1.
Uruguay
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Uruguay, officially the Oriental Republic of Uruguay, is a country in the southeastern region of South America. It borders Argentina to its west and Brazil to its north and east, with the Río de la Plata to the south and the Atlantic Ocean to the southeast. Uruguay is home to an estimated 3.42 million people, of whom 1.8 million live in the area of its capital and largest city. With an area of approximately 176,000 square kilometres, Uruguay is geographically the second-smallest nation in South America, only larger in size than Suriname. Uruguay was inhabited by the Charrúa people for approximately 4000 years before the Portuguese established Colonia del Sacramento, one of the oldest European settlements in the region, in 1680. Montevideo was founded as a stronghold by the Spanish in the early 18th century. Uruguay won its independence between 1811 and 1828, following a struggle between Spain, Portugal, Argentina and Brazil. It remained subject to influence and intervention throughout the 19th century. Modern Uruguay is a constitutional republic, with a president who serves as both head of state and head of government. Uruguay is ranked first in Latin America in democracy, peace, lack of corruption, e-government, on a per-capita basis, Uruguay contributes more troops to United Nations peace-keeping missions than any other country. It ranks second in the region on economic freedom, income equality, per-capita income, Uruguay is the third-best country on the continent in terms of HDI, GDP growth, innovation and infrastructure. It is regarded as a country by the UN. Uruguay is also the third-best ranked in the world in e-Participation, Uruguay is an important global exporter of combed wool, rice, soybeans, frozen beef, malt and milk. Nearly 95% of Uruguays electricity comes from energy, mostly hydroelectric facilities. The Economist named Uruguay country of the year in 2013, acknowledging the innovative policy of legalizing the production, sale, the name of the namesake river comes from the Spanish pronunciation of the regional Guarani word for it. There are several interpretations, including bird-river, the name could also refer to a river snail called uruguá that was plentiful in the water. The only documented inhabitants of Uruguay before European colonization of the area were the Charrúa, the Portuguese discovered the region of present-day Uruguay in 1512. The Spanish arrived in present-day Uruguay in 1516, the indigenous peoples fierce resistance to conquest, combined with the absence of gold and silver, limited their settlement in the region during the 16th and 17th centuries
2.
Petroleum
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Petroleum is a naturally occurring, yellow-to-black liquid found in geological formations beneath the Earths surface, which is commonly refined into various types of fuels. Components of petroleum are separated using a technique called fractional distillation and it consists of hydrocarbons of various molecular weights and other organic compounds. The name petroleum covers both naturally occurring unprocessed crude oil and petroleum products that are made up of refined crude oil. A fossil fuel, petroleum is formed when large quantities of dead organisms, usually zooplankton and algae, are buried underneath sedimentary rock, Petroleum has mostly been recovered by oil drilling. Drilling is carried out studies of structural geology, sedimentary basin analysis. Petroleum is used in manufacturing a variety of materials. Concern over the depletion of the earths finite reserves of oil, the burning of fossil fuels plays the major role in the current episode of global warming. The word petroleum comes from Greek, πέτρα for rocks and Greek, the term was found in 10th-century Old English sources. It was used in the treatise De Natura Fossilium, published in 1546 by the German mineralogist Georg Bauer, Petroleum, in one form or another, has been used since ancient times, and is now important across society, including in economy, politics and technology. Great quantities of it were found on the banks of the river Issus, ancient Persian tablets indicate the medicinal and lighting uses of petroleum in the upper levels of their society. By 347 AD, oil was produced from bamboo-drilled wells in China, early British explorers to Myanmar documented a flourishing oil extraction industry based in Yenangyaung that, in 1795, had hundreds of hand-dug wells under production. The mythological origins of the oil fields at Yenangyaung, and its hereditary monopoly control by 24 families, Pechelbronn is said to be the first European site where petroleum has been explored and used. The still active Erdpechquelle, a spring where petroleum appears mixed with water has been used since 1498, Oil sands have been mined since the 18th century. In Wietze in lower Saxony, natural asphalt/bitumen has been explored since the 18th century, both in Pechelbronn as in Wietze, the coal industry dominated the petroleum technologies. In 1848 Young set up a small business refining the crude oil, Young eventually succeeded, by distilling cannel coal at a low heat, in creating a fluid resembling petroleum, which when treated in the same way as the seep oil gave similar products. The production of oils and solid paraffin wax from coal formed the subject of his patent dated 17 October 1850. In 1850 Young & Meldrum and Edward William Binney entered into partnership under the title of E. W. Binney & Co. at Bathgate in West Lothian, the worlds first oil refinery was built in 1856 by Ignacy Łukasiewicz. The demand for petroleum as a fuel for lighting in North America, edwin Drakes 1859 well near Titusville, Pennsylvania, is popularly considered the first modern well
3.
