1.
Exeter
–
Exeter is a cathedral city in Devon, England with a population of 127,300. It lies within the county of Devon, of which it is the county town as well as the home of Devon County Council, currently, the administrative area has the status of a non-metropolitan district and is therefore under the administration of the County Council. The city is on the River Exe about 37 miles northeast of Plymouth and 70 miles southwest of Bristol, Exeter was the most south-westerly Roman fortified settlement in Britain, although there is evidence a Cornish tribe existed in Exeter before the Roman invasion. Exeter became a centre during the Middle Ages and into the Tudor times, Exeter Cathedral, founded in the mid 11th century. During the late 19th century, Exeter became an affluent centre for the wool trade, after the Second World War, much of the city centre was rebuilt and is now considered to be a centre for modern business and tourism in Devon and Cornwall. The name Exe is a development of the Brittonic name—meaning water or, more exactly, full of fish —that also appears in the English Axe and Esk, the Welsh Usk. Exeter began as settlements on a dry ridge ending in a spur overlooking a navigable river teeming with fish, although there have been no major prehistoric finds, these advantages suggest the site was occupied early. Coins have been discovered from the Hellenistic kingdoms, suggesting the existence of a settlement trading with the Mediterranean as early as 250 BC. Such early towns had been a feature of pre-Roman Gaul as described by Julius Caesar in his Commentaries, the Romans established a 42-acre playing-card shaped fort named Isca around AD55. To distinguish the two, the Romans also referred to Exeter as Isca Dumnoniorum, Watertown of the Dumnonii, a small fort was also maintained at Topsham, a supply depot on the route between the two was excavated at St Loyes on Topsham Road in 2010. The presence of the built up an unplanned civilian community of natives. This area was excavated in the 1970s, but could not be maintained for public view owing to its proximity to the present-day cathedral, in January 2015, it was announced that Exeter Cathedral had launched a bid to restore the baths and open an underground centre for visitors. In the late 2nd century, the ditch and rampart defences around the old fortress were replaced by a bank and wall enclosing a much larger area, although most of the visible structure is older, the course of the Roman wall was used for Exeters subsequent city walls. Thus about 70% of the Roman wall remains, and most of its route can be traced on foot, the dating of the coins so far discovered, however, suggests a rapid decline, virtually none have been discovered dated after the year 380. By that time, the city was held by the Saxons, Exeter was known to the Saxons as Escanceaster. In 876, it was attacked and briefly captured by Danish Vikings, alfred the Great drove them out the next summer. Over the next few years, he elevated Exeter to one of the four burhs in Devon and these permitted the city to fend off another attack and siege by the Danes in 893. King Athelstan again strengthened the walls around 928, and at the time drove out the remaining Britons from the city
2.
A38 road
–
The A38, part of which is also known as the Devon Expressway, is a major A-class trunk road in England. The road runs from Bodmin in Cornwall to Mansfield in Nottinghamshire and it is 292 miles long, making it the longest 2-digit A road in England. It was formerly known as the Leeds–Exeter Trunk Road, when this also included the A61. Prior to the opening of the M5 motorway in the 1960s and 1970s, considerable lengths of the road in the West Midlands closely follow Roman roads, including part of Icknield Street. Between Worcester and Birmingham the current A38 follows the line of a Saxon salt road, For most of the length of the M5 motorway, the A38 road runs alongside it as a single carriageway road. The road starts on the side of Bodmin at a junction with the A30 before traversing the edge of the town to meet the A30 again. It travels through the picturesque Glynn Valley to Dobwalls and Liskeard, the Dobwalls section contains the most sophisticated bat bridge yet constructed in the UK. The A38 continues through the Cornish countryside, bypassing the centre of Saltash, immediately after the tunnel the River Tamar is crossed using the Tamar Bridge where the route resumes dual carriageway status. It is 42 miles long and was completed in the early 1970s, there are several grade separated junctions along its length mainly for local traffic, including a three-level stacked roundabout for the A386, which heads out towards Dartmoor National Park. The route was reserved for the Parkway as early as 1943, the viaducts carrying the A38 over the River Plym, which after the construction of the Marsh Mills flyover became the Exeter bound sliproads, were built in 1969–70 as part of the Plympton bypass. This required the road to be closed for only 48 hours, the South Brent bypass opened in 1974 and the Ivybridge bypass in 1973, both on new alignments. After Ivybridge, the route parallels the original route, bypassing the village of Lee Mill which is now home to a large trading estate. The road widens to a dual carriageway for the Plympton bypass. This opened in 1971 and was the first section of the Devon Expressway to be built on a new alignment, the route originally ended at the Marsh Mills roundabout, which when opened was the largest in Europe. The section of the A38 between the A382 junction and Ashburton was built on a new alignment parallel to the old road, trago Mills, a locally well known retailer, is passed by the road. The Ashburton bypass, much like the Kennford bypass, uses the alignment of a much older 1930s single carriageway bypass, which was subsequently upgraded to dual carriageway by 1974. At the town of Buckfastleigh, the once again bypasses on a new alignment, although due to the challenging topography of the area. Some of this section follows part of the old Teign Valley Line railway, before Kennford, the route splits, with the A38 heading for Plymouth and the A380 heading towards Torbay
3.
A381 road
–
The route overlaps with other A-roads for several sections of its length. It is a route from Teignmouth to Salcombe than the A379 which meets it at both ends. It is under the control of Devon County Council as highway authority, the A381 starts in Teignmouth from a junction with the A379 at Shaldon Bridge, following the Teign Estuary to Kingsteignton, where it overlaps the A380 to cross the River Teign. At the Penn Inn Roundabout it then continues west on a dual carriageway into central Newton Abbot. Here it overlaps the A385 to cross the River Dart and the main London-Penzance railway line, from a junction on the west of Totnes it rises southwards into the South Hams. An identically-numbered spur from this road turns eastward to Kingsbridge. The tight-knit nature of the centres development, quickly thinning to countryside. As a rural road, the A381 has been the scene of multiple accidents. On Sunday 20 May 2012 a 0. 7-mile section of the road through Totnes was part of the Olympic Torch procession for the London 2012 Olympics and these towns and villages are either on or immediately adjacent to the road, in the order they appear travelling northeast to southwest. There are other settlements but only those with their own Wikipedia article are included here
4.
Paignton
–
Paignton /ˈpeɪntən/ is a seaside town on the coast of Tor Bay in Devon, England. Together with Torquay and Brixham it forms the borough of Torbay which was created in 1998, the Torbay area is a holiday destination known as the English Riviera. Paigntons population in the United Kingdom Census of 2011 was 49,021 and it has origins as a Celtic settlement and was first mentioned in 1086. It grew as a fishing village and a new harbour was built in 1847. A railway line was opened to passengers in 1859 creating links to Torquay, as its population increased, it merged with the villages of Goodrington and Preston. Paignton is mentioned in the Domesday Book of AD1086, formerly written Peynton and Paington, the name is derived from Paegas town, the original Anglo-Saxon settlement. Paignton was given the status of a borough having a market, Paignton was a small fishing village until the 19th century, when in 1837 the Paington Harbour Act led to the construction of a new harbour and the modern spelling, Paignton, first appeared. The historic part of Paignton is centred on Church Street, Winner Street, Kirkham House is a late medieval stone house which is open to the public at certain times of year. The Coverdale Tower adjacent to Paignton Parish Church is named after Bishop Miles Coverdale, Coverdale was Bishop of Exeter between 1551 and 1553 and is reputed to have lived in the tower although this is doubted by modern historians. The railway line to Paignton was built by the Dartmouth and Torbay Railway, the Paignton Pudding, first made in the 13th century, is the origin of the nickname pudden eaters for the people of Paignton. The puddings were made infrequently and were of great size, when thousands turned up hoping to obtain a piece of a huge pudding that had been baked to celebrate the arrival of the railway chaos occurred and the event became notorious. A Paignton Pudding was baked in 1968 to celebrate the towns charter, Oldway Mansion is a large house and gardens constructed in the 1870s for Isaac Merritt Singer, who had amassed a considerable fortune with his improvements to the sewing machine. The building was occupied by Torbay Council until an agreement was signed in September 2012 to develop the site into a hotel, other Singer legacies in Paignton include the Palace Hotel and the Inn on the Green, which were built as homes for Singers sons Washington and Mortimer. Torquay Tramways were extended into Paignton in 1911 but the network was closed in 1934, there are five parishes within Paignton, Paignton, St John the Baptist, Paignton, Christ Church, Preston, St Paul, Collaton, St Mary the Virgin, Goodrington, St George. As Paigntons population grew, it merged with the villages of Goodrington and Preston. The town was governed by a district council until 1968. The unitary authority formed in 1998 now handles all local government for Torbay and they are elected every four years. The Mayor chooses nine councillors to form the Cabinet, the Chairman of Torbay Council wears the chain of office
5.
Roads in the United Kingdom
–
Roads in the United Kingdom form a network of varied quality and capacity. Road distances are shown in miles or yards and UK speed limits are indicated in miles per hour or by the use of the speed limit symbol. Some vehicle categories have various lower maximum limits enforced by speed limiters, enforcement of UK road speed limits increasingly uses speed guns, automated in-vehicle systems and automated roadside traffic cameras. A unified numbering system is in place for Great Britain, whilst in Northern Ireland, the earliest specifically engineered roads were built during the British Iron Age. The road network was expanded during the Roman occupation, some of these survive and others were lost. New roads were added in the Middle Ages and from the 17th century onwards, certain aspects of the legal framework remain under the competence of the United Kingdom parliament. Although some roads have much older origins, the network was subject to development from the 1950s to the mid-1990s. From then, construction of roads has become controversial with direct action campaigns by environmentalists in opposition. In the UK, vehicles drive on the left and on multi-lane carriageways drivers are expected to keep to the left lane except when overtaking, in Great Britain, the Highway Code applies to drivers. In Northern Ireland, the Highway Code for Northern Ireland applies, UK speed limits are shown in mph. With a few exceptions, they are in multiples of 10, unless a lower speed limit is posted on a road, the national speed limit applies, which varies between class of vehicles and the type of road. In a built-up area, unless signs indicate otherwise, a limit of 30 miles per hour applies, other limits are shown in the table. For a road to be classed as a carriageway, the two directions of traffic flow must be physically separated by a central reservation. Roads in the UK are classified as M, A, or B roads, as well as categories of more minor roads, for internal purposes. These numbers follow a zonal system, there is no available explanation for the allocation of road numbers in Northern Ireland. The majority of the major routes are motorways, and are designed to carry long distance traffic. The next category is the A roads, which form the route network. A primary route is defined as, primary destinations are usually cities and large towns, to which, as a result of their size, a high volume of traffic is expected to go
6.
