire, England. The ward has a population of 13,664, Swaythling is predominantly residential in character, and noted for its large student population due to its proximity to the University of Southampton main campus at Highfield. The universitys Wessex Lane Halls and City Gateway housing facilities are located within the district, Swaythling during the First World War was the location of the Swaythling Remount Depot and prior to its closure in 2013, the Ford Motor Company Southampton Assembly Plant. Recorded as Swæthelinge in 909 AD, the origins of the name Swaythling are uncertain and it is widely thought that the name originally referred to the stream that runs through the area, now known as Monks Brook, the Old English word swætheling is believed to mean misty stream. Swaythling originally formed part of the parish of South Stoneham, which encompassed Eastleigh, the parish church was St. Marys, the present building is one of Southamptons two medieval churches. It is accessible from Wessex Lane, down a track between Connaught Hall and South Stoneham House. South Stoneham House was built in 1708 for the Surveyor of the Navy, Edmund Dummer, the grounds were laid out after 1772 by Capability Brown. Woodmill is an ancient watermill site located in Swaythling at the highest tidal point of the River Itchen, where it is joined by the Itchen Navigation. The industrialist Walter Taylor moved there after 1770, but his mill burned down in 1820 to be replaced by the present structure which is now used as a water sports and outdoor activity centre. Following his exile to Britain in 1852, the deposed Argentine dictator, Juan Manuel de Rosas, rented Burgess Street Farm in Swaythling, the local people at that time are said to have developed a taste for the Argentine beverage, mate, as a result. Originally designed in 1914 to accommodate three squadrons, the depot, located on both sides of Bassett Green Road, was expanded to provide stabling for ten squadrons. With the construction of the Flower Roads council estate, St. Albans church was erected in 1933, in 1931 Connaught Hall was built, to accompany South Stoneham House as a hall of residence for the University. The University acquired South Stoneham House in 1921 and subsequently in 1964 added a 17-storey residential tower block that now dominates the Wessex Lane area, much of the Swaythling landscape and its architecture was captured in the 1950s and 1960s by local artist Eric Meadus. Swaythling is a suburban district in the city of Southampton and borders Portswood, Highfield, Bassett, Eastleigh, Mansbridge. Predominantly low-lying in terms of elevation, the boundary to the east is defined by Monks Brook. The northern section of the Swaythling district is bisected in part by the M27 motorway, the stream that gave the area its name is largely hidden from view as it runs through Swaythling, although it can still be seen next to the Fleming Arms pub. The Shell petrol station serving Thomas Lewis Way stands on the site of a cinema that fronted onto High Road, the historical village of Swaythling is now extensively suburban in character with much of the area used for residential housing. High Road, which was the high street, has waned in popularity recently with several established businesses, such as Dunnings grocery store
42.
Boscombe
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Boscombe /ˈbɒskəm/ is a suburb of Bournemouth, England. Historically in Hampshire, but today in Dorset, it is located to the east of Bournemouth town centre, originally a sparsely inhabited area of heathland, from around 1865 Boscombe developed rapidly from a small village into a seaside resort alongside Bournemouth. Its first pier opened in 1889, alongside these are modern flats developments such as The Reef, The Point and Honeycombe Beach. From Norman times it was within the Liberty of Westover, from the beach and cliffs the whole of Poole Bay stretching from Hengistbury Head in the east to Poole Harbour entrance in the west, and on to Studland and Swanage bays to the south can be seen. Boscombe was originally an independent settlement, separated from Bournemouth by dense wood and moorland, in 1273 a reference is made to Boscumbe suggesting that the name may well have derived from the Old English words meaning a valley overgrown with spiky plants perhaps a reference to gorse. Reference to Boscombe is included in Christopher Saxtons 1574 survey made of enemy landing places on the coast of Hampshire. Bournemouth within the west baye at Christchurch. We finde more a place called Bastowe within the said Baye, at the beginning of the 19th century Boscombe was described as an extensive common covered with furze and heath, more the haunt of smugglers than anyone else. In 1801 a modest sized