1.
Exeter
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Exeter is a cathedral city in Devon, England with a population of 127,300. It lies within the county of Devon, of which it is the county town as well as the home of Devon County Council, currently, the administrative area has the status of a non-metropolitan district and is therefore under the administration of the County Council. The city is on the River Exe about 37 miles northeast of Plymouth and 70 miles southwest of Bristol, Exeter was the most south-westerly Roman fortified settlement in Britain, although there is evidence a Cornish tribe existed in Exeter before the Roman invasion. Exeter became a centre during the Middle Ages and into the Tudor times, Exeter Cathedral, founded in the mid 11th century. During the late 19th century, Exeter became an affluent centre for the wool trade, after the Second World War, much of the city centre was rebuilt and is now considered to be a centre for modern business and tourism in Devon and Cornwall. The name Exe is a development of the Brittonic name—meaning water or, more exactly, full of fish —that also appears in the English Axe and Esk, the Welsh Usk. Exeter began as settlements on a dry ridge ending in a spur overlooking a navigable river teeming with fish, although there have been no major prehistoric finds, these advantages suggest the site was occupied early. Coins have been discovered from the Hellenistic kingdoms, suggesting the existence of a settlement trading with the Mediterranean as early as 250 BC. Such early towns had been a feature of pre-Roman Gaul as described by Julius Caesar in his Commentaries, the Romans established a 42-acre playing-card shaped fort named Isca around AD55. To distinguish the two, the Romans also referred to Exeter as Isca Dumnoniorum, Watertown of the Dumnonii, a small fort was also maintained at Topsham, a supply depot on the route between the two was excavated at St Loyes on Topsham Road in 2010. The presence of the built up an unplanned civilian community of natives. This area was excavated in the 1970s, but could not be maintained for public view owing to its proximity to the present-day cathedral, in January 2015, it was announced that Exeter Cathedral had launched a bid to restore the baths and open an underground centre for visitors. In the late 2nd century, the ditch and rampart defences around the old fortress were replaced by a bank and wall enclosing a much larger area, although most of the visible structure is older, the course of the Roman wall was used for Exeters subsequent city walls. Thus about 70% of the Roman wall remains, and most of its route can be traced on foot, the dating of the coins so far discovered, however, suggests a rapid decline, virtually none have been discovered dated after the year 380. By that time, the city was held by the Saxons, Exeter was known to the Saxons as Escanceaster. In 876, it was attacked and briefly captured by Danish Vikings, alfred the Great drove them out the next summer. Over the next few years, he elevated Exeter to one of the four burhs in Devon and these permitted the city to fend off another attack and siege by the Danes in 893. King Athelstan again strengthened the walls around 928, and at the time drove out the remaining Britons from the city
2.
A38 road
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The A38, part of which is also known as the Devon Expressway, is a major A-class trunk road in England. The road runs from Bodmin in Cornwall to Mansfield in Nottinghamshire and it is 292 miles long, making it the longest 2-digit A road in England. It was formerly known as the Leeds–Exeter Trunk Road, when this also included the A61. Prior to the opening of the M5 motorway in the 1960s and 1970s, considerable lengths of the road in the West Midlands closely follow Roman roads, including part of Icknield Street. Between Worcester and Birmingham the current A38 follows the line of a Saxon salt road, For most of the length of the M5 motorway, the A38 road runs alongside it as a single carriageway road. The road starts on the side of Bodmin at a junction with the A30 before traversing the edge of the town to meet the A30 again. It travels through the picturesque Glynn Valley to Dobwalls and Liskeard, the Dobwalls section contains the most sophisticated bat bridge yet constructed in the UK. The A38 continues through the Cornish countryside, bypassing the centre of Saltash, immediately after the tunnel the River Tamar is crossed using the Tamar Bridge where the route resumes dual carriageway status. It is 42 miles long and was completed in the early 1970s, there are several grade separated junctions along its length mainly for local traffic, including a three-level stacked roundabout for the A386, which heads out towards Dartmoor National Park. The route was reserved for the Parkway as early as 1943, the viaducts carrying the A38 over the River Plym, which after the construction of the Marsh Mills flyover became the Exeter bound sliproads, were built in 1969–70 as part of the Plympton bypass. This required the road to be closed for only 48 hours, the South Brent bypass opened in 1974 and the Ivybridge bypass in 1973, both on new alignments. After Ivybridge, the route parallels the original route, bypassing the village of Lee Mill which is now home to a large trading estate. The road widens to a dual carriageway for the Plympton bypass. This opened in 1971 and was the first section of the Devon Expressway to be built on a new alignment, the route originally ended at the Marsh Mills roundabout, which when opened was the largest in Europe. The section of the A38 between the A382 junction and Ashburton was built on a new alignment parallel to the old road, trago Mills, a locally well known retailer, is passed by the road. The Ashburton bypass, much like the Kennford bypass, uses the alignment of a much older 1930s single carriageway bypass, which was subsequently upgraded to dual carriageway by 1974. At the town of Buckfastleigh, the once again bypasses on a new alignment, although due to the challenging topography of the area. Some of this section follows part of the old Teign Valley Line railway, before Kennford, the route splits, with the A38 heading for Plymouth and the A380 heading towards Torbay
3.