Torquay
–
Torquay /tɔːrˈkiː/ is a seaside town in Devon, England, part of the unitary authority area of Torbay. Later, as the towns fame spread, it was popular with Victorian society, renowned for its healthful climate, the town earned the nickname the English Riviera. The writer Agatha Christie was born in the town and lived there during her years and there is an Agatha Christie Mile. Torquays name originates in its being the quay of the ancient village of Torre, the area comprising modern Torquay has been inhabited since Paleolithic times. Roman soldiers are known to have visited Torquay during the period when Britain was a part of the Roman Empire, leaving offerings at a rock formation in Kents Cavern. No evidence has found of Roman settlement in the town. The first major building in Torquay was Torre Abbey, a Premonstratensian monastery founded in 1196, Torquay remained a minor settlement until the Napoleonic wars, when Torbay was used as a sheltered anchorage by the Channel Fleet, and relatives of officers often visited Torquay. The population of Torquay grew rapidly from 838 in 1801, to 11,474 in 1851, the second phase in the expansion of Torquay began when Torre railway station was opened on 18 December 1848. The improved transport connections resulted in growth at the expense of nearby towns not on Isambard Kingdom Brunels railways. The more central Torquay railway station was opened on 2 August 1859 with views of the sea from the platforms, after the growth of the preceding decades, Torquay was granted borough status in 1872. Previously regarded as a retreat, Torquay began to encourage summer visitors. Torquay Tramways operated electric trams from 1907. The line was extended into Paignton in 1911 but the network was closed in 1934, the Royal National Lifeboat Institutions Torquay Lifeboat Station was at the Ladies Bathing Cove from 1876 until 1923. A second lifeboat was kept at the harbour from 1917 until 1928, Torquay was regarded as a Spa Town after the Marine Spa was built on Beacon Hill near the harbour. Originally called the Bath Saloons complex, it had an open air tide-filled swimming bath, the complex was opened in 1853 after Beacon Hill headland was dynamited to make space for it. Charles Dickens was said to have made readings there, in the 1900s a ballroom and a new sea water-filled swimming pool were built. The Marine Spa provided various therapies such as seaweed baths, needle, douche showers, hot and cold water baths, bands such as Ivy Benson and Ted Heath played at Marine Spa ballroom. Four stone arches that were part of the Marine Spa are still visible on the outside of the harbour wall
7.
South West England
–
South West England is one of nine official regions of England. It is the largest in area, covering 9,200 square miles, five million people live in South West England. The region includes the West Country and much of the ancient kingdom of Wessex, other major urban centres include Plymouth, Swindon, Gloucester, Cheltenham, Exeter, Bath, Torbay, and the South East Dorset conurbation. There are eight cities, Salisbury, Bath, Wells, Bristol, Gloucester, Exeter, Plymouth and it includes two entire national parks, Dartmoor and Exmoor, and four World Heritage Sites, including Stonehenge and the Jurassic Coast. The northern part of Gloucestershire, near Chipping Campden, is as close to the Scottish border as it is to the tip of Cornwall, the region has by far the longest coastline in England and many seaside fishing towns. The region is at the first-level of NUTS for Eurostat purposes, key data and facts about the region are produced by the South West Observatory. Following the abolition of the South West Regional Assembly and Government Office, the region is known for its rich folklore, including the legend of King Arthur and Glastonbury Tor, as well as its traditions and customs. Cornwall has its own language, Cornish, and some regard it as a Celtic nation, the South West of England is known for Cheddar cheese, which originated in the Somerset village of Cheddar, Devon cream teas, crabs, Cornish pasties, and cider. It is also home to the Eden Project, Aardman Animations, the Glastonbury Festival, most of the region is located on the South West Peninsula, between the English Channel and Bristol Channel. It has the longest coastline of all the English regions, totalling over 700 miles, much of the coast is now protected from further substantial development because of its environmental importance, which contributes to the region’s attractiveness to tourists and residents. Geologically the region is divided into the largely igneous and metamorphic west and sedimentary east, Cornwall and West Devons landscape is of rocky coastline and high moorland, notably at Bodmin Moor and Dartmoor. These are due to the granite and slate that underlie the area, the highest point of the region is High Willhays, at 2,038 feet, on Dartmoor. In North Devon the slates of the west and limestones of the east meet at Exmoor National Park, the variety of rocks of similar ages seen here have led to the countys name being lent to that of the Devonian period. The east of the region is characterised by wide, flat clay vales and chalk, the vales, with good irrigation, are home to the regions dairy agriculture. The Blackmore Vale was Thomas Hardys Vale of the Little Dairies, another and these downs are the principal area of arable agriculture in the region. Limestone is also found in the region, at the Cotswolds, Quantock Hills and Mendip Hills, all of the principal rock types can be seen on the Jurassic Coast of Dorset and East Devon, where they document the entire Mesozoic era from west to east. The climate of South West England is classed as oceanic according to the Köppen climate classification, the oceanic climate typically experiences cool winters with warmer summers and precipitation all year round, with more experienced in winter. Annual rainfall is about 1,000 millimetres and up to 2,000 millimetres on higher ground, summer maxima averages range from 18 °C to 22 °C and winter minimum averages range from 1 °C to 4 °C across the south-west
8.
Torbay
–
Torbay /tɔːrˈbeɪ/ is a borough in Devon, England, administered by the unitary authority of Torbay Council. It consists of 62.87 square kilometres of land, spanning the towns of Torquay, Paignton and Brixham, Torbay is roughly equidistant from the cities of Exeter and Plymouth. That the Torbay area has been inhabited since Paleolithic times is shown by human bones, a maxilla fragment known as Kents Cavern 4 may be the oldest example of a modern human in Europe, dating back to 37, 000–40,000 years ago. Roman soldiers are known to have visited Torquay during the period when Britain was a part of the Roman Empire, leaving offerings at a rock formation in Kents Cavern. Both Brixham and Paignton appear in the Domesday Book of 1086 and Paignton was given the status of a borough having a market, the first major building in Torquay was Torre Abbey, a Premonstratensian monastery founded in 1196. William Prince of Orange landed in Brixham on 5 November 1688, during the Glorious Revolution, the historic part of Paignton is inland, the low-lying coastal fringe was originally salt marsh. Paignton remained a fishing village until the early 19th century. The second phase in the expansion of the area began when Torre railway station was opened in December 1848. The railway was extended to Torquay Seafront station in 1858, Paignton in 1859, as a result of its expansion, Torquay was granted borough status in 1872, and 1902 saw its first marketing campaign to summer tourists. Torbay Golf & Country Club opened in 1933, the club and course closed in the mid 1950s. Tor Bay hosted the events for the 1948 Summer Olympics in London. The County Borough became the Borough of Torbay under local government reorganisation in 1974 and it was made a unitary authority on 1 April 1998 making it responsible for its own affairs. The area is represented nationally at the House of Commons by two MPs, Brixham and part of Paignton fall within the Totnes constituency, with Conservative Sarah Wollaston elected. Torbay is in the South West England constituency of the European Parliament, together with the rest of South West England, until May 2011, Torbay Council had been headed by the first directly elected mayor in the South West region. Conservative candidate Nicholas Bye who won in October 2005, under a system which was later described as a total failure with Bye receiving votes from fewer than 7% of the electorate. However, running as an independent he was defeated in the May 2011 election by Gordon Oliver who stood as a Conservative, for local elections the district is divided into 15 wards. The Council elects 36 councillors in elections every four years. Since the Torbay Council election,2015, the council has a Conservative majority, the composition as of 9 May 2015, There are three main towns around the marine inlet of Tor Bay, Torquay in the north, Paignton in the centre, and Brixham in the south
9.
Great Britain
–
Great Britain, also known as Britain, is a large island in the north Atlantic Ocean off the northwest coast of continental Europe. With an area of 209,331 km2, Great Britain is the largest European island, in 2011 the island had a population of about 61 million people, making it the worlds third-most populous island after Java in Indonesia and Honshu in Japan. The island of Ireland is situated to the west of it, the island is dominated by a maritime climate with quite narrow temperature differences between seasons. Politically, the island is part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, most of England, Scotland, and Wales are on the island. The term Great Britain often extends to surrounding islands that form part of England, Scotland, and Wales. A single Kingdom of Great Britain resulted from the union of the Kingdom of England, the archipelago has been referred to by a single name for over 2000 years, the term British Isles derives from terms used by classical geographers to describe this island group. By 50 BC Greek geographers were using equivalents of Prettanikē as a name for the British Isles. However, with the Roman conquest of Britain the Latin term Britannia was used for the island of Great Britain, the oldest mention of terms related to Great Britain was by Aristotle, or possibly by Pseudo-Aristotle, in his text On the Universe, Vol. III. To quote his works, There are two large islands in it, called the British Isles, Albion and Ierne. The name Britain descends from the Latin name for Britain, Britannia or Brittānia, Old French Bretaigne and Middle English Bretayne, Breteyne. The French form replaced the Old English Breoton, Breoten, Bryten, Breten, Britannia was used by the Romans from the 1st century BC for the British Isles taken together. It is derived from the writings of the Pytheas around 320 BC. Marcian of Heraclea, in his Periplus maris exteri, described the group as αἱ Πρεττανικαὶ νῆσοι. The peoples of these islands of Prettanike were called the Πρεττανοί, Priteni is the source of the Welsh language term Prydain, Britain, which has the same source as the Goidelic term Cruithne used to refer to the early Brythonic-speaking inhabitants of Ireland. The latter were later called Picts or Caledonians by the Romans, the Greco-Egyptian scientist Ptolemy referred to the larger island as great Britain and to Ireland as little Britain in his work Almagest. The name Albion appears to have out of use sometime after the Roman conquest of Britain. After the Anglo-Saxon period, Britain was used as a term only. It was used again in 1604, when King James VI and I styled himself King of Great Brittaine, France, Great Britain refers geographically to the island of Great Britain, politically to England, Scotland and Wales in combination
10.
Kennford
–
Kennford is a village situated in the Teignbridge district of Devon, England. Kennford is 4 miles to the south of Exeter in the parish of Kenn. The village became prominent in the 1970s as the location of a new station on the A38 Devon Expressway between Exeter and Plymouth, near the southern terminus of the then new M5 motorway. This service area is a stopping place for tourists on their way to South Devon. Close to the village is a caravan and camping park, the entertainer, Danny la Rue, was largely brought up in Kennford. Media related to Kennford at Wikimedia Commons
11.
