1.
Film poster
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A film poster is a poster used to promote and advertise a film. Studios often print several posters that vary in size and content for various domestic and they normally contain an image with text. Todays posters often feature photographs of the main actors, prior to the 1990s, illustrations instead of photos were far more common. The text on film posters usually contains the title in large lettering. It may also include a tagline, the name of the director, names of characters, film posters are displayed inside and on the outside of movie theaters, and elsewhere on the street or in shops. The same images appear in the film exhibitors pressbook and may also be used on websites, DVD packaging, flyers, advertisements in newspapers and magazines, film posters have been used since the earliest public exhibitions of film. They began as outside placards listing the programme of films to be shown inside the hall or movie theater, by the early 1900s, they began to feature illustrations of a film scene or an array of overlaid images from several scenes. Other posters have used artistic interpretations of a scene or even the theme of the film, as an economy measure, the NSS regularly recycled posters that were returned, sending them back out to be used again at another theater. During this time, a film could stay in circulation for several years and those posters which were not returned were often thrown away by the theater owner, but some found their way into the hands of collectors. Today there is a thriving market in film posters, some have become very valuable. The record price for a poster was set on November 15,2005 when $690,000 was paid for a poster of Fritz Langs 1927 film Metropolis from the Reel Poster Gallery in London. The 1931 Frankenstein six-sheet poster, of only one copy is known to exist, is considered to be the most valuable film poster in the world. Over the years, old Bollywood posters, especially with hand-painted art, have become collectors items, occasionally, rare film posters have been found being used as insulation in attics and walls. In 2011,33 film posters, including a Dracula Style F one-sheet, from 1930-1931 were discovered in an attic in Berwick, Pennsylvania, as a result of market demand, some of the more popular older film posters have been reproduced either under license or illegally. Although the artwork on reproductions is the same as originals, reproductions can often be distinguished by size, printing quality, several websites on the Internet offer authentication tests to distinguish originals from reproductions. Original film posters distributed to theaters and other venues by the movie studios are never sold directly to the public. However, most modern posters are produced in quantities and often become available for purchase by collectors indirectly through various secondary markets such as eBay. Accordingly, most modern posters are not as valuable, however some recent posters, such as the recalled Pulp Fiction Lucky Strike U. S. one sheet poster, are quite rare
2.
Mario Bava
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Mario Bava was an Italian director, screenwriter, special effects artist, and cinematographer from the golden age of Italian horror films. His work kick-started the giallo genre and the modern slasher film. His son Lamberto Bava later went on to become a horror film director in his own right. Mario Bava was born in San Remo, Liguria on 31 July 1914 and he was the son of Eugenio Bava, a sculptor who also worked as a special effects photographer and cameraman in the Italian silent movie industry. Mario Bavas first ambition was to become a painter, unable to turn out paintings at a profitable rate, he went into his fathers business, working as an assistant to other Italian cinematographers like Massimo Terzano. He also helped his father at the effects department at Benito Mussolinis film factory. Bava became a cinematographer in his own right in 1939, shooting two films with Roberto Rossellini. He made his debut in the early 1940s. Bavas camerawork was a factor in developing the screen personas of such stars of the period as Gina Lollobrigida, Steve Reeves. Bava completed filming I vampiri for director Riccardo Freda in 1956, Bava co-directed The Day the Sky Exploded in 1958, the first Italian science fiction film, predating even the sci-fi films of Antonio Margheriti. Because he had no earlier credited experience as a director, the film was credited solely to Paolo Heusch, in 1960, Bava directed the gothic horror classic Black Sunday, his first solo directorial effort, which made a genre star out of Barbara Steele. His use of light and dark in black-and-white films is widely acclaimed along with his use of color in films such as Black Sabbath, Kill. Blood and Black Lace and The Whip and the Body and his work has proved very influential. Bava directed what is now regarded as the earliest of the Italian giallo films, The Girl Who Knew Too Much and Blood and his 1965 sci-fi/ horror film Planet of the Vampires was a thematic precursor to Alien. Although comic books had served as the basis for countless serials and childrens films in Hollywood, Bavas Danger, many elements of his 1966 film Kill, Baby. Regarded by Martin Scorsese as Bavas masterpiece, also appear in the Asian strain of terror film known as J-horror, 1971s A Bay of Blood is considered one of the earliest slasher films, and was explicitly imitated in Friday the 13th Part 2. Mario Bava was very disappointed with the distribution of some of his later films. His Lisa and the Devil was never picked up by a distributor, in 1977, Bava directed his last horror film, Shock, which was co-directed with his son Lamberto Bava who did the work uncredited
3.
Luigi Pistilli
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Luigi Pistilli was an Italian actor of stage, screen, and television. At one time Luigi Pistilli was one of Italys most respected actors of stage, screen, in theater, was considered one of the countrys finest interpreters of Bertolt Brechts plays in The Threepenny Opera and St Joan of the Stockyards. He is known to Italian horror movie buffs mainly for his three 1972 thrillers, Twitch of the Death Nerve, Iguana with the Tongue of Fire and Your Vice is a Locked Room, tragically, Pistilli committed suicide in 1996 at age 66. Born in Grosseto, Pistilli studied acting at Milans Piccolo Teatro, although he went into acting in films, he never completely severed his ties with the theater and often returned to appear in plays directed by Giorgio Strehler. He appeared in many spaghetti Westerns such as The Good, the Bad and he played the murderous Albert in the Mario Bava giallo Twitch of the Death Nerve in 1971. He had a role on the popular Italian television Mafia drama The Octopus. He also appeared as the villain in Death Rides a Horse. Pistilli committed suicide in his home in Milan just before he was scheduled to appear in the performance of Terence Rattigans Tosca on April 21,1996. The program was panned by critics and audiences, and that might have contributed to Pistillis state of mind, in his note he apologized to her for the spiteful statements released in the published interview. Hes buried in the village of Cori, next to his parents and his son Daniele. Luigi Pistilli at the Internet Movie Database
4.
Laura Betti
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Laura Betti was an Italian actress known particularly for her work with directors Federico Fellini, Pier Paolo Pasolini and Bernardo Bertolucci. She had a friendship with Pasolini and made a documentary about him in 2001. Particularly notes her roles as Emilia, the servant, in Pier Paolo Pasolinis Teorema and Mildred, born Laura Trombetti in Bologna, she grew up to be interested in singing. She first worked professionally in the arts as a jazz singer, Betti made her film debut in Federico Fellinis La Dolce Vita. In 1963, she became a friend of the poet. In 1976, Betti portrayed a cruel and eroto-maniacal fascist in Bernardo Bertoluccis Novecento and she also played Miss Blandish in his Last Tango in Paris, though her scenes were deleted. In 1973 she dubbed the voice of the Devil for the Italian version of William Friedkins The Exorcist, from the 1960s, Betti dedicated much of her time to literature and politics. She became the muse for a number of leading political and literary figures in Italy and came to personify the revolutionary, in 2001, she made a documentary about Pasolini, Pier Paolo Pasolini e la ragione di un sogno. This Centro, strongly wanted by Betti, owns also thousands of photograph and all the works of Pasolini, poetry, literature, cinema and journalism. After her death in 2004 her brother Sergio Trombetti has donated all the documents of her career to the Centro that has absorbed them under the name Fondo Laura Betti. La Dolce Vita, directed by Federico Fellini The Witches, produced by Dino De Laurentiis Teorema, for her role as Emilia, La commedia è finita/La canzone del giramondo/La canzone del tempo/Una venere ottimista Quattro canzoni con Laura Betti. Amare vuol dire mentire/ I hate Rome/ Lucciola/ Satellite Laura Betti con lorchestra di Piero Umiliani, quella cosa in Lombardia/Piero/Io son una Laura Betti con lorchestra di Piero Umiliani. Macrì Teresa detta Pazzia/Valzer della toppa/Cocco di mamma Laura Betti con lorchestra di Piero Umiliani, venere tascabile/Vera signora/E invece no Laura Betti dal film Cronache del 22. Nel 22 sognavo già lamore/Proprio oggi/Sulla strada che va a Reggio/La prima volta Laura Betti N.1, je me jette/La parade du suicide/Je hais Rome/La belle Léontine Laura Betti N.2. Je sais vivre/Piero/Maria le Tatuage/Une vraie dame Laura Betti e Paolo Poli, La bambinona/Guglielmino/La bella Leontine/Io Corpus Domini 1938/Mi butto/Donna bocca bella/Donna Lombarda/Orrenda madre/La Lisetta/La Ninetta/La Morettina/La Gigiotta Ordine e disordine
5.