Portland cement
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Portland cement is the most common type of cement in general use around the world, used as a basic ingredient of concrete, mortar, stucco, and most non-speciality grout. It was developed from other types of lime in England in the mid 19th century. It is a fine powder produced by heating materials in a kiln to form what is called clinker, grinding the clinker, and adding small amounts of other materials. Several types of Portland cement are available, with the most common being called ordinary Portland cement which is grey in color, Portland cement is caustic, so it can cause chemical burns. The powder can cause irritation or, with exposure, lung cancer and can contain some hazardous components such as crystalline silica. Concrete produced from Portland cement is one of the most versatile construction materials available in the world, Portland cement was developed from natural cements made in Britain beginning in the middle of the 18th century. Its name is derived from its similarity to Portland stone, a type of building stone quarried on the Isle of Portland in Dorset, England. In the late 18th century, Roman cement was developed and patented in 1796 by James Parker, Roman cement quickly became popular, in 1811 James Frost produced a cement he called British cement. James Frost is reported to have erected a manufactory for making of an artificial cement in 1826, in 1843, Aspdins son William improved their cement, which was initially called Patent Portland cement, although he had no patent. In 1818, French engineer Louis Vicat invented a hydraulic lime considered the principal forerunner of Portland cement. Edgar Dobbs of Southwark patented a cement of this kind in 1811, Portland cement was used by Joseph Aspdin in his cement patent in 1824 because of the cements resemblance to Portland stone. The name Portland cement is also recorded in a directory published in 1823 being associated with a William Lockwood, a Dave Stewart, however, Aspdins cement was nothing like modern Portland cement but was a first step in the development of modern Portland cement, called a proto-Portland cement. William Aspdin had left his fathers company and in his cement manufacturing apparently accidentally produced calcium silicates in the 1840s, in 1848, William Aspdin further improved his cement, in 1853, he moved to Germany, where he was involved in cement making. William Aspdin made what could be called meso-Portland cement, isaac Charles Johnson further refined the production of meso-Portland cement and claimed to be the real father of Portland cement. John Grant of the Metropolitan Board of Works in 1859 set out requirements for cement to be used in the London sewer project and this became a specification for Portland cement. The Hoffman endless kiln which gave control over combustion was tested in 1860. This cement was made at the Portland Cementfabrik Stern at Stettin and it is thought that the first modern Portland cement was made there. The Association of German Cement Manufacturers issued a standard on Portland cement in 1878, by the early 20th century American-made Portland cement had displaced most of the imported Portland cement
4.
Alcoholic drink
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Long-term use can lead to alcohol abuse, physical dependence, and alcoholism. Drinking alcohol plays an important social role in many cultures, most countries have laws regulating their production, sale, and consumption, some countries ban such activities entirely. However, alcoholic drinks are legal in most parts of the world, the global alcoholic drink industry exceeded $1 trillion in 2014. Alcohol is one of the most widely used drugs in the world. For instance, in 2015, among Americans, 89% of adults had consumed alcohol at point, 70% had drunk it in the last year. Alcoholic drinks are divided into three classes—beers, wines, and spirits—and typically contain between 3% and 40% alcohol by volume. Discovery of late Stone Age jugs suggest that intentionally fermented drinks existed at least as early as the Neolithic period, wine is a fermented beverage produced from grapes. Wine involves a longer process than beer and also a long aging process. Sparkling wine can be made by means of a secondary fermentation, fruit wines are made from fruits other than grapes, such as plums, cherries, or apples. Sake is an example of rice wine. Beer is a beverage fermented from grain mash and it is made from barley or a blend of several grains. If the fermented mash is distilled, then the drink is a spirit, beer is the most consumed alcoholic beverage in the world. Cider or cyder is an alcoholic drink made from any fruit juice, apple juice, peaches. Cider alcohol content varies from 1. 2% ABV to 8. 5% or more in traditional English ciders, in some regions, cider may be called apple wine. Mead is a drink created by fermenting honey with water, sometimes with various fruits, spices, grains. The alcoholic content of mead may range from about 8% ABV to more than 20%, the defining characteristic of mead is that the majority of the drinks fermentable sugar is derived from honey. A distilled drink or liquor is a drink produced by distilling ethanol produced by means of fermenting grain, fruit. Unsweetened, distilled, alcoholic drinks that have a content of at least 20% ABV are called spirits
5.