house called Boscombe Cottage was built as the residence of Mr Phillip Norris, the Christchurch Inclosures Act 1802 increased the estate size to 17 acres. This property became the nucleus of the Boscombe Manor Estate, the large estate owned by Mr Norris changed hands several times during the first half of the 19th century. Sir Percy and his wife liked the place, and decided to make it their home and it was long maintained that the heart of Percy Florence Shelley was kept at Boscombe Manor – either stored reverently in a candle-lit alcove, or sewn lovingly into one of Lady Shelleys cushions. Later, it was interred in the grave of the poets mother-in-law, Mary Wollstonecraft. It may be noted that the name of Boscombe Manor changed several times over the years, first recorded as Boscombe Cottage, it was then for a time called Boscombe Alcove and then Boscombe Lodge. By Shelleys time it was Boscombe House, and he and his family later renamed it Boscombe Manor, to supplement the existing plantations of pine trees on the estate, Sir Percy added a large number of deciduous trees. There was a drive to the house from the main Christchurch Road, which followed the line of the present Chessel Avenue, a second entry was from Sea Road, along a roadway flanked with lime trees – the present Percy Road. By the beginning of the 1860s Boscombe consisted of the Shelley estate and some cottages, one of which is known to have stood at the top of Boscombe Hill, near the present Drummond Road. From 1865 the development and expansion of the area to the end of the 19th century, starting with a proposal by the Malmesbury Estate to develop the picturesque Village of Boscombe Spa to make available building plots for the erection of marine villas to be let on long leases. Wolff sought to develop Boscombe Spa as a resort to rival Bournemouth, the Chine itself was partially laid out and a broad pathway provided. A rustic bridge was constructed across the Chine, the census of 1871 showed that there was a population of 212 people in 19 houses in the Boscombe Estate, and a further 70 people in 9 houses at Boscombe Spa
43.
Slepe
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St Ives is a market town and civil parish in Cambridgeshire, England. St Ives lies approximately 5 miles east of Huntingdon and 12 miles north-west of the city of Cambridge, St Ives is situated within Huntingdonshire which is a non-metropolitan district of Cambridgeshire as well as being a historic county of England. Previously called Slepe, its name was changed to St Ives after the body, claimed to be that of a Persian bishop, in 1085 William the Conqueror ordered that a survey should be carried out across his kingdom to discover who owned which parts and what it was worth. The survey took place in 1086 and the results were recorded in what, St Ives was listed in the Domesday Book in the Hundred of Hurstingstone in Huntingdonshire, the name of the settlement was written as Slepe in the Domesday Book. In 1086 there was just one manor at St Ives, the rent paid to the lord of the manor in 1066 had been £20. The Domesday Book does not explicitly detail the population of a place, there is no consensus about the average size of a household at that time, estimates range from 3.5 to 5.0 people per household. Using these figures then an estimate of the population of St Ives in 1086 is that it was within the range of 224 and 320 people. The Domesday Book uses a number of units of measure for areas of land that are now unfamiliar terms, such as hides and ploughlands. By 1086, the hide had become a unit of tax assessment rather than a land area. The survey records that there were 29,5 ploughlands at St Ives in 1086. In addition to the land, there was 60 acres of meadows and 1,892 acres of woodland at St Ives. The tax assessment in the Domesday Book was known as geld or danegeld and was a type of land-tax based on the hide or ploughland and it was originally a way of collecting a tribute to pay off the Danes when they attacked England, and was only levied when necessary. Following the Norman Conquest, the geld was used to raise money for the King and to pay for continental wars, by 1130, the geld was being collected annually. Having determined the value of a land and other assets. While this was two shillings in the pound the amount did vary, for example, in 1084 it was as high as six shillings in the pound. For the manor at St Ives the total tax assessed was twenty geld, by 1086 there were two churches and two priests at St Ives. For the past 1,000 years it has been home to some of the biggest markets in the country, and in the century it was an important entrepôt. Built on the banks of the wide River Great Ouse between Huntingdon and Ely, St Ives has a chapel on its bridge
44.
