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Postmodern architecture
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The movement was given a doctrine by the architect and architectural theorist Robert Venturi in his 1966 book Complexity and Contradiction in Architecture. The style flourished from the 1980s through the 1990s, particularly in the work of Venturi, Philip Johnson, Charles Moore, in the late 1990s it divided into a multitude of new tendencies, including high-tech architecture, neo-classicism and deconstructivism. The architect and architectural historian Robert Venturi led the attack in 1966 in his book, Complexity, … I welcome the problems and exploit the uncertainties. … I like elements which are rather than pure, compromising rather than clean. … I am for messy vitality over obvious unity, … I prefer both-and to either-or, black and white, and sometimes gray, to black or white. … An architecture of complexity and contradiction must embody the difficult unity of inclusion rather than the easy unity of exclusion, Venturis second book, Learning from Las Vegas, co-authored with his wife, Denise Scott Brown, and Steven Izenour, further developed his argument against modernism. He urged architects take into consideration and to celebrate the architecture in a place. He argued that ornamental and decorative elements accommodate existing needs for variety, Rossi insisted that cities be rebuilt in ways that preserved their historical fabric and local traditions. Similar ideas were and projects were put forward at the Venice Biennale in 1980, the call for a post-modern style was joined by Christian de Portzamparc in France and Ricardo Bofill in Spain, and in Japan by Arata Isozaki. Robert Venturi was both a prominent theorist of postmodernism and an architect who buildings illustrated his ideas, after studying at the American Academy in Rome, he worked in the offices of the modernists Eero Saarinen Louis Kahn until 1958, and then became a professor architecture at Yale University. One of his first buildings was the Guild House in Philadelphia and these two houses became symbols of the postmodern movement. He went on to design, in the 1960s and 1970s, Michael Graves designed two of the most prominent buildings in the postmodern style, the Portland Building and the Denver Public Library. The building has since added to the National Register of Historic Places. The most famous work of architect Charles Moore is the Piazza dItalia in New Orleans, drawing upon the Spanish Revival architecture of the city hall, Moore designed the Beverly Hills Civic Center in a mixture of Spanish Revival, Art Deco and Post-Modern styles. It includes courtyards, colonnades, promenades, and buildings, with open and semi-enclosed spaces, stairways and balconies. Philip Johnson began his career as a pure modernist, in 1935 he co-authored the famous catalog of the Museum of Modern Art exposition on the International Style, and studied with Walter Gropius and Marcel Breuer at Harvard. His Glass House in New Canaan, Connecticut, inspired b a similar house by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe became an icon of the modernist movement and he worked with Mies on another iconic modernist project, the Seagrams Building in New York City. However, his buildings in the 1970, such as IDS Center in Minneapolis and Pennzoil Place in Houston were massive, sober
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Nashville, Tennessee
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Nashville is the capital of the U. S. state of Tennessee and the county seat of Davidson County. It is located on the Cumberland River in the central part of the state. The city is a center for the music, healthcare, publishing, banking and transportation industries and it is known as a center of the country music industry, earning it the nickname Music City, U. S. A. Since 1963, Nashville has had a consolidated city-county government which includes six municipalities in a two-tier system. Nashville is governed by a mayor, vice-mayor, and 40-member Metropolitan Council, thirty-five of the members are elected from single-member districts, five are elected at-large. Reflecting the citys position in government, Nashville is home to the Tennessee Supreme Courts courthouse for Middle Tennessee. According to 2015 estimates from the U. S. Census Bureau, the balance population, which excludes semi-independent municipalities within Nashville, was 654,610. The 2015 population of the entire 13-county Nashville metropolitan area was 1,830,345, the 2015 population of the Nashville-Davidson–Murfreesboro–Columbia combined statistical area, a larger trade area, was 1,951,644. The town of Nashville was founded by James Robertson, John Donelson, and it was named for Francis Nash, the American Revolutionary War hero. Nashville quickly grew because of its location, accessibility as a port on the Cumberland River, a tributary of the Ohio River. By 1800, the city had 345 residents, including 136 African American slaves and 14 free blacks, in 1806, Nashville was incorporated as a city and became the county seat of Davidson County, Tennessee. In 1843, the city was named the permanent capital of the state of Tennessee, by 1860, when the first rumblings of secession began to be heard across the South, antebellum Nashville was a prosperous city. The citys significance as a port made it a desirable prize as a means of controlling important river. In February 1862, Nashville became the first state capital to fall to Union troops, the state was occupied by Union troops for the duration of the war. Within a few years after the Civil War, the Nashville chapter of the Ku Klux Klan was founded by Confederate veteran John W. Morton, meanwhile, the city had reclaimed its important shipping and trading position and developed a solid manufacturing base. The post–Civil War years of the late 19th century brought new prosperity to Nashville and these healthy economic times left the city with a legacy of grand classical-style buildings, which can still be seen around the downtown area. Circa 1950 the state approved a new city charter that provided for the election of city council members from single-member districts. This change was supported because at-large voting diluted the minority populations political power in the city and they could seldom gain a majority of the population to support a candidate of their choice
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United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
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Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
5.
Pitney Bowes
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Pitney Bowes Inc. is an American provider of global eCommerce solutions, shipping and mailing products, location intelligence, customer engagement and customer information management solutions. Based in Stamford, Connecticut, the company has approximately 16,100 employees worldwide and it was one of 86 existing firms that had been members of the S&P500 since its creation in 1957. Other major U. S. centers of operation include Danbury, Connecticut, Shelton, Connecticut, Troy, New York, and Lanham, Maryland. In 1902, Arthur Pitney patented his first double-locking hand-cranked postage-stamping machine, in 1908, English emigrant and founder of the Universal Stamping Machine Company Walter Bowes began providing stamp-canceling machines to the United States Postal Service. Bowes moved his operations to Stamford in 1917, a rapid increase in mail volume in 1919 made the Post Office more receptive to metered mail, and Pitney subsequently traveled to meet Bowes. The United States Post Office approved their postage meter on August 25,1920, between 1922 and 1923, the government collected $4,359,070 in postage from the first commercial installations of 400 meters. Pitney Bowes also began to sell their products internationally, in 1938, Walter H. Wheeler, Jr. was named President and Chairman of the Board and would lead the company over the next three decades. During the 1950s, The National Urban League recognized Pitney Bowes for its leadership in providing job opportunities to African Americans, during World War II, Pitney-Bowes received an Army-Navy ‘E’ Award denoting excellence in production of crucially needed instruments of war. The company went public on the New York Stock Exchange in 1950, subsequently, Pitney Bowes was named to the S&P500 when this benchmark index was created in 1957 and joined the Fortune 500 in 1962. In 1968 Pitney Bowes acquired the Monarch Marking System Company, which would produce the first barcode equipment for retail trade use, to better provide financing options for their existing and prospective customers, the Pitney Bowes Credit Corporation was formed in 1976. Throughout the 1970s and 1980s, the expanded, offering copy machines and facsimile machines. During this period, Pitney Bowes acquired Dictaphone and kept the machine manufacturer as a wholly owned. Since 2000, Pitney Bowes invested $2.5 billion in 83 acquisitions, primarily in software and services businesses including MapInfo, Group 1 Software, PSI Group, the Software Portfolio has been largely grouped into an operating division called Pitney Bowes Software. In August 2013, the announced that it sold its world headquarters building in Stamford, CT but it would remain in the same city. The relocation is expected to be complete by the summer of 2014, PBMS has since been renamed Novitex Enterprise Solutions. The Intellectual Property Owners Association has consistently ranked Pitney Bowes in the top 200 companies receiving U. S. patents, six of these patents are held by retired Executive Chairman Michael J. Critelli. Murray D. Martin, a former Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer, is named on two, since 2000, Pitney Bowes has invested $2.5 billion in 83 acquisitions, primarily in software and services businesses. 2010, Portrait Software plc, Henley-on-Thames, England, provides customer-centric solutions that combine advanced customer analytics with inbound and outbound campaign management,2007, MapInfo, Troy, NY, provides location intelligence solutions
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Cerberus Capital Management
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Cerberus Capital Management, L. P. is an American private equity firm, specializing in distressed investing. The firm is based in New York City, and run by Steve Feinberg, who co-founded Cerberus in 1992 with William L. Richter, who currently serves as a senior managing director. The firm has affiliate and/or advisory offices in the United States, Europe and Asia Cerberus has more than US$40 billion under management in funds, the company is a U. S. Securities and Exchange Commission Registered Investment Advisor. Investors include government and private sector pension and retirement funds, charitable foundations, university endowments, insurance companies, family savings, Cerberus is named after the mythological three-headed dog that guarded the gates of Hades. Feinberg has stated to his employees that while the Cerberus name seemed like an idea at the time. Over time, Cerberus has grown to include 11 offices in 9 countries, the firm is active in private equity investment, lending, specialty finance, real estate investment, and securities trading. The firm’s current investment portfolio includes more than 40 companies around the world with a hold time of more than five years. Cerberus maintains the Cerberus Operations & Advisory Company LLC of senior operating executives to support the firm’s due diligence, Cerberus utilizes an operations team of over 100 staff, approximately half of whom are currently employed by portfolio companies, to help source, analyze and monitor portfolio investments. On July 1,2016, Cerberus Capital Management acquired ABC Group, on June 23,2016, GE announced a sale of its consumer finance business, GE Money Bank, to an affiliate of Cerberus Capital Management. On May 27,2016, Cerberus Capital Management sold its 57% state in Blue Bird Corporation, on December 17,2015, Cerberus Capital Management announced a $605 million strategic partnership with Avon Products, Inc. According to terms of the agreement, Cerberus will be buying 80% of Avon North America, in addition, the investment will result in a nearly 17% stake in Avon Products, Inc. On March 6,2014, Cerberus announced a Definitive Merger Agreement with already owned Albertsons, September 16,2013, Cerberus closed Accurate Metal Solutions. Over 400 employees at 2 locations, Anaheim, CA and Oxnard, CA, on December 18,2012, the company began divesting its assets in Freedom Group. As of September 24,2013, they had not sold any of the Freedom Group, on May 31,2012, Cerberus Capital Management completed the sale of textile company Guilford Mills to Lear Corporation. On March 8,2012, an affiliate of Cerberus closed its acquisition of a controlling interest in AT&T Advertising Solutions and AT&T Interactive, AT&T received approximately $750 million in cash, a $200 million note and a 47-percent equity interest in YP Holdings LLC. David Krantz, former CEO and president of AT&T Interactive, was named CEO of YP, on January 18,2012, RG Steel, LLC announced that affiliates of Cerberus committed new capital to the company. On October 27,2011 Cerberus and Chatham Lodging Trust closed their purchase of Innkeepers USA Trust for $1.02 billion, Innkeepers operates hotels, including the Marriott, Hyatt, Hilton, and other brands. On October 4,2011, Cerberus and Garanti Securities announced the formation of a joint initiative to pursue investments in Turkey with a commitment of $400 million
7.
Brasfield & Gorrie
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Brasfield & Gorrie, LLC is a privately held construction management, general contractor, and design-build service provider. Founded in 1921 by Thomas C, Brasfield Company, Brasfield & Gorrie is headquartered in Birmingham, Alabama. In 2011, the company reported revenues close to $2 billion, Brasfield Company by its namesake in 1921, the company focused on small commercial and remodeling projects. The company continued in this market until it was acquired in 1964 by Miller Gorrie, as the companys success grew, Gorrie moved its focus to larger commercial, industrial, and institutional projects. The company has expanded into the government market and continues to be a nationwide leader in constructing healthcare facilities. In 1985, Brasfield & Gorrie opened offices in Atlanta, Georgia and Orlando, Florida, creating two new regions of operation. Company executives include founder, M. Miller Gorrie as Chairman, Jim Gorrie as CEO, Rob Taylor as President, Chris Kramer as Chief Information Officer, the expansion was completed in time for the 2010 Crimson Tide football season. The Greenbrier - renovation and construction of the Spa and Sporting Club Tiger Stadium - Completed the south endzone expansion at Louisiana State University, the expansion brought capacity to 102,321, making it the third largest in the Southeastern Conference. S. Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals located in Shreveport, Louisiana Hugo L. S. border station that is LEED Silver located in Donna, Texas Brasfield & Gorrie, LLC homepage Company portfolio
8.