Standard & Poor's
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Standard & Poors Financial Services LLC is an American financial services company. It is a division of S&P Global that publishes research and analysis on stocks, bonds. S&P is known for its stock market such as the U. S. -based S&P500, the Canadian S&P/TSX. S&P is considered one of the Big Three credit-rating agencies, which also include Moodys Investors Service and its head office is located on 55 Water Street in Lower Manhattan, New York City. The company traces its history back to 1860, with the publication by Henry Varnum Poor of History of Railroads and this book compiled comprehensive information about the financial and operational state of U. S. railroad companies. In 1868, Henry Varnum Poor established H. V. and H. W, Poor Co. with his son, Henry William Poor, and published two annually updated hardback guidebooks, Poors Manual of the Railroads of the United States and Poors Directory of Railway Officials. In 1906, Luther Lee Blake founded the Standard Statistics Bureau, instead of an annually published book, Standard Statistics would use 5 ×7 cards, allowing for more frequent updates. In 1941, Poors Publishing and Standard Statistics merged to become Standard & Poors Corp, in 1966, the company was acquired by The McGraw-Hill Companies, extending McGraw-Hill into the field of financial information services. As a credit-rating agency, the company issues credit ratings for the debt of public and private companies and it is one of several CRAs that have been designated a nationally recognized statistical rating organization by the U. S. Securities and Exchange Commission. S&P issues both short-term and long-term credit ratings, below is a partial list, see S&Ps website for more information. The company rates borrowers on a scale from AAA to D, intermediate ratings are offered at each level between AA and CCC. For some borrowers, the company may also offer guidance as to whether it is likely to be upgraded, downgraded or uncertain, investment Grade AAA, An obligor rated AAA has extremely strong capacity to meet its financial commitments. AAA is the highest issuer credit rating assigned by Standard & Poors, AA, An obligor rated AA has very strong capacity to meet its financial commitments. It differs from the highest-rated obligors only to a small degree, a+, equivalent to A1 A, equivalent to A2 BBB, An obligor rated BBB has adequate capacity to meet its financial commitments. However, adverse conditions or changing circumstances are more likely to lead to a weakened capacity of the obligor to meet its financial commitments. Non-Investment Grade BB, An obligor rated BB is less vulnerable in the term than other lower-rated obligors. B, An obligor rated B is more vulnerable than the obligors rated BB, adverse business, financial, or economic conditions will likely impair the obligors capacity or willingness to meet its financial commitments. CCC, An obligor rated CCC is currently vulnerable, and is dependent upon favorable business, financial, CC, An obligor rated CC is currently highly vulnerable
6.