M5 motorway
–
The M5 is a motorway in England. It runs from Junction 8 of the M6 at West Bromwich near Birmingham to Exeter in Devon, heading south-west, the M5 runs east of West Bromwich and west of Birmingham through Sandwell Valley. It continues past Bromsgrove, Droitwich Spa, Worcester, Tewkesbury, Cheltenham, Gloucester, Bristol, Weston-super-Mare, Bridgwater and Taunton on its way to Exeter and it is the primary gateway to South West England. Congestion is common during the holidays, on Friday afternoons. The M5 follows the route of the A38 road quite closely, the two deviate slightly around Bristol and the area south of Bristol from Junctions 16 to the Sedgemoor services north of Junction 22. The A38 goes straight through the centre of Bristol and passes by Bristol Airport, the A38 continues south into Devon from the motorways terminus at Junction 31, near Exminster. Between Junction 21, Weston-super-Mare and Junction 22, Burnham-on-Sea, the M5 passes by an isolated landmark hill called Brent Knoll, the Willow Man sculpture is visible from both carriageways, and acts as a landmark just to the south of Junction 23. Junction 15 of the M5 is a four level stack interchange, called the Almondsbury Interchange. There are split-level carriageways where the M5 ascends the hill sides above the Gordano Valley, Junction 1 surrounds a surviving gatehouse from the former Sandwell Hall. The first 26 miles of the M5 motorway to be built were constructed as a dual two-lane motorway and this section, from Junction 4 in the north to a trumpet junction with the M50 in the south, opened in July 1962. The southern end was called a junction because of its shape. There were no other exits from this trumpet junction though room was left for an extension to the south, when the decision became necessary to widen the Worcestershire section of M5, it cost £123 million. The 2 miles dual two-lane section between Junctions 16 and 17 built at Filton, near Bristol, was opened in 1962. Gloucestershire County Council acted as engineer for this section, which was widened to a dual three-lane motorway in 1969, north of Junction 4 the M5 was constructed in sections, from 1967 to 1970, together with the Frankley services. Much of the section beyond Junction 3, from about Quinton to the junction with the M6 motorway, was constructed as an elevated dual 3-lane motorway using concrete pillars. The M5 was also extended southwards, in sections, from 1967 to 1977, through Somerset, to Exeter in Devon as a dual three-lane motorway, together with the Strensham services. The short section between Junctions 27 and 29 was built between 1967 and 1969, by Devon County Council, as the A38 Cullompton Bypass, with the intention that it should become part of the M5. The termini for this section have since removed, although part of the southern terminal roundabout is now used as an emergency access
12.
Haldon Hills
–
The Haldon Hills, usually known simply as Haldon, is a ridge of high ground in Devon, England. The highest points of just over 250 metres lie to the south west of Exeter, Haldon is composed of New Red Sandstone covered by a more resistant layer of Upper Greensand. Around the highest ground there are other rock types. To the south west, around Chudleigh, are limestones of Devonian age, three areas of Haldon have been designated as Sites of Special Scientific Interest. The largest is Haldon Forest which covers most of the woodland north of the A380 road as far as the Haldon Belvedere. This area is designated because of its bird life. It is a significant habitat for the European nightjar with about 80 pairs breeding here. In addition, there have been a total of 35 species of butterflies recorded, including the rare high brown fritillary. Many moth and dragonfly species are also present, the other two SSSIs, Great Haldon Heaths and Little Haldon Heaths, consist of a lowland heath habitat of a type only found in south west England. The Devon Whitebeam is common on Little Haldon Heaths, and the rare Climbing Corydalis, Haldon is one of the few sites in Devon where there is evidence of settlement in early Neolithic times. There are an estimated 26 Bronze Age tumuli on Haldon, though because of the frequent use of the gravel and flints for road building, on Little Haldon, Castle Dyke, a probable Iron Age square enclosure about 100 metres on each side occupies a good defensive position. An ancient track known as the Portway that crosses Little Haldon passes by this earthwork, the high ground of Haldon has always been an inconvenience for people travelling south and west from Exeter. Most of the route of this road was turnpiked in 1760, there are several sunken lanes of medieval date or earlier that ascend Haldon from the east. These include St. Andrews Lane, and Holloway Lane that in places was deliberately cut over 6 m into the hillside. When the Exeter to Plymouth Line was proposed the cost of tunnelling the Haldon Hills prompted the construction of the line along the exposed coast between Starcross and Teignmouth instead. Around Little Haldon there is evidence of about a dozen settlements of medieval date that have since been deserted, for instance Seacombe, lidwell Chapel, which was probably founded in the 13th century, survives as a ruin on Little Haldon. In the early 14th century it was used by the hermit Robert de Middlecote as a base for robbing and murdering travellers, the building contains a holy well, now badly eroded, which according to legend is said to be bottomless. In post-medieval times, Haldon became a source of building materials, particularly flint, gravel
13.
Kingsteignton
–
Kingsteignton /kɪŋˈsteɪntən/, is a town and civil parish in South Devon, England. It lies at the head of the Teign Estuary to the west of Teignmouth in the Teignbridge district and it is bypassed by the A380 and is also on the A383, A381, B3193 and B3195. Kingsteignton has a population of over 11,000, the threat of being incorporated into the nearby town of Newton Abbot prompted the parish council to change the villages status to a town itself, the change took effect from 1 January 2009. The town has two electoral wards, as a royal vill Kingsteignton provided rich pickings for Danish raiders who plundered it in 1001. Medieval prosperity funded the rebuilding of the church in the 15th century. From the medieval period to the century the parish church held an important position as the mother church of Highweek. The Fairwater Leat, fed by the springs at Rydon, superseded the Honeywell Spring as the water supply in the Middle Ages. A drought is said to have given rise to the annual Ram Roasting fair, according to legend there was insufficient water to baptise a child so a ram was sacrificed to the gods of the local spring. Water sprang forth and a ram has been roasted ever since at the fair, until the 13th century the Manor of Kingsteignton was a crown demesne. In 1509 the manor passed to the Clifford family who hold the title of Lord of the Manor today. The local secondary school is Teign School, which includes a 6th form college. Primary schools are St Michaels and Rydon, a third primary school is due to be built on land on the western edge of the town, opposite Teign School. The town is twinned with Orbec, France, fine quality ball clay beds created some 30–40 million years ago during the Oligocene Period lie on the eastern edge of the Bovey Basin near Kingsteignton. The exploitation of these began in the late 17th century when it was discovered that their properties made them eminently suitable for pipe making. Over the past 200 years clay mining has brought continued employment, limestone has been extensively quarried at various times on either side of Golvers Hill at Rydon, Coombesend and Gildons. Kingsteignton Quarry at Rydon supplied stone for the building of Buckfast Abbey, numerous limekilns, some still in existence, were found along the dry valley that extends from Rydon to Lindridge and along the Coombesend valley. Sand and gravel has also extensively quarried at Babcombe Copse, Sands Copse and Heathfield. Lysons Magna Britannia mentions that the ancient Britons extracted alluvial tin from the gravels deposited by the river Teign
14.
Newton Abbot
–
Newton Abbot is a market town and civil parish on the River Teign in the Teignbridge District of Devon, England, with a population of 25,556. Newton Abbot holds a historic Cheese and Onion Fayre in honour of Saint Leonard, it was held from 5 to 7 November. The town grew rapidly in the Victorian era as it was home to the South Devon Railway locomotive works. This later became a steam engine shed and was retained to service British Railways diesel locomotives. The town has a nearby, the most westerly racecourse in Britain. Traces of Neolithic people have found at Berrys Wood Hill Fort near Bradley Manor. This was a hill fort that enclosed about 11 acres. Milber Down camp was built before the 1st century BC and was briefly occupied by the Romans. The remains of a Norman motte-and-bailey castle, known as Castle Dyke, are on Highweek Hill, a village grew up around the castle, first called Teignwick, and later Highweek – the village on the high ground. Another settlement developed on the low ground around the River Lemon, the New Town of the Abbots was given the right to hold a weekly market on Wednesdays sometime between 1247 and 1251. By 1300 the two settlements were renamed as Newton Abbot and Newton Bushel, on the strength of the market it quickly became a successful thriving town and a good source of income for the Abbots. Over the river on the Highweek side another weekly market was created and this one ran on Tuesdays and, because the Bushel family were the landowners this community, became known as Newton Bushel. Over the next 200 years Newton Bushel ran more annual fairs, a number of mills were set up, Newton Bushel was also a convenient place for travellers to stay. Torre Abbey was dissolved in 1539 and ownership of Wolborough was granted to John Gaverock who built himself a new house at Forde, the twin markets of Newton Abbot and Newton Bushel continued until they were merged in 1633 as a Wednesday weekly market under the ownership of Bradley Manor. By 1751 there was also a smaller Saturday market and three annual fairs—a cattle fair on 24 June, a cheese and onion fair in September, the markets continued to expand so in 1826 a new market was built. Over the next 50 years the buildings became dilapidated so a new market was built in 1871. The buildings included a market, a corn exchange and a public hall—the Alexandra. The river Lemon was also covered over, further enlargement took place in 1938 as a new cattle market and corn exchange were built
15.
Bypass (road)
–
A bypass specifically designated for trucks may be called a truck route. Petrol stations, shopping centres and some businesses are often built there for ease of access, while homes are often avoided for noise. Bypass routes are often controversial, as they require the building of a road carrying heavy traffic where no road previously existed and this creates a conflict between those who support a bypass to reduce congestion in a built up area, and those who oppose the development of undeveloped land. However, those of the city may also oppose the project. World Largest Bypass Road in India All big City have 12 Bypass, the first London bypass, the present Marylebone Road between Paddington and Islington, was started in 1756. Bypasses can take years to gain planning approval and funding. Many towns and villages have been campaigning for bypasses for over 30 years e. g. Banwell in North Somerset, the protest was popularly known as the Third Battle of Newbury, a name which was also adopted by one of the main protest groups. The name was chosen in reference to the First Battle of Newbury of 1643, in the United States, bypass routes are a type of special route used on an alternative routing of a highway around a town when the main route of the highway goes through the town. The original designation of these routes were truck routes to divert truck traffic away from the town. However, many Truck routes remain where the mainline of the highway is prohibited for trucks, in a few cases, both a bypass and a business route exist, both with auxiliary signs. Bypass routes are less common than business routes, many of those that existed before the era of Interstate highways have lost their old designations. Around St. Louis, Missouri, what had been U. S. Route 50 Bypass was absorbed into a diversion of U. S. Route 50 from Interstate 44 and Interstate 64. In the Interstate Highway System in the United States, bypasses, another meaning of the term bypass route is a highway that was constructed to bypass an area that is often congested with traffic. This includes Interstate Highway beltways and U. S, highways constructed to circumvent downtown areas. Examples of these are U. S. Route 60 bypassing Williamsburg, Virginia, Route 31 bypassing metro South Bend, Indiana, and Interstate 75 bypassing Tampa and St. Petersburg, Florida. These bypasses usually carry mainline routes rather than auxiliary bypass routes, the first bypass route in the United States was completed in 1958, as Alabama State Route 210 in Dothan, Alabama. The term shoofly, while common in rail terminology, can also be applied to a short temporary roadway which bypasses a construction site or other obstruction, manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices uses the term diversion. In Brazil the widest and busiest bypasses are located in the state of São Paulo and it is divided into sections and connected to major highways and while not being a toll road itself, accesses to other motorways are often placed through toll booths
16.