Skyscraper
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A skyscraper is a tall, continuously habitable building having multiple floors. When the term was used in the 1880s it described a building of 10 to 20 floors. Mostly designed for office, commercial and residential uses, a skyscraper can also be called a high-rise, for buildings above a height of 300 m, the term supertall can be used, while skyscrapers reaching beyond 600 m are classified as megatall. One common feature of skyscrapers is having a steel framework that supports curtain walls and these curtain walls either bear on the framework below or are suspended from the framework above, rather than resting on load-bearing walls of conventional construction. Some early skyscrapers have a frame that enables the construction of load-bearing walls taller than of those made of reinforced concrete. Modern skyscrapers walls are not load-bearing, and most skyscrapers are characterized by surface areas of windows made possible by steel frames. However, skyscrapers can have curtain walls that mimic conventional walls with a surface area of windows. Modern skyscrapers often have a structure, and are designed to act like a hollow cylinder to resist wind, seismic. To appear more slender, allow less wind exposure, and transmit more daylight to the ground, many skyscrapers have a design with setbacks, a relatively big building may be considered a skyscraper if it protrudes well above its built environment and changes the overall skyline. The maximum height of structures has progressed historically with building methods and technologies, the Burj Khalifa is currently the tallest building in the world. High-rise buildings are considered shorter than skyscrapers, the first steel-frame skyscraper was the Home Insurance Building in Chicago, Illinois in 1885. Even the scholars making the argument find it to be purely academic and this definition was based on the steel skeleton—as opposed to constructions of load-bearing masonry, which passed their practical limit in 1891 with Chicagos Monadnock Building. What is the characteristic of the tall office building. The force and power of altitude must be in it, the glory and it must be every inch a proud and soaring thing, rising in sheer exaltation that from bottom to top it is a unit without a single dissenting line. Some structural engineers define a highrise as any vertical construction for which wind is a significant load factor than earthquake or weight. Note that this criterion fits not only high-rises but some other tall structures, the word skyscraper often carries a connotation of pride and achievement. A loose convention of some in the United States and Europe draws the limit of a skyscraper at 150 m or 490 ft. The tallest building in ancient times was the 146 m Great Pyramid of Giza in ancient Egypt and it was not surpassed in height for thousands of years, the 14th century AD Lincoln Cathedral being conjectured by many to have exceeded it
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Tennessee
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Tennessee is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States. Tennessee is the 36th largest and the 17th most populous of the 50 United States, Tennessee is bordered by Kentucky and Virginia to the north, North Carolina to the east, Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi to the south, and Arkansas and Missouri to the west. The Appalachian Mountains dominate the eastern part of the state, Tennessees capital and second largest city is Nashville, which has a population of 654,610. Memphis is the states largest city, with a population of 655,770, the state of Tennessee is rooted in the Watauga Association, a 1772 frontier pact generally regarded as the first constitutional government west of the Appalachians. What is now Tennessee was initially part of North Carolina, Tennessee was admitted to the Union as the 16th state on June 1,1796. Tennessee was the last state to leave the Union and join the Confederacy at the outbreak of the American Civil War in 1861, occupied by Union forces from 1862, it was the first state to be readmitted to the Union at the end of the war. Tennessee furnished more soldiers for the Confederate Army than any other state besides Virginia and this sharply reduced competition in politics in the state until after passage of civil rights legislation in the mid-20th century. This city was established to house the Manhattan Projects uranium enrichment facilities, helping to build the worlds first atomic bomb, Tennessees major industries include agriculture, manufacturing, and tourism. Poultry, soybeans, and cattle are the primary agricultural products, and major manufacturing exports include chemicals, transportation equipment. In the early 18th century, British traders encountered a Cherokee town named Tanasi in present-day Monroe County, the town was located on a river of the same name, and appears on maps as early as 1725. The meaning and origin of the word are uncertain, some accounts suggest it is a Cherokee modification of an earlier Yuchi word. It has been said to mean meeting place, winding river, according to ethnographer James Mooney, the name can not be analyzed and its meaning is lost. The modern spelling, Tennessee, is attributed to James Glen, the governor of South Carolina, the spelling was popularized by the publication of Henry Timberlakes Draught of the Cherokee Country in 1765. In 1788, North Carolina created Tennessee County, the county to be established in what is now Middle Tennessee. When a constitutional convention met in 1796 to organize a new out of the Southwest Territory. Other sources differ on the origin of the nickname, according to the Columbia Encyclopedia. Tennessee ties Missouri as the state bordering the most other states, the state is trisected by the Tennessee River. The highest point in the state is Clingmans Dome at 6,643 feet, Clingmans Dome, which lies on Tennessees eastern border, is the highest point on the Appalachian Trail, and is the third highest peak in the United States east of the Mississippi River
10.
Atrium (architecture)
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In architecture, an atrium is a large open air or skylight covered space surrounded by a building. Atria were a feature in Ancient Roman dwellings, providing light. Modern atria, as developed in the late 19th and 20th centuries, are several stories high and having a glazed roof or large windows. Atria are a design feature because they give their buildings a feeling of space. The atrium has become a key feature of buildings in recent years. Atria are popular with building users, building designers and building developers, users like atria because they create a dynamic and stimulating interior that provides shelter from the external environment while maintaining a visual link with that environment. Designers enjoy the opportunity to new types of spaces in buildings. Fire control is an important aspect of contemporary atrium design due to criticism that poorly designed atria could allow fire to spread to a buildings upper stories more quickly. The Latin word atrium referred to the central court from which enclosed rooms led off. The impluvium was a shallow pool sunken into the floor to catch rainwater from the roof, some surviving examples are beautifully decorated. The opening in the ceiling above the pool called for some means of support for the roof, as the centrepiece of the house, the atrium was the most lavishly-furnished room. Also, it contained the chapel to the ancestral spirits. The term was used for a variety of spaces in public and religious buildings, mostly forms of arcaded courtyards. Byzantine churches were often entered through such a space, the 19th century brought the industrial revolution with great advances in iron and glass manufacturing techniques. Courtyards could then have horizontal glazing overhead, eliminating some of the elements from the space. One of the public spaces at Federation Square, in Melbourne, Australia, is called The Atrium and is a street-like space, five storeys high with glazed walls. The structure and glazing pattern follow the system of fractals used to arrange the panels on the rest of the facades at Federation Square, as of 2016, the Burj Al Arab hotel in Dubai, has the worlds tallest atrium at 590 feet. The Luxor Hotel, in Las Vegas, Nevada, has the largest atrium in the world at 29 million cubic feet, cavaedium Courtyard Quadrangle Roth, Leland M. Understanding Architecture, Its Elements History and Meaning
11.
Batman
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Batman is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. The character was created by artist Bob Kane and writer Bill Finger, originally named the Bat-Man, the character is also referred to by such epithets as the Caped Crusader, the Dark Knight, and the Worlds Greatest Detective. Batmans secret identity is Bruce Wayne, a wealthy American playboy, philanthropist, after witnessing the murder of his parents Thomas Wayne and Martha Wayne as a child, he swore vengeance against criminals, an oath tempered by a sense of justice. Wayne trains himself physically and intellectually and crafts a bat-inspired persona to fight crime, Batman operates in the fictional Gotham City, with assistance from various supporting characters, including his butler Alfred, police commissioner Gordon, and vigilante allies such as Robin. A large assortment of villains make up Batmans rogues gallery, including his archenemy, Batman became popular soon after his introduction in 1939 and gained his own comic book title, Batman, the following year. As the decades went on, differing interpretations of the character emerged, the late 1960s Batman television series used a camp aesthetic, which continued to be associated with the character for years after the show ended. Various creators worked to return the character to his dark roots, the success of Warner Bros. live-action Batman feature films have helped maintain the publics interest in the character. The character has also intrigued psychiatrists, with trying to understand the characters psyche. In 2015, FanSided ranked Batman as number one on their list of 50 Greatest Super Heroes In Comic Book History. Kevin Conroy, Bruce Greenwood, Peter Weller, Anthony Ruivivar, Jason OMara, Batman has been portrayed in both film and television by Lewis Wilson, Robert Lowery, Adam West, Michael Keaton, Val Kilmer, George Clooney, Christian Bale, and Ben Affleck. In early 1939, the success of Superman in Action Comics prompted editors at National Comics Publications to request more superheroes for its titles, in response, Bob Kane created the Bat-Man. Collaborator Bill Finger recalled that Kane had an idea for a character called Batman, I went over to Kanes, and he had drawn a character who looked very much like Superman with kind of. Reddish tights, I believe, with boots, with a small domino mask, swinging on a rope. He had two wings that were sticking out, looking like bat wings. And under it was a big sign, the bat-wing-like cape was suggested by Bob Kane, inspired by Leonardo Da Vincis sketch of an ornithopter flying device as a child. Finger suggested giving the character a cowl instead of a domino mask, a cape instead of wings. Finger said he devised the name Bruce Wayne for the secret identity, Bruce Waynes first name came from Robert Bruce. Wayne, being a playboy, was a man of gentry, I searched for a name that would suggest colonialism
12.
Architecture
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Architecture is both the process and the product of planning, designing, and constructing buildings and other physical structures. Architectural works, in the form of buildings, are often perceived as cultural symbols. Historical civilizations are often identified with their surviving architectural achievements, Architecture can mean, A general term to describe buildings and other physical structures. The art and science of designing buildings and nonbuilding structures, the style of design and method of construction of buildings and other physical structures. A unifying or coherent form or structure Knowledge of art, science, technology, the design activity of the architect, from the macro-level to the micro-level. The practice of the architect, where architecture means offering or rendering services in connection with the design and construction of buildings. The earliest surviving work on the subject of architecture is De architectura. According to Vitruvius, a building should satisfy the three principles of firmitas, utilitas, venustas, commonly known by the original translation – firmness, commodity. An equivalent in modern English would be, Durability – a building should stand up robustly, utility – it should be suitable for the purposes for which it is used. Beauty – it should be aesthetically pleasing, according to Vitruvius, the architect should strive to fulfill each of these three attributes as well as possible. Leon Battista Alberti, who elaborates on the ideas of Vitruvius in his treatise, De Re Aedificatoria, saw beauty primarily as a matter of proportion, for Alberti, the rules of proportion were those that governed the idealised human figure, the Golden mean. The most important aspect of beauty was, therefore, an inherent part of an object, rather than something applied superficially, Gothic architecture, Pugin believed, was the only true Christian form of architecture. The 19th-century English art critic, John Ruskin, in his Seven Lamps of Architecture, Architecture was the art which so disposes and adorns the edifices raised by men. That the sight of them contributes to his health, power. For Ruskin, the aesthetic was of overriding significance and his work goes on to state that a building is not truly a work of architecture unless it is in some way adorned. For Ruskin, a well-constructed, well-proportioned, functional building needed string courses or rustication, but suddenly you touch my heart, you do me good. I am happy and I say, This is beautiful, le Corbusiers contemporary Ludwig Mies van der Rohe said Architecture starts when you carefully put two bricks together. The notable 19th-century architect of skyscrapers, Louis Sullivan, promoted an overriding precept to architectural design, function came to be seen as encompassing all criteria of the use, perception and enjoyment of a building, not only practical but also aesthetic, psychological and cultural
13.
Melbourne Central Shopping Centre
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Melbourne Central is a large shopping centre, office, and public transport hub in the city of Melbourne, Australia. The centre features a gross area of 55,100 m2. It is owned by GPT Group, contained underneath the shopping centres massive glass cone sits the Coops Shot Tower which was built on the site in 1888. After last being used in 1961, the tower was retained to become a focal-point of the centre, Williams and the Shot Tower Museum now take up the inside of it. The tower was featured in the opening sequence of the 1997 Jackie Chan film Mr. Nice Guy.2 billion. The original anchor tenant was the Japanese department store Daimaru, who opened their first Australian store over six floors located between the tower and La Trobe Street. Early work on the site commenced in 1971 when land on the side of La Trobe Street was acquired, to enable the cut. By the time registrations closed in March 1984 a total of 28 submissions had been received from developers, the contract was signed soon after but without Essington Limited, who were removed by the State Government after a number of directors were linked to the Nugan Hand Bank. The project was scaled back, with the hotel removed. It was also at this time that Kisho Kurokawa was brought on board as architect, with Hassell and Bates, an anchor tenant was also found, Daimaru signed on due to the involvement of the Japanese Sumitomo Bank on the project. Kumugai abandoned this plan in 2001, selling their share to GPT for $17 million. Daimaru closed their department store in 2002, paying five years rent in return for abandoning their lease commitment which ended in 2016, with half the total retail space empty due to the loss of Daimaru, GPT announced a $195 million plan to renovate the centre in April 2002. The works also compromised access to the adjacent Melbourne Central railway station, removing access to Swanston Street. The renovation took the value of the complex to $1033 million in 2010. In 2010 plans for a second redevelopment were unveiled by GPT, the Melbourne Central Office Tower comprises 57 levels,46 of which are office floors. The tower is owned by GPT Wholesale Office Fund, the tower structure is approximately 210 metres above Elizabeth Street, however with it two 54 metre communications masts, the tower is 246 metres tall. ME Bank and Allianz have signed up to move into the building replacing space currently tenanted by BP and they have taken up building signage rights. The Shot Tower is the point of the shopping centre
14.