Argentina
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Argentina, officially the Argentine Republic, is a federal republic in the southern half of South America. With a mainland area of 2,780,400 km2, Argentina is the eighth-largest country in the world, the second largest in Latin America, and the largest Spanish-speaking one. The country is subdivided into provinces and one autonomous city, Buenos Aires. The provinces and the capital have their own constitutions, but exist under a federal system, Argentina claims sovereignty over part of Antarctica, the Falkland Islands, and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands. The earliest recorded presence in the area of modern-day Argentina dates back to the Paleolithic period. The country has its roots in Spanish colonization of the region during the 16th century, Argentina rose as the successor state of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata, a Spanish overseas viceroyalty founded in 1776. The country thereafter enjoyed relative peace and stability, with waves of European immigration radically reshaping its cultural. The almost-unparalleled increase in prosperity led to Argentina becoming the seventh wealthiest developed nation in the world by the early 20th century, Argentina retains its historic status as a middle power in international affairs, and is a prominent regional power in the Southern Cone and Latin America. Argentina has the second largest economy in South America, the third-largest in Latin America and is a member of the G-15 and it is the country with the second highest Human Development Index in Latin America with a rating of very high. Because of its stability, market size and growing high-tech sector, the description of the country by the word Argentina has to be found on a Venice map in 1536. In English the name Argentina probably comes from the Spanish language, however the naming itself is not Spanish, Argentina means in Italian of silver, silver coloured, probably borrowed from the Old French adjective argentine of silver > silver coloured already mentioned in the 12th century. The French word argentine is the form of argentin and derives of argent silver with the suffix -in. The Italian naming Argentina for the country implies Argentina Terra land of silver or Argentina costa coast of silver, in Italian, the adjective or the proper noun is often used in an autonomous way as a substantive and replaces it and it is said lArgentina. The name Argentina was probably first given by the Venitian and Genoese navigators, in Spanish and Portuguese, the words for silver are respectively plata and prata and of silver is said plateado and prateado. Argentina was first associated with the silver mountains legend, widespread among the first European explorers of the La Plata Basin. The first written use of the name in Spanish can be traced to La Argentina, a 1602 poem by Martín del Barco Centenera describing the region, the 1826 constitution included the first use of the name Argentine Republic in legal documents. The name Argentine Confederation was also used and was formalized in the Argentine Constitution of 1853. In 1860 a presidential decree settled the name as Argentine Republic
7.
Electric vehicle network
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An electric vehicle network is an infrastructure system of publicly accessible charging stations and possibly battery swap stations to recharge electric vehicles. Government, car manufacturers, and charging infrastructure providers have entered into agreements to create such networks. As of December 2016, Estonia is the country to have completed the deployment of an electric car charging network with nationwide coverage. The Go Electric Stations is a global navigation system. The project currently includes free smartphone apps via Next Charge and provides free data, Station activation from the tap of a smartphone and real time availability information can be discovered along with a detailed payment option system and navigational routing maps. The website also offers an exclusive PlugShare program which allows users to share their plug with fellow EV owners and our mission is simple, provide easy access to data at the tap of a button, no matter where you stay. The PlugSurfing community is a community based charging station locator, PlugSurfing is merging static and realtime availability charging station information and crowd sources information through mobile apps and other devices. This way PlugSurfing responds to the needs of the electric driver, the OpenChargeMap project is an open source database with a public API for sharing and distributing charging location information globally. Information in this system is gathered both manually and automatically from a variety of data sources, the project aims to provide globally relevant data freely to other application developers and navigation providers. The EV Charger Maps website is a volunteer run effort coordinated by EV Charger News that catalogs EV charging station information across the U. S and it contains information targeted for real-world use by electric vehicle owners. California, Arizona and Nevada along with their Automobile Clubs are funding the Clean Car Maps to list the stations for alternative fuel. The database contains 381 charging stations in California in August 2010, the LEMnet internet database is operated by Park & Charge. The database not only provides locations of the Park & Charge stations, as of August 2011 the database lists more than 3100 active charging locations in Europe. All of them offer KMZ map files and POI collection files for navigation systems enhanced with information required for vehicle owners to find a public charging point in Europe. In Spain Alargador offers a map of EV recharge points in which everybody who wants to share his electric outlet can do it easily. All data is downloadable freely to most common GPS navigators and mapping software, another source is ElectroMaps to find a station in Spain. POD Point provides one of the UKs largest public charging networks with over 1,500 stations, the live charging station map provides the address, charging rate, connector type and availability of public charging stations. In 2015, they launched the Open Charge public network with smartphone-enabled charging points that are reliable, PlugShare is a crowdsourced map of public, private and residential charging locations
8.