Italian language
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By most measures, Italian, together with Sardinian, is the closest to Latin of the Romance languages. Italian is a language in Italy, Switzerland, San Marino, Vatican City. Italian is spoken by minorities in places such as France, Montenegro, Bosnia & Herzegovina, Crimea and Tunisia and by large expatriate communities in the Americas. Many speakers are native bilinguals of both standardized Italian and other regional languages, Italian is the fourth most studied language in the world. Italian is a major European language, being one of the languages of the Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe. It is the third most widely spoken first language in the European Union with 65 million native speakers, including Italian speakers in non-EU European countries and on other continents, the total number of speakers is around 85 million. Italian is the working language of the Holy See, serving as the lingua franca in the Roman Catholic hierarchy as well as the official language of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta. Italian is known as the language of music because of its use in musical terminology and its influence is also widespread in the arts and in the luxury goods market. Italian has been reported as the fourth or fifth most frequently taught foreign language in the world, Italian was adopted by the state after the Unification of Italy, having previously been a literary language based on Tuscan as spoken mostly by the upper class of Florentine society. Its development was influenced by other Italian languages and to some minor extent. Its vowels are the second-closest to Latin after Sardinian, unlike most other Romance languages, Italian retains Latins contrast between short and long consonants. As in most Romance languages, stress is distinctive, however, Italian as a language used in Italy and some surrounding regions has a longer history. What would come to be thought of as Italian was first formalized in the early 14th century through the works of Tuscan writer Dante Alighieri, written in his native Florentine. Dante is still credited with standardizing the Italian language, and thus the dialect of Florence became the basis for what would become the language of Italy. Italian was also one of the recognised languages in the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Italy has always had a dialect for each city, because the cities. Those dialects now have considerable variety, as Tuscan-derived Italian came to be used throughout Italy, features of local speech were naturally adopted, producing various versions of Regional Italian. Even in the case of Northern Italian languages, however, scholars are not to overstate the effects of outsiders on the natural indigenous developments of the languages
6.
Horror film
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Horror film is a film genre that seeks to elicit a negative emotional reaction from viewers by playing on their fears. Inspired by literature from authors like Edgar Allan Poe, Bram Stoker, the macabre and the supernatural are frequent themes. Horror may also overlap with the fantasy, supernatural fiction and thriller genres, Horror films often deal with viewers nightmares, fears, revulsions and terror of the unknown. Plots within the genre often involve the intrusion of an evil force, event. Another of his projects was 1898s La Caverne maudite. Japan made early forays into the genre with Bake Jizo and Shinin no Sosei. The era featured a slew of literary adaptations, with the works of Poe and Dante, in 1908, Selig Polyscope Company produced Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. In 1910, Edison Studios produced the first filmed version of Frankenstein, the macabre nature of the source materials used made the films synonymous with the horror film genre. Before and during the Weimar Republic era, German Expressionist filmmakers would significantly influence later productions, the first vampire-themed movie, Nosferatu, was made during this period, though it was an unauthorized adaptation of Bram Stokers Dracula. Other European countries also, contributed to the genre during this period, though the word horror to describe the film genre would not be used until the 1930s, earlier American productions often relied on horror themes. Some notable examples include The Hunchback of Notre Dame, The Phantom of the Opera, The Cat and the Canary, The Unknown, and The Man Who Laughs. Many of these films were considered dark melodramas because of their stock characters and emotion-heavy plots that focused on romance, violence, suspense. The trend of inserting an element of macabre into American pre-horror melodramas continued into the 1920s, directors known for relying on macabre in their films during the 1920s were Maurice Tourneur, Rex Ingram, and Tod Browning. Ingrams The Magician contains one of the first examples of a mad doctor and is said to have had a influence on James Whales version of Frankenstein. The Unholy Three is an example of Brownings use of macabre and unique style of morbidity, he remade the film in 1930 as a talkie, during the early period of talking pictures, Universal Pictures began a successful Gothic horror film series. Tod Brownings Dracula was quickly followed by James Whales Frankenstein and The Old Dark House, some of these films blended science fiction with Gothic horror, such as Whales The Invisible Man and featured a mad scientist, mirroring earlier German films. Frankenstein was the first in a series of remakes which lasted for years, the Mummy introduced Egyptology as a theme, Make-up artist Jack Pierce was responsible for the iconic image of the monster, and others in the series. Universals horror cycle continued into the 1940s with B-movies including The Wolf Man, the once controversial Freaks, based on the short story Spurs, was made by MGM, though the studio disowned the completed film, and it remained banned, in the UK, for thirty years
7.
Carlo Rambaldi
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He is most famous for his work in those two last mentioned films, that is for the mechanical head-effects for the creature in Alien and the design of the title character of E. T. the Extra-Terrestrial. Carlo Rambaldi was born September 151925 in Vigarano Mainarda, Emilia-Romagna and he studied painting at the Accademia di Belle Arti di Bologna, where he developed a passion for electromechanics and the skeleton and musculature of the human body. He was heavily influenced by the work of Picasso and the Italian artist Renato Guttuso, rambaldis first work in film was creating a fire-breathing dragon for the 1957 Italian picture Sigfrido. In 1963 he became a special effects artist. He worked with Italian directors including Federico Fellini, Pier Paolo Pasolini, Mario Monicelli, the Extra-Terrestrial, Dune, Conan the Destroyer, Silver Bullet, King Kong Lives or Camerons Closet, among others. Rambaldi had the distinction of being the first special effects artist to be required to prove that his work on a film was not real. Dog-mutilation scenes in the 1971 film A Lizard in a Womans Skin were so convincingly visceral that its director, Lucio Fulci, was prosecuted for offenses relating to animal cruelty. Fulci would have served a prison sentence, had Rambaldi not exhibited the films array of props to a courtroom. Rambaldis last screen credit was on the 1988 horror film Primal Rag, when computer-generated special effects became common place, Rambaldi complained, Any kid with a computer can reproduce the special effects seen in today’s movies. The curiosity that viewers once felt when they saw special effects has disappeared and its as if a magician had revealed all of his tricks. There’s no question that these films are well packaged but the charm has disappeared. The secret of creating what technology is unable to express lies in the work of the artisan, carlo Rambaldi married Bruna Basso, with whom he had a son, Vittorio, and a daughter. Rambaldi died on August 10,2012 in Lamezia Terme, Calabria, where he had lived for many years
8.