Memphis, Tennessee
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Memphis is a city in the southwestern corner of the U. S. state of Tennessee and the county seat of Shelby County. The city is located on the fourth Chickasaw Bluff, south of the confluence of the Wolf, Memphis had a population of 653,450 in 2013, making it the largest city in the state of Tennessee. It is the largest city on the Mississippi River, the third largest in the greater Southeastern United States, the greater Memphis metropolitan area, including adjacent counties in Mississippi and Arkansas, had a 2014 population of 1,317,314. This makes Memphis the second-largest metropolitan area in Tennessee, surpassed by metropolitan Nashville, Memphis is the youngest of Tennessees major cities, founded in 1819 as a planned city by a group of wealthy Americans including judge John Overton and future president Andrew Jackson. A resident of Memphis is referred to as a Memphian, and the Memphis region is known, particularly to media outlets, as Memphis and the Mid-South. Occupying a substantial bluff rising from the Mississippi River, the site of Memphis has been a location for human settlement by varying cultures over thousands of years. The historic Chickasaw Indian tribe, believed to be their descendants, French explorers led by René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle and Spanish explorer Hernando de Soto would encounter the Chickasaw in that area, in the 16th century. J. D. L. Chickasaw Bluffs, located on the Mississippi River at the present day location of Memphis, spain and the United States vied for control of this site, which was a favorite of the Chickasaws. The United States gained the right to navigate the Mississippi River, the Spanish dismantled the fort, shipping its lumber and iron to their locations in Arkansas. Captain Isaac Guion led an American force down the Ohio River to claim the land, by this time, the Spanish had departed. The forts ruins went unnoticed twenty years later when Memphis was laid out as a city, the city of Memphis was founded on May 22,1819 by John Overton, James Winchester and Andrew Jackson. They named it after the ancient capital of Egypt on the Nile River, Memphis developed as a trade and transportation center in the 19th century because of its flood-free location high above the Mississippi River. Located in the delta region along the river, its outlying areas were developed as cotton plantations. The cotton economy of the antebellum South depended on the labor of large numbers of African-American slaves. Through the early 19th century, one million slaves were transported from the Upper South, Many were transported by steamboats along the Ohio and Mississippi rivers. This gave planters and cotton brokers access to the Atlantic Coast for shipping cotton to England, the citys demographics changed dramatically in the 1850s and 1860s under waves of immigration and domestic migration. Due to increased immigration since the 1840s and the Great Famine, ethnic Irish made up 9.9 percent of the population in 1850, but 23.2 percent in 1860, when the total population was 22,623. They had encountered considerable discrimination in the city but by 1860 and they also gained many elected and patronage positions in the Democratic Party city government, and an Irish man was elected as mayor before the Civil War
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Memphis Pyramid
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The facility was built in 1991 and was originally owned and operated jointly by the city of Memphis and Shelby County, Shelby County sold its share to Memphis in April 2009. Its structure plays on the namesake in Egypt, known for its ancient pyramids. It is 321 feet tall and has base sides of 591 feet, the Memphis Pyramid has not been regularly used as a sports or entertainment venue since 2004. The Great American Pyramid was conceived originally by Mark C, Hartz, a Memphis artist in about 1954. The project originally included three pyramids located on the bluffs of Memphis overlooking the Mississippi River. The largest of the three would have been two-third scale of the Great Pyramid of Giza near Memphis, Egypt, the project languished for three decades until Marks younger son, Memphian Jon Brent Hartz, resurrected the concept. Hartz, who was known for his architectural renderings, rendered a new bronze glass-glazed pyramid. After years of negotiations, the younger Hartzs concept was adopted by entrepreneur John Tigrett as a symbol for the city of Memphis, the groundbreaking ceremony was held on September 15,1989 and the building was opened on November 9,1991. However, the plans were scrapped because of a fallout between Tigrett and Shlenker and the financial difficulties. The Pyramid was the court for the University of Memphis mens basketball program. However, both teams left The Pyramid in November 2004 to move into the newly built FedExForum and it was also home to the Memphis Pharaohs of the AFL. It also held the first and second rounds of the NCAA Tournament in 1995,1997, singer Mary J. Blige performed at the arena in September 1997 during her Share My World Tour. The Pyramid was the site of the WWF St. Valentines Day Massacre, In Your House pay-per-view and it also hosted the boxing mega-fight between Lennox Lewis and Mike Tyson in 2002, which Lewis won by a knockout in the eighth round. Filmmaker Craig Brewer used the building as a stage for his film Black Snake Moan in late 2005. From 2002 to 2006, the annual Church of God in Christ international holy convocations were held here, in 2002, the arena hosted a concert, commemorating the 25th anniversary of Elvis Presleys death. Bob Seger & The Silver Bullet Band performed what is reputed to be the last concert ever in the Pyramid, the death knell for the arena sounded when the NBAs Grizzlies moved from Vancouver. The Pyramid was originally thought to be more suitable for an NBA team. The cost of upgrading to NBA standards made it practical to build a new arena
16.
Knoxville, Tennessee
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Knoxville is a city in the U. S. state of Tennessee, and the county seat of Knox County. The city had an population of 185,291 in 2015. Knoxville is the city of the Knoxville Metropolitan Statistical Area. The KMSA is, in turn, the component of the Knoxville-Sevierville-La Follette Combined Statistical Area. First settled in 1786, Knoxville was the first capital of Tennessee, the city struggled with geographic isolation throughout the early 19th century. The arrival of the railroad in 1855 led to an economic boom, during the Civil War, the city was bitterly divided over the secession issue, and was occupied alternately by both Confederate and Union armies. Following the war, Knoxville grew rapidly as a wholesaling and manufacturing center. The citys economy stagnated after the 1920s as the manufacturing sector collapsed, Knoxville is the home of the flagship campus of the University of Tennessee, whose sports teams, called the Volunteers or Vols, are extremely popular in the surrounding area. The first people to form settlements in what is now Knoxville arrived during the Woodland period. One of the oldest artificial structures in Knoxville is a burial mound constructed during the early Mississippian culture period, the earthwork mound is now surrounded by the University of Tennessee campus. By the 18th century, the Cherokee had become the dominant tribe in the East Tennessee region, although they were consistently at war with the Creek, the Cherokee people called the Knoxville area kuwandatalunyi, which means Mulberry Place. Most Cherokee habitation in the area was concentrated in the Overhill settlements along the Little Tennessee River, the first Euro-American traders and explorers were recorded as arriving in the Tennessee Valley in the late 17th century. There is significant evidence that Hernando de Soto visited Bussell Island in 1540, the end of the French and Indian War and confusion brought about by the American Revolution led to a drastic increase in Euro-American settlement west of the Appalachians. By the 1780s, Euro-American settlers were established in the Holston. The U. S. Congress ordered all illegal settlers out of the valley in 1785, as settlers continued to trickle into Cherokee lands, tensions between the settlers and the Cherokee rose steadily. In 1786, James White, a Revolutionary War officer, and his friend James Connor built Whites Fort near the mouth of First Creek, on land White had purchased three years earlier. In 1790, Whites son-in-law, Charles McClung—who had arrived from Pennsylvania the previous year—surveyed Whites holdings between First Creek and Second Creek for the establishment of a town, mcClung drew up 640. 5-acre lots. The waterfront was set aside for a town common, two lots were set aside for a church and graveyard
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Sunsphere
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The Sunsphere, in Knoxville, Tennessee, is an 81.07 m high hexagonal steel truss structure, topped with a 23 m gold-colored glass sphere that served as the symbol of the 1982 Worlds Fair. Designed by the Knoxville architectural firm Community Tectonics, the Sunsphere was created as the structure for the 1982 Worlds Fair. It was noted for its design in several engineering publications. The Worlds Fair site later became a park alongside Knoxvilles official convention center. The Sunsphere remains standing directly across a pond from the Tennessee Amphitheater. In its original design, the portion was to have had a diameter of 86.5 feet to represent symbolically the 865. The towers window glass panels are layered in 24-karat gold dust and it weighs 600 tons and features six double steel truss columns in supporting the seven-story sphere. The tower has a volume of 203,689 cubic feet, during the fair it cost $2 to take the elevator to its observation deck. The tower served as a restaurant and featured items such as the Sunburger. In the early morning hours on May 12,1982, a shot was fired from outside the fair site, no one was ever arrested for the incident. The Sunsphere has been used as a symbol for Knoxville, appearing in postcards, between 1993 and 1999, the Sunsphere was featured in part on the logo for the Knoxville Smokies minor league baseball club. The 2002 AAU Junior Olympics mascot Spherit took its inspiration from the landmark and it featured red hair and a body shaped like the Sunsphere. On Sunday, May 15,2000, nuclear weapons protesters scaled the tower and they remained on the tower for three days before surrendering to police. The Sunsphere is also featured in the logo for the Hard Knox Roller Girls womens flat-track roller derby league and their mascot, although the Sunsphere is the most recognized feature of the Knoxville cityscape, it has remained vacant or underutilized for most of its post-fair life. Various proposals have been submitted to the city time to time for its redevelopment. Many argue its relevancy as a structure, because it was built in one of the lowest parts of the city. A pair of failed proposals was presented to the Worlds Fair Park Development Committee on March 31,1994, the proposal from CEB Enterprises would have opened a casual dining restaurant called Worlds Fare Restaurant. The proposal from Cierra Restaurant Group would have opened a fine dining restaurant, the Sunsphere was proposed to be included as part of the new Knoxville Convention Center
18.