Colonia del Sacramento
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Colonia del Sacramento is a city in southwestern Uruguay, by the Río de la Plata, facing Buenos Aires, Argentina. It is one of the oldest towns in Uruguay and capital of the Colonia Department and it has a population of around 27,000. It is renowned for its quarter, a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Modern Colonia del Sacramento produces textiles and has a trade zone, in addition to a polytechnic centre. Founded in January 1680 by Portugal as Colónia do Sacramento, the colony was disputed by the Spanish who settled on the opposite bank of the river at Buenos Aires. The colony was conquered by José de Garro in 1680, and it was conquered again by the Spanish in March 1705 after a siege of five months, but given back in the Treaty of Utrecht. Another attack during the Spanish-Portuguese War, 1735-1737, failed and it kept changing hands from crown to crown due to treaties such as the Treaty of Madrid in 1750 and the Treaty of San Ildefonso in 1777, until it remained with the Spanish. On 10 January 1809, before the independence of Uruguay, it was designated as a Villa and has since been elevated to the status of Ciudad, the rule from 1680 to present is, In 2011 Colonia del Sacramento had a population of 26,231. Source, Instituto Nacional de Estadística de Uruguay Colonia del Sacramento has a humid subtropical climate. Summers are warm and winters are cool, with frequent frosts. The precipitation is distributed throughout the year, with an average of 1,039 mm. The city was developed on a peninsula that protrudes into the Río de la Plata, the 16 hectare Barrio Histórico, or Portuguese Old City, was enclosed by a fortification wall across the peninsula in the site of present-day Calle Ituzaingó. Most of the wall was removed in 1777 and the remaining parts in 1859. The Portuguese part of the city has a street network. Outside the wall, the part of the city was planned in Spanish colonial style. The Barrio Histórico section of Colonia del Sacramento is designated a World Heritage Site by UNESCO, the historical section of Colonia, which has some cobblestone streets built by the Portuguese in the 17th century, is within walking distance of the ferry terminal. Views of the Barrio Histórico Colonia del Sacramento is served by three ferry lines from Buenos Aires, Argentina, Buquebus, Seacat Colonia and Colonia Express. There is also an airport for small planes
9.
Rosario, Uruguay
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Rosario, also known as Rosario Oriental, Villa del Rosario, or Rosario del Colla, is a small city located within the Colonia Department, in southern Uruguay. It is home to about 10,000 people and it is located on the south end of Route 2, about 2 kilometres north of its intersection with Route 1. It is about 14 kilometres west of Nueva Helvecia and 51 kilometres east-northeast of the department catital city Colonia del Sacramento. The stream Arroyo Colla flows along the north and northeastern limits of the city, while at the southeast edge of the city, the city was founded on 24 January 1775 by Benito Herosa. The place soon became notorious for having witnessed a series of battles during the struggle for independence from Spain in 1811, rosarios first inhabitant is believed to have been Pascual de Chena, an amerindian of Colla descent. Today, a square and a brook are named after him, even the alternative name of the city, Rosario del Colla, makes reference to this fact. Even before the Independence of Uruguay, Rosario had received the status of Villa and its status was elevated to City category on 17 August 1920 by the Act of Ley Nº7.257. In 2011 Rosario had a population of 10,085, source, Instituto Nacional de Estadística de Uruguay * In the census of 2011, the population of the small hamlet Pastoreo has been incorporated to the censual area of Rosario. Our Lady of the Rosary Parish Church The city mayor as of July 2010 is Daniel Dibot, ruperto Long, engineer, politician and writer. Fabio Zerpa, parapsychologist and UFO researcher, la Microrregión del Rosario Rosario at fallingrain. com INE map of Rosario
10.
Punta del Este
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Punta del Este is a city and resort on the Atlantic Coast in the Maldonado Department of southeastern Uruguay. Although the city has a population of about 9,280. Punta del Este is also the name of the municipality to which the city belongs and it includes Punta del Este proper and Península areas. The city is located on the intersection of Route 10 with Route 39, southeast of the department capital Maldonado, the first Europeans to set foot in what is now Punta del Este were the Spanish at the beginning of the 16th century. However, the colonization of the area began around Maldonado at the end of the 18th century due to Portuguese expansionism. Later the trees started to spread on their own, and now the area is full of mostly Pines, Eucalyptus, Acacias, on 5 July 1907, it was declared a Pueblo by Act of Ley 3.186. Its status was elevated to Ciudad on 2 July 1957 by the Act of Ley Nº12.397, Punta del Este hosted an American Summit in 1967 attended by U. S. President Lyndon Johnson. In September 1986, Punta del Este played host to the start of the Uruguay Round of international trade negotiations and these negotiations ultimately led to the creation of the World Trade Organization in 1994. In 2011 Punta del Este had a population of 9,277 and 23,954 households, according to the Intendencia Departamental de Maldonado, the municipality of Punta del Este has an area of 48 km2 and a population of 15,000. Source, Instituto Nacional de Estadística de Uruguay Argentines, Brazilians and Europeans are gradually choosing Punta del Este as their permanent residence, some of the reasons are peace in the midst of nature and increasing educational offerings. Punta del Este has a oceanic climate, with pleasant summers. The precipitation is distributed throughout the year, with an average of 1,010 mm. The hottest month, February, has a temperature of 21.7 °C. The average yearly temperature is 16.4 °C, Punta del Estes scenic coastline is divided in two regions, Brava and Mansa. Beaches on the Mansa side feature thick and golden sand, while on the Brava side the sand is white, every beach of the peninsula has public access. La Barra is popular for sports and fishing during the day. At later hours, La Barra becomes an attraction for the younger generation. Starting from the end of December through to the week of January
11.