Theatrical blood
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Theatrical blood or stage blood is anything used as a substitute for blood in a theatrical or cinematic performance. For example, in the effects industry, when a director needs to simulate an actor being shot or cut. The most common is red food coloring, often inside small balloons coupled with explosive devices called squibs, however, Alfred Hitchcock used Bosco Chocolate Syrup as fake blood in his 1960 thriller Psycho. Since the film was in black and white, the color was less important than the consistency, tomato ketchup is also a common alternative. There are many reasons for substituting for real blood in the industry, such as ethical and sanitary concerns. Kensington Gore was a trademark for fake blood used in films and it was manufactured by a retired British pharmacist, John Tinegate, during the 1960s and 1970s, in the village of Abbotsbury, Dorset. Many varieties of blood, having various degrees of viscosity, shades and textures were available, since Tinegates death, the name Kensington Gore has become a generic term for stage blood. Kensington Gore was used in the film The Shining, Theatrical blood has many other applications apart from its use in the film industry. The crime scene investigation science of pattern analysis uses stage blood or sometimes cows blood in mock-up crime scenes when training new investigators. The art of Moulage uses theatrical blood in applying mock injuries for the purpose of training Emergency Response Teams and other medical, Theatrical blood is also popularly used in Halloween costumes. Bodily mutilation in film#Blood Blood substitute Blood squirt Moulage Theatrical makeup Blood Recipes
9.
Slasher film
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Slasher films are a subgenre of horror films, typically involving a violent psychopath stalking and murdering several people, usually with bladed tools. Some critics cite Alfred Hitchcocks Psycho as an early influential slasher film, Wes Cravens satirical film Scream renewed public interest in the genre, and several of the original slasher franchises were revived or rebooted in the years following the release of Scream. Many films in the genre continue to attract cult followings. The plot involves opposing objectives of the killer and a hero/heroine, typically, a film begins with a commemoration or anniversary of the past event that reactivates or re-inspires the killer. Often the victim survives, but is damaged in some way by his or her experience with the killer, dika also believes that the genres appeal is rooted in the audiences feelings of catharsis, recreation, and displacement, which is related to sexual pleasure. A common tropes featured in films is the final girl character. This trope is often discussed in introductory film courses, the character often cited as the genres first prototypical final girl is Laurie Strode in Halloween. Final girls, who escape the killers advances by a films end, are often virgins and have at least one female friend who is portrayed as sexually active. Another trope is the anti-heroic characterization of the films villain, most slasher franchises follow the continued efforts of a specific villain, rather than the killers victims, who do not often reappear in sequels. Notable examples of these include, Michael Myers, Freddy Krueger, Jason Voorhees, Chucky. Some critics cite horror plays produced at the Grand Guignol in the late 19th century as having influenced the contemporary slasher genre, others reference the visceral images of violence in films such as Maurice Tourneurs The Lunatics, a silent film adaptation of a Grand Guignol play. Under the Hays Code, even references to sexuality and brutality were deemed unacceptable. Crime writer Mary Roberts Rinehart was an influence on the emerging horror genre. Her novel The Circular Staircase, later adapted into film as The Bat, both films employed the theme of town dwellers pitted against strange country folk, a recurring theme in later horror films. George Archainbauds Thirteen Women tells the story of a college sorority whose former members are set against one another by a vengeful peer, as they die, the culprit crosses out their yearbook photo, a device used in subsequent slasher films such as Prom Night and Graduation Day. The movies climax takes place on a train, something echoed in Terror Train, other early examples of the maniac seeking revenge trope include The Terror, based on the play by Edgar Wallace. Val Lewton produced Jacques Tourneurs The Leopard Man, a film about a murderer covering up his crimes against women in a town by framing an escaped show leopard. Robert Siodmaks The Spiral Staircase, based on Ethel Whites novel Some Must Watch, the helpless but sympathetic heroine became commonplace in later horror films, along with black-gloved killers, point of view shots, and jump scares
10.
Isa Miranda
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Isa Miranda was an Italian actress with an international film career. Born Ines Isabella Sampietro in Bergamo, she worked as a typist whilst attending the academy in Milan. She went on to bit parts in Italian films in Rome. Having brought several of them to their ruin, she slits her wrists and this performance brought in its wake several film offers and a Hollywood contract with Paramount Pictures. There, billed as the Italian Marlene Dietrich, she played several femme fatale roles in films as Hotel Imperial. She returned to Italy soon after the outbreak of World War II and continued to act on the stage, another success of that period was La Ronde, also directed by Ophüls. Her career took her to France, Germany and England, where she appeared in TV films. Miranda was married to the Italian director and producer Alfredo Guarini until his death in 1981 and she died in Rome in 1982, three days after her 73rd birthday. Isa Miranda at the Internet Movie Database Photographs and literature
11.
Bay
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A bay is a recessed, coastal body of water that directly connects to a larger main body of water, such as an ocean, lake, or another bay. A large bay may be called a gulf, sea, sound, a cove is a type of smaller bay with a circular inlet and narrow entrance. A fjord is a particularly steep bay shaped by glacial activity, bays can be the estuary of a river, such as the Chesapeake Bay, an estuary of the Susquehanna River, which is the largest bay in North America. Bays may also be nested within each other, for example, some large bays, such as the Bay of Bengal and the Hudson Bay, have varied marine geology. The land surrounding a bay often reduces the strength of winds, bays were significant in the history of human settlement because they provided a safe place for fishing. Later they were important in the development of sea trade as the safe anchorage they provide encouraged their selection as ports, there are various ways from which bays can be created. The largest bays have developed as a result of plate tectonics, as the super-continent Pangaea broke up along curved and indented fault lines, the continents moved apart and the worlds largest bays formed. These include the Gulf of Guinea, Gulf of Mexico and the Bay of Bengal, another way bays form is via glacial and river erosion. A bay formed by a glacier is a fjord, rias are created by rivers and are characterised by more gradual slopes. Currents can make waves more constant, and soft rocks speed erosion, hard rock eroded less quickly, leaving headlands. The Gulf of California is an example of a bay created by plate tectonics as Baja California peninsula moves away from the Mexican mainland, Bay platform Great capes Headlands and bays
12.
Billhook
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The billhook is a traditional cutting tool used widely in agriculture and forestry for cutting smaller woody material such as shrubs and branches and is distinct from the sickle. It is very common in the countries of Europe. Elsewhere, it developed locally such as in China, India and Japan, or was introduced by European settlers, such as in North and South America, South Africa. The blade is made from a medium-carbon steel in varying weights and lengths. Blades are straight near the handle but have a strong curve towards the end. The blade is sharpened only on the inside of the curve. The blade is fixed to a handle, in Europe usually made from ash due to its strength. Handles are mostly 12 to 15 centimetres long and may be caulked or round, longer handles may sometimes be used for heavier patterns, making the tool double-handed. The blade and handle are usually linked by a passing through the handle. Some styles of billhook may have scales of hardwood or horn fitted to the handle, some billhooks have a single-bevelled blade, available in both right- and left-handed versions, others have dished blades, or a pronounced thickened nose. The reasons for many of these variations are now lost, the use of a billhook is between that of a knife and an axe. It is often used for cutting woody plants such as saplings and small branches, for hedging, in France and Italy it is widely used for pruning grape vines. The billhook is the European equivalent of such as machetes, parangs, kukris. The billhooks use as a cutting tool goes back to the Bronze Age, the tool has developed a large variety of names in different parts of Britain, including bill, hedging bill, hand bill, hook bill, billhook, billook, brishing hook and broom hook. In American English a billhook may sometimes be referred to as a fascine knife, made on a small scale in village smithies and in larger industrial sites the billhook is still relatively common throughout most of western Europe.5 inches steps. The French firm of Talabot boasted in their 1930 catalogue that they held over 3000 different patterns in their archives, billhooks would have once been made by the local smith to the users specifications but now sizes and shapes are largely standardised. The handles are mostly rat-tail tang, except the Yorkshire having such a long handle that a tang is just not practical—they have a socket instead, the smaller hooks have variations in the shape of the handle, round, oval and pistol-grip. Billhooks are almost universally made from steel of a moderate carbon content
13.