Tennessee Aquarium
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The Tennessee Aquarium is a non-profit public aquarium located in Chattanooga, Tennessee, United States. It opened in 1992 on the banks of the Tennessee River in downtown Chattanooga, the Aquarium, which has been accredited by the Association of Zoos and Aquariums since 1993, is home to more than 12,000 animals representing almost 800 species. More than 20 million people have visited the facility, with the visitor arriving in March 2013. It is consistently recognized as one of the top public aquariums. The Tennessee Aquariums exhibits are housed in two structures, the original River Journey building which opened in 1992 and the neighboring Ocean Journey expansion, the River Journey facility is a 130,000 square foot structure equivalent in height to a twelve-story building. It contains a total of 400,000 US gallons, and was the largest freshwater aquarium in the world when it opened. It is organized around the theme of the Story of the River, approximately two-thirds of the facilitys display follows this theme, with the rest devoted to smaller aquatic exhibits hosting organisms from around the world. Major exhibits in River Journey include, The Appalachian Cove Forest featuring River Otter Falls, delta Country, which exhibits species from the Mississippi River delta. Its centerpiece is Alligator Bayou, which opened in 2015 and features a group of young American alligators, rivers of the World, which includes several small to medium-large aquaria that represent the Amazon River, Congo River, Fly River and others. This gallery is home to the aquariums electric eel, which communicates with the public through a Twitter account linked to the current it generates. The Tennessee River gallery, which exhibits species found in the Tennessee River valley and its centerpiece is the 145, 000-US-gallon Nickajack Lake tank featuring species which live in the intensively managed Tennessee River itself, including the American paddlefish and channel catfish. River Giants, which contains giant freshwater fish from around the world, such as gar, arapaima, giant pangasius, redtail catfish. River Journey also displays turtles, seahorses, frogs and other aquatic, Ocean Journey, a 60,000 square foot structure equivalent in height to a ten-story building, opened in 2005 and contains a total of 700,000 US gallons. It ostensibly follows the theme of the River Journey by following the river into the Gulf of Mexico and this facility includes hyacinth macaws, a touch tank of small sharks and rays, and a butterfly garden with free-flying South American species. Major exhibits in Ocean Journey include, The Secret Reef, the largest tank in Ocean Journey, the Boneless Beauties and Jellies, Living Art galleries, which exhibit invertebrates including corals, jellyfish, cuttlefish, giant Pacific octopuses, and Japanese spider crabs. Jellies, Living Art is a collaboration with the nearby Hunter Museum of American Art, penguins Rock, which displays macaroni penguins and gentoo penguins onshore and swimming in a 16, 000-US-gallon tank. In addition to its halls, the Tennessee Aquarium includes two public offsite facilities. The aquarium also operates an IMAX 3D theater, the Tennessee Aquarium was designed to serve as a cornerstone for redevelopment in downtown Chattanooga by reconnecting the city with the Tennessee River
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Chattanooga, Tennessee
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Chattanooga is a city in the U. S. state of Tennessee, with a population of 176,588 in 2015. The fourth-largest Tennessee city, it is the seat of Hamilton County, located in southeastern Tennessee in East Tennessee, on the Tennessee River, served by multiple railroads and Interstate highways, Chattanooga is a transit hub. The city, with elevation of approximately 680 feet, lies at the transition between the ridge-and-valley portion of the Appalachian Mountains and the Cumberland Plateau. Surrounded by mountains and ridges, the nickname for Chattanooga is the Scenic City. Unofficial nicknames include River City, Chatt, Nooga, Chattown, Chattanooga is internationally known for the 1941 song Chattanooga Choo Choo by Glenn Miller and his orchestra. Chattanooga is home to the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga and Chattanooga State Community College, the city has its own typeface, Chatype, which was launched in August 2012. The first inhabitants of the Chattanooga area were Native Americans, sites dating back to the Upper Paleolithic period showed continuous occupation through the Archaic, Woodland, Mississippian/Muskogean/Yuchi, and Cherokee. The Chickamauga Mound near the mouth of the Chickamauga Creek is the oldest remaining visible art in Chattanooga, the Citico town and mound site was the most significant Mississippian/Muscogee landmark in Chattanooga up to 1915. The first part of the name Chattanooga derives from the Muskogean word cvto /chắtȯ/ – rock, the latter may be derived from a regional suffix -nuga meaning dwelling or dwelling place. In 1816 John Ross, who later became Principal Chief, established Rosss Landing, located along what is now Broad Street, it became one of the centers of Cherokee Nation settlement, which also extended into Georgia and Alabama. Their journey west became known as the Trail of Tears for their exile, the US Army used Rosss Landing as the site of one of three large internment camps, or emigration depots, where Native Americans were held prior to the journey on the Trail of Tears. One of the internment camps was located in Fort Payne, Alabama, in 1839, the community of Rosss Landing incorporated as the city of Chattanooga. The city grew quickly, initially benefiting from a location well-suited for river commerce, with the arrival of the railroad in 1850, Chattanooga became a boom town. During the American Civil War, Chattanooga was a center of battle, during the Chickamauga Campaign, Union artillery bombarded Chattanooga as a diversion and occupied it on September 9,1863. Following the Battle of Chickamauga, the defeated Union Army retreated to safety in Chattanooga, the next day, the Battle of Lookout Mountain was fought, driving the Confederates off the mountain. On November 25, Grants army routed the Confederates in the Battle of Missionary Ridge and these battles were followed the next spring by the Atlanta Campaign, beginning just over the nearby state line in Georgia and moving southeastward. After the war ended, the city became a railroad hub and industrial. The largest flood in Chattanoogas history occurred in 1867, before the Tennessee Valley Authority system was created in 1933 by Congress, the flood crested at 58 feet and completely inundated the city
20.
AT&T
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AT&T Inc. is an American multinational telecommunications conglomerate, headquartered at Whitacre Tower in downtown Dallas, Texas. AT&T is the third-largest company in Texas, as of February 2017, AT&T is the 12th largest company in the world as measured by a composite of revenues, profits, assets and market valuation. AT&T is the largest telecommunications company in the world by revenue, as of 2017, it is also the 18th-largest mobile telecom operator in the world, with 135 million mobile customers. AT&T was ranked at #4 on the 2017 rankings of the worlds most valuable brands published by Brand Finance, Southwestern Bell changed its name to SBC Communications Inc. in 1995. In 2005, SBC purchased former parent AT&T Corp. and took on its branding, with the merged entity naming itself AT&T Inc. and using the iconic AT&T Corp. logo and stock-trading symbol. The current AT&T reconstitutes much of the former Bell System and includes ten of the original 22 Bell Operating Companies, AT&T can trace its origin back to the original Bell Telephone Company founded by Alexander Graham Bell after his invention of the telephone. This monopoly was known as the Bell System, and during this period, for periods of time, the former AT&T was the worlds largest phone company. In 1982, U. S. regulators broke up the AT&T monopoly, requiring AT&T to divest its regional subsidiaries and these new companies were known as Regional Bell Operating Companies, or more informally, Baby Bells. AT&T continued to long distance services, but as a result of this breakup, faced competition from new competitors such as MCI. Southwestern Bell was one of the created by the breakup of AT&T. The architect of divestiture for Southwestern Bell was Robert G. Pope, the company soon started a series of acquisitions. This includes the 1987 acquisition of Metromedia mobile business, and the acquisition of several companies in the early 1990s. In the later half of the 1990s, the company acquired several other companies, including some Baby Bells. During this time, the changed its name to SBC Communications. By 1998, the company was in the top 15 of the Fortune 500, in 2005, SBC purchased AT&T for $16 billion. After this purchase, SBC adopted the better-known AT&T name and brand, the current AT&T claims the original AT&Ts history as its own, though its corporate structure only dates from 1983. It also retains SBCs pre-2005 stock price history, in September 2013, AT&T announced it would expand into Latin America through a collaboration with Carlos Slims América Móvil. In December 2013, AT&T announced plans to sell its Connecticut wireline operations to Stamford-based Frontier Communications, in July 2015, AT&T purchased DirecTV for $48.5 billion, or $67.1 billion including assumed debt
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BellSouth Telecommunications
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BellSouth Telecommunications, LLC is an operating company of AT&T that serves the southeastern United States. It consists of the operations of Southern Bell and South Central Bell. BellSouth Telecommunications/AT&T Southeast regional headquarters are located in the AT&T Midtown Center building in Atlanta, BellSouth Corporations headquarters were located in the Campanile building in Atlanta. BellSouth Telecommunications was formed in 1983 as SBT&T Co, incorporated in Georgia in 1983, it replaced the original Southern Bell Telephone and Telegraph Company that was incorporated in New York in 1879. SBT&T Co. and Southern Bell merged on December 31,1983, South Central Bell Telephone Company was the sister company to Southern Bell under BellSouth ownership. South Central Bell was headquartered in the AT&T City Center building in Birmingham, the division was headquartered in Birmingham, Alabama in what is now the AT&T Colonnade North and South buildings. The merger reconstituted the size of the original Southern Bell before the South Central Bell split-off, BellSouth Telecommunications continued to do business as Southern Bell and South Central Bell until 1995, when corporate name BellSouth was used. BellSouth Telecommunications ceased doing business under the BellSouth name on June 30,2007, american Telephone and Telegraph Company AT&T Bell System Divestiture BellSouth Corporation South Central Bell Southern Bell
22.
Nissan
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Nissan Motor Company Ltd, usually shortened to Nissan, is a Japanese multinational automobile manufacturer headquartered in Nishi-ku, Yokohama. The company sells its cars under the Nissan, Infiniti, since 1999, Nissan has been part of the Renault–Nissan Alliance, a partnership between Nissan and French automaker Renault. As of 2013, Renault holds a 43. 4% voting stake in Nissan, Carlos Ghosn serves as CEO of both companies. Taken together, the Renault–Nissan Alliance would be the fourth largest automaker, however Nissan is the leading Japanese brand in China, Russia. Nissan is the worlds largest electric vehicle manufacturer, with sales of more than 275,000 all-electric vehicles as of mid-December 2016. Masujiro Hashimoto founded the Kaishinsha Motor Car Works 1 July 1911, in 1914, the company produced its first car, called DAT. DAT Motors built trucks in addition to the DAT and Datsun passenger cars, beginning in 1918, the first DAT trucks were produced for the military market. At the same time, Jitsuyo Jidosha Co. Ltd. produced small trucks using parts, Commercial operations were placed on hold during Japans participation in World War I, and the company contributed to the war effort. In 1926 the Tokyo-based DAT Motors merged with the Osaka-based Jitsuyo Jidosha Co. Ltd. a. k. a, Jitsuyo Jidosha Seizo to become DAT Jidosha Seizo Co. Ltd Automobile Manufacturing Co. Ltd. in Osaka until 1932, from 1923 to 1925, the company produced light cars and trucks under the name of Lila. In 1931, DAT came out with a new car, called the Datsun Type 11. Later in 1933 after Nissan Group zaibatsu took control of DAT Motors, in 1933, the company name was Nipponized to Jidosha-Seizo Co. Ltd. and was moved to Yokohama. In 1928, Yoshisuke Aikawa founded the holding company Nihon Sangyo, the name Nissan originated during the 1930s as an abbreviation used on the Tokyo Stock Exchange for Nihon Sangyo. This company was the famous Nissan Zaibatsu which included Tobata Casting, at this time Nissan controlled foundries and auto parts businesses, but Aikawa did not enter automobile manufacturing until 1933. The zaibatsu eventually grew to include 74 firms, and became the fourth-largest in Japan during World War II, in 1931, DAT Jidosha Seizo became affiliated with Tobata Casting, and was merged into Tobata Casting in 1933. As Tobata Casting was a Nissan company, this was the beginning of Nissans automobile manufacturing, in 1934, Aikawa separated the expanded automobile parts division of Tobata Casting and incorporated it as a new subsidiary, which he named Nissan Motor Co. Ltd. The shareholders of the new company however were not enthusiastic about the prospects of the automobile in Japan, at this time, Nissan Motor effectively became owned by Nihon Sangyo and Hitachi. In 1935, construction of its Yokohama plant was completed,44 Datsuns were shipped to Asia, Central and South America
23.
Franklin, Tennessee
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Franklin is a city in and county seat of Williamson County, Tennessee, United States. Located about 21 miles south of Nashville, it is one of the cities of the Nashville metropolitan area. Since 1980, its population has increased more than fivefold and, based on its 2013 estimated population of 68,886, it is ranked as the seventh-largest city in Tennessee. The city of Franklin was founded October 26,1799, by Abram Maury, Maury named the town after national founding father Benjamin Franklin, who was a close friend of Dr. Hugh Williamson, a member of the Continental Congress after whom Williamson County was named. Ewen Cameron built the first European-American house in the town of Franklin, Cameron was born February 23,1768, in Balgalkan, Ferintosh, Scotland. He emigrated to Virginia in 1785 and from there came to Tennessee, Cameron died February 28,1846, having lived 48 years in the same log house. His second wife, Mary, and he are buried in the old City Cemetery and his descendants have lived in Franklin continuously since 1798, when his son Duncan was born. During the American Civil War, the Battle of Franklin was fought in the city on November 30,1864, forty-four buildings were converted to use as field hospitals. The Carter, Carnton, and the Lotz historic homes are still standing from this era, long a suburb to Nashville, Tennessee, Franklin has expanded more than fivefold since 1980, when its population was 12,407. In 2012, it had an population of 68,280. This makes it rank as the seventh-largest city in the state, many of its residents commute to businesses in Nashville, but considerable growth has occurred in Franklin and the county of a regional economy. In the early morning hours of Christmas Eve of 1988, one died when an F4 tornado struck the city. Franklin is located at 35°55′45″N 86°51′27″W, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 78.0 km².77.8 km² of it is land and 0.2 km² of it is covered by water. Since the late 20th century, the city has grown rapidly in population, as of the census of 2010,62,487 people,16,128 households, and 11,225 families resided in the city. The population density was 1,393.3 people per square mile, the 17,296 housing units averaged 575.9 per square mile. The average household size was 2.55 and the family size was 3.09. In the city, the population was distributed as 27. 9% under the age of 18,7. 5% from 18 to 24,38. 1% from 25 to 44,19. 2% from 45 to 64, the median age was 33 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.6 males, for every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.2 males
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WTVF
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WTVF, virtual channel 5, is a CBS-affiliated television station located in Nashville, Tennessee, United States. The station is owned by the E. W. Scripps Company, WTVFs studios are located on James Robertson Parkway in downtown Nashville, and its transmitter is located north of downtown along I-24 near Whites Creek. WTVF first signed on the air August 6,1954 as WLAC-TV, it was owned by the Life and Casualty Insurance Company, along with Nashville businessmen Guilford Dudley, Al Beaman and Thomas Baker. Ever since its inception, WLAC-TVs analog signal was short-spaced to Memphis WMC-TV also on VHF channel 5, WLAC-TV was owned alongside WLAC radio and later WLAC-FM. The call sign reflected the initials of the insurance company and it immediately took the CBS affiliation from WSIX-TV because WLAC had been Nashvilles CBS Radio affiliate since 1928. With WLAC-TV, Nashville became one of the smallest cities in the United States to have three network-affiliated commercial television stations, american General Corporation, a Houston-based insurer, bought L&C and WLAC-AM-FM-TV in the 1960s. WLAC-TV was sold in 1975 to the Hobby family, who changed the call sign to the current WTVF on December 1. American General/L&C eventually sold WLAC-AM-FM to other interests and the stations have had several owners over the years. In 1983, the Hobbys reorganized their broadcast holdings as H&C Communications after the Post was sold, Landmark Communications, based in Norfolk, Virginia, bought WTVF from the Hobbys in 1994. On January 30,2008, Landmark announced its intention to sell WTVF, along with sister station KLAS-TV in Las Vegas and cable network The Weather Channel. This was followed on July 14,2008 with an announcement that WTVF would be sold to Bonten Media Group, Landmark Communications changed its name to Landmark Media Enterprises in September 2008. Although the sale of The Weather Channel and some other assets was eventually completed, as a result, WTVF and KLAS remained owned by Landmark. WTVF would have become the largest station owned by Bonten, as well as the first CBS affiliate in its portfolio, on May 1 and 2,2010, WTVFs newsroom was flooded with three feet of water, and became non-operational for three months as it was being rebuilt. During the flooding, equipment was moved to other locations around the building to prevent disruption of the stations news operation. On September 4,2012, Milwaukee-based Journal Communications announced that it would purchase WTVF from Landmark for $215 million, the FCC approved the sale on October 22, and it was consummated on December 6. With the transactions completion, WTVF became the largest Journal-owned station by market size and it also made WTVF the sister station of KLASs rival, KTNV-TV. Scripps retained the companies broadcast holdings, including WTVF, and spun off their print holdings into Journal Media Group and this marks the second time that Scripps has owned a Tennessee television station, as it owned WMC-TV in Memphis from its 1948 sign-on until 1993. The FCC approved the deal on December 12,2014 and it was approved by the two companies shareholders on March 11,2015, and it closed on April 1
25.