Kingskerswell
–
Kingskerswell is a village and civil parish within Teignbridge local government district in the south of Devon, England. The village grew up where an ancient track took the narrowest point across a valley and it is of ancient foundation. It has a church dating back to the 14th century and the ruins of a house of similar date. The coming of the railway in the 1840s had an effect on the village. The village is a part of the electoral ward called Kerswell-with-Combe. This ward had a population of 5,679 at the 2011 census and it was situated on a busy main road, part of the A380, between Torquay and Newton Abbot until the opening of the South Devon Highway in December 2015. There had been proposals to reroute this road to relieve the traffic bottleneck since 1951, there are several prehistoric sites on the high ground surrounding Kingskerswell, such as the Iron Age sites of Milber Down, Berrys Wood and Dainton. In 1992 during survey work for a bypass, evidence of a Roman settlement was found at Aller Cross and it may have an early military origin, and if it does it would be of regional importance. The Aller Brook and its tributaries lie in a shallow, wide, a bridge, known as Dacca Bridge or Daccabridge, was constructed here and this is where the village developed, on the western bank. The first written record of Kingskerswell is in the Domesday Book where it is called Carsewelle, before the Norman Conquest it was held by Edward the Confessor as part of the royal demesne, afterwards it continued in royal ownership under William the Conqueror and his descendants. The first part of the name represents this royal ownership. After being granted to lords, but always escheating to the king due to the lack of any heirs. In 1268 his son, Roger de Molis, was granted the right to hold a market on Tuesdays. John Dinham eventually gained his inheritance in 1381 and he died in 1428 but the manor remained in his family until 1501. By 1710 the manor was owned by Sir Henry Langford who passed it to Thomas Brown, by 1159 there was a chaplain named William here, and in 1301 the chapel was visited by the Dean and Chapter of Exeter. The church, which is dedicated to St Mary, may have parts dating to the 14th century and it remained a chapel under the administration of the parish of St Marychurch until the 1530s when the present building was started. It was extended in the 15th century by converting the transepts into aisles and it was restored c.1856 by John West Hugall and again in 1875 by J. W. Rowell. The church is grade II* listed, and has an image of Saint Apollonia
17.
Dual carriageway
–
A dual carriageway is a class of highway with carriageways for traffic travelling in opposite directions separated by a central reservation. Roads with two or more carriageways which are designed to higher standards with controlled access are generally classed as motorways, freeways, a road without a central reservation is a single carriageway regardless of the number of lanes. Dual carriageways have improved road traffic safety over single carriageways and typically have speed limits as a result. In some places, express lanes and local/collector lanes are used within a system to provide more capacity. A very early example of a dual carriageway was the Via Portuensis, in 1907 the Long Island Motor Parkway opened, and roughly 20% of it featured a semi-dual-carriageway design. The New York City Belt Parkway system, which was built between 1907 and 1934, also pioneered the same design, however the majority of it featured concrete or brick railings as lane dividers instead of grass medians. In 1924 the first Italian autostrada was opened running 55 km from Milan to Varese and it featured a broad road bed and did not feature lane dividers except near cities and through the mountains. The London end of the Great West Road became Britains first dual carriageway when it was opened in 1925 by King George V, in 1927 the Rome bypass was opened. It ran 92 km bypassing Rome to the east, almost the entire length featured a dual-carriageway design. In the early 1930s it was extended all the way to Naples. Most of the routing was destroyed by the Allies in the World War II. By 1930 several US and European cities had built dual-carriageway highways, in 1932 the first German autobahn opened between Cologne and Bonn. It ran 21 km and became a precedent for future highways, although it, like the first autostrada, did not feature a dual-carriageway design, it inspired the mass construction of future high-speed roadways. During the 1930s, Germany, Italy, and the Soviet Union began construction of a network of dual carriageway expressways. By 1942, Germany had over 3,200 km of dual carriageway roads, Italy had nearly 1,300 km, opened to traffic in 1940, the 160-mile-long Pennsylvania Turnpike was the first rural dual carriageway built in the United States. By 1955 several states had built dual carriageway freeways and turnpikes, completed in 1994, the major highway system links all the major cities of the United States. In the UK, although the dual carriageway applies to any road with physically separated lanes. Such major dual carriageways usually have two lanes of traffic in each direction, with the lane nearest the centre being reserved for overtaking, occasionally dual carriageways have only one lane in each direction, or more than two lanes each way
18.
Roundabout
–
A roundabout is a type of circular intersection or junction in which road traffic flows almost continuously in one direction around a central island. So-called modern roundabouts require entering traffic to give way to traffic already in the circle, variations on the basic concept include integration with tram and/or train lines, two-way flow, higher speeds and many others. Traffic exiting the roundabout comes from one direction, rather than three, simplifying the pedestrians visual environment, Traffic moves slowly enough to allow visual engagement with pedestrians, encouraging deference towards them. Other benefits include reduced driver confusion associated with perpendicular junctions and reduced queuing associated with traffic lights and they allow U-turns within the normal flow of traffic, which often are not possible at other forms of junction. Moreover, since vehicles on average spend less time idling at roundabouts than at signalled intersections, also, when entering vehicles only need to give way, they do not always perform a full stop. As a result, by keeping a part of their momentum, additionally, slow moving traffic in roundabouts makes less noise than traffic that must stop and start, speed up and brake. Modern roundabouts are commonplace throughout the world, half of the worlds roundabouts are in France, although the United Kingdom has more as a proportion of the road than any other country. C. The operating and entry characteristics of these circles differ considerably from modern roundabouts, in 1907 architect John McLaren designed one of the first American roundabouts for both autos and street cars in the Hanchett Residence Park in what is now San Jose, California. The first British circular junction was built in Letchworth Garden City in 1909 and its centre originally was intended partly as a traffic island for pedestrians. It was featured in the film The Worlds End, in the early 20th century, numerous traffic circles were constructed in the United States, particularly in the northeast. Examples include a circle in Atherton, California, widespread use of the modern roundabout began when the UKs Transport Research Laboratory engineers re-engineered circular intersections during the 1960s. Frank Blackmore led the development of the offside priority rule and subsequently invented the mini-roundabout to overcome capacity and safety limitations, the design became mandatory in the United Kingdom for all new roundabouts in November 1966. This give-way requirement has been the law in New York state since the 1920s, in the United States modern roundabouts emerged in the 1990s. Municipalities introducing new roundabouts often are met with some degree of public resistance, surveys show that negative public opinion reverses as drivers gain experience with roundabouts. American confusion at how to enter and especially how to exit a roundabout was the subject of such as featured in the film European Vacation. By 2011, however, some 3,000 roundabouts had been established, a 1998 survey of municipalities found public opinion 68% opposed prior to construction, changing thereafter to 73% in favour. A2007 survey found public support ranging from 22% to 44% prior to construction, the first modern roundabout in the United States was constructed in Summerlin, Nevada in 1990. This roundabout occasioned dismay from residents, and a news program said about it, Even police agree
19.
Traffic light
–
The worlds first, manually operated gas-lit traffic signal was short lived. Installed in London in December 1868, it exploded less than a month later, Traffic control started to seem necessary in the late 1890s and Earnest Sirrine from Chicago patented the first automated traffic control system in 1910. It used the words STOP and PROCEED, although neither word lit up, Traffic lights alternate the right of way accorded to users by displaying lights of a standard colour following a universal colour code. In the typical sequence of phases, The green light allows traffic to proceed in the direction denoted, if it is safe to do so. The amber light warns that the signal is about to change to red, in a number of countries – among them the United Kingdom – a phase during which red and yellow are displayed together indicates that the signal is about to change to green. A flashing amber indication is a warning signal, in the United Kingdom, a flashing amber light is used only at pelican crossings, in place of the combined red–amber signal, and indicates that drivers may pass if no pedestrians are on the crossing. The red signal prohibits any traffic from proceeding, a flashing red indication is treated as a stop sign. In some countries traffic signals will go into a flashing mode if the Conflict Monitor detects a problem, the signal may display flashing yellow to the main road and flashing red to the side road, or flashing red in all directions. Flashing operation can also be used during times of day when traffic is light, before traffic lights traffic police controlled the flow of traffic, a well-documented example being that on London Bridge in 1722. Three men were given the task of directing traffic coming in, each officer would help direct traffic coming out of Southwark into London and he made sure all traffic stayed on the west end of the bridge. A second officer would direct traffic on the east end of the bridge to control the flow of people leaving London and going into Southwark. The main reason for the light was that there was an overflow of horse-drawn traffic over Westminster Bridge which forced thousands of pedestrians to walk next to the Houses of Parliament. The design combined three semaphore arms with red and green gas lamps for use, on a pillar. The gas lantern was manually turned by a police officer. The signal was 22 feet high, at night a red light would command Stop and a green light would mean use Caution. Although it was said to be successful at controlling traffic, its life was brief. It exploded on 2 January 1869, as a result of a leak in one of the gas lines underneath the pavement, injuring or killing the policeman who was operating it. In the first two decades of the 20th century semaphore traffic signals, like the one in London, were in use all over the United States with each state having its own design of the device, One good example was from Toledo, Ohio in 1908
20.