Entomology
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Entomology is the scientific study of insects, a branch of zoology. This wider meaning may still be encountered in informal use, Entomology is rooted in nearly all human cultures from prehistoric times, primarily in the context of agriculture, but scientific study began only as recently as the 16th century. William Kirby is widely considered as the father of Entomology, in collaboration with William Spence, he published a definitive entomological encyclopedia, Introduction to Entomology, regarded as the subjects foundational text. He also helped to found the Royal Entomological Society in London in 1833, one of the earliest such societies in the world, earlier antecedents, such as the Aurelian society date back to the 1740s. There has also been a history of people becoming entomologists through museum curation and research assistance, insect identification is an increasingly common hobby, with butterflies and dragonflies being the most popular. Most insects can easily be recognized to such as Hymenoptera or Coleoptera. However, insects other than Lepidoptera are typically identifiable to genus or species only through the use of Identification keys and Monographs. Because the class Insecta contains a large number of species and the characteristics separating them are unfamiliar, and often subtle. This has led to the development of automated species identification systems targeted on insects, for example, Daisy, ABIS, SPIDA, in 1994 the Entomological Society of America launched a new professional certification program for the pest control industry called The Associate Certified Entomologist. To qualify as a true entomologist an individual would require an advanced degree. Trichopterology - caddis flies Vespology - Social wasps Like other scientific specialties, entomologists have a number of local, national, there are also many organizations specializing in specific subareas. C. Y. Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas University of Minnesota, big Fleas Have Little Fleas, How Discoveries of Invertebrate Diseases Are Advancing Modern Science University of Arizona Press, Tucson,208 pages, ISBN 0-8165-2544-7. Triplehorn, Charles A. and Norman F. Johnson, borror and DeLongs Introduction to the Study of Insects, 7th edition, Thomas Brooks/Cole. — a classic textbook in North America, cS1 maint, Multiple names, authors list Capinera, JL.2008. Iowa State Entomology Index of Internet Resources, archived from the original on 2006-11-14. Archived from the original on 2006-12-06, archived from the original on 2007-02-07. Compendium of References on Flies and Disease, archived from the original on 2006-10-15. USDA Collecting methods. Detailed instructions Arthropa Extensive photo album sorted by topic, Tereshkin Scientific illustration in entomology Tereshkin, A.2008, Methodology of a scientific drawings preparation in entomology on example of ichneumon flies
14.
Hatchet for the Honeymoon
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Hatchet for the Honeymoon is a 1970 Italian giallo film directed by Mario Bava and starring Stephen Forsyth, Dagmar Lassander, Laura Betti, and Femi Benussi. John Harrington is a handsome, 30-year-old man who in a voice-over narration and he is also impotent and feels compelled to murder young women wearing bridal gowns to remember details of a traumatic event that twisted his mind as a child. Harrington lives in a villa outside Paris, France where hes the manager of a bridal dress factory which is managed by his older wife Mildred. Despite the image he puts upon himself, Harrington relies on Mildred for emotional and financial support, on one particular morning, the ill-matched couple engaged in a verbal sparring match at the breakfast table. Harrington brings up talk of divorce, but Mildred will hear none of that. After walking away from the argument, Harrington retreats into his office, where he meets Helen Wood, Harrington is impressed by her intelligence and beauty, so he hires her on the spot. Later that night, Harrington lures Alice Norton, one of the models at the salon, to his office, as Alice is planning to leave the salon to be married, he offers her a choice to any of the dresses. She selects one and changes into it as per Johns request, the next morning, Inspector Russell arrives to question Harrington about Alices disappearance for her fiancée reported that she never came home last night. Harrington replies that she left at the end of the day, with six models having disappeared from his bridal salon, Harrington naturally has become the prime suspect by the police. But with a lack of evidence, Inspector Russell leaves without arresting him. Over the next few days, Harrington falls in love with Helen after taking her out to dinner and having conversations with her. Harrington clearly has no desire to kill Helen, but his contemptuous wife, after Mildred confronts Harrington and accuses him of being unfaithful after seeing him with coming home from a dinner outing with Helen, Harrington decides to retaliate by killing her. Though he does not understand why, Harrington needs to have a dress in his immediate vicinity when he kills. Rather than talk Mildred into putting on the dress, he dons the veil himself, despite Mildred putting up a fight, she gets hit with the cleaver and falls dead. Thinking that she is alive, Harrington checks the grave in his greenhouse. The body is there, so Harrington burns Mildreds remains in the furnace. Harrington takes the ashes and keeps them in a handbag for himself, Mildreds ghost continues to haunt her husband, appearing only to other people, and not to himself. When Harrington attempts to murder another woman, he is foiled from doing so, Harrington finally decides to murder Helen as a substitute
15.
Cinematographer
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The study and practice of this field is referred to as cinematography. The cinematographer selects the camera, film stock, lens, filters, in the infancy of motion pictures, the cinematographer was usually also the director and the person physically handling the camera. As the art form and technology evolved, a separation between director and camera operator began to emerge, with the advent of artificial lighting and faster film stocks, in addition to technological advancements in optics, the technical aspects of cinematography necessitated a specialist in that area. Cinematography was key during the silent movie era, with no sound apart from music and no dialogue, the films depended on lighting, acting. Similar trade associations have been established in other countries too, there are a number of national associations of cinematographers which represent members and which are dedicated to the advancement of cinematography. S. C. Defines cinematography as, A creative and interpretive process that culminates in the authorship of a work of art rather than the simple recording of a physical event. Cinematography is not a subcategory of photography
16.
Tracking shot
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A tracking shot is any shot where the camera moves alongside the object it is recording. In cinematography, the term refers to a shot in which the camera is mounted on a camera dolly that is placed on rails – like a railroad track. The camera is then pushed along the track while the image is being filmed, a tracking shot generally runs lateral to or alongside its subject since the tracks would be visible in a shot of any distance that moved toward or away from its subject. The technique is used to follow a subject that would otherwise leave the frame. In this spirit, any conveyance, including via a vehicle, like a car. A handheld or Steadicam mounted camera following a similar trajectory is called a shot as well. While the core idea is that the camera moves parallel to its subject, a variant of the tracking shot is the onride video, also known as a Phantom Ride, where the camera films during a ride on a train, an amusement ride or another vehicle. Such videos may be used to document the route, the camera can be fixed to the vehicle or held by a person in the vehicle. The rail cam made a debut in the NHL on November 20,2006 in the Colorado Avalanche/Dallas Stars hockey game. The Versus cable television network used the camera during the game to test it out for a use on a nationally broadcast program. The camera was fastened to a system that ran on the top of the glass on one side of the ice rink. As the play shifted from end to end, the motorized mount allowed the camera to follow the action, the system was developed by Fletcher Chicago. The experiment was short-lived, the rail-cam is no longer used in NHL hockey games, walk and talk, a film technique which makes use of the tracking shot Steadicam
17.