Paignton
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Paignton /ˈpeɪntən/ is a seaside town on the coast of Tor Bay in Devon, England. Together with Torquay and Brixham it forms the borough of Torbay which was created in 1998, the Torbay area is a holiday destination known as the English Riviera. Paigntons population in the United Kingdom Census of 2011 was 49,021 and it has origins as a Celtic settlement and was first mentioned in 1086. It grew as a fishing village and a new harbour was built in 1847. A railway line was opened to passengers in 1859 creating links to Torquay, as its population increased, it merged with the villages of Goodrington and Preston. Paignton is mentioned in the Domesday Book of AD1086, formerly written Peynton and Paington, the name is derived from Paegas town, the original Anglo-Saxon settlement. Paignton was given the status of a borough having a market, Paignton was a small fishing village until the 19th century, when in 1837 the Paington Harbour Act led to the construction of a new harbour and the modern spelling, Paignton, first appeared. The historic part of Paignton is centred on Church Street, Winner Street, Kirkham House is a late medieval stone house which is open to the public at certain times of year. The Coverdale Tower adjacent to Paignton Parish Church is named after Bishop Miles Coverdale, Coverdale was Bishop of Exeter between 1551 and 1553 and is reputed to have lived in the tower although this is doubted by modern historians. The railway line to Paignton was built by the Dartmouth and Torbay Railway, the Paignton Pudding, first made in the 13th century, is the origin of the nickname pudden eaters for the people of Paignton. The puddings were made infrequently and were of great size, when thousands turned up hoping to obtain a piece of a huge pudding that had been baked to celebrate the arrival of the railway chaos occurred and the event became notorious. A Paignton Pudding was baked in 1968 to celebrate the towns charter, Oldway Mansion is a large house and gardens constructed in the 1870s for Isaac Merritt Singer, who had amassed a considerable fortune with his improvements to the sewing machine. The building was occupied by Torbay Council until an agreement was signed in September 2012 to develop the site into a hotel, other Singer legacies in Paignton include the Palace Hotel and the Inn on the Green, which were built as homes for Singers sons Washington and Mortimer. Torquay Tramways were extended into Paignton in 1911 but the network was closed in 1934, there are five parishes within Paignton, Paignton, St John the Baptist, Paignton, Christ Church, Preston, St Paul, Collaton, St Mary the Virgin, Goodrington, St George. As Paigntons population grew, it merged with the villages of Goodrington and Preston. The town was governed by a district council until 1968. The unitary authority formed in 1998 now handles all local government for Torbay and they are elected every four years. The Mayor chooses nine councillors to form the Cabinet, the Chairman of Torbay Council wears the chain of office
4.