Devon
–
Devon, also known as Devonshire, which was formerly its common and official name, is a county of England, reaching from the Bristol Channel in the north to the English Channel in the south. It is part of South West England, bounded by Cornwall to the west, Somerset to the northeast, combined as a ceremonial county, Devons area is 6,707 km2 and its population is about 1.1 million. Devon derives its name from Dumnonia, which, during the British Iron Age, Roman Britain, the Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain resulted in the partial assimilation of Dumnonia into the Kingdom of Wessex during the eighth and ninth centuries. The western boundary with Cornwall was set at the River Tamar by King Æthelstan in 936, Devon was constituted as a shire of the Kingdom of England thereafter. The north and south coasts of Devon each have both cliffs and sandy shores, and the bays contain seaside resorts, fishing towns. The inland terrain is rural, generally hilly, and has a low density in comparison to many other parts of England. Dartmoor is the largest open space in southern England at 954 km2, to the north of Dartmoor are the Culm Measures and Exmoor. In the valleys and lowlands of south and east Devon the soil is fertile, drained by rivers including the Exe, the Culm, the Teign, the Dart. As well as agriculture, much of the economy of Devon is linked with tourism, in the Brittonic, Devon is known as Welsh, Dyfnaint, Breton, Devnent and Cornish, Dewnens, each meaning deep valleys. One erroneous theory is that the suffix is due to a mistake in the making of the original letters patent for the Duke of Devonshire. However, there are references to Defenascire in Anglo-Saxon texts from before 1000 AD, the term Devonshire may have originated around the 8th century, when it changed from Dumnonia to Defenascir. Kents Cavern in Torquay had produced human remains from 30–40,000 years ago, Dartmoor is thought to have been occupied by Mesolithic hunter-gatherer peoples from about 6000 BC. The Romans held the area under occupation for around 350 years. Devon became a frontier between Brittonic and Anglo-Saxon Wessex, and it was absorbed into Wessex by the mid 9th century. This suggests the Anglo-Saxon migration into Devon was limited rather than a movement of people. The border with Cornwall was set by King Æthelstan on the east bank of the River Tamar in 936 AD, the arrival of William of Orange to launch the Glorious Revolution of 1688 took place at Brixham. Devon has produced tin, copper and other metals from ancient times, Devons tin miners enjoyed a substantial degree of independence through Devons Stannary Parliament, which dates back to the 12th century. The last recorded sitting was in 1748, agriculture has been an important industry in Devon since the 19th century
21.
Pub
–
A pub, or public house, is an establishment licensed to sell alcoholic drinks, which traditionally include beer, ale and cider. It is a relaxed, social drinking establishment and a prominent part of British, Irish, New Zealand, Canadian, in many places, especially in villages, a pub is the focal point of the community. In his 17th century diary Samuel Pepys described the pub as the heart of England, Pubs can be traced back to Roman taverns, through the Anglo-Saxon alehouse to the development of the tied house system in the 19th century. In 1393, King Richard II of England introduced legislation that pubs had to display a sign outdoors to make them easily visible for passing ale tasters who would assess the quality of ale sold, most pubs focus on offering beers, ales and similar drinks. As well, pubs often sell wines, spirits, and soft drinks, meals, the owner, tenant or manager is known as the pub landlord or publican. The pub quiz was established in the UK in the 1970s and these alehouses quickly evolved into meeting houses for the folk to socially congregate, gossip and arrange mutual help within their communities. Herein lies the origin of the public house, or Pub as it is colloquially called in England. They rapidly spread across the Kingdom, becoming so commonplace that in 965 King Edgar decreed that there should be no more than one alehouse per village. A traveller in the early Middle Ages could obtain overnight accommodation in monasteries, the Hostellers of London were granted guild status in 1446 and in 1514 the guild became the Worshipful Company of Innholders. A survey in 1577 of drinking establishment in England and Wales for taxation purposes recorded 14,202 alehouses,1,631 inns, Inns are buildings where travellers can seek lodging and, usually, food and drink. They are typically located in the country or along a highway, in Europe, they possibly first sprang up when the Romans built a system of roads two millennia ago. Some inns in Europe are several centuries old, in addition to providing for the needs of travellers, inns traditionally acted as community gathering places. In Europe, it is the provision of accommodation, if anything, the latter tend to provide alcohol, but less commonly accommodation. Famous London inns include The George, Southwark and The Tabard, there is however no longer a formal distinction between an inn and other kinds of establishment. In North America, the aspect of the word inn lives on in hotel brand names like Holiday Inn. The Inns of Court and Inns of Chancery in London started as ordinary inns where barristers met to do business, traditional English ale was made solely from fermented malt. The practice of adding hops to produce beer was introduced from the Netherlands in the early 15th century, alehouses would each brew their own distinctive ale, but independent breweries began to appear in the late 17th century. By the end of the century almost all beer was brewed by commercial breweries, the 18th century saw a huge growth in the number of drinking establishments, primarily due to the introduction of gin
22.
Mitchells & Butlers
–
Mitchells & Butlers plc runs circa 1,784 managed pubs, bars and restaurants throughout the United Kingdom. The companys headquarters are in Birmingham, England, United Kingdom, the company is listed on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE250 Index. Its branded restaurants and bars include All Bar One, Miller & Carter, Nicholsons, Toby Carvery, Harvester, Browns Restaurants, Mitchells & Butlers Brewery was formed by the merger of two breweries in 1898. The company merged with Bass in 1961, with the brand currently under ownership of Coors Brewers, the brewery closed in 2002 with production switched to Burton upon Trent. Their most famous beer was Brew XI, advertised with the slogan for the men of the Midlands and it is now brewed under licence for Coors by Brains of Cardiff. In the late 1990s the latter interests were sold, on 21 July 1995, Bass bought 78 Harvester restaurants for £165 million from the Forte Group. In March 2003, Six Continents fought off a proposed £5.5 billion takeover by Hugh Osmond, Mitchells & Butlers was formed on 15 April 2003. In April 2006, it was approached by a led by Robert Tchenguiz in a £2.7 billion takeover. In February 2008, Punch Taverns offered to merge with Mitchells & Butlers, Mitchells & Butlers then took an interest in Punchs subsidiary, Spirit Group. By 2006, Mitchells & Butlers had 130 Harvester restaurants, in 2001, it added Arena, Ember Inns, Flares, Goose, Sizzling Pub Co, Browns, Alex and Inn Keepers Lodge to its list of brands. It had first announced its interest in April 2006, in July 2008 Mitchells & Butlers bought 44 restaurants from Whitbread - its former Brewers Fayre and Beefeater outlets that were not next to a Premier Inn. In September 2010 Mitchells & Butlers bought the 22 restaurants of the Ha Ha. chain from the Bay Restaurant Group for £19.5 million, twelve were turned into All Bar One and six into Browns Restaurants. In June 2014, the announced plans to acquire the bulk of one of its major competitors, Orchid Group. In October 2006, Mitchells & Butlers sold off 102 of its smaller community pubs to Chorley-based Trust Inns for £101 million and it also sold its 25 Hollywood Bowl outlets in August 2010 for £39 million to AMF Bowling. In November 2010, Mitchells & Butlers sold 333 pubs to the Stonegate Pub Company for £373 million and these pubs were the drinks-focussed outlets such as Flares and Scream Pubs, which mostly had late-night licences. Also sold were High Street Bars & Venues, Town Pubs, in September 2015, Mitchells & Butlers issued a profits warning and dismissed CEO Alistair Darby. He was replaced by Phil Urban, who joined as COO in January from Grosvenor Casinos, Mitchells & Butlers owns several brands of pubs, including, Nicholsons pubs are historic pubs aimed at the tourist market located in London and other historic cities. Amongst Mitchells & Butlers portfolio is Ye Olde Fighting Cocks, a St Albans public house listed by the Guinness Book of Records as being the United Kingdoms oldest
23.
Toby Carvery
–
Toby Carvery is a British carvery chain brand owned and operated by Mitchells and Butlers. The brand has been in operation for over 30 years, the chain consists of over 150 restaurants and their slogan is Home of the Roast. A firm favourite of the British public for 30 years, maintains E. U standards and ensures all animals are stunned before slaughter. Toby Carvery sources its beef, lamb, poultry and game based on quality, animal welfare standards, Toby Carvery has recently started opening restaurants on high streets and in shopping centres. Official website Media related to Toby Carvery at Wikimedia Commons
24.
Great Britain road numbering scheme
–
The Great Britain road numbering scheme is a numbering scheme used to classify and identify all roads in Great Britain. Each road is given a letter, which represents the roads category. Introduced to arrange funding allocations, the numbers soon became used on maps, two sub-schemes exist, one for motorways, and another for non-motorway roads. The scheme applies only to England, Scotland and Wales, similar systems are used in Northern Ireland, the Isle of Man, Jersey and British overseas territories. All of these schemes use identical basic conventions and road-sign designs. Work on classification began in 1913 by the governments Roads Board to determine the quality, the definitive list of these roads was published on 1 April 1923 following consultations with local authorities. Government funding towards the repairs of roads were set at 60% for the former. Shortly after this, the numbers started to appear in road atlases and on signs on the roads themselves, the Trunk Roads Act 1936 gave the Ministry direct control of the major routes and a new classification system was created to identify these routes. Originally these numbers beginning in T were to be made public, with the introduction of motorways in the late 1950s, a new classification M was introduced. In many cases the motorways duplicated existing stretches of A-road, which therefore lost much of their significance and were in some cases renumbered, occasionally the new motorway would take the name of the old A-road rather than having its own number. The most notable example of this is the A1, in England and Wales the road numbering system for all-purpose roads is based on a radial pattern centred on London. In Scotland the same scheme is centred on Edinburgh, in both cases the main single-digit roads normally define the zone boundaries. The exception is between Zones 1 and 2, where the River Thames defines the boundary, Zone 5, North/East of the A5, west of the A6, south of the Solway Firth/Eden Estuary covering North Wales, North Midlands, western Leicestershire, Cheshire, Cumbria and Lancashire. In Central London, the A40 provides a border between the 4 and 5 zones east of Marble Arch, the original A5 also provides such a border, and north of St Albans the original A6 provides an Eastern border. Zone 6, East of the A6 and A7, west of the A1 covering North East England, Yorkshire, Nottinghamshire, eastern Leicestershire and Rutland, between St Albans and Luton, the original A6 provides the Western border of the 6-zone. For example, the A38 road, a road running from Bodmin to Mansfield starts in Zone 3. Additionally, the A1 in Newcastle upon Tyne has moved twice, originally along the Great North Road, it then moved to the Tyne Tunnel, causing some of the roads in Zone 1 to lie in Zone 6. The designated A1 later moved to the bypass around the city
25.