Sabaudia
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Sabaudia is a coastal town in the province of Latina, Lazio, central Italy. Sabaudias center is characterized by several examples of Fascist architecture, an hour and a half to the south of Rome, Sabaudia is a coastal town. It is one of towns built on the reclaimed marshland of the Pontine Marshes Agro Pontino. This marsh was drained under orders from Benito Mussolini, vast tracts of malaria-infested swamp were drained by workers transported from poor areas of northern Italy, leaving the coastal area south of Rome with rich farmland. These towns were built so that the fascist regime could demonstrate the draining of the marshland, work commenced on the towns construction on 5 August 1933 and was completed 253 days later. The city itself is based a Roman grid road layout and rationalist architecture, saint-Médard-en-Jalles, France El Vendrell, Spain Burdett, Richard. Muratore, Giorgio, Daniela Carfagna, Mario Tieghi, Sabaudia,1934, il sogno di una città nuova e larchitettura razionalista
18.
Prosthetic makeup
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Prosthetic makeup is the process of using prosthetic sculpting, molding and casting techniques to create advanced cosmetic effects. Prosthetic makeup was revolutionized by John Chambers in such films as Planet of the Apes, the process of creating a prosthetic appliance begins with lifecasting, the process of taking a mold of a body part to use as a base for sculpting the prosthetic. Lifecast molds are made from prosthetic alginate or more recently, from skin-safe silicone rubber and this initial mold is relatively weak and flexible. A hard mother mold, typically made of plaster or fiberglass bandages is created overtop the initial mold to provide support, once a negative mold has been created, it is promptly filled with gypsum cement, most commonly a brand called Ultracal-30, to make a positive mold. The form of the prosthetic is sculpted in clay on top of the positive, the edges of the clay should be made as thin as possible, for the clay is a stand-in for what will eventually be the prosthetic piece. Along the edges of the mold, keys or mold points are sculpted or carved into the lifecast, once sculpting is completed, a second mold is made. This gives two or more pieces of a mold - a positive of the face, and one or more negative mold pieces of the face with prosthetic sculpted in, all clay is carefully removed and the prosthetic material is cast into the mold cavity. The prosthetic material can be foam latex, gelatin, silicone or other similar materials, the prosthetic is cured within the two part mold - thus creating the beginning of a makeup effect. One of the hardest parts of prosthetic make-up is keeping the edges as thin as possible and they should be tissue thin so they are easy to blend and cover giving a flawless look. The use of makeup to create wounds or trauma is called moulage and is used by the military and medical schools to educate. Samantha Fox, Race Swap and makeup process, julie Goodyear, Age Swap and makeup application. Tommy Lee Jones, Harvey Dent/Two-Face in Batman Forever, rebecca Loos, Gender Swap and makeup application. James McAvoy among others in The Chronicles of Narnia, The Lion, the Witch, rik Mayall, Drop Dead Fred Larissa Meek, Average Joe Hawaii Melinda Messenger, Celebrity Swap. Jack Nicholson, Jack Napier/The Joker in Batman, ron Perlman, several times in his career, but most notably as Hellboy Brad Pitt, The Curious Case of Benjamin Button Katie Price, Jordan Gets Even and makeup application. Melena Scantlin, The completed makeup and the scene and the makeup process. Arnold Schwarzenegger, as iterations of the Terminator in The Terminator and its sequels Terminator 2, Judgment Day and Terminator 3, carol Smillie, Gender Swap and makeup application. Lea Thompson, A Will Of Their Own, Back To The Future Part II, many actors in The Lord of the Rings film trilogy, notably John Rhys Davies and various actors/stuntmen portraying orcs. Make-up artist Special effect Animatronics Facial prosthetic Prosthetic Makeup, truffle Forager and Food Make-Up Artist
19.
Sitges Film Festival
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The Sitges Film Festival is a Spanish film festival and one of the worlds foremost international festivals specializing in fantasy and horror films. Established in 1968, the festival takes place every year in early October in the coastal resort of Sitges,34 kilometers West-South-West of the city of Barcelona, Catalonia. The main venue of the Sitges Film Festival is the Auditori or Auditorium, also the festival takes place in El Prado, El Retiro and Sala Tramuntana. The Auditori is located inside the Melia Hotel in the Port dAiguadolç area, the director of the festival is Àngel Sala. Since 1971 the festival has given awards to the best films, actors, the Maria Award winners are the main awards of the festival, and are chosen by an international jury
20.
Mark of the Devil
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Mark of the Devil is a West German horror film released in 1970. While not prosecuted for obscenity, the film was seized and confiscated in the UK under Section 3 of the Obscene Publications Act 1959 during the video nasty panic, count Christian von Meruh is a witch hunter and apprentice to Lord Cumberland in early 18th-century Austria. He believes strongly in his mentor and the ways of the church, von Meruh begins to see for himself that the witch trials are nothing but a scam of the church to rob people of their land, money, and other personal belongings of value and seduce beautiful women. Eventually, the revolt, and Cumberland escapes but von Meruh is captured by the townspeople. This film contains very strong graphic torture including a womans tongue being ripped out of her head, nuns being raped, the original plans were led by producer Adrian Hoven, who intended to produce, direct and star in the film. Hovens version was a different film rumoured to have been called The Witch Hunter - Dr. Dracula. The film was made to cash in on the success of the Michael Reevess 1968 classic Witchfinder General, the production was filmed during the summer of 1969 in Austria. From the beginning production was difficult, including that at least half a dozen languages were spoken on set, producer Adrian Hoven and director Michael Armstrong disliked each other intensely and often argued over the slightest of things. Hoven made sure a small number of the scripts were kept on set and even cut some of Armstrongs footage, because cinematographer Ernst W. Kalinke was a friend of Hovens, they would both film scenes without Armstrongs permission. It has been debated how much of Mark of the Devil was filmed by Armstrong, to give the film some historical accuracy, it was filmed in an Austrian castle where actual witchfinding interrogations had taken place. This castle also served as a museum with authentic torture tools that were used in the film, Mark of the Devil was released theatrically in West Germany on February 19,1970. The film was released on DVD by Anchor Bay Entertainment in 1998 and re-released by Blue Underground in 2004, arrow Films released the film on March 17,2015 first time uncut on Blu-ray Disc in the United Kingdom and United States. The release featured the High Rising Productions documentary film Mark of the Times, the film was more successful at the box office than Witchfinder General and this success is often attributed to the aforementioned advertising campaign. The film has been criticized by reviewers for being too violent to contain any message. Other reviews praise the film for its soundtrack, special effects, the University of Viennas film studies conference Mark of the Devil, On a Classic Exploitation Film was held on 3–5 April 2014. Producer Hoven delivered the official sequel, Mark of the Devil Part II in 1973, in addition, several VHS companies sought to exploit the titles notoriety by retitling several unrelated European horror films as sequels. Mark of the Devil at the Internet Movie Database Mark of the Devil at AllMovie Mark of the Devil, On a Classic Exploitation Film
21.