Roads in the United Kingdom
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Roads in the United Kingdom form a network of varied quality and capacity. Road distances are shown in miles or yards and UK speed limits are indicated in miles per hour or by the use of the speed limit symbol. Some vehicle categories have various lower maximum limits enforced by speed limiters, enforcement of UK road speed limits increasingly uses speed guns, automated in-vehicle systems and automated roadside traffic cameras. A unified numbering system is in place for Great Britain, whilst in Northern Ireland, the earliest specifically engineered roads were built during the British Iron Age. The road network was expanded during the Roman occupation, some of these survive and others were lost. New roads were added in the Middle Ages and from the 17th century onwards, certain aspects of the legal framework remain under the competence of the United Kingdom parliament. Although some roads have much older origins, the network was subject to development from the 1950s to the mid-1990s. From then, construction of roads has become controversial with direct action campaigns by environmentalists in opposition. In the UK, vehicles drive on the left and on multi-lane carriageways drivers are expected to keep to the left lane except when overtaking, in Great Britain, the Highway Code applies to drivers. In Northern Ireland, the Highway Code for Northern Ireland applies, UK speed limits are shown in mph. With a few exceptions, they are in multiples of 10, unless a lower speed limit is posted on a road, the national speed limit applies, which varies between class of vehicles and the type of road. In a built-up area, unless signs indicate otherwise, a limit of 30 miles per hour applies, other limits are shown in the table. For a road to be classed as a carriageway, the two directions of traffic flow must be physically separated by a central reservation. Roads in the UK are classified as M, A, or B roads, as well as categories of more minor roads, for internal purposes. These numbers follow a zonal system, there is no available explanation for the allocation of road numbers in Northern Ireland. The majority of the major routes are motorways, and are designed to carry long distance traffic. The next category is the A roads, which form the route network. A primary route is defined as, primary destinations are usually cities and large towns, to which, as a result of their size, a high volume of traffic is expected to go
5.
Torquay
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Torquay /tɔːrˈkiː/ is a seaside town in Devon, England, part of the unitary authority area of Torbay. Later, as the towns fame spread, it was popular with Victorian society, renowned for its healthful climate, the town earned the nickname the English Riviera. The writer Agatha Christie was born in the town and lived there during her years and there is an Agatha Christie Mile. Torquays name originates in its being the quay of the ancient village of Torre, the area comprising modern Torquay has been inhabited since Paleolithic times. Roman soldiers are known to have visited Torquay during the period when Britain was a part of the Roman Empire, leaving offerings at a rock formation in Kents Cavern. No evidence has found of Roman settlement in the town. The first major building in Torquay was Torre Abbey, a Premonstratensian monastery founded in 1196, Torquay remained a minor settlement until the Napoleonic wars, when Torbay was used as a sheltered anchorage by the Channel Fleet, and relatives of officers often visited Torquay. The population of Torquay grew rapidly from 838 in 1801, to 11,474 in 1851, the second phase in the expansion of Torquay began when Torre railway station was opened on 18 December 1848. The improved transport connections resulted in growth at the expense of nearby towns not on Isambard Kingdom Brunels railways. The more central Torquay railway station was opened on 2 August 1859 with views of the sea from the platforms, after the growth of the preceding decades, Torquay was granted borough status in 1872. Previously regarded as a retreat, Torquay began to encourage summer visitors. Torquay Tramways operated electric trams from 1907. The line was extended into Paignton in 1911 but the network was closed in 1934, the Royal National Lifeboat Institutions Torquay Lifeboat Station was at the Ladies Bathing Cove from 1876 until 1923. A second lifeboat was kept at the harbour from 1917 until 1928, Torquay was regarded as a Spa Town after the Marine Spa was built on Beacon Hill near the harbour. Originally called the Bath Saloons complex, it had an open air tide-filled swimming bath, the complex was opened in 1853 after Beacon Hill headland was dynamited to make space for it. Charles Dickens was said to have made readings there, in the 1900s a ballroom and a new sea water-filled swimming pool were built. The Marine Spa provided various therapies such as seaweed baths, needle, douche showers, hot and cold water baths, bands such as Ivy Benson and Ted Heath played at Marine Spa ballroom. Four stone arches that were part of the Marine Spa are still visible on the outside of the harbour wall
6.