DBFO
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The private finance initiative is a way of creating public–private partnerships by funding public infrastructure projects with private capital. PFI has also used simply to place a great amount of debt off-balance-sheet. PFI has been controversial in the UK, the National Audit Office felt in 2003 that it provided good value for money overall, however, more recently the Parliamentary Treasury Select Committee found that PFI should be brought on balance sheet. The Treasury should remove any perverse incentives unrelated to value for money by ensuring that PFI is not used to circumvent departmental budget limits and it should also ask the OBR to include PFI liabilities in future assessments of the fiscal rules. It is a sub-set of a broader procurement approach termed Public Private Partnership, a public sector authority signs a contract with a private sector consortium, technically known as a Special Purpose Vehicle. This consortium is typically formed for the purpose of providing the PFI. It is owned by a number of private investors, usually including a construction company and a service provider. The consortiums funding will be used to build the facility and to undertake maintenance, once the contract is operational, the SPV may be used as a conduit for contract amendment discussions between the customer and the facility operator. SPVs often charge fees for this go-between service, PFI contracts are typically for 25–30 years, although contracts less than 20 years or more than 40 years exist, they are considerably less common. During the period of the contract the consortium will provide certain services, the consortium is paid for the work over the course of the contract on a no service no fee performance basis. The public authority will design an output specification which is a document setting out what the consortium is expected to achieve, If the consortium fails to meet any of the agreed standards it should lose an element of its payment until standards improve. In most termination cases the public sector is required to repay the debt, in practice, termination is considered a last resort only. Many steps have been taken over the years to standardise the form of PFI contracts to ensure public interests are better protected, the main contract is between the public sector authority and the Topco. Requirements then flow down from the Topco to the Capco and Opco via secondary contracts, further requirements then flow down to subcontractors, again with contracts to match. Often the main subcontractors are companies with the shareholders as the Topco. Prior to the crisis of 2007–2010, large PFI projects were funded through the sale of bonds and/or senior debt. Since the crisis, funding by senior debt has more common. Smaller PFI projects — the majority by number — have typically always been funded directly by banks in the form of senior debt, refinancing of PFI deals is common
45.
Great Britain road numbering scheme
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The Great Britain road numbering scheme is a numbering scheme used to classify and identify all roads in Great Britain. Each road is given a letter, which represents the roads category. Introduced to arrange funding allocations, the numbers soon became used on maps, two sub-schemes exist, one for motorways, and another for non-motorway roads. The scheme applies only to England, Scotland and Wales, similar systems are used in Northern Ireland, the Isle of Man, Jersey and British overseas territories. All of these schemes use identical basic conventions and road-sign designs. Work on classification began in 1913 by the governments Roads Board to determine the quality, the definitive list of these roads was published on 1 April 1923 following consultations with local authorities. Government funding towards the repairs of roads were set at 60% for the former. Shortly after this, the numbers started to appear in road atlases and on signs on the roads themselves, the Trunk Roads Act 1936 gave the Ministry direct control of the major routes and a new classification system was created to identify these routes. Originally these numbers beginning in T were to be made public, with the introduction of motorways in the late 1950s, a new classification M was introduced. In many cases the motorways duplicated existing stretches of A-road, which therefore lost much of their significance and were in some cases renumbered, occasionally the new motorway would take the name of the old A-road rather than having its own number. The most notable example of this is the A1, in England and Wales the road numbering system for all-purpose roads is based on a radial pattern centred on London. In Scotland the same scheme is centred on Edinburgh, in both cases the main single-digit roads normally define the zone boundaries. The exception is between Zones 1 and 2, where the River Thames defines the boundary, Zone 5, North/East of the A5, west of the A6, south of the Solway Firth/Eden Estuary covering North Wales, North Midlands, western Leicestershire, Cheshire, Cumbria and Lancashire. In Central London, the A40 provides a border between the 4 and 5 zones east of Marble Arch, the original A5 also provides such a border, and north of St Albans the original A6 provides an Eastern border. Zone 6, East of the A6 and A7, west of the A1 covering North East England, Yorkshire, Nottinghamshire, eastern Leicestershire and Rutland, between St Albans and Luton, the original A6 provides the Western border of the 6-zone. For example, the A38 road, a road running from Bodmin to Mansfield starts in Zone 3. Additionally, the A1 in Newcastle upon Tyne has moved twice, originally along the Great North Road, it then moved to the Tyne Tunnel, causing some of the roads in Zone 1 to lie in Zone 6. The designated A1 later moved to the bypass around the city
46.