Energy Information Administration
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The U. S. Energy Information Administration is a principal agency of the U. S. EIA programs cover data on coal, petroleum, natural gas, electric, renewable and nuclear energy. EIA is part of the U. S. Department of Energy, the EIA disseminates its data products, analyses, reports, and services to customers and stakeholders primarily through its website and the customer contact center. Located in Washington, D. C. the EIA has about 325 federal employees, by law, the EIA’s products are prepared independently of policy considerations. The EIA neither formulates nor advocates any policy conclusions. ”More than 2 million people use the EIA’s information online each month, some of the EIA’s products include, General Interest Energy Information Energy Explained, Energy information written for a general, non-technical audience. A nonpartisan guide to the range of energy topics from biodiesel to uranium. Energy Kids Page, A very popular product from the EIA is its “Kid’s Page”, which students, citizens. Energy Glossary, Common energy terms defined in plain language and this Week in Petroleum, Weekly summary and explanation of events in U. S. and world petroleum markets, including weekly data. Natural Gas Weekly Update, Weekly summary and discussion of events, Data and Surveys Gasoline and Diesel Fuel Update, Weekly price data for U. S. national and regional averages. Monthly Energy Review, Provides statistics on monthly and annual U. S. national energy consumption going back in some cases to 1949, the figures are given in units of quads Annual Energy Review, EIAs primary report of historical annual energy statistics. For many series, data begin with the year 1949 and this report has been superseded by the Monthly Energy Review and was not produced for 2012. Country Energy Profiles, Data by country, region, and commercial group for 219 countries with additional country analysis notes for 87 of these, country Analysis Briefs, EIAs in-depth analyses of energy production, consumption, imports, and exports for 36 individual countries and regions. Residential Energy Consumption Survey, EIAs comprehensive survey and analysis of energy consumption, household characteristics. Projections and Outlooks Short-Term Energy Outlook, Energy projections for the next 13-24 months, Annual Energy Outlook, Projection and analysis of U. S. energy supply, demand, and prices through 2040 based on EIAs National Energy Modeling System. Projections are currently based on existing legislation, without assumption of any future Congressional action or technological advancement, international Energy Outlook, EIAs assessment of the outlook for international energy markets through 2040. It also provided the FEA with data collection enforcement authority for gathering data from energy producing, Section 205 of this law established the Energy Information Administration as the primary federal government authority on energy statistics and analysis to carry out a. The same law established that EIA’s processes and products are independent from review by Executive Branch officials, the majority of EIA energy data surveys are based on the general mandates set forth above. However, there are some surveys specifically mandated by law, including, EIA-28, eIA-1605 and 1605EZ, Voluntary Reporting of Greenhouse Gases - Section 1605 of the Energy Policy Act of 1992. EIA-886, Annual Survey of Alternative Fueled Vehicle Suppliers and Users - Section 503 of the Energy Policy Act of 1992, eIA-858, Uranium Marketing Annual Survey - Section 1015 of the Energy Policy Act of 1992
12.