South West England
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South West England is one of nine official regions of England. It is the largest in area, covering 9,200 square miles, five million people live in South West England. The region includes the West Country and much of the ancient kingdom of Wessex, other major urban centres include Plymouth, Swindon, Gloucester, Cheltenham, Exeter, Bath, Torbay, and the South East Dorset conurbation. There are eight cities, Salisbury, Bath, Wells, Bristol, Gloucester, Exeter, Plymouth and it includes two entire national parks, Dartmoor and Exmoor, and four World Heritage Sites, including Stonehenge and the Jurassic Coast. The northern part of Gloucestershire, near Chipping Campden, is as close to the Scottish border as it is to the tip of Cornwall, the region has by far the longest coastline in England and many seaside fishing towns. The region is at the first-level of NUTS for Eurostat purposes, key data and facts about the region are produced by the South West Observatory. Following the abolition of the South West Regional Assembly and Government Office, the region is known for its rich folklore, including the legend of King Arthur and Glastonbury Tor, as well as its traditions and customs. Cornwall has its own language, Cornish, and some regard it as a Celtic nation, the South West of England is known for Cheddar cheese, which originated in the Somerset village of Cheddar, Devon cream teas, crabs, Cornish pasties, and cider. It is also home to the Eden Project, Aardman Animations, the Glastonbury Festival, most of the region is located on the South West Peninsula, between the English Channel and Bristol Channel. It has the longest coastline of all the English regions, totalling over 700 miles, much of the coast is now protected from further substantial development because of its environmental importance, which contributes to the region’s attractiveness to tourists and residents. Geologically the region is divided into the largely igneous and metamorphic west and sedimentary east, Cornwall and West Devons landscape is of rocky coastline and high moorland, notably at Bodmin Moor and Dartmoor. These are due to the granite and slate that underlie the area, the highest point of the region is High Willhays, at 2,038 feet, on Dartmoor. In North Devon the slates of the west and limestones of the east meet at Exmoor National Park, the variety of rocks of similar ages seen here have led to the countys name being lent to that of the Devonian period. The east of the region is characterised by wide, flat clay vales and chalk, the vales, with good irrigation, are home to the regions dairy agriculture. The Blackmore Vale was Thomas Hardys Vale of the Little Dairies, another and these downs are the principal area of arable agriculture in the region. Limestone is also found in the region, at the Cotswolds, Quantock Hills and Mendip Hills, all of the principal rock types can be seen on the Jurassic Coast of Dorset and East Devon, where they document the entire Mesozoic era from west to east. The climate of South West England is classed as oceanic according to the Köppen climate classification, the oceanic climate typically experiences cool winters with warmer summers and precipitation all year round, with more experienced in winter. Annual rainfall is about 1,000 millimetres and up to 2,000 millimetres on higher ground, summer maxima averages range from 18 °C to 22 °C and winter minimum averages range from 1 °C to 4 °C across the south-west
7.
Great Britain
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Great Britain, also known as Britain, is a large island in the north Atlantic Ocean off the northwest coast of continental Europe. With an area of 209,331 km2, Great Britain is the largest European island, in 2011 the island had a population of about 61 million people, making it the worlds third-most populous island after Java in Indonesia and Honshu in Japan. The island of Ireland is situated to the west of it, the island is dominated by a maritime climate with quite narrow temperature differences between seasons. Politically, the island is part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, most of England, Scotland, and Wales are on the island. The term Great Britain often extends to surrounding islands that form part of England, Scotland, and Wales. A single Kingdom of Great Britain resulted from the union of the Kingdom of England, the archipelago has been referred to by a single name for over 2000 years, the term British Isles derives from terms used by classical geographers to describe this island group. By 50 BC Greek geographers were using equivalents of Prettanikē as a name for the British Isles. However, with the Roman conquest of Britain the Latin term Britannia was used for the island of Great Britain, the oldest mention of terms related to Great Britain was by Aristotle, or possibly by Pseudo-Aristotle, in his text On the Universe, Vol. III. To quote his works, There are two large islands in it, called the British Isles, Albion and Ierne. The name Britain descends from the Latin name for Britain, Britannia or Brittānia, Old French Bretaigne and Middle English Bretayne, Breteyne. The French form replaced the Old English Breoton, Breoten, Bryten, Breten, Britannia was used by the Romans from the 1st century BC for the British Isles taken together. It is derived from the writings of the Pytheas around 320 BC. Marcian of Heraclea, in his Periplus maris exteri, described the group as αἱ Πρεττανικαὶ νῆσοι. The peoples of these islands of Prettanike were called the Πρεττανοί, Priteni is the source of the Welsh language term Prydain, Britain, which has the same source as the Goidelic term Cruithne used to refer to the early Brythonic-speaking inhabitants of Ireland. The latter were later called Picts or Caledonians by the Romans, the Greco-Egyptian scientist Ptolemy referred to the larger island as great Britain and to Ireland as little Britain in his work Almagest. The name Albion appears to have out of use sometime after the Roman conquest of Britain. After the Anglo-Saxon period, Britain was used as a term only. It was used again in 1604, when King James VI and I styled himself King of Great Brittaine, France, Great Britain refers geographically to the island of Great Britain, politically to England, Scotland and Wales in combination
8.