A3 road
–
The A3, known as the Portsmouth Road or London Road in sections, is a major road connecting London and Portsmouth passing close to Kingston upon Thames, Guildford, Haslemere and Petersfield. For much of its 67-mile length, it is classified as a trunk road, almost all of the road has been built to dual carriageway standards or wider. Apart from bypass sections in London the road travels in a southwest direction and, after Liss, the other section of such restriction is through Battersea, Clapham and Stockwell towards the northern end reflecting its urban setting and also accommodating bus lanes and parking meter bays. The construction of the Kingston and Guildford bypasses in the 1920s and 1930s made use of narrow gauge railways to move the construction materials. The Esher bypass, between Hook from the first mentioned bypass to the M25, is three lanes with a hard shoulder, from here to Guildford the road has three lanes. Lord Montagu of Beaulieu stressed the urgency of building a Kingston By-pass in 1911 however before the onset of World War I public funds were not secured and were not available in the aftermath. It was opened by the Prime Minister, the Rt Hon Stanley Baldwin MP and it ran for 8.5 miles from the Robin Hood Gate of Richmond Park to the near outskirts of Esher. The opening ceremony concluded with refreshments for 800 guests in marquees near to the northern start/end and its construction immediately attracted developments of housing where access was easiest. The road was once the haunt of highwaymen such as Jerry Abershawe who terrorised the area around Kingston, another particularly dangerous location was in the vicinity of the wooded crest skirting the Devils Punch Bowl, Hindhead, about 8 miles south-west of Guildford. In 2011 the Hindhead Tunnel became the centre of the Hindhead Bypass around the road of the small town. Until 2011 the road through Hindhead was the last single carriageway section of the route, outside London and it continues along Newington Butts, and bounds then enters the London Borough of Lambeth on Kennington Park Road which becomes Clapham Road and Clapham High Street. The A3 then turns west as Clapham Common North Side, along this road it enters the London Borough of Wandsworth after which it runs concurrently with the A205 South Circular and goes through Wandsworth, then the A205 carries on west towards Richmond. The A3 then continues south-west between Richmond Park and Wimbledon Common before beginning to bypass Kingston upon Thames while going through Roehampton Vale. The A3 enters The Royal Borough of Kingston Upon Thames just before Kingston Vale where there is a junction with the A308 for Kingston upon Thames, the speed limit then increases to 50 mph before going under the Coombe Flyover. The A3 then goes on a flyover by Shannon Corner in Raynes Park, before having junctions for New Malden, Tolworth, brief features of a section of road contribute to a traffic pinch-point during peak hours around the Hook underpass. The road reduces from three lanes to two in the underpass, the speed limit at this point reduces from 70 miles per hour to 50 miles per hour, with the first of a handful of GATSO speed enforcement cameras. If returning to London traffic from the A309 also joins just before the underpass, after passing Claygate the motorway-standard section has junctions with the A244 between Esher and Oxshott, then the A245 between Cobham and Hersham. The roads Wisley Interchange with the M25 enables a flyover still with a 70 mph speed limit and it bypasses Wisley, Ockham, Ripley before cutting through the major town itself as a dual carriageway and changing to a 50 mph speed limit
26.
A30 road
–
The A30 is a major road in England, running south-west from London to Lands End. The road has one of the most important in Britain since the 17th century. It used to provide the most direct route from London to the South West, nowadays much of this function is performed by the M3 motorway, however, the section from Honiton to Lands End is a dual carriageway for most of its length and retains trunk road status. The A30 begins at Henlys Roundabout, a junction with the A4 near Hounslow and it runs along the south side of Heathrow Airport, then past Ashford and Staines-upon-Thames, before reaching the M25 motorway. This first section is entirely dual carriageway, after crossing the M25, the A30 runs parallel to the M3 all the way to Basingstoke, bypassing Egham and passing through Bagshot, Camberley, Hartley Wintney and Hook. Just west of Basingstoke, at junction 8 of the M3, the A30 runs parallel to this road all the way to just north-east of Honiton, passing through Stockbridge, Salisbury, Shaftesbury, Sherborne, Yeovil, Crewkerne and Chard. Between the M25 and Honiton, the A30 is mostly single carriageway, however, there are short stretches of dual carriageway from Camberley to Basingstoke, which has a dualled inner ring road, two between Stockbridge and Salisbury, and between Sherborne and Yeovil. This section is a road as far as Penzance. It is mostly dual carriageway, but there are short sections of single carriageway. To pass Exeter, through traffic can join the M5 motorway for three miles, West of Exeter, the A30 is dual carriageway through Devon and into Cornwall, bypassing Whiddon Down, Okehampton and Launceston. The dual carriageway continues through Cornwall to Bodmin Moor, where there is a stretch of single carriageway. The dual carriageway resumes until Carland Cross, after there is a single carriageway stretch to Chiverton Cross. Highways England are currently progressing plans to dual this section of carriageway, from Chiverton Cross, the dual carriageway bypasses Redruth and Camborne. The A30 returns to single carriageway west of Camborne, and a bypass takes the road around Hayle. Between Hayle and Penzance, the A30 returns to the original route, approaching Penzance, the A30 briefly becomes a dual carriageway once again. Once west of Penzance, the A30 becomes a rural road running through or past several villages. A large section of the A30 follows the course of the historic London – Lands End coaching road, the road appeared on John Ogilbys map of Britain in 1675, and was covered by Ogilbys later strip-maps showing The Road from London to The Lands End in Cornwall. Beyond Exeter, the route went via Plymouth and then followed the Cornish south coast via St Austell down to Penzance, some distance away from the modern A30
27.
A31 road
–
The A31 is a major trunk road in southern England that runs from Guildford in Surrey to Bere Regis in Dorset. The old route to Winchesters centre then Romsey and the New Forest forms two roads, the B3404 and A3090 roads and is marked for cyclists and it passes Wimborne Minster and by-passes Charborough Park before terminating at a roundabout junction with the A35 road at Bere Regis. The A35 is not a road east of Bere Regis. The A31 is part of the ancient route from London to Winchester, many sections of the A31 were upgraded to dual carriageway in the 1960s, except for the section of road running through the New Forest. The upgrade of the A31 through the New Forest started in the early 1960s, the Governments intention was to create at least one high-speed route to the south coast, while the guardians of the forest, the Verderers, resisted any further development. The first section of the A31 to be dualled was the section that the M27 feeds into at Jct1, further developments occurred from Ringwood to Picket Post near the turn-off for Burley. From 1966-1972, the sections were completed rapidly due to the construction of the M27 motorway up to Jct 1. The Highways Agency declares the New Forest A31 section as being an abnormal, the westbound route, particularly, suffers from poor horizontal and vertical alignment due to its original function as an old single carriageway. Dorset County Council cites relieving this junction as a priority in the Bournemouth LTP 2006-2011. In December 2014 the Government announced a series of schemes as part of an investment in transport infrastructure that included widening the Westbound carriageway to 3 lanes. This section of road is single carriageway for its length, a long section around Winterborne Zelston has a 40 mph speed limit. There are no good overtaking places on this stretch of road due to its narrow, there are three long straight sections of road along Charborough Park, at the end of each straight there is blind bend. Due to the lack of alternative overtaking places traffic use this stretch of road to overtake, the 6 ft wall that runs alongside the road has many holes, and repaired sections which have been hit by cars over the years. The A31 crosses the A350 at a large roundabout, due to the volume of traffic crossing this roundabout on both the A350 and A31, clear lane markings have been added to ease congestion. Sections along the A31 have been widened or straightened and junctions enhanced, a section of the A31 between Winchester and Ower in Hampshire is now known as the A3090. A short dual carriageway section starts from the A36 roundabout near Ower, SABRE - A31 Highways Agency A31 Route Management Strategy
28.
A32 road
–
The A32 is a road in Hampshire, southern England, that links Gosport and Alton. Starting at Gosport, facing Portsmouth, it travels north via Fareham, Wickham, Droxford, the road is 29.2 miles long from the seafront at Gosport to the roundabout with the A31 near Alton, and has entirely non-primary status. Despite its non-primary status, the forms the main access to the town of Gosport. At rush-hour times, the road is extremely congested as commuters head through central Fareham from the Gosport peninsula to the M27. During the evening rush, traffic can at times back up to the M27 at Junction 11, there have for many years been plans to provide a light rail solution to the traffic problem by utilising the former Gosport to Fareham railway line but this was scrapped in 2005. There are now plans to use the railway line for guided bus services. The A32 is a route for motorcyclists, particularly at weekends. The historic site of Fort Widley to the south is accessed from Wickham and is a popular route for motorcyclists
29.
A33 road
–
The A33 is a major road in England, situated in the counties of Berkshire and Hampshire. The road currently runs in three disjoint sections, a two-year redevelopment scheme ran from early 2008 until late 2010, widening the northern section of the dual carriageway and significantly expanding and improving the motorway junction. The Mereoak Roundabout south of the motorway was replaced two separate junctions with traffic lights. The section south of the M4 is dual carriageway up to the county boundary with Hampshire, the second section of the A33 starts near Popham, southwest of Basingstoke at a junction with the A30. The road from here to Winchester is a mix of single and dual carriageway. The route runs through much of the borough of Basingstoke and Deane, at Kings Worthy, the road diverts onto part of the original Winchester Bypass, constructed in the late 1930s, up to the A34. The third section of A33 starts at the Chilworth Roundabout, a junction with the M3 and A27, and runs south into the centre of Southampton and further south to Ocean Village. It then turns west & into dual carriageway at a roundabout near the Isle of Wight ferry terminal, past the docks & through Town Quay to run along West Quay Road, continuing past Leisure World & Ikea. The A33 then bears left slightly to carry on along the Millbrook Road West dual carriageway to meet the M271 & A35 at Redbridge Flyover and this section of the route became part of the London - Southampton Trunk Road. The road was progressively detrunked as the M3 was extended, the Winchester Bypass was constructed in the mid 1930s. While a significant improvement at the time, as parts of the road were improved around it, it became increasingly ineffective. The bypass was subsequently replaced by the completion of the M3 over Twyford Down, media related to A33 road at Wikimedia Commons A33 route on OpenStreetMap
30.