Drive-in theater
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A drive-in theater or drive-in cinema is a form of cinema structure consisting of a large outdoor movie screen, a projection booth, a concession stand and a large parking area for automobiles. Within this enclosed area, customers can view movies from the privacy, some drive-ins have small playgrounds for children and a few picnic tables or benches. The screen can be as simple as a wall that is painted white, originally, a movies sound was provided by speakers on the screen and later by an individual speaker hung from the window of each car, which would be attached by a wire. This system was superseded by the economical and less damage-prone method of broadcasting the soundtrack at a low output power on AM or FM radio to be picked up by a car radio. This method also allows the soundtrack to be picked up in stereo by the audience on an often high-fidelity stereo installed in the car instead of through a simple speaker. A partial drive-in theater – Theatre de Guadalupe – was opened in Las Cruces, New Mexico, on April 23,1915, the first movie shown by the Theatre de Guadalupe was Bags of Gold, produced by Siegmund Lubin. Theatre de Guadalupe soon was renamed De Lux Theater before closing in July 1916, in 1921, a drive-in was opened by Claude V. Caver in Comanche, Texas. Caver obtained a permit from the city to project films downtown, with cars parked bumper-to-bumper, patrons witnessed the screening of silent films from their vehicles. In the 1920s, outdoor movies became a summer entertainment. In 1932, Hollingshead conducted outdoor theater tests in his driveway at 212 Thomas Avenue in Riverton, blocks under vehicles in the driveway enabled him to determine the size and spacing of ramps so all automobiles could have a clear view of the screen. Hollingshead applied for a patent of his invention on August 6,1932, patent 1,909,537 on May 16,1933. Hollingsheads drive-in opened in New Jersey June 6,1933, on Admiral Wilson Boulevard in Pennsauken Township, rosemont Avenue now runs through the prior location. It offered 400 slots and a 40 by 50 ft screen and he advertised his drive-in theater with the slogan, The whole family is welcome, regardless of how noisy the children are. The first film shown was the Adolphe Menjou film Wife Beware, failing to make a profit, Hollingshead sold the theater after three years to a Union, New Jersey theater owner who moved the infrastructure to that city, but the concept caught on nationwide. Early drive-in theaters had to deal with sound issues, the original Hollingshead drive-in had speakers installed on the tower itself which caused a sound delay affecting patrons at the rear of the drive-ins field. In 1935, the Pico Drive-in Theater attempted to solve this problem by having a row of speakers in front of the cars, in 1941, RCA introduced in-car speakers with individual volume controls which solved the noise pollution issue and provided satisfactory sound to drive-in patrons. The drive-ins peak popularity came in the late 1950s and early 1960s, particularly in rural areas, with some 4,000 drive-ins spread across the United States. Among its advantages was the fact that a family with a baby could take care of their child while watching a movie, revenue is more limited than regular theaters since showings can only begin at twilight
22.
Christopher Lee
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Sir Christopher Frank Carandini Lee CBE CStJ was an English character actor, singer, and author. With a career spanning nearly 70 years, Lee initially portrayed villains, Lee was knighted for services to drama and charity in 2009, received the BAFTA Fellowship in 2011, and received the BFI Fellowship in 2013. Lee considered his best performance to be that of Pakistans founder Muhammad Ali Jinnah in the biopic Jinnah and he frequently appeared opposite Peter Cushing in Hammer Horror films, and late in his career had roles in six Tim Burton films. The heavy metal follow-up Charlemagne, The Omens of Death was released on 27 May 2013 and he was honoured with the Spirit of Metal award at the 2010 Metal Hammer Golden Gods Awards ceremony. Lee died from complications of respiratory problems and heart failure on the morning of 7 June 2015, Lee was born in Belgravia, London, the son of Lieutenant Colonel Geoffrey Trollope Lee of the 60th Kings Royal Rifle Corps, and his wife, Countess Estelle Marie. Lees maternal great-grandfather was an Italian political refugee, whose wife and he had one sister, Xandra Carandini Lee. Lees parents separated when he was four and divorced two years later, during this time, his mother took him and his sister to Wengen in Switzerland. After enrolling in Miss Fishers Academy in Territet, he played his first role and they then returned to London, where Lee attended Wagners private school in Queens Gate, and his mother married Harcourt George St-Croix Rose, a banker and uncle of Ian Fleming. Fleming, author of the James Bond novels, thus became Lees step-cousin, the family moved to Fulham, living next door to the actor Eric Maturin. One night, he was introduced to Prince Yusupov and Grand Duke Dmitri Pavlovich, the assassins of Grigori Rasputin, when Lee was nine, he was sent to Summer Fields School, a preparatory school in Oxford whose pupils often later attended Eton. He continued acting in plays, though the laurels deservedly went to Patrick Macnee. Lee applied for a scholarship to Eton, where his interview was in the presence of the ghost story author M. R. James, sixty years later, Lee played the part of James for the BBC. His poor maths skills meant that he placed eleventh, and thus missed out on being a Kings Scholar by one place and his step-father was not prepared to pay the higher fees that being an Oppidan Scholar meant, and so he did not attend. Instead, Lee attended Wellington College, where he won scholarships in the classics, studying Ancient Greek, aside from a tiny part in a school play, he didnt act while at Wellington. He was a passable racquets player and fencer and a competent cricketer but did not do well at the sports played, hockey, football, rugby. He disliked the parades and weapons training and would always play dead as soon as possible during mock battles. Lee was frequently beaten at school, including once at Wellington for being beaten too often, though he accepted them as logical, at age 17, and with one year left at Wellington, the summer term of 1939 was his last. His step-father had gone bankrupt, owing £25,000 and his mother separated from Rose, and Lee had to get a job, his sister already working as a secretary for the Church of England Pensions Board
23.
The Whip and the Body
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The Whip and the Body is a 1963 Italian-French gothic horror film directed by Mario Bava. The film is about Kurt Menliff who is ostracized by his father for his relationship with a servant girl and he later returns, but falls madly in love with his brothers wife Nevenka. Menliff is later murdered, but the locals believe his ghost has returned to haunt the castle for revenge. Italian censors removed the film from cinemas due to its sadomasochistic themes, the international cut features some significant changes, and runs for 77 minutes. It was released theatrically as What and Night is the Phantom in the United States and United Kingdom, an isolated castle on the Eastern European coast. Kurt, the son of Count Menliff, was in marriage preparations with Nevenka. However, Kurt had an affair with Tania, the daughter of Menliffs servant Giorgia, Count Menliff rejected Kurt and he left the castle. Meanwhile, Nevenka married Cristiano, Kurts younger brother, one day, Kurt arrives at the castle, superficially to celebrate Cristiano and Nevenka but in fact he is to reclaim his title and fortune, which supposedly also includes Nevenka. During an evening on the beach and following a session of flogging and sex, frustrated, she does not return to the castle and is eventually found unconscious by the butler Losat. On the same night, Kurt is killed under curious circumstances, now, Kurt is dead but a series of events hints that his ghost has started to haunt the castle for revenge. Ernesto Gastaldi has stated that he had written the script himself with Ugo Guerra possibly contributing to some of the early one while Luciano Martino had no contribution to the script. Gastaldi was shown an Italian print of The Pit and the Pendulum by the producers who requested a similar film to be made, Gastaldi is credited as an assistant director in the films credits, but has stated he was never even on the set of the film. Mario Bava was brought in to direct the film through Ugo Guerras suggestion as he could direct the film and photograph the film. Bava took care of the cinematography for the film while his regular camera man Ubaldo Terzano is credited as the cinematographer, the film was shot for under ₤159 million Italian lire for six week shooting schedule with one more week for special effects. The film was shot in both Anzio and Castel SantAngelo in Rome, the films sadomasochistic theme caused trouble with censors in Italy. The board of censors demanded no cuts to the film, and this was appealed by the production companies for the film who cut parts of the film on their own and later earned a V. M.14 rating. The Whip and the Body was released in Italy on 29 August 1963 through Titanus, the film was seized on 12 October 1963, with charges of obscenity. The film was declared that it contained several sequences that refer to degenerations, the film was then later re-released in January 1964
24.