M5 motorway
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The M5 is a motorway in England. It runs from Junction 8 of the M6 at West Bromwich near Birmingham to Exeter in Devon, heading south-west, the M5 runs east of West Bromwich and west of Birmingham through Sandwell Valley. It continues past Bromsgrove, Droitwich Spa, Worcester, Tewkesbury, Cheltenham, Gloucester, Bristol, Weston-super-Mare, Bridgwater and Taunton on its way to Exeter and it is the primary gateway to South West England. Congestion is common during the holidays, on Friday afternoons. The M5 follows the route of the A38 road quite closely, the two deviate slightly around Bristol and the area south of Bristol from Junctions 16 to the Sedgemoor services north of Junction 22. The A38 goes straight through the centre of Bristol and passes by Bristol Airport, the A38 continues south into Devon from the motorways terminus at Junction 31, near Exminster. Between Junction 21, Weston-super-Mare and Junction 22, Burnham-on-Sea, the M5 passes by an isolated landmark hill called Brent Knoll, the Willow Man sculpture is visible from both carriageways, and acts as a landmark just to the south of Junction 23. Junction 15 of the M5 is a four level stack interchange, called the Almondsbury Interchange. There are split-level carriageways where the M5 ascends the hill sides above the Gordano Valley, Junction 1 surrounds a surviving gatehouse from the former Sandwell Hall. The first 26 miles of the M5 motorway to be built were constructed as a dual two-lane motorway and this section, from Junction 4 in the north to a trumpet junction with the M50 in the south, opened in July 1962. The southern end was called a junction because of its shape. There were no other exits from this trumpet junction though room was left for an extension to the south, when the decision became necessary to widen the Worcestershire section of M5, it cost £123 million. The 2 miles dual two-lane section between Junctions 16 and 17 built at Filton, near Bristol, was opened in 1962. Gloucestershire County Council acted as engineer for this section, which was widened to a dual three-lane motorway in 1969, north of Junction 4 the M5 was constructed in sections, from 1967 to 1970, together with the Frankley services. Much of the section beyond Junction 3, from about Quinton to the junction with the M6 motorway, was constructed as an elevated dual 3-lane motorway using concrete pillars. The M5 was also extended southwards, in sections, from 1967 to 1977, through Somerset, to Exeter in Devon as a dual three-lane motorway, together with the Strensham services. The short section between Junctions 27 and 29 was built between 1967 and 1969, by Devon County Council, as the A38 Cullompton Bypass, with the intention that it should become part of the M5. The termini for this section have since removed, although part of the southern terminal roundabout is now used as an emergency access
9.