Limited partnership
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The GPs are, in all major respects, in the same legal position as partners in a conventional firm, i. e. Like shareholders in a corporation, limited partners have limited liability and this means that the limited partners have no management authority, and are not liable for the debts of the partnership. The limited partnership provides the limited partners a return on their investment, General Partners thus bear more economic risk than do limited partners, and in cases of financial loss, the GPs will be the ones which are personally liable. Limited partners are subject to the same alter-ego piercing theories as corporate shareholders, however, it is more difficult to pierce the limited partnership veil because limited partnerships do not have many formalities to maintain. So long as the partnership and the members do not co-mingle funds, Partnership interests are afforded a significant level of protection through the charging order mechanism. The charging order limits the creditor of a debtor-partner or a debtor-member to the share of distributions. When the partnership is being constituted, or the composition of the firm is changing, Limited partners must explicitly disclose their status when dealing with other parties, so that such parties are on notice that the individual negotiating with them carries limited liability. Limited partnerships are distinct from limited liability partnerships, in which all partners have limited liability, in some jurisdictions, the limited liability of the limited partners is contingent on their not participating in management. The societates publicanorum, which arose in Rome in the third century BC, during the heyday of the Roman Empire, they were roughly equivalent to todays corporations. Some had many investors, and interests were publicly tradable, however, they required at least one partners with unlimited liability. According to Jairus Banaji, the Qirad and Mudaraba institutions in Islamic law, in medieval Italy, a business organization known as the commenda appeared in the 10th century that was generally used for financing maritime trade. In a commenda, the trader of the ship had limited liability. In contrast, his investment partners on land had unlimited liability and were exposed to risk, a commenda was not a common form for a long-term business venture as most long-term businesses were still expected to be secured against the assets of their individual proprietors. As an institution, the commenda is very similar to the qirad but whether the qirad transformed into the commenda, colberts Ordinance and the Napoleonic Code reinforced the limited partnership concept in European law. In the United States, limited partnerships became available in the early 19th century. Britain enacted its first limited partnership statute in 1907, for a list of types of corporation and other business types by country, see Types of business entity. They are also useful in labor-capital partnerships, where one or more financial backers prefer to contribute money or resources while the other partner performs the actual work, in such situations, liability is the driving concern behind the choice of limited partnership status. The limited partnership is also attractive to firms wishing to provide shares to individuals without the additional tax liability of a corporation
26.
United States dollar
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The United States dollar is the official currency of the United States and its insular territories per the United States Constitution. It is divided into 100 smaller cent units, the circulating paper money consists of Federal Reserve Notes that are denominated in United States dollars. The U. S. dollar was originally commodity money of silver as enacted by the Coinage Act of 1792 which determined the dollar to be 371 4/16 grain pure or 416 grain standard silver, the currency most used in international transactions, it is the worlds primary reserve currency. Several countries use it as their currency, and in many others it is the de facto currency. Besides the United States, it is used as the sole currency in two British Overseas Territories in the Caribbean, the British Virgin Islands and Turks and Caicos Islands. A few countries use the Federal Reserve Notes for paper money, while the country mints its own coins, or also accepts U. S. coins that can be used as payment in U. S. dollars. After Nixon shock of 1971, USD became fiat currency, Article I, Section 8 of the U. S. Constitution provides that the Congress has the power To coin money, laws implementing this power are currently codified at 31 U. S. C. Section 5112 prescribes the forms in which the United States dollars should be issued and these coins are both designated in Section 5112 as legal tender in payment of debts. The Sacagawea dollar is one example of the copper alloy dollar, the pure silver dollar is known as the American Silver Eagle. Section 5112 also provides for the minting and issuance of other coins and these other coins are more fully described in Coins of the United States dollar. The Constitution provides that a regular Statement and Account of the Receipts and that provision of the Constitution is made specific by Section 331 of Title 31 of the United States Code. The sums of money reported in the Statements are currently being expressed in U. S. dollars, the U. S. dollar may therefore be described as the unit of account of the United States. The word dollar is one of the words in the first paragraph of Section 9 of Article I of the Constitution, there, dollars is a reference to the Spanish milled dollar, a coin that had a monetary value of 8 Spanish units of currency, or reales. In 1792 the U. S. Congress passed a Coinage Act, Section 20 of the act provided, That the money of account of the United States shall be expressed in dollars, or units. And that all accounts in the offices and all proceedings in the courts of the United States shall be kept and had in conformity to this regulation. In other words, this act designated the United States dollar as the unit of currency of the United States, unlike the Spanish milled dollar the U. S. dollar is based upon a decimal system of values. Both one-dollar coins and notes are produced today, although the form is significantly more common
27.
Fifth Third Center (Nashville)
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The Fifth Third Center in Nashville, Tennessee, is a 31-story, 490-foot-tall skyscraper. It was constructed in 1986 and is located on Church Street and it was the tallest building in both Nashville and Tennessee for eight years, until it was surpassed by the AT&T Building in 1994. It serves as the home to Fifth Third Banks Nashville headquarters, the tower was designed as the Third National Corporation headquarters, and originally called Third National Financial Center. This site was home to the First Masonic Hall, designed in 1818. The structure burned in 1856, and was rebuilt as a Masonic Hall. This new structure included a theater known as the Masonic. List of tallest buildings in Nashville Official Site
28.
Landmark
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A landmark is a recognizable natural or artificial feature used for navigation, a feature that stands out from its near environment and is often visible from long distances. In modern use, the term can also be applied to structures or features. In old English the word landmearc was used to describe a set up to mark the boundaries of a kingdom, estate. 1560, this understanding of landmark was replaced by a general one. A landmark became an object in a landscape. A landmark literally meant a geographic feature used by explorers and others to find their way back or through an area. For example, the Table Mountain near Cape Town, South Africa is used as the landmark to sailors to navigate around southern tip of Africa during the Age of Exploration. Artificial structures are sometimes built to assist sailors in naval navigation. The Lighthouse of Alexandria and Colossus of Rhodes are ancient structures built to lead ships to the port, in modern usage, a landmark includes anything that is easily recognizable, such as a monument, building, or other structure. In American English it is the term used to designate places that might be of interest to tourists due to notable physical features or historical significance. Landmarks in the British English sense are often used for casual navigation and this is done in American English as well. In urban studies as well as in geography, a landmark is furthermore defined as a point of reference that helps orienting in a familiar or unfamiliar environment. Landmarks are often used in verbal route instructions and as such an object of study by linguists as well as in fields of study. Landmarks are usually classified as either natural landmarks or man-made landmarks, a variant is a seamark or daymark, a structure usually built intentionally to aid sailors navigating featureless coasts. Natural landmarks can be characteristic features, such as mountains or plateaus, examples of natural landmarks are Table Mountain in South Africa, Mount Ararat in Turkey, Uluru in Australia, Mount Fuji in Japan and Grand Canyon in the United States. Trees might also serve as landmarks, such as jubilee oaks or conifers. Some landmark trees may be nicknamed, examples being Queens Oak, church spires and mosques minarets are often very tall and visible from many miles around, thus often serve as built landmarks. Also town hall towers and belfries often have a landmark character, cultural heritage management National landmark National symbol Media related to Landmarks at Wikimedia Commons
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Belmont Mansion (Tennessee)
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In 1849, Adelicia Hayes Franklin married Joseph Alexander Smith Acklen, a young attorney from Alabama, and they immediately began construction of Belle Monte on 180 acres in Davidson County. It was completed by 1853 as an Italian villa style summer home, Adelicia and Joseph used Belmont as a summer home to escape from the heat of Adelicias seven Louisiana cotton plantations, which totaled 8,600 acres. The Acklens built, furnished, and landscaped one of the most elaborate homes in the South. The estate contained a variety of buildings with the house adorning the top of the hill, beside the house, there was a T-shaped guest house and art gallery. The south wing of the guest house contained guestrooms and a bowling alley, the art gallery had a corrugated glass roof and comprised the north wing. The grounds also included lavish gardens, conservatories, aviary, lake, the conservatories housed tropical fruit and flowers along with camellia japonica, jasmine, lilies, and cacti. The zoo featured bears, monkeys, peacocks, singing birds, an owl, alligators from Louisiana. Covered balconies with cast iron railing and trim surrounded the house to protect windows from the sun, atop the house, a ten-foot octagonal cupola vented the house during the summer months and provided an astronomical observatory used for viewing the stars, the estate and downtown Nashville. Joseph and Adelicia had six children together, but their twins died of fever at the age of 2 in 1855. In 1863, Joseph died in Louisiana while watching over the plantations during the Civil War, despite a two-week occupation by Union General Thomas J. Wood prior to the Battle of Nashville, Belmont Mansion and its contents went undamaged during the Civil War. Only the grounds, where thirteen thousand Union troops spent those first two weeks of December 1864, suffered damage, immediately following the war, Adelicia and her four children traveled to Europe. Four of these remain in the mansion today. Adelicia was also presented at the Court of Emperor Louis Napoleon, months before her death, Adelicia sold Belmont, and the surrounding land, to Lewis T. In 1890, it opened as an academy and junior college. The school merged with Wards Seminary in 1913 and was renamed Ward-Belmont, the Tennessee Baptist Convention purchased the school in 1951, and created a four-year, coeducational college. In 2007, Belmont University separated from the Tennessee Baptist Convention, today the mansion is owned by the Belmont Mansion Association and Belmont University while it is operated and preserved by the Belmont Mansion Association. Gilt frame mirrors hang over marble mantels reflecting the elaborate gasoliers, much of the original Venetian glass still adorns the windows, doors, and transoms of Belmont. The Grand Salon is considered by historians to be the most elaborate domestic interior built in antebellum Tennessee
30.
Bicentennial Capitol Mall State Park
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Bicentennial Capitol Mall State Park, also known as the Bicentennial Mall, is an urban state park in downtown Nashville, Tennessee. The park is located northwest of the Tennessee State Capitol building and was opened on June 1,1996, to commemorate the 200th anniversary of the establishment of Tennessees statehood. The 19-acre park has its borders defined by Jefferson Street on the north, James Robertson Parkway on the south, 6th Avenue North on the east, the Nashville Farmers Market is to the parks immediate west. The Bicentennial Mall features a number of elements which provide visitors with information on Tennessee history and its natural attractions. On the southern end of the park is the Tennessee Map Plaza, a 200-foot wide granite map of the state highlighting its counties, rivers, major roads, eight smaller granite maps arranged below it show other information about the state. The Rivers of Tennessee Fountains feature 31 water fountains representing the major rivers, the central feature of the park is the Tennessee Amphitheater, a 2000-seat terraced amphitheater used for special events. The northern end of the features the Court of 3 Stars, a circular plaza made of red, white. Surrounding the plaza are 50 columns containing a 95-bell carillon, representing the 95 counties of the state, a tree-lined linear lawn stretches between the Amphitheater and the Court of 3 Stars, and features four main walking paths and several memorials. The two inner walkways make up the Path of Volunteers, each is 1,400 feet long and were built with 17,000 inscribed pavers. The eastern outer path is the Walkway of Counties, designed to represent the topography of the Grand Divisions, throughout the walkway are time capsules from each county, which will not be opened until the states 300th birthday on July 1,2096. The western outer path is the Pathway of History, containing a 1, also to the west of the lawn are the Civilian Conservation Corps Memorial, the World War II Memorial, the Centennial Memorial, and the Statehood Memorial. In 2006, the Nashville Business Journal ranked the Bicentennial Mall as the number one tourist attraction in Nashville, in 2011, the American Planning Association listed the park as one of the top ten public spaces in the United States. Media related to Bicentennial Capitol Mall State Park at Wikimedia Commons Bicentennial Mall website at TNStateParks. com
31.