A34 road
–
The A34 is a major road in England. It runs from the A33 and M3 at Winchester in Hampshire, to the A6 and it forms a large part of the major trunk route from Southampton, via Oxford, to Birmingham, The Potteries and Manchester. For most of its length, it part of the former Winchester-Preston Trunk Road. Improvements to the section of road forming the Newbury Bypass around Newbury were the scene of significant direct action protests in the 1990s. The road is in two sections and it then continues south via Stone, Stafford, Cannock and Walsall, passes through the middle of Birmingham, before meeting the M42 motorway at junction 4 south of Solihull. The road in effect combines with the network and resumes. The southern section begins 45 miles SSE, at the Bicester /ˈbɪstə/ junction and it continues south as the straightest part of the Oxford Ring Road, crossing the River Thames on the A34 Road Bridge. It then bypasses Abingdon, Didcot, and Newbury before finishing at the southern Winchester turning of the M3 motorway and this part of the A34 forms the E05 European route. It is a dual carriageway throughout, together with parts of the M3 and the M40, the A34 forms an important route carrying freight from Southampton to the Midlands. Because of the volume of traffic, bypasses were built along this route – at Newbury on the A34, notably instead of cutting a short road tunnel through Twyford Down, the escarpment was carved out for the road traffic of the motorway and fledgling A34. In 2004 works were carried out, at a cost of £38 million, continuing the road without being interrupted by a roundabout at junction 13 of the M4 motorway, plans are in discussion regarding possible re-opening of this closed access point. Route of A34 overlaid on OpenStreetMap The original route of the A34 was Winchester to Oxford and it was extended to Manchester on 1 April 1935, replacing part of the A42, A455, part of the A449 and A526. By 1953 the route was as follows, When the Oxford Ring Road was completed to the west of Oxford in 1962, in 1991, shortly after the completion of the M40 motorway, the road between Oxford and Solihull was renumbered. Between Chipping Norton and Solihull the road lost its primary status and was renumbered A3400. The A34 was diverted north from the Oxford Ring Road to the M40 along parts of the routes of the A43. Much of the traffic carried by what is now the A3400 now uses the M40 to Birmingham. When the Newbury Bypass was opened in 1998, the old route through Newbury became part of the A339, the long planned and often postponed Alderley Edge bypass was completed in November 2010, ahead of schedule and within the £52 million budget. The official opening ceremony was conducted by the Chancellor of the Exchequer, the Highways Agency Management Strategy for Bicester to Winchester
31.
A35 road
–
The A35 is a road in southern England, connecting Honiton in Devon and Southampton in Hampshire. It is a road for some of its length. Most of its route passes through Dorset and the New Forest and it originally connected Exeter and Southampton, the original A35 ran along what is now the A3052 joining the present road at Charmouth. Beginning in Honiton off the A30 road, the A35 travels in a roughly south-easterly direction past Axminster, Charmouth, after Bridport, there is a 2-mile section of dual carriageway, before it reaches its bypass around Dorchester. After Dorchester, there are approximately 8 miles of dual carriageway, including the Puddletown bypass, on reaching Christchurch, there is a dual-carriageway bypass. It then heads in a direction through the New Forest. It continues through Ashurst and Totton, meeting the A36 road and it then turns north-east, acting as the western part of Southamptons ring road, with the A27 road making up the eastern part. It terminates at Swaythling, on the outskirts of Southampton. In Bournemouth, it has been diverted around the Sovereign Centre of Boscombe along Centenary Way and its route through Poole and Bournemouth passes through suburbs. The A35 is a route along Englands south coast, and is congested. To help solve the congestion, sections of the A35 were upgraded between Honiton and Bere Regis, the Puddletown dual carriageway were financed under a Design, Build, Finance and Operate contract running from 1996-2026
32.
A36 road
–
The A36 is a trunk road and primary route in southwest England that links the port city of Southampton to the city of Bath. At Bath, the A36 connects with the A4 road to Bristol, originally, the A36 continued to Avonmouth, but this section was renumbered to the A4. The majority of the A36 is built to single carriageway standard, the A36 in Salisbury acts as the citys ring road, bypassing the city centre to dual carriageway standard. Just south-east of Salisbury the largest dualled section runs for about 4 miles, the A36 reverts to single carriageway standard through Totton until it terminates
33.
A37 road
–
The A37 is a major road in southern England. It runs north from the A35 at Dorchester in Dorset into Somerset through Yeovil, the road is entirely single carriageway, except in the Yeovil and Bristol built-up areas, at Ilchester, and north of Dorchester. The road is subject to a stream of speed restrictions where it winds through a number of small villages and these parts of the road can be dangerous, especially where wide vehicles pass on sections where buildings are close to the road. Such a route has now superseded by the M27 and M3. From the Podimore roundabout northeast of Ilchester to Shepton Mallet the route traces that of the Fosse Way, one of the worst accident spots on the A37 was the A371 junction just south of Shepton Mallet. The junction was very busy and suffered long traffic queues due to the nature of the road. This muddled configuration resulted in road traffic accidents, many of which were fatal. After a long campaign for the junction to be replaced, a roundabout was constructed in 1999 significantly improving road safety, there have been few other construction schemes on the road in recent decades. In recent years most of the lanes, provided on steep stretches just south of Bristol, have been blocked out with chevrons
34.
A39 road
–
The A39 is an A road in south west England. It runs south-west from Bath in Somerset through Wells, Glastonbury, Street and it then follows the north coast of Somerset, Devon and Cornwall through Williton, Minehead, Porlock, Lynmouth, Barnstaple, Bideford, Stratton, Camelford, Wadebridge and St Columb Major. It then joins the route of the A30 road for around 5 miles, re-emerging near Zelah to head for the south Cornish coast via Truro, in Cornwall and North Devon, the road is known as the Atlantic Highway, and was classified as a trunk road until 2002. Porlock Hill is a section of the A39 west of the village of Porlock, the road climbs approximately 1,300 ft in less than 2 miles up onto Exmoor, a very steep hill with gradients of up to 1 in 4 and hairpin bends. In Porlock itself you will often smell burning brakes from vehicles who have just descended the hill, on 12 January 1899, the ten-ton Lynmouth lifeboat was launched during a storm, but the storms ferocity meant it could not put out to sea. Instead, it was retrieved and hauled by men and twenty horses over Countisbury, the endeavour eventually enabled thirteen seamen to be rescued. There is a less steep toll road that small vehicles and cyclists can take as an alternative route and it formed part of the route in the 2007 Tour of Britain cycle race. Another alternative for cyclists, avoiding tolls, is provided by part of Regional Cycle Route 51, about 9.3 miles to the west of Porlock Hill, the A39 starts its equivalent descent from the hills of Exmoor. Within about 2.5 miles, the road descends the 1,300 ft it had previously climbed, the original road between Lynmouth and Lynton was much more challenging with gradients of around 1 in 3. It is now the B3234, Lynmouth Hill, at Martinhoe Cross in Devon—about 5 miles west of Lynton and 2 miles east of Parracombe—on the north side of the A39 lies a once disused but, in 2004, restored and reopened railway station. Woody Bay was once a stop on, and is now the main operating centre of, the Lynton & Barnstaple Railway a narrow-gauge line built in 1898. Over- and under-bridges and other traces of the line can be seen at locations along this stretch of the road. Atlantic Highway is the given to a section of the A39. It is so called, as it is the road from mid-Cornwall to North Devon. It is also named thus due to the former Southern Railway express that ran in this part of North Devon, views of the Atlantic can be seen along its length, although the road does not approach very close to the coastline itself. It passes by Wadebridge, Bude and Bideford, and directly through Camelford, l&B Railway Project SABRE page on the A39
35.
Waterloo Road, London
–
Waterloo Road is the main road in the Waterloo district of London, England straddling the boroughs of Lambeth and Southwark. It runs between Westminster Bridge Road close to St Georges Circus at the south-east end and Waterloo Bridge across the River Thames towards Londons West End district at the north-west end. At the northern end near the river are the Queen Elizabeth Hall and the Hayward Gallery to the west, the National Film Theatre below the road, in earlier times, this was the location of Cupers Gardens. Just to the south in the middle of a roundabout with underground walkways is the British Film Institute London IMAX Cinema. Nearby to the east is the James Clerk Maxwell Building of Kings College London, named in honour of the physicist James Clerk Maxwell, who was a professor at the college from 1860. A little further to the south is St Johns Waterloo church, designed by Francis Octavius Bedford, the church was firebombed in 1940 and much of the interior was destroyed. It was restored and reopened in 1951, serving as the church for the Festival of Britain on the South Bank nearby. Continuing south, to the west is Waterloo station, to the east is the Union Jack Club in Sandell Street and, further on, the well-known and historic Old Vic Theatre to the south of the corner with The Cut. Also located even further south in Waterloo Road on the west side is the headquarters of the London Ambulance Service, on the opposite side is 157 Partnership House, former headquarters of USPG, CMS and other church mission/community-based organisations. Now boarded up and ready for redevelopment, the road is designated as the A301, which continues across Waterloo Bridge. Baylis Road The Cut Stamford Street Westminster Bridge Road York Road St Georges Circus Survey of London entry Waterloo Quarter Business Alliance — official Business Improvement District website
36.
A303 road
–
The A303 is a trunk road in southern England, running between Basingstoke in Hampshire and Honiton in Devon via Stonehenge. Connecting the M3 and the A30, it is part of one of the routes from London to South West England. It is a primary A road throughout its length, passing through five counties, the road has evolved from historical routes, some of which are thousands of years old including the Harrow Way and the Fosse Way. The modern route was first laid out in the early 19th century as the New Direct Road and it was initially in demand but fell into disuse as railways became popular from the 1840s onwards. It was not thought of as a significant through route when roads were initially numbered, since then, the A303 has gradually been upgraded to modern standards, though there are still several unimproved parts. As a primary route to southwestern England, the A303 is frequently congested on its single carriageway sections, as it passes through the Stonehenge World Heritage Site and the Blackdown Hills Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty, attempts to upgrade the road in those areas have been controversial. In particular, the Stonehenge tunnel, which would see the A303 rerouted underground, has proposed and delayed several times. Nevertheless, the remains a popular alternative to motorway driving. The A303 is about 93 miles long and it starts at the M3 motorway south of Basingstoke at Junction 8, as a dual carriageway. It heads south west, crossing the A34 near Bullington before passing south of Andover, the road then passes by Solstice Park and Bulford Camp before bypassing Amesbury and entering the Stonehenge World Heritage Site. The route then becomes single carriageway before passing Stonehenge itself, the presence of the road through a World Heritage Site has been controversial for decades. After Winterbourne Stoke the route again becomes dual carriageway from Yarnbury Castle and across the Wylye valley. Continuing west, it passes south of Wincanton and then north of Sparkford to a roundabout where the road once more to single carriageway. The road then bypasses Ilchester and RNAS Yeovilton and widens to dual carriageway again, between Ilchester and Shores Bridge the road follows the course of the Roman Fosse Way. At Yeovilton the road becomes dual two lane again, and connects with the A37 which joins it until it reaches the end of the bypass and this final section of dual carriageway ends at South Petherton. It runs north of Ilminster as a road where it meets the A358. The A303 is of a lower standard west of Ilminster and is no longer considered part of the road network. It passes through the Blackdown Hills as a road following the contours of the land
37.