Haldon Hills
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The Haldon Hills, usually known simply as Haldon, is a ridge of high ground in Devon, England. The highest points of just over 250 metres lie to the south west of Exeter, Haldon is composed of New Red Sandstone covered by a more resistant layer of Upper Greensand. Around the highest ground there are other rock types. To the south west, around Chudleigh, are limestones of Devonian age, three areas of Haldon have been designated as Sites of Special Scientific Interest. The largest is Haldon Forest which covers most of the woodland north of the A380 road as far as the Haldon Belvedere. This area is designated because of its bird life. It is a significant habitat for the European nightjar with about 80 pairs breeding here. In addition, there have been a total of 35 species of butterflies recorded, including the rare high brown fritillary. Many moth and dragonfly species are also present, the other two SSSIs, Great Haldon Heaths and Little Haldon Heaths, consist of a lowland heath habitat of a type only found in south west England. The Devon Whitebeam is common on Little Haldon Heaths, and the rare Climbing Corydalis, Haldon is one of the few sites in Devon where there is evidence of settlement in early Neolithic times. There are an estimated 26 Bronze Age tumuli on Haldon, though because of the frequent use of the gravel and flints for road building, on Little Haldon, Castle Dyke, a probable Iron Age square enclosure about 100 metres on each side occupies a good defensive position. An ancient track known as the Portway that crosses Little Haldon passes by this earthwork, the high ground of Haldon has always been an inconvenience for people travelling south and west from Exeter. Most of the route of this road was turnpiked in 1760, there are several sunken lanes of medieval date or earlier that ascend Haldon from the east. These include St. Andrews Lane, and Holloway Lane that in places was deliberately cut over 6 m into the hillside. When the Exeter to Plymouth Line was proposed the cost of tunnelling the Haldon Hills prompted the construction of the line along the exposed coast between Starcross and Teignmouth instead. Around Little Haldon there is evidence of about a dozen settlements of medieval date that have since been deserted, for instance Seacombe, lidwell Chapel, which was probably founded in the 13th century, survives as a ruin on Little Haldon. In the early 14th century it was used by the hermit Robert de Middlecote as a base for robbing and murdering travellers, the building contains a holy well, now badly eroded, which according to legend is said to be bottomless. In post-medieval times, Haldon became a source of building materials, particularly flint, gravel
10.
Newton Abbot
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Newton Abbot is a market town and civil parish on the River Teign in the Teignbridge District of Devon, England, with a population of 25,556. Newton Abbot holds a historic Cheese and Onion Fayre in honour of Saint Leonard, it was held from 5 to 7 November. The town grew rapidly in the Victorian era as it was home to the South Devon Railway locomotive works. This later became a steam engine shed and was retained to service British Railways diesel locomotives. The town has a nearby, the most westerly racecourse in Britain. Traces of Neolithic people have found at Berrys Wood Hill Fort near Bradley Manor. This was a hill fort that enclosed about 11 acres. Milber Down camp was built before the 1st century BC and was briefly occupied by the Romans. The remains of a Norman motte-and-bailey castle, known as Castle Dyke, are on Highweek Hill, a village grew up around the castle, first called Teignwick, and later Highweek – the village on the high ground. Another settlement developed on the low ground around the River Lemon, the New Town of the Abbots was given the right to hold a weekly market on Wednesdays sometime between 1247 and 1251. By 1300 the two settlements were renamed as Newton Abbot and Newton Bushel, on the strength of the market it quickly became a successful thriving town and a good source of income for the Abbots. Over the river on the Highweek side another weekly market was created and this one ran on Tuesdays and, because the Bushel family were the landowners this community, became known as Newton Bushel. Over the next 200 years Newton Bushel ran more annual fairs, a number of mills were set up, Newton Bushel was also a convenient place for travellers to stay. Torre Abbey was dissolved in 1539 and ownership of Wolborough was granted to John Gaverock who built himself a new house at Forde, the twin markets of Newton Abbot and Newton Bushel continued until they were merged in 1633 as a Wednesday weekly market under the ownership of Bradley Manor. By 1751 there was also a smaller Saturday market and three annual fairs—a cattle fair on 24 June, a cheese and onion fair in September, the markets continued to expand so in 1826 a new market was built. Over the next 50 years the buildings became dilapidated so a new market was built in 1871. The buildings included a market, a corn exchange and a public hall—the Alexandra. The river Lemon was also covered over, further enlargement took place in 1938 as a new cattle market and corn exchange were built
11.