Bridgestone Arena
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Bridgestone Arena is an all-purpose venue in downtown Nashville, Tennessee, that was completed in 1996. The Predators hosted the NHL Entry Draft here in 2003, in 1997, it was the venue of the United States Figure Skating Association national championships, and in 2004 hosted the U. S. It was the home of the Nashville Kats franchise of the Arena Football League from 1997 until 2001, and hosted the revival from 2005 to 2007. Nashville will serve as a venue for the SEC Mens Basketball Tournament nine times between 2015 and 2025 after the SEC signed a long-term agreement with the Nashville Sports Council in 2013. It hosted the 2014 NCAA Womens Final Four and will host womens tournaments in 2018,2022, since 2002, it has also hosted a PBR Built Ford Tough Series bull riding event every year until 2010. It was replaced in the summer of 2007 by a new $5 million scoreboard, the NCAA Tournament returned to Nashville in 2012. Due to the 2012 NHL Lockout, the Predators could not host a game until January 19,2013 and it has also hosted several professional wrestling events and a boxing card since its opening. The arena also features 43,000 square feet of space in a trade show layout, during construction of the arena there was a major time loss accident October 5,1995 when a temporary column collapsed. Lead ironworker connector Daniel Lane Foreman suffered a shattered pelvis and was hospitalized for 10 days at Vanderbilt University Hospital, ironworker Raymond Vance Foreman received minor injuries and was treated and released. This is the time the venue has been nominated. The first was in 1998 as the Nashville Arena, and then in 1999 and 2000 as the Gaylord Entertainment Center, the arenas original name when opened in 1996 was Nashville Arena. As a result, many in the Nashville media quickly reverted to calling the facility by its original name, with the beginning of the 2006 season, the Predators began referring to the arena by its original name as well. In doing so, the replaced the Gaylord Entertainment Center wordmark on the center ice circle with the original Nashville Predators wordmark from the inaugural season. The Gaylord Entertainment Center name, however, was displayed on the buildings exterior signage at that point. The facility was officially renamed Nashville Arena again, and all Gaylord signage was removed from the exterior on March 16,2007. Terms of the deal were not disclosed, the company had previously been the corporate title sponsor for the Predators during the 2007 Stanley Cup Playoffs. As part of the suit, the Predators stated intentions to seek a new sponsor for the arena. Sommet Groups headquarters were raided by the FBI and IRS due to suspicion of fraudulent activities
32.
Centennial Park (Nashville)
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Blacks were banned from the park until the 1960s. This area of Nashville, popular to young professionals, is known as the West End and its vicinity has seen tremendous recent growth, including two very nearby large-scale apartment developments—Elliston23 and ParkCentral. The 132-acre park was originally farmland that had belonged to Anne Robertson Johnson Cockrill and she was the first teacher in the state and sister of General James Robertson. She and her family came from Wake County, North Carolina to Fort Nashborough in the Donelson Flotilla, led by Andrew Jacksons wife Rachels father, John Donelson. They stopped for the winter in 1776 when the river iced over and, while the men were out hunting, for her valor, she was given a land grant for the land which was turned into the state fairgrounds after the Civil War. From 1884 to 1895, the served as a racetrack and was known as West Side Park. In 1897, it was the site of the Tennessee Centennial and International Exposition and was renamed Centennial Park. After the exposition ended, most of the building and exhibits were dismantled, leaving in its place a landscaped area with a small artificial lake, sunken gardens. Buildings associated with the pool ultimately reopened as an arts center, finally, in the 1920s it was agreed to replace the temporary plaster building with a permanent, concrete and steel replacement which remains today and has been refurbished on several occasions. It functions today primarily as an art gallery and it contains a statue of Pallas Athena, said to be the largest indoor sculpture in the Western world, which was commissioned by the city and realized by the renowned Nashville sculptor Alan LeQuire. Owing to the completeness and the multiple color surface painting, this replica is arguably closer to what the Athenians saw than are the current ruins in Athens, from 1954 to 1967, the Parthenon was the backdrop for an enormous nativity scene sponsored by the now-defunct Harveys department store. The scene was approximately 280 feet long,75 feet deep and was flooded with colorful lights, however, the Italian firm from which the Harvey family had purchased it went out of business soon afterwards. Hence, no authorized repairs, technical support, or even reliable guides to proper maintenance of the fixtures were available, by 1968, the fixtures were in such serious disrepair the nativity could not be exhibited. Financial responsibility became too much for Harvey’s and the city of Nashville, according to the Nashville Banner, the nativity scene was shown only two Christmas seasons in Cincinnati before it collapsed and was discarded. Centennial Park is the site of the scene in Robert Altmans Nashville. The parks bandshell is also the site of the annual Shakespeare in the Park presented by the Nashville Shakespeare Festival from late August to early September. There were many mature trees in the park until the 1998 Nashville tornado outbreak. The park was also the site of the sole fatality
33.
Cheekwood Botanical Garden and Museum of Art
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Cheekwood is a privately funded 55-acre estate on the western edge of Nashville, Tennessee that houses the Cheekwood Botanical Garden and Museum of Art. Formerly the residence of Nashvilles Cheek family, the 30, 000-square-foot Georgian-style mansion was opened as a museum in 1960, christopher Cheek founded a wholesale grocery business in Nashville in the 1880s. His son, Leslie Cheek, joined him as a partner, Leslies wife, Mabel Wood, was a member of a prominent Clarksville, Tennessee, family. Meanwhile, Joel Cheek, Leslies cousin, had developed a blend of coffee that was marketed through Nashvilles finest hotel. Cheeks extended family, including Leslie and Mabel Cheek, were investors, in 1928, the Postum Cereals Company purchased Maxwell Houses parent company, Cheek-Neal Coffee, for more than $40 million. After the sale of the business, Leslie Cheek bought 100 acres of woodland in West Nashville for a country estate. He hired New York residential and landscape architect Bryant Fleming to design the house and gardens, the resulting limestone mansion and extensive formal gardens were completed in 1932. The estate design was inspired by the grand English manors of the 18th century, Leslie Cheek died just two years after moving into the mansion. Mabel Cheek and their daughter, Huldah Cheek Sharp, lived at Cheekwood until the 1950s, the new Cheekwood museum opened in 1960. Cheekwood’s art collection was founded in 1959 upon the holdings of the former Nashville Museum of Art and is accredited by the American Alliance of Museums. The core holdings include collections of American art, American and British decorative arts, contemporary art. Cheekwood’s American art collection includes 600 paintings and 5,000 prints, drawings, the collection, assembled in the 1980s and early 1990s through a multimillion-dollar bequest, spans the history of American art. Its strength centers on The Eight, other strengths include the worlds largest collection of sculptures of William Edmondson, photographs by Louise Dahl-Wolfe, and a vast variety of post-Second World War prints. Recently, the Museum has pursued a consciously focused acquisition process, having added paintings by James Hamilton, William Bradford, the core holdings of the decorative arts collection include the third-largest Worcester porcelain in the United States, and a 650-piece silver collection, spanning the 18th-20th centuries. The Cheek Mansion is itself considered part of the collection, the renovation restored much of the original building, which revealed authentic features, and conserved historical architectural motifs, such as the illusionist murals that line the main corridor. Additionally, seven small galleries were created in the old horse stable stalls to enable Cheekwood to display installation art, extending across the grounds from the Museum of Art, the Botanical Garden encompasses the entire 55-acre site with an emphasis on display, education, and study. The plant collections include boxwood, conifer, crape myrtle, daffodil, daylily, dogwood, fern, herb, holly, hosta, hydrangea, Japanese maple, magnolia, Southeastern US natives, redbud, visitors to Cheekwood will enjoy many styles of garden design. An avenue of crape myrtles leads into the Robertson Ellis Color Garden where sweeping curves of colorful flowers border a sloping lawn with a view of the distant hills
34.
Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum
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Chartered in 1964, the museum has amassed one of the world’s most extensive musical collections. The Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum is one of the world’s largest and most active popular music research centers, through CMF, industry leaders raised money to build the Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum, which opened on April 1,1967. Located at the head of Music Row, the museum was erected on the site of a small Nashville city park, at this point, artifacts began to be displayed and a small library was begun in a loft above one of the museum’s galleries. At the outset, CMA staff had run the museum, but by 1972 the museum acquired its own small staff, which has steadily increased to over 150 full-time professionals. Building expansion took place in 1974,1977, and 1984 to store and display the museum’s growing collection of costumes, films, historic cars, musical instruments, and other artifacts. To become more accessible, in May 2001 the Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum moved to a new,130,000 square feet facility in the heart of downtown Nashville’s arts and entertainment district. In 2014, the museum unveiled a $100 million expansion, doubling its size to 350,000 square feet of galleries, archival storage, education classrooms, retail stores, and special event space. The story is revealed through artifacts, photographs, and text panels, recorded sound, vintage video, sing Me Back Home is enhanced by numerous, rotating limited-engagement exhibits. In addition to the galleries, the museum has the 776-seat CMA Theater, the Taylor Swift Education Center, the Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum has developed multiple platforms to make its collection accessible to a wider audience. From weekly instrument demonstrations to its flagship songwriting program for schools, Words & Music, the Country Music Hall of Fame honor was created in 1961 by the Country Music Association, the first inductees were Hank Williams, Jimmie Rodgers, and Fred Rose. Roy Acuff, the first living artist to join the Hall of Fame, was elected in 1962, the most recent inductees are Jerry Reed, Don Schlitz and Alan Jackson. Over the Hall of Fame’s history, the number of new members inducted each year has varied from one to twelve, the election procedure is as follows, A small CMA nominating committee drafts slates of candidates from each category, categories have been defined variously over the years. Award recipients are determined through a two-stage balloting process, the first round of voting narrows each category to five candidates, the second round selects winners. The large select committee of electors that votes on Hall of Fame membership is composed of CMA members who have participated in the music industry for at least ten years. New Hall of Fame members receive special recognition in ceremonies at the Country Music Hall of Fame, today the plaques are displayed in a seventy-foot-high rotunda at the museum’s enlarged downtown Nashville facility. The museum’s archival and library storage, allows for the cultivation of the museum’s collection, hundreds of historic musical instruments, featuring Mother Maybelle Carter’s Gibson L-5, Earl Scruggs’s banjo, Bob Wills’ fiddle, and Bill Monroe’s mandolin. Oral histories, scrapbooks, correspondence, fan club newsletters, sheet music, periodicals, iconic Vehicles, Elvis Presley’s 1960 “Solid Gold” Cadillac limousine, Webb Pierce’s 1962 Pontiac Bonneville convertible, and Jerry Reed’s 1980 Pontiac Trans Am from Smokey and the Bandit II. When viewed from the air, the forms a massive bass clef
35.