Cinefantastique
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Cinefantastique was a horror, fantasy, and science fiction film magazine. The magazine originally started as a fanzine in 1967, then relaunched as a glossy. Cinefantastiques articles and reviews emphasized an intelligent, near-scholarly approach, a then-unusual slant for such a genre-specific magazine, advertisements were few, with most of them being only ads for other titles and materials by the publisher. This lack of page padding assured the reader a high proportion of original editorial content, the magazine also devoted several issues to Star Trek films and Star Trek, The Next Generation and Star Trek, Deep Space Nine. Many of the articles have become accepted as the definitive source of production information regarding these. Sammon, Dan Fiebiger, and Alan Jones, on October 17,2000, due to complications from long-time, clinical depression, Clarke committed suicide at the age of 51. The magazine was succeeded by Geek Monthly, with Bond at the helm, Cinefantastique relaunched as a webzine in August 2007, called Cinefantastique Online, under the supervision of the magazines former West Coast Editor, Steve Biodrowski. In 2009, Cinefantastique was purchased by and became a wholly owned trademark of Fourth Castle Micromedia, Fourth Castle is known for their EMCE Toys brand, whose first lines of Retro Cloth 8 action figures were reproductions of classic MEGO toys. Fourth Castle produced a one-shot, Cinefantastique Presents The Ultimate Guide To Zombies in 2012, the magazine was slated for relaunch in 2015, and Biodrowski continued to run Cinefantastique Online while Dan Persons produced podcasts for the publication
25.
Blood and Black Lace
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Blood and Black Lace is a 1964 Italian horror thriller film directed by Mario Bava. Bava co-wrote the screenplay with Giuseppe Barilla and Marcello Fondato, the film stars Cameron Mitchell and Eva Bartok. The story concerns the stalking and brutal murders of various scantily-clad fashion models, the film is generally considered one of the earliest and most influential of all giallo films and served as a stylistic template for the body count slasher films of the 1980s. Tim Lucas has noted that the film has gone on to inspire legions of contemporary filmmakers, in 2004, one of its sequences was voted No.85 in The 100 Scariest Movie Moments by the Bravo TV network. Police Inspector Sylvester is assigned to investigate the murder and he interviews Max Marian, the manager who co-manages the salon with his lover and it is revealed that Isabella had kept a diary detailing these vices, and suddenly almost every employee becomes nervous. Nicole finds the diary, and she promises to provide it to the police and that night, Nicole drives to an antique store owned by her paramour, Frank. He is not there, and while inside she suddenly finds herself stalked by a black clad figure and she gets to the front entrance door but is grabbed from behind by the masked individual, who raises and slams a spiked glove into her face, killing her instantly. The murderer searches the corpse and her purse for the diary, when it becomes clear that she did not have it, the killer runs out of the shop. The murderer next visits Peggys apartment, the killer gains entrance simply by knocking on the front door, and when Peggy opens it, the masked figure abruptly walks inside. The assailant slaps and hits her repeatedly, and she explains that she no longer has the diary and had in fact burned it in the fireplace. When her attacker checks the fireplace to see if she told the truth, enraged, the murderer hits her over and over again in the face until she is knocked unconscious. The assailant then carries her away just as the police arrive, Peggy is taken to another location and tied to a chair. The killer tortures her, demanding to know where the diary is, the woman reaches up and knocks off the mask. The shocked girl recognizes her assailant, who proceeds to kill her brutally by slowly pressing her face against the surface of a burning furnace. Inspector Sylvester is convinced that the murderer is one of the men employed at the fashion house, however, while the suspects are in custody, Greta discovers Peggys corpse hidden in the trunk of her car, and is then attacked and smothered to death by the killer. After discovering the bodies of the latest victims, Sylvester releases all of the men, Max visits Cristina and reminds her about how he had assisted in the murder of her husband. Isabella had found out that Max had been involved in the crime, when she started asking for more and more money, Max murdered her. It was only later that Max and Cristina realized she had been keeping a diary that revealed everything, while attempting to retrieve the diary, Max had also killed Nicole and Peggy
26.
Red herring
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A red herring is something that misleads or distracts from a relevant or important issue. It may be either a logical fallacy or a device that leads readers or audiences towards a false conclusion. A red herring might be used, such as in mystery fiction or as part of rhetorical strategies. The origin of the expression is unknown, the phrase was later borrowed to provide a formal name for the logical fallacy and literary device. As an informal fallacy, the red herring falls into a class of relevance fallacies. Unlike the straw man, which is premised on a distortion of the partys position. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, a red herring may be intentional, or unintentional, the expression is mainly used to assert that an argument is not relevant to the issue being discussed. For example, I think we should make the academic requirements stricter for students, I recommend you support this because we are in a budget crisis, and we do not want our salaries affected. The second sentence, though used to support the first sentence, in fiction and non-fiction a red herring may be intentionally used by the writer to plant a false clue that leads readers or audiences towards a false conclusion. The characters name is a loose Italian translation of red herring, in a literal sense, there is no such fish as a red herring, it refers to a particularly strong kipper, a fish that has been strongly cured in brine and/or heavily smoked. This process makes the fish particularly pungent smelling and, with strong enough brine, turns its flesh reddish. In its literal sense as a strongly cured kipper, the term can be dated to the century, in the poem The Treatise by Walter of Bibbesworth. Prior to 2008, the sense of red herring was thought to originate from a supposed technique of training young scent hounds. There are variations of the story, but according to one version, later, when the dog was being trained to follow the faint odour of a fox or a badger, the trainer would drag a red herring perpendicular to the animals trail to confuse the dog. The dog eventually learned to follow the original scent rather than the stronger scent, another variation of the dog story is given by Robert Hendrickson who says escaping convicts used the pungent fish to throw off hounds in pursuit. Ross researched the origin of the story and found the earliest reference to using herrings for training animals was in a tract on horsemanship published in 1697 by Gerland Langbaine. Langbaine recommended a method of training horses by dragging the carcass of a cat or fox so that the horse would be accustomed to following the chaos of a hunting party and he says if a dead animal is not available, a red herring would do as a substitute. This recommendation was misunderstood by Nicholas Cox, published in the notes of another book around the same time, either way, the herring was not used to distract the hounds or horses from a trail, rather to guide them along it
27.
The Aurum Film Encyclopedia
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The Aurum Film Encyclopedia is a multi-volume reference work on cinema, published in the UK by Aurum Press and edited by Phil Hardy. The first volume, devoted to films, appeared in 1983. However, only three entries were issued. All four volumes have been published in the U. S. by The Overlook Press, with the contents as the UK editions. The intent was to produce a complete and authoritative body of information that, upon completion, would be seen as a truly comprehensive, each book provides a decade by decade overview of that volumes respective genre. Capsule reviews of films are provided per year of release. Each years films are listed alphabetically, and feature brief cast, Tim Lucas described the first three volumes as essential reference tools and eminently collectable as a set. Published in 1983, The Aurum Film Encyclopedia, The Western is a history of the genre from 1930 -1983. The book is credited solely to Phil Hardy, and all reviews are ostensibly his work alone, all subsequent volumes credit Hardy as editor, and provide a list of the contributing reviewers on the main title page. Hardy made the decision not to include any silent films in this first volume because, as he explained in his Preface, space is at a premium, many serials and Italian westerns are relegated to this appendix. No such listing is provided for the silent films. Other appendices include a list of the top box office hits, top ten lists from critics. Sixteen pages of color stills are provided in a center insert, a second edition of the book was published in 1991, with its chronology expanded through 1990 and a different set of appendices. Ten pages were added to the new edition, covering the few films produced during the years 1984 -1990 and this edition was reprinted in 1995. Published in 1984, The Aurum Film Encyclopedia, Science Fiction, followed the history of the genre chronologically, unlike the previous volume, silent genre titles are included, and even minor genre films are reviewed in the main text. However, none of the reviews are signed, so it is not possible to determine what material each writer contributed to the book. Like the first, this volume includes supplemental material including all-time box-office hits, critics’ top ten lists, the book includes sixteen pages of color stills in a center insert. An expanded second edition was published in 1995, with new entries on all films that had received a release through 1994
28.