Reuters
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Reuters /ˈrɔɪtərz/ is an international news agency headquartered in London, England. It is a division of Thomson Reuters, until 2008, the Reuters news agency formed part of an independent company, Reuters Group plc, which was also a provider of financial market data. Since the acquisition of Reuters Group by the Thomson Corporation in 2008, Reuters transmits news in English, French, Arabic, Spanish, German, Italian, Portuguese, Russian, Japanese, Korean, Urdu, and Chinese. The Reuter agency was established in 1851 by Paul Julius Reuter in Britain at the London Royal Exchange, Paul Reuter worked at a book-publishing firm in Berlin and was involved in distributing radical pamphlets at the beginning of the Revolutions in 1848. Upon moving to England, he founded Reuters Telegram Company in 1851, headquartered in London, the company initially covered commercial news, serving banks, brokerage houses, and business firms. The first newspaper client to subscribe was the London Morning Advertiser in 1858, Reuters agency built a reputation in Europe and the rest of the world as the first to report news scoops from abroad. Reuters was the first to report Abraham Lincolns assassination in Europe, for instance, in 1872, Reuters expanded into the far east, followed by South America in 1874. Both expansions were made possible by advances in overland telegraphs and undersea cables, in 1883, Reuters began transmitting messages electrically to London newspapers. In 1923, Reuters began using radio to transmit news internationally, in 1925, The Press Association of Great Britain acquired a majority interest in Reuters, and full owners some years later. During the world wars, The Guardian reported that Reuters came under pressure from the British government to national interests. In 1941 Reuters deflected the pressure by restructuring itself as a private company, the new owners formed the Reuters Trust. In 1941, the PA sold half of Reuters to the Newspaper Proprieters Association, the Reuters Trust Principles were put in place to maintain the companys independence. At that point, Reuters had become one of the major news agencies. In 1961, Reuters scooped news of the erection of the Berlin Wall, in 1981, Reuters began making electronic transactions on its computer network, and afterwards developed a number of electronic brokerage and trading services. Reuters was floated as a company in 1984, when Reuters Trust was listed on the stock exchanges such as the London Stock Exchange. Reuters published the first story of the Berlin Wall being breached in 1989, share price grew during the dotcom boom, then fell after the banking troubles in 2001. In 2002, Brittanica wrote that most news throughout the world came from three major agencies, the Associated Press, Reuters, and Agence France-Presse, Reuters merged with Thomson Corporation in Canada in 2008, forming Thomson Reuters. In 2009, Thomson Reuters withdrew from the LSE and the NASDAQ, instead listing its shares on the Toronto Stock Exchange, the last surviving member of the Reuters family founders, Marguerite, Baroness de Reuter, died at age 96 on 25 January 2009
13.
Centro, Montevideo
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Centro is the inner city barrio of Montevideo, Uruguay. Its main avenue is 18 de Julio Avenue and it is delimited by La Paz Str. to the North, Florida Str. and Andes Str. to the West, Canelones Str. to the South and Barrios Amorin Str. to the East. It used to be the commercial venue of the city. Now, that process is being reverted and the area is coming back to life, because of the military origins of Montevideo, it had been forbidden to build anything permanent in the area outside the walls of the city up to the time that Uruguay gained Independence. That area was called Campo de Marte or ejido, around 1750, the colonial Gobernación Política y Militar de Montevideo traced the limits of the forbidden area at a canonballs reach from the citys fortifications by a line or cordón. Eventually, Cordón became the name of the area outside the Campo de Marte, in 1829, four years after the declaration of Independence, the National Assembly decided to pull down the fortifications of the Ciudad Vieja and extend the city to form the Ciudad Nueva. At the time, the population of Montevideo was around 14,000, the plans for some additional 160 city blocks were drawn by military engineer Don José María Reyes. That extension is the barrio of Centro. The plans included a new square, which in 1840 took on the name Plaza Cagancha, the development of this area was very slow due to the Guerra Grande of 1839-1852. In 1867 a pillar with the statue of Peace was erected in the centre of Plaza Cagancha, the former is mostly used as a relaxation area and the latter is mostly a place where craftsmen and other small vendors exhibit their work and products for sale. One of the most architecturally notable buildings of the Centro, is the Palacio Lapido, designed by Juan Aubriot and built in 1933, a National Heritage Site since 1989. The Centro is also home to the Palacio Municipal, the building of the City Hall, several temples have been built in this important neighbourhood. St. Michael Garicoits Church, popularly known as Iglesia de los Vascos Church of St. Joseph and St
14.
Plaza Cagancha
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Plaza de Cagancha, or Plaza Cagancha, also known as Plaza Libertad, is a square of the Uruguayan capital, Montevideo. It is located on Montevideos main avenue,18 de Julio Avenue, in 1829, four years after the declaration of Independence, it was decided to pull down the fortifications of the Ciudad Vieja and extend the city to form the Ciudad Nueva. In 1867 the Pillar of Peace was erected in its centre with a statue on its top. At the beginning of the 20th century, the French landscape architect Charles Thays undertook the embellishment of this square, the Pillar of Peace of Plaza de Cagancha marks the Kilometre zero of the main National Routes of Uruguay
15.