Fulham Road
–
Fulham Road is a street in London, England, which comprises the A304 and part of the A308. It is designated the A304 as far as its junction with the A308 road at Gunter Grove, Fulham Road is roughly parallel to Kings Road, and is the westerly continuation of Brompton Road running up to Fulham Palace. There are numerous antique dealers and specialist interior furnishing shops, while designer couture outlets have begun to arrive at the eastern end, the section nearest the cinema is known as The Beach, and is home to various trendy bars, pubs and clubs. The nearest underground stations are, South Kensington and Gloucester Road, Fulham Road is known for the following landmarks, Stamford Bridge football ground, home of Chelsea F. C. Many Chelsea supporters travel to games using Fulham Broadway Underground Station. Fulham Road is cited extensively on the Jethro Tull album A Passion Play and the Morrissey song Maladjusted
38.
A307 road
–
The A307 road runs 13.2 miles through SW London and NW Surrey. It begins at the junction with the A205 South Circular Road beside Kew Green and it then runs towards Richmond upon Thames or Richmond, London, through the west of Kew. A B-class road, the B353, leaves the A307 in Kew and runs around the centre and up Richmond Hill and by-passing Richmond. It bisects the north of the town becoming the western half of the one-way system in Kingston upon Thames. Here it is merged with the A308. It leads south to the end of the A240, for 200m travels west to the River Thames. It runs next to the River Thames, heading through Surbiton and it passes a junction with the A243, shortly before exiting the borough at Seething Wells there next to Long Ditton. It forms the High Street of Esher, crosses the A3 by way of a north of Cobham, before terminating near a junction of the A3 in Cobham. Robert Clive diverted it slightly believing it ran too close to his house at Claremont, the Landscape Garden of which remains, a watchmans box that also served as a village lock-up, dating from 1787 is next to the Fox & Duck in Petersham. Responsibility for the section, Kew Road and Richmond Road
39.
A308 road
–
The A308, is a road in England in two parts. The road is dualled each way in the section furthest from the River Thames, in north Surrey, having skipped over the 2 miles rise bisecting Putney and 2 miles of Putney Heath, which are the A219 road and A3, the road resumes. The long Kingston Vale to Bisham route starts at the Robin Hood Gate roundabout, the road is named Kingston Vale and Kingston Hill until it descends past Kingston Hospital, where it becomes London Road. Immediately after snaking through central Kingston upon Thames, the crosses the River Thames at Kingston Bridge where it has another roundabout. The A308 in this borough is called Hampton Court Road, briefly Thames Street, the largely straight road from Hampton Court was surfaced and tolled in the 1780s by the Hampton and Staines Turnpike Trust. In the west its buildings were set back with gardens and therefore it was widened in Spelthorne in the 1920s and it crosses the M25 motorway, that has a large cross-river junction at Junction 13, north of Egham. The road turns north-west, as Windsor Road, in the middle of Runnymedes meadows, with its National Trust buildings and memorials, before leaving Surrey, in Berkshire, the A308 forms the main road of the town of Old Windsor, where it is called Straight Road. It then goes on past the end of Windsor Great Park, where it is called Albert Road. In Windsor, the A308 is called Osborne Road, Goslar Way, facing this on the river is the larger, equally well-preserved and green town of Marlow
40.
A316 road
–
Its initial London section heads south — following this it is a mostly straight dual carriageway aligned WSW. Outward from London the road starts as Chiswick Lane at Chiswick, near the geographical centre of Chiswick it crosses the A4 at the Hogarth Roundabout, the connection for central London, the west of England, and South Wales. The road goes on past the grounds of Chiswick House as Burlington Lane and it then crosses the Thames on Chiswick Bridge. After Chiswick Bridge, the A316 is Clifford Avenue until its next crossroads, the South Circular Road and it is Lower Richmond Road before crossing the B353 at Manor Circus, North Sheen and then Lower Mortlake Road before crossing the A307 at Richmond Circus. Finishing its bypass of Richmond to the north, it forms a bend, as Twickenham Road, skirting most of Old Deer Park on the south side. The long western section after this in the Borough is Chertsey Road and it passes the London Road Roundabout, hhfh passing an unusually relocated and architecturally Grade I church, All Hallows. The road passes Whitton Road Roundabout, also in north Twickenham, the road then runs through south Whitton, passing The Stoop rugby ground and a prominent pub/hotel complex. After passing the Hospital Bridge Roundabout and crossing the River Crane, between Hospital Bridge Roundabout and Apex Corner Roundabout the road resumes the name Great Chertsey Road. After Apex Corner Roundabout, which the A316 crosses over by way of a flyover — most of the remainder of the road is called Country Way, the road crosses the Longford River while bisecting Hanworth. The building has distinctive sculptures of cows made of fibreglass on the roof, installed in 1977, the road passes the Kempton Park Steam Engines at the prominent waterworks, and then exits the London area. The final short section of the A316 is in Spelthorne, Surrey and is called Hanworth Road, the road enters the borough near Kempton Park Racecourse, before joining the motorway end-on at Sunbury Cross also in Sunbury-on-Thames. Slip roads link the road with the A308, just to the north of the road as it joins the M3 is the site of some former greyhound kennels, now occupied by warehouses. The greater part of the road was planned in the 1920s as a relief road linking London with South West England. Construction began in 1928 and the road, together with Chiswick, the section between Hanworth and Sunbury is part of an older route, before being widened and renamed Country Way in the 1970s, this section had the names Twickenham Road and Sunbury Road. Adjacent to the road in Old Deer Park is a bench to a local girl, Nicola Regan. SABRE Roads by Ten - A316
41.
A329 road
–
The A329 is an east-west road in Southern England that runs from Wentworth in Surrey to Thame in Oxfordshire. The A329 starts at the A30 in Surrey and passes through Ascot, Bracknell, Wokingham, Earley, Reading, Purley, Pangbourne, Lower Basildon, Streatley and it connects to junction 7 of the M40 before finally ending at a junction with the A418 at Thame. The A329 originally terminated at Reading, in the 1930s it was extended to Shillingford on part of the route of the former A42. After the M40 motorway was opened in the 1970s it was extended to Thame on the route of the B4013. In 1993, when the new Winterbrook Bridge enabled traffic to by-pass Wallingford, most of the road is single carriageway, apart from the section through Bracknell, and in central Reading. In Reading the road is dualled where it forms the Inner Distribution Road, in Bracknell the A329 originally ran along the High Street and continued west along the Wokingham Road. Today the original London Road is dualled for a short section approaching the Met Office Roundabout, here the A329 continues into Wokingham on the original route, while the A329 by-passes to the north
42.
A337 road
–
The A337 road is a road in southern England that runs from the M27 motorway in Hampshire to Christchurch in Dorset. The A337 begins at junction 1 of the M27 motorway near Cadnam and it heads south through the New Forest to the large village of Lyndhurst. On account of the A337 being one of only a few roads into the New Forest. In Lyndhurst the A337 meets the A35 road, and rings Lyndhurst village centre as a large roundabout and it continues south through the village of Brockenhurst, where it crosses the South Western Main Line at a level crossing, to the town of Lymington. In Lymington the A337 avoids the town centre, and heads west through Everton and Downton to the town of New Milton and it crosses the border into Dorset, travels through Highcliffe High Street and terminates at a roundabout with the A35 road in Christchurch
43.
A338 road
–
The A338 is a major primary route in southern England, that runs from the junction with the A35 at Poole in Dorset to the junction with the A420 at Besselsleigh in Oxfordshire, a distance of 84 miles. The road begins on the edge of Poole by the border with Bournemouth, before heading northward as a grade separated dual carriageway, heading northward up the east side of the Avon, it crosses to the west again near the town of Fordingbridge. It then joins the A30 road at St, marks Roundabout, before separating in a north-easterly direction to follow the entire length of the River Bourne. It has a junction with the main A303 road and then passes through the town of Tidworth. From there the road north to Collingbourne Ducis, where it twists through the village around the church to a mini-roundabout. It turns right to continue alongside the Bourne through another narrow stretch at Collingbourne Kingston to another mini-roundabout before again heading north. Near Burbage the continued route north to Swindon is designated A346 and it passes through the town of Hungerford, where it meets the A4 road. It meets the M4 motorway at junction 14, passes through the village of Great Shefford and it goes through Wantage where it meets the A417 road, and past the villages of Grove, East Hanney and Frilford. It terminates at its junction with the A420 road near Bessels Leigh,6 miles south-west of Oxford, the section of the A338 south of the A31 to the west of the Avon consists mostly of a relatively newly built road. Part is constructed along the trackbed of the former Ringwood, Christchurch, originally, the A338 went from Ringwood to Christchurch on the east side of the valley, along what is now the B3347. The Bournemouth Town Centre section of the A338 Wessex Way is carried on viaducts across the Bourne Valley. On 21 January 2010 Bournemouth Borough Council imposed a 40 mph speed limit on this section of A338 dual carriageway in an attempt to reduce the accident rate of 198 accidents in four years. In February 2011 it was announced that £20m of funding for repair works on the 6.5 miles stretch south of the junction with the A31 was turned down by the government. Dorset County Council had planned to work in September 2010. As a result of the funding request being unsuccessful, ad hoc work will now be carried out over a number of years instead of a period of about 6 months as originally planned. Dorset and Bournemouth councils are expected to meet the cost of the ad hoc work at around £1m per year and this section of the road has a poor safety record, it is heavily trafficked and the resulting risky overtaking is responsible for a number of head-on collisions. The A338 figures in Thomas Hardys Jude the Obscure, chapter 3, the point where the road crests the downs before beginning the steep drop into Wantage is the spot where young Jude stands one evening and looks out for the first time on Oxford
44.
A342 road
–
The A342 is an A road in England that runs from Pewsham near Chippenham, Wiltshire to Andover, Hampshire. The road begins at the A4 junction just outside the village of Pewsham. It heads south past the village of Derry Hill towards Devizes, just outside Devizes the road meets the A361, and once in the centre of town it meets the A360. Continuing southeast in the Vale of Pewsey, under the slope of Salisbury Plain. After passing through Everleigh the road meets the A338 before entering Ludgershall, the final part of the route travels southeast where the road ends at a roundabout with the A343 and A303 just outside Andover
A38 road
A381 road
A383 road
A3022 road
A385 road