First Tennessee Park
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First Tennessee Park is a baseball park in downtown Nashville, Tennessee, United States. The home of the Triple-A Nashville Sounds of the Pacific Coast League, it opened on April 17,2015 and it replaced the Sounds former home, Herschel Greer Stadium, where the team played from its founding in 1978 until 2014. The park was built on the site of the former Sulphur Dell and it is located between Third and Fifth Avenues on the east and west, and between Junior Gilliam Way and Harrison Street on the north and south. The Nashville skyline can be seen from the stadium to the south, the design of the park incorporates Nashvilles musical and baseball heritage and the use of imagery inspired by country music, Sulphur Dell, and Nashvilles former baseball players and teams. Its most distinctive feature is its guitar-shaped scoreboard—a successor to the original guitar scoreboard at Greer Stadium, the ballparks wide concourse wraps entirely around the stadium and provides views of the field from every location. The greenway section connects two other greenways in the city. It is also home to the City of Hope Celebrity Softball Game, instead, Greer was repaired and upgraded to keep it close to Triple-A standards until a new stadium could be built. In late 2013, talks about the construction of a new ballpark—later called First Tennessee Park—were revived. Three possible sites were identified by the architectural firm Populous as being suitable for a new stadium, the east bank of the Cumberland River, the North Gulch area, Sulphur Dell, the site of the citys original ballpark from 1870 to 1963, was chosen. Mayor Karl Dean drafted plans for financing the stadium and acquiring the land from the state. The city also acquired the property on which the Nashville School of the Arts is located, the financing plan involved public and private funding. The city paid $75 million for the acquisition of the land, the stadium is owned by the city and is leased to the team for 30 years, until 2045. The Sounds ownership group spent $50 million on a new, mixed-use, the construction of two apartment buildings with retail space beyond the left field wall is scheduled to be completed in early 2018. North of the site, Embrey Development Corp. built a privately funded apartment complex called The Carillon, the citys $75 million expenditure resulted in taking on $4. The city pays $345,000 for annual maintenance of the stadium, memphis-based bank First Tennessee purchased the naming rights to the stadium for ten years with an option for a further ten years, naming it First Tennessee Park. Financial terms of the deal were not disclosed, First Tennessees name had been attached to the teams previous attempt at building a new stadium a decade earlier. The ballpark project received the last of its necessary approbations from the Metro Council, the State Building Commission, at the time, the Sounds were the Triple-A affiliate of the Brewers. The construction team began excavation on March 3
36.
Fort Nashborough
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The log stockade was square in shape and covered 2 acres. It contained 20 log cabins and was protection for the settlers against wild animals, today, a reconstructed fortification, maintained by Nashville Parks and Recreation, stands near the site of the original structure. The American Revolution broke out one month after Richard Hendersons purchase agreement with the Cherokee for the lands of the proposed Transylvania settlement was signed. American retaliatory raids against his Cherokee towns in eastern Tennessee eventually forced Dragging Canoe to move his people farther to the south, in 1779 they settled along Chickamauga Creek, becoming known as the Chickamauga Cherokees. Later they were forced to even further west and southwest, where they established the Five Lower Towns. Dragging Canoe had promised to any white settlers pay a heavy price if they moved into the Cumberland River valley. No attempt had previously made to permanently settle the area then known only as French Lick along the banks of the Cumberland River. In 1779, John Buchanan Sr. migrated with his family from Cumberland County, Pennsylvania and he first went to the over-mountain area of Virginia in order to leave the partys women and small children in a secure area. The settlers then headed down the Cumberland River and, in early 1779, in February 1779, Overmountain leader James Robertson set out with a nine-man exploration party to the same area. Robertson had been a member of the Regulator Movement, as well as a leader of the Watauga settlement. A3,000 acre land grant was negotiated with Richard Henderson, the colonists agreed to pay Henderson 26 pounds of silver per hundred acres, which was then considered an expensive price. Robertson charged three of his men to stay behind and plant corn in preparation for the arrival of the larger group. Robertson then journeyed to the Illinois Country to meet with General George Rogers Clark, therefore, he wished to get secure and clear land titles to eliminate any future complications over ownership. After making provisional arrangements with General Clark, Robertson prepared for the colonization of the Cumberland country, Robertsons brothers, Mark and John, were in the party, as well as his oldest son, 11-year-old Jonathan, who drove the sheep. The men were joined en route by John Rains and a number of his friends and this group decided to settle at French Lick, rather than continue upriver into that area which later became the State of Kentucky. Their journey ended on Christmas Day, due to delays caused by the winter, starting out in early 1780, Donelsons group was halted after traveling only three miles on their river voyage. Ice, snow and cold had set in and the river made progress impossible. There was no movement until mid-February, and when the boats were eventually cut loose
37.
Fort Negley
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Fort Negley was a fortification built for the American Civil War, located approximately 2 miles south of downtown Nashville, Tennessee. It was the largest inland fort built in the United States during the war and it was almost immediately occupied by Union forces, who rapidly began preparations for its defense. The largest of the fortifications erected was Fort Negley, a limestone block structure atop a hill south of the city. The construction of the fort was overseen by Captain James St. Clair Morton, the fort was constructed out of 62,500 cubic feet of stone,18,000 cubic feet of earth and cost $130,000. Records show that 2,768 blacks were enrolled in its construction. During construction 600-800 men died and only 310 ever received any pay, the fort was named for Union Army commander General James S. Negley. Shortly after the war, the fort was abandoned and fell into ruin, however, during the Reconstruction period, the area was used as a meeting place for the Ku Klux Klan. In the 1930s the Works Progress Administration made a project of the restoration of Fort Negley. However, almost simultaneous with the completion of this came the United States entry into World War II. Neither the manpower, funds, or the interest was available at the time to reopen the fort as an historic or interpretative center. After the war, the fort was allowed to continue to languish, becoming the site of vandalism, and minor crime, entry to the site was finally prohibited and the area reverted to forest. The Cumberland Science Museum, a continuation under a new name, most visitors to the stadium and the museum were generally unaware of what was on the wooded hilltop other than it was something which they were not allowed to access. In 2007, an additional $1 million in city funds was used to build a visitors center, more work on the site is planned. Fort Negley information at Nashville. gov Civil War Trails
38.
Frist Center for the Visual Arts
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The Frist Center for the Visual Arts is an art museum in Nashville, Tennessee, housed in the citys historic U. S. Post Office building, which is listed on the National Register of Historic Places, the museum is housed in a white marble building that was built in the 1930s to serve as Nashvilles main post office. Designed by Marr & Holman Architects, it was built in 1933-34 and its location near Union Station was convenient for mail distribution, since most mail at that time was moved by train. By the 1980s, downtown was no longer a good location for postal distribution, when a new main post office was built near the airport in 1986, the historic old facility became a downtown branch using only a small portion of one floor. In the early 1990s Thomas F. Frist, Jr, the Foundation implemented a public-private venture between the foundation, the U. S. Postal Service, and the city of Nashville. In 1999 the City of Nashville acquired the building from the U. S. Postal Service for the purpose of creating the Frist Center for the Visual Arts, paying $4.4 million. The city contributed $15 million toward renovation of the building, the city owns the building, but granted the Frist Center a 99-year lease for $1 per year. A renovated post office branch was opened in the basement in 1999, the museum opened in April 2001. The art center consists of approximately 24,000 square feet of space, used to present visual art from local, state and regional artists, as well as major U. S. Information regarding past, current and future exhibitions is found on the Frist Centers website, http, fristkids. org is a family-friendly Frist Center site that contains a wealth of information for families and young artists. Included on this site is a series of videos produced in conjunction with Nashville Public Television, art is All Around You is an Emmy Award-winning series that invites young artists to learn about art as they move through and look at their own worlds. Each video introduces and explores an art idea -- movement, shape, shadow, public art, pattern, color, details for a related art activity are included with every video, so young artists and their families can learn more about art as they share an art-making experience. Official Frist Center for the Visual Arts website
39.
Gaylord Opryland Resort & Convention Center
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Gaylord Opryland Resort & Convention Center, formerly known as Opryland Hotel, is a large hotel and convention center located in Nashville, Tennessee. It is owned by Gaylord Hotels, a division of Ryman Hospitality Properties and it is one of the largest hotels in the world. The original Opryland Hotel opened on Thanksgiving Day in 1977, on adjacent to the former Opryland USA amusement park. The hotel was built to support the Grand Ole Opry. The hotel at that time had 580 guest rooms and a ballroom, the Magnolia Lobby was designed to resemble a grand Southern mansion with an impressive staircase and a Tiffany-style chandelier. In 1983-84 the hotel was expanded, adding over 400 guest rooms and incorporating facilities to meet the demands of the corporate meeting, a Garden Conservatory resembling a Victorian garden was added. This atrium maintained a constant temperature of 71 degrees and housed more than 10,000 plants, in 1988,2 acres and 797 guest rooms were added to the hotel. The Cascades Atrium was built, including a 3. 5-story waterfall, the Cascades Lobby expanded to 24 check-in stations that could check in 580 guests per hour when necessary. A4. 5-acre expansion completed in 1996 doubled the size of the resort, adding approximately 1,000 guest rooms,10 meeting rooms, a 289, 000-square-foot exhibit hall and a 57, 000-square-foot ballroom. The trademark feature of this addition was the Cajun-themed Delta Atrium, flatboats were introduced to carry guests along the river, and past a water feature that included jets which were choreographed to music. When the expansion was christened, water samples from more than 1,700 rivers throughout the world were poured into the Delta River, the Old Hickory Steak House, built to resemble an antebellum-style mansion, was also added. On October 26,2001, Opryland Hotel Nashville was rebranded as Gaylord Opryland Resort & Convention Center, company officials at the time stated that the Opryland branding was strong to Nashville, but did not fit with projects in other parts of the United States. On May 2,2010, a flood devastated Nashville and caused damage to the Opryland Hotel. Guests were evacuated as the waters rose as high as 10 feet in some parts of the hotel. The hotel underwent renovations and reopened Nov.15,2010, repairs and renovations to the famed hotel included the addition of five restaurants and restoration of the atriums and guest rooms. The $50 Million Phase 1 of the project was expected to open in Spring of 2014. On September 28,2012, Dolly decided to withdraw her partnership in the new Nashville theme park, on October 3,2014 the U. S. According to FCC Enforcement Bureau Chief Travis LeBlanc, “It is unacceptable for any hotel to intentionally disable personal hotspots while also charging consumers and small businesses high fees to use the hotel’s own Wi-Fi network
40.
Grand Ole Opry
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The Grand Ole Opry is a weekly country-music stage concert in Nashville, Tennessee, which was founded on November 28,1925, by George D. Hay as a one-hour radio barn dance on WSM, currently owned and operated by Opry Entertainment, it is the longest-running radio broadcast in US history, albeit not the longest-running one on a radio network. It attracts hundreds of thousands of visitors from around the world and millions of radio, the Oprys current primary slogan is The Show that Made Country Music Famous. Other slogans include Home of American Music and Country’s Most Famous Stage, in the 1930s the show began hiring professionals and expanded to four hours, and WSM, broadcasting by then with 50,000 watts, made the program a Saturday night musical tradition in nearly 30 states. In 1939, it debuted nationally on NBC Radio, the Opry moved to a permanent home, the Ryman Auditorium, in 1943. As it developed in importance, so did the city of Nashville, the Grand Ole Opry holds such significance in Nashville that its name is included on the city/county line signs on all major roadways. The signs read Music City|Metropolitan Nashville Davidson County|Home of the Grand Ole Opry, membership in the Opry remains one of country musics crowning achievements. Such country music legends as Hank Williams, Patsy Cline, Marty Robbins, Roy Acuff, since 1974, the show has been broadcast from the Grand Ole Opry House east of downtown Nashville, with an annual three-month winter foray back to the Ryman since 1999. Performances have been televised in addition to the radio programs. The Grand Ole Opry started as the WSM Barn Dance in the new radio studio of the National Life & Accident Insurance Company in downtown Nashville on November 28,1925. On October 18,1925, management began a program featuring Dr. Humphrey Bate, on November 2, WSM hired long-time announcer and program director George D. Hay launched the WSM Barn Dance with 77-year-old fiddler Uncle Jimmy Thompson on November 28,1925, judge Hay, however, liked the Fruit Jar Drinkers and asked them to appear last on each show because he wanted to always close each segment with red hot fiddle playing. They were the band accepted on Barn Dance, with the Crook Brothers being the first. When the Opry began having square dancers on the show, the Fruit Jar Drinkers always played for them, in 1926, Uncle Dave Macon, a Tennessee banjo player who had recorded several songs and toured the vaudeville circuit, became its first real star. The phrase Grand Ole Opry was first uttered on the air on December 10,1927, at the time, Barn Dance followed the NBC Red Networks Music Appreciation Hour, a program of classical music and selections from grand opera presented by classical conductor Walter Damrosch. On that particular night, Damrosch had remarked that there is no place in the classics for realism, in response, Opry presenter George Hay said, Friends, the program which just came to a close was devoted to the classics. Doctor Damrosch told us there is no place in the classics for realism. However, from here on out for the three hours, we will present nothing but realism
41.