Plaza Fabini
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Plaza Fabini, or Plaza Ingeniero Juan Pedro Fabini, also known as Plaza del Entrevero, is a square of the Uruguayan capital, Montevideo. It is located on Montevideos main avenue,18 de Julio Avenue, in the barrio of Centro and its main fountain has a big bronze sculpture of José Belloni called El Entrevero, which has given the nickname to the square. Under the square, there is an exposition area called Subte Municipal
16.
Edificio Lapido
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Edificio Lapido is a building on the 18 de Julio Avenue in Centro, Montevideo, Uruguay. It is a building, built in 1933 and designed by architect Juan Aubriot. It is an example of the Uruguayan international architectural renewal of the early decades of the 20th century. It is a National Heritage Site since 1989, universitad ORT - Facultad de Arquitectura Artucio, Leopoldo C. Montevideo y la arquitectura moderna, N°5, Nuestra Tierra, Montevideo,1971
17.
Palacio Chiarino
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Palacio Chiarino is a French Neoclassical building located on the corner of Plaza de Cagancha and Avenue 18 de Julio in the center of Montevideo, Uruguay. Its construction began in 1922 and finished in 1928, the architects Antonio Chiarino, Bartolome Triay and Gaetano Moretti was commissioned to create the design for the Arturo Soneira family. Moretti died before the building was completed, Moretti also designed Palcio Legislativo in Montevideo, Uruguay. Palacio Chiarino was added to the National Register of Historic Places and was declared a National Historic Landmark in 2011, the building has been used for international movie productions. Including, In the film Un paradiso per due, Palacio Chiarino is used as the mansion in Rome, Italy of Charles Bramati, guia Centro Montevideo 1996 by Julio C. Gaeta and Eduardo Folle La revista de El Pais, Paula Magazine April 2005 Edition, Oasis Urbano Page 42 El Pais, City eyes to haven, in the page 717 youll see an article and drawn images of the project for the Palacio Chiarino. Here is the link to the version of the book http
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Palacio Piria
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Palacio Piria is a building in Centro, Montevideo, Uruguay, located between Plaza de Cagancha and San José Street. It is a National Heritage Site since 1975 and an example of the Eclecticism style of architecture and its construction started in 1916, by the architect Camille Gardelle. Initially, it was the residence of businessman and politician Francisco Piria. After his death it was acquired by industrialist José Martínez Reina and it was acquired by the Uruguayan State on 5 January 1954 by the Act of N°12.090 as seat of the Supreme Court. Universitad ORT Facultad de Arquitectura Intendencia Municipal de Montevideo - Palacio Piria
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Ministry of Foreign Relations (Uruguay)
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The Ministry of Foreign Relations conducts Uruguays foreign relations with other countries. It is commonly referred to in Uruguayan media and diplomatic jargon as the Palacio Santos and it is located in downtown Montevideo. This building is one of the historic structures in the Uruguayan capital. The Minister of Foreign Relations is more known as Canciller. Since 1 March 2015 the ministry is headed by vice president Rodolfo Nin Novoa
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Palacio Municipal (Montevideo)
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Palacio Municipal is the seat of the local government agency of the Municipality of Montevideo, Uruguay. Located on the avenue of the city,18 de Julio Avenue, in barrio Centro. It also lacked the brick siding, the side wings, the underground concourse and garage were built later, giving the building its current appearance. While not the tallest building in Montevideo, its location on the Avenida 18 de Julio, built on the crest of a ridge or long hill, the area of the building had begun development from at least 1867. In front of the entrance is an impressive bronze replica of David of Michelangelo. The atrium of the building hosts exhibitions of art, craft and varied cultural expressions, the west wing of the building hosts the Museum of History of Art. The Municipal centre of Photography includes the Photographic Archive of Montevideo, on the back side of the building, there is an external elevator taking the public to floor 22 of the building where there is a city observatory. Also on the back of the building is the Direccion de Necropolis which supervises the cemeteries of the city, information about the observatory on floor 22, Viajando Por Uruguay