Bypass (road)
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A bypass specifically designated for trucks may be called a truck route. Petrol stations, shopping centres and some businesses are often built there for ease of access, while homes are often avoided for noise. Bypass routes are often controversial, as they require the building of a road carrying heavy traffic where no road previously existed and this creates a conflict between those who support a bypass to reduce congestion in a built up area, and those who oppose the development of undeveloped land. However, those of the city may also oppose the project. World Largest Bypass Road in India All big City have 12 Bypass, the first London bypass, the present Marylebone Road between Paddington and Islington, was started in 1756. Bypasses can take years to gain planning approval and funding. Many towns and villages have been campaigning for bypasses for over 30 years e. g. Banwell in North Somerset, the protest was popularly known as the Third Battle of Newbury, a name which was also adopted by one of the main protest groups. The name was chosen in reference to the First Battle of Newbury of 1643, in the United States, bypass routes are a type of special route used on an alternative routing of a highway around a town when the main route of the highway goes through the town. The original designation of these routes were truck routes to divert truck traffic away from the town. However, many Truck routes remain where the mainline of the highway is prohibited for trucks, in a few cases, both a bypass and a business route exist, both with auxiliary signs. Bypass routes are less common than business routes, many of those that existed before the era of Interstate highways have lost their old designations. Around St. Louis, Missouri, what had been U. S. Route 50 Bypass was absorbed into a diversion of U. S. Route 50 from Interstate 44 and Interstate 64. In the Interstate Highway System in the United States, bypasses, another meaning of the term bypass route is a highway that was constructed to bypass an area that is often congested with traffic. This includes Interstate Highway beltways and U. S, highways constructed to circumvent downtown areas. Examples of these are U. S. Route 60 bypassing Williamsburg, Virginia, Route 31 bypassing metro South Bend, Indiana, and Interstate 75 bypassing Tampa and St. Petersburg, Florida. These bypasses usually carry mainline routes rather than auxiliary bypass routes, the first bypass route in the United States was completed in 1958, as Alabama State Route 210 in Dothan, Alabama. The term shoofly, while common in rail terminology, can also be applied to a short temporary roadway which bypasses a construction site or other obstruction, manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices uses the term diversion. In Brazil the widest and busiest bypasses are located in the state of São Paulo and it is divided into sections and connected to major highways and while not being a toll road itself, accesses to other motorways are often placed through toll booths
12.
Kingskerswell
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Kingskerswell is a village and civil parish within Teignbridge local government district in the south of Devon, England. The village grew up where an ancient track took the narrowest point across a valley and it is of ancient foundation. It has a church dating back to the 14th century and the ruins of a house of similar date. The coming of the railway in the 1840s had an effect on the village. The village is a part of the electoral ward called Kerswell-with-Combe. This ward had a population of 5,679 at the 2011 census and it was situated on a busy main road, part of the A380, between Torquay and Newton Abbot until the opening of the South Devon Highway in December 2015. There had been proposals to reroute this road to relieve the traffic bottleneck since 1951, there are several prehistoric sites on the high ground surrounding Kingskerswell, such as the Iron Age sites of Milber Down, Berrys Wood and Dainton. In 1992 during survey work for a bypass, evidence of a Roman settlement was found at Aller Cross and it may have an early military origin, and if it does it would be of regional importance. The Aller Brook and its tributaries lie in a shallow, wide, a bridge, known as Dacca Bridge or Daccabridge, was constructed here and this is where the village developed, on the western bank. The first written record of Kingskerswell is in the Domesday Book where it is called Carsewelle, before the Norman Conquest it was held by Edward the Confessor as part of the royal demesne, afterwards it continued in royal ownership under William the Conqueror and his descendants. The first part of the name represents this royal ownership. After being granted to lords, but always escheating to the king due to the lack of any heirs. In 1268 his son, Roger de Molis, was granted the right to hold a market on Tuesdays. John Dinham eventually gained his inheritance in 1381 and he died in 1428 but the manor remained in his family until 1501. By 1710 the manor was owned by Sir Henry Langford who passed it to Thomas Brown, by 1159 there was a chaplain named William here, and in 1301 the chapel was visited by the Dean and Chapter of Exeter. The church, which is dedicated to St Mary, may have parts dating to the 14th century and it remained a chapel under the administration of the parish of St Marychurch until the 1530s when the present building was started. It was extended in the 15th century by converting the transepts into aisles and it was restored c.1856 by John West Hugall and again in 1875 by J. W. Rowell. The church is grade II* listed, and has an image of Saint Apollonia
A38 road
A381 road
A383 road
A3022 road
A385 road