Herschel Greer Stadium
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It can currently seat 10,300 people. Built in 1978 to house the Nashville Sounds, a franchise of the Double-A Southern League. In 1985, the Sounds transitioned into a Triple-A franchise, competing first in the American Association, the stadium has also seen occasional use as a field for college baseball and charity events. The stadium is best recognized by its distinctive guitar-shaped scoreboard, which displays the line score across the neck. It has been the site of three minor league games, eight no-hit games, including one perfect game, and a 24-inning game which tied the record for the longest game in PCL history. Greer Stadium has been closed and unused since the end of the 2014 baseball season and its future has not been officially determined, but a 2017 demolition has been proposed by the Metropolitan Nashville government to make way for future development. When Larry Schmittou decided to bring baseball back to Nashville in the late 1970s. He negotiated a lease with the city for a plot of land at the foot of St. Cloud Hill on the grounds of Fort Negley, at the time, this was the site of a city-owned softball complex that the city planned to relocate. The city was prepared to lease him the land, but Schmittou would be responsible for building the stadium, paying the property taxes, the projected construction cost of the stadium was between US$300,000 and $500,000, but the actual cost was over $1 million. Schmittou looked to local suppliers to donate construction materials, took out a $30,000 loan from a bank, and even mortgaged his own home to help pay for the ballpark. Country music star Conway Twitty helped Schmittou bring in fellow stars Jerry Reed, Richard Sterban, the home opener for Greers first tenants, the Southern Leagues Nashville Sounds, Double-A affiliate of the Cincinnati Reds, was scheduled for April 25,1978. Construction was underway, but Schmittou knew the ballpark would not be ready by that date, the team requested to open the season with road games and had to swap a series with the Chattanooga Lookouts in order to have more time to complete the stadium. Even with this time, the ballpark was still behind schedule. The original sod arrived dead, and by the time the replacement grass had arrived, general manager Farrell Owens organized a volunteer crew to lay the sod by calling a local radio station to announce the team was having a sod party. A group of approximately 50 people came out to lay and roll the sod the day before the opening game. The Sounds home opener, scheduled for April 25, was rained out, the 12–4 victory against the Savannah Braves was witnessed by a sellout crowd of 8,156 spectators. Southern League president Billy Hitchcock was on hand to witness the event, though the stadium was opened on time, the late sod was not the only issue on opening day. The stadiums seats, which had previously installed in Atlantas Fulton County Stadium
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The Hermitage (Nashville, Tennessee)
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The Hermitage is a historical plantation and museum located in Davidson County, Tennessee, United States,10 miles east of downtown Nashville. The plantation was owned by Andrew Jackson, the seventh President of the United States, Jackson only lived at the property occasionally until he retired from public life in 1837. Enslaved men and women, numbering nine at the purchase in 1804 and 110 at Jacksons death, worked at the Hermitage, principally involved in growing cotton. It is a National Historic Landmark, the Hermitage is built in a secluded meadow that was chosen as a house site by Rachel Jackson, wife of Andrew Jackson. It had four rooms on the floor and four rooms on the second level, each having a fireplace. The large central hallways opened in warm weather from front to back to form a breezeway, a simple portico was added later. In 1834, a fire seriously damaged the house, with the exception of the dining room wing. This prompted Jackson to have the current 13-room Greek Revival structure built on the foundation as the former house. The architects for the house were Joseph Reiff and William C, hume, who were building Tulip Grove across the road. The mansion is built in a layout, approximately 104 feet from east to west and 54 feet from north to south. Within the portico is a balcony with simple square balusters. One-story wings, with single fenestrations, flank the mansion and extend beyond the mansion to the front of the portico, while the southern façade gives the appearance of a flat roof, the three other elevations reveal that the tin-covered roof is pitched. The front façade was painted a light tan and sand coating was added onto the columns, a near replica of the front portico is found on the north end of the house, though featuring Doric-style columns and capped with a pediment. The layout of the block of the house is four large rooms separated by a center hall. The entry hall with plank flooring painted dark is decorated with block-printed wallpaper by Joseph Dufour et Cie of Paris, at the far end of the hall is the elliptical cantilevered staircase, with mahogany handrail, that leads to the second level. To the left of the hall are the front and back parlors, featuring crystal chandeliers, leading from the front parlor is the dining room in the east wing. Decorated with a high-gloss paint to reflect as much light as possible and it was carved by a veteran of the Battle of New Orleans, he worked on the mantelpiece on each annual anniversary of the battle until he finished on January 8,1839. Jackson installed the piece on January 8,1840, adjacent to the dining room is a pantry and storage room that leads to an open passageway to the kitchen
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Life & Casualty Tower
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The Life & Casualty Tower is a skyscraper in Nashville, Tennessee located at 401 Church Street. It stands 152.5 meters and has 30 floors and it was designed by Edwin Keeble, with structural engineering made by Ross Bryan Associates, and was finished in 1957. It was Nashvilles first skyscraper and the tallest in Tennessee until 1965, exterior materials are limestone, granite, and bright green glass windows. Intersecting curves and angles at the buildings base focus attention on the entrance, in the buildings early days, the L&C sign at its apex functioned as a weather beacon, changing color to indicate the weather forecast. Life and Casualty Insurance Company of Tennessee List of tallest buildings in Nashville Emporis Listing
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Memorial Gymnasium (Vanderbilt University)
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Memorial Gymnasium is a multi-purpose facility located in Nashville, Tennessee. Usually called Memorial Gym or simply Memorial, the building is located on the end of the Vanderbilt University campus. It was built in 1952 and currently has a capacity of 14,326. It serves as home court for the mens and womens basketball programs. Memorial Gymnasium was built in the early 1950s and it was dedicated as the campus memorial to students and alumni killed in World War II, a plaque commemorating these people is displayed in the lobby. At the time of its construction, there was a discussion within the Vanderbilt community about whether the school should de-emphasize intercollegiate athletics. As a compromise, the gymnasium was built to only about 8,000 seats. The gymnasium floor was built up above its surroundings, more in the nature of a stage and this necessitated the placement of the benches at each end of the court, which was not highly unusual at the time. In addition, each goal was anchored by two far-reaching beams attached to support columns, with extra support coming from cables stretching all the way to the gyms ceiling. The main gym, unlike the practice gyms, does not have air conditioning, Memorial Gym is well known for its unusual design. The interior walls were unpainted cinder blocks prior to a renovation in the early 2000s. The middle of the three decks has a low ceiling and when the lights are turned off during game play gives the distinct impression of watching a Cinemascope movie of basketball. As Southeastern Conference basketball grew in popularity and Vanderbilt established itself as a basketball power, the gymnasium had been designed in a way which made it readily expandable, and by the mid-1960s it seated 11,103. A conference championship run in 1966 led to more demand for seats. The arena hosted the SEC mens basketball tournament in 1984 and 1991, the game was moved to Memorial when it became apparent that demand for tickets would greatly outstrip their availability at Belmonts former home court, tiny Striplin Gymnasium. However, even event organizers themselves were shocked when the doubleheader between the womens and mens teams sold Memorial out by the halftime of the womens game and this event still holds the all-time attendance record for an NAIA basketball game. Memorial Gym has hosted the NCAA Mens Basketball Championship on four occasions and it has also served as home to the 1984 and 1991 SEC Mens Basketball tournaments. In the 1984 tournament, Charles Barkleys sitting at midcourt episode occurred after his Auburn Tigers were beaten in the tournament championship by the Kentucky Wildcats, in 1991, Alabama won the championship 88-69 over Tennessee
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Music City Center
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The Music City Center is a convention complex located in downtown Nashville, Tennessee, United States. The complex was designed by tvsdesign with Associated Architects, Tuck-Hinton Architects and it was developed by Nashville Metropolitan Development and Housing Agency. It covers an area of 1,200,000 sq ft and was built at a cost of about $623 million
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Nashville City Cemetery
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Nashville City Cemetery is the oldest public cemetery in Nashville, Tennessee. Many of Nashvilles prominent historical figures are buried there and it includes the tombs of 22,000 people,6,000 of which are African Americans. Nashville City Cemetery was opened on January 1,1822, by 1850, over 11,000 people were buried there. In 1958, Nashville Mayor Ben West led an effort to restore, in 1972, it was listed in the National Register of Historic Places due to its historical and architectural significance. Among those interred in the cemetery are two of Nashvilles founders, four Confederate generals, one Tennessee Governor, and twenty-two mayors of Nashville, also buried there are numerous soldiers, schoolteachers, former slaves, early civic leaders, and other interesting citizens of Nashville. The cemetery currently contains over 23,000 graves and it is located near downtown Nashville at 1001 4th Avenue South. By 2017, the cemetery included the tombs of 22,000 people,6,000 of which are African Americans, on March 4,2017, Elias Polk and Matilda Polk, two slaves who belonged to President James K. Polk, had their replaces with tombstones. Samuel R. Anderson – Confederate brigadier general in the Civil War, gen. Felix Kirk Zollicoffer – Confederate general, U. S. Congressman, Journalist, Tennessee militiaman. William Carroll – Governor of Tennessee from 1821 to 1827 and again from 1829 to 1835, congressional Representative from 1817 to 1819. William Driver – coined the name Old Glory for the U. S. flag in 1831, francis Fogg – developed Nashville’s public school system in 1852. Harlan Howard, a prolific American songwriter, principally in country music, mabel Imes and Ella Sheppard – two of the original Fisk Jubilee Singers. Lt. Lipscomb Norvell – Revolutionary War Soldier and father of US Senator John Norvell, John Patton Erwin, Mayor of Nashville from 1821 to 1822, and from 1834 to 1835. Felix Robertson, Mayor of Nashville from 1818 to 1819, James Robertson and his wife, Charlotte Robertson – two of the founders of Nashville Wilkins F. Tannehill, Mayor of Nashville from 1825 to 1827. Charles Clay Trabue, member of the Missouri House of Representatives from 1824 to 1828, bucy, Carole S. and Kaplan, Carol F. The Nashville City Cemetery, History Carved in Stone, Nashville, TN, Nashville City Cemetery Association,2000
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Nashville International Airport
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Nashville International Airport is a joint public and military use airport in the southeastern section of Nashville in the U. S. state of Tennessee. It is included in the National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2011–2015, established in 1937, its original name was Berry Field, from which its ICAO and IATA identifiers are derived. The current terminal was constructed in 1987, and the airport took its current name in 1988, Nashville International Airport has four runways, the longest of which is 11,030 feet long, a size adequate to handle all aircraft in service in 2014. Nashville International Airport as of 2014 ranks as the 32nd-busiest airport in the United States in terms of passengers. A total of 12,979,803 passengers traveled into and out of BNA during 2016, the month of October 2016 set a new record for passenger traffic at Nashville International, including a monthly record 1,179,025 total passengers. Nashville International classifies as a airport in terms of 2015 passengers. The airport terminal complex includes an over 1,000, 000-square-foot passenger terminal with 47 air carrier gates, BNA serves a trade area of 79 counties in Middle Tennessee, southern Kentucky, and northern Alabama. The airport is a city for Southwest Airlines and was previously a hub for American Airlines. Berry Field Air National Guard Base is located at Nashville International Airport, the base is home to the 118th Airlift Wing and is the headquarters of the Tennessee Air National Guard. Nashvilles first airport was Hampton Field, which operated until 1921 and it was replaced by Blackwood Field in the Hermitage community, which operated between 1921 and 1928. The first airlines to serve Nashville, American Airlines and Eastern Air Lines, by 1935 the need for an airport larger and closer to the city than Sky Harbor Airport was realized and a citizens committee was organized by mayor Hillary Howse to choose a location. A 340-acre plot along Dixie Parkway composed of four farms was selected, the airport was dedicated on November 1,1936, as Berry Field, named after Col. Harry S. Berry, the Tennessee administrator for the Works Progress Administration. It officially opened in June 1937 with much fanfare, including parades, an air show, and an aerial bombardment display by the 105th Aero Squadron, passenger service began in mid-July through American Airlines and Eastern Airlines, both of which operated Douglas DC-3 aircraft. The new airport had three runways, a three-story passenger terminal, a control tower, two hangars and a beacon, and was constructed at a cost of 1.2 million dollars. In its first year, Berry Field served 189,000 passengers, bob Hoover, regarded as one of the greatest pilots to have ever lived, learned to fly at Berry Field. During World War II, the airfield was requisitioned by the United States Army Air Forces Air Transport Command as the headquarters for the 4th Ferrying Command for movement of new aircraft overseas, during this time, the Federal government expanded the airport to 1,500 acres. At the end of the war, the airport was returned to the control of the city, the airport had been enlarged by the military during World War II, but in 1958 the City Aviation Department, started planning to expand and modernize the airport. Nashville gained its first scheduled jet service in 1961, the year a new 145,000 square feet terminal opened off of Briley Parkway