A3 road
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The A3, known as the Portsmouth Road or London Road in sections, is a major road connecting London and Portsmouth passing close to Kingston upon Thames, Guildford, Haslemere and Petersfield. For much of its 67-mile length, it is classified as a trunk road, almost all of the road has been built to dual carriageway standards or wider. Apart from bypass sections in London the road travels in a southwest direction and, after Liss, the other section of such restriction is through Battersea, Clapham and Stockwell towards the northern end reflecting its urban setting and also accommodating bus lanes and parking meter bays. The construction of the Kingston and Guildford bypasses in the 1920s and 1930s made use of narrow gauge railways to move the construction materials. The Esher bypass, between Hook from the first mentioned bypass to the M25, is three lanes with a hard shoulder, from here to Guildford the road has three lanes. Lord Montagu of Beaulieu stressed the urgency of building a Kingston By-pass in 1911 however before the onset of World War I public funds were not secured and were not available in the aftermath. It was opened by the Prime Minister, the Rt Hon Stanley Baldwin MP and it ran for 8.5 miles from the Robin Hood Gate of Richmond Park to the near outskirts of Esher. The opening ceremony concluded with refreshments for 800 guests in marquees near to the northern start/end and its construction immediately attracted developments of housing where access was easiest. The road was once the haunt of highwaymen such as Jerry Abershawe who terrorised the area around Kingston, another particularly dangerous location was in the vicinity of the wooded crest skirting the Devils Punch Bowl, Hindhead, about 8 miles south-west of Guildford. In 2011 the Hindhead Tunnel became the centre of the Hindhead Bypass around the road of the small town. Until 2011 the road through Hindhead was the last single carriageway section of the route, outside London and it continues along Newington Butts, and bounds then enters the London Borough of Lambeth on Kennington Park Road which becomes Clapham Road and Clapham High Street. The A3 then turns west as Clapham Common North Side, along this road it enters the London Borough of Wandsworth after which it runs concurrently with the A205 South Circular and goes through Wandsworth, then the A205 carries on west towards Richmond. The A3 then continues south-west between Richmond Park and Wimbledon Common before beginning to bypass Kingston upon Thames while going through Roehampton Vale. The A3 enters The Royal Borough of Kingston Upon Thames just before Kingston Vale where there is a junction with the A308 for Kingston upon Thames, the speed limit then increases to 50 mph before going under the Coombe Flyover. The A3 then goes on a flyover by Shannon Corner in Raynes Park, before having junctions for New Malden, Tolworth, brief features of a section of road contribute to a traffic pinch-point during peak hours around the Hook underpass. The road reduces from three lanes to two in the underpass, the speed limit at this point reduces from 70 miles per hour to 50 miles per hour, with the first of a handful of GATSO speed enforcement cameras. If returning to London traffic from the A309 also joins just before the underpass, after passing Claygate the motorway-standard section has junctions with the A244 between Esher and Oxshott, then the A245 between Cobham and Hersham. The roads Wisley Interchange with the M25 enables a flyover still with a 70 mph speed limit and it bypasses Wisley, Ockham, Ripley before cutting through the major town itself as a dual carriageway and changing to a 50 mph speed limit
47.
A32 road
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The A32 is a road in Hampshire, southern England, that links Gosport and Alton. Starting at Gosport, facing Portsmouth, it travels north via Fareham, Wickham, Droxford, the road is 29.2 miles long from the seafront at Gosport to the roundabout with the A31 near Alton, and has entirely non-primary status. Despite its non-primary status, the forms the main access to the town of Gosport. At rush-hour times, the road is extremely congested as commuters head through central Fareham from the Gosport peninsula to the M27. During the evening rush, traffic can at times back up to the M27 at Junction 11, there have for many years been plans to provide a light rail solution to the traffic problem by utilising the former Gosport to Fareham railway line but this was scrapped in 2005. There are now plans to use the railway line for guided bus services. The A32 is a route for motorcyclists, particularly at weekends. The historic site of Fort Widley to the south is accessed from Wickham and is a popular route for motorcyclists
A27 road
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