Joe Dante
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Joseph James Joe Dante, Jr. is an American film director, producer, editor and actor. His films—notably Gremlins —often mix fantastical storylines with comedic elements, Dantes films also include Piranha, The Howling, Explorers, Innerspace, The Burbs, Gremlins 2, The New Batch, Matinee, Small Soldiers, and Looney Tunes, Back in Action. His work for television and cable includes immigration satire The Second Civil War and episodes of anthology series Masters of Horror and Amazing Stories, Dante was born in Morristown, New Jersey and grew up in nearby Livingston. His father, Joseph James Dante, was a professional golfer, Dante began his film career working for legendary low budget producer Roger Corman, who provided similar opportunities to future directors Francis Ford Coppola and James Cameron. He made The Movie Orgy in 1968 and he then worked as an editor on Grand Theft Auto after co-directing Hollywood Boulevard with Allan Arkush. His next feature film, Roger Corman-produced Piranha, was released in 1978, inspired by Steven Spielbergs Jaws, the film was written by John Sayles. Dante then invited Sayles to rewrite the script for werewolf tale The Howling, Dante directed episodes of cult television series Police Squad. before Steven Spielberg invited him to join the directing team on anthology movie Twilight Zone, The Movie. Dantes segment, Its a Good Life, featured special effects. Gremlins proved one of Dantes biggest hits to date, combining horror and comedy elements, the film revolves around Billy Peltzer, who is given a strange creature he calls Gizmo as a pet. After Billy fails to follow the rules for looking after Gizmo, the creature spawns other creatures, six years passed before Dante directed the even more anarchic Gremlins 2, The New Batch, set this time in a New York high rise. Aside from the Gremlins films, Dante also worked with producer Steven Spielberg on comedy adventure Innerspace and his 1985 boys meet alien tale Explorers marked the film debuts of actors River Phoenix and Ethan Hawke. Dante would later work with Tom Hanks on The Burbs, a comedy in which Hanks character deals with nightmare neighbours. In 1993 Dante directed Matinee, which received positive reviews, set during the 1960s, the film pays homage to B movies and the showmen who made and promoted them. Matinee has a 91 percent rating on Rotten Tomatoes, USA Today reviewer Mike Clark wrote Part spoof, part nostalgia trip and part primer in exploitation-pic ballyhoo, Matinee is a sweetly resonant little movie-lovers movie. Dante was creative consultant on short-lived fantasy series Eerie, Indiana and he played himself in the series finale. In 1995–1996 he worked on The Phantom, when he was removed from the film, he chose screen credit rather than pay. Dante directed the 2003 live-action/animation hybrid, Looney Tunes, Back in Action, a box office bomb, the film received mixed reviews. In 2007, Dante launched the web series Trailers From Hell and he is also a contributor to the website
29.
Video Watchdog
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Video Watchdog was a bimonthly, digest size film magazine published from 1990 to 2016 by publisher/editor Tim Lucas and his wife, art director and co-publisher Donna Lucas. In addition to Lucas himself, Video Watchdogs list of contributors included such writers as Kim Newman, Stephen R. Bissette, associate editor John Charles, Bill Cooke. Regular columns included Ramseys Rambles by Ramsey Campbell and Fleapit Flashbacks by Joe Dante, winter contributed a CD/music column, Audio Watchdog, while books were reviewed in Biblio Watchdog by Lucas, Anthony Ambrogio and Brett Taylor. Originally a black-and-white publication, Video Watchdog was founded in 1990, the magazine added full-color covers with its 13th issue, and celebrated its 100th issue in 2003 by adopting a permanent, full-color format. Los Angeles-based artist Charlie Largent was responsible for most of the art from 2002 to the final issue in 2016. The magazines website included Round Table film discussions, free samples. On October 24,2016, it was announced that the magazine would cease print publication, days later, those who had paid for subscriptions and other creditors received notice that the magazine had filed for Chapter 7 Bankruptcy. As a company, Video Watchdog also published two books written by editor Lucas, the Video Watchdog Book, released September 1992, is a collection of articles, essays, and lists that originated in other magazines, including Film Comment and Fangoria. Mario Bava All the Colors of the Dark, published September 2007, is an illustrated, 1128-page critical biography of Italian director. It received a Rondo Hatton Classic Horror Award as the Best Book of 2007, as well as an Independent Publishers Award bronze medal, Best Magazine - Rondo Classic Horror Award 2002,2003,2004,2005,2006. Best Website - Rondo Classic Horror Award 2006, Best Theme Issue - Rondo Classic Horror Award 2012. Best Semi-Prozine - FanEx Award,1991, list of film periodicals Video Watchdog
30.
Black Sunday (1960 film)
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The film stars Barbara Steele, John Richardson, Arturo Dominici and Ivo Garrani. It was Bavas directorial debut, although he had completed several previous films without credit. Based very loosely on Nikolai Gogols short story Viy, the narrative concerns a witch who is put to death by her own brother, only to return 200 years later to seek revenge on her descendants. By the social standards of the 1960s, Black Sunday was considered unusually gruesome, despite the censorship, Black Sunday was a worldwide critical and box office success, and launched the careers of director Mario Bava and movie star Barbara Steele. In 2004, one of its sequences was voted number 40 among the 100 Scariest Movie Moments by the Bravo TV network, in Moldavia, in the year 1630, beautiful witch Asa Vajda and her paramour Javuto are sentenced to death for sorcery by Asas brother. Before being burned at the stake, Asa vows revenge and puts a curse on her brothers descendants, a metal mask with sharp spikes on the inside is placed over the witchs face and hammered into her flesh. While waiting for their coachman to fix it, the two wander into an ancient crypt and discover Asas tomb. Observing her death mask through a panel, Kruvajan breaks the panel by accident while striking a bat. He then removes Asas death mask revealing a partially preserved corpse that is visible underneath and he cuts his hand on the broken glass. Some of his blood drips onto Asas dead face, returning outside, Kruvajan and Gorobec meet Katia. She tells them that she lives with her father, Prince Vajda, Gorobec is instantly smitten by the beautiful young woman. The two men leave her and drive to an inn. The witch Asa is brought back to life by Kruvajans blood and she contacts Javuto telepathically and orders him to rise from his grave. He does so and goes to Prince Vajdas castle, where Vajda holds up a crucifix to ward the reanimated corpse away, however, Vajda is so terrified by the visit that he becomes paralyzed with fear. Katia and Constantin send a servant to fetch Dr. Kruvajan and it is the evil Javuto who arrives to bring Kruvajan to the castle. Javuto leads Kruvajan to Asas crypt, and Kruvajan watches in horror as her coffin explodes, from its ruins, the witch hypnotizes Kruvajan and says she needs a few more drops of his blood, offering him eternal life in return. Asa then kisses him, turning him into her servant, by Asas command, Kruvajan enters Vajdas room and murders him. Asas plan is to drain Katia of her life, believing that this act will grant her immortality, a little girl who had seen Javuto meet Kruvajan at the inn describes the dead man to Gorobec
31.
Fangoria
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Fangoria is an internationally distributed American horror film fan magazine, in publication since 1979. At the height of its popularity in the 1980s and early 90s it was the most prominent horror publication in the world, the magazine began struggling in the 2010s due to a variety of factors, including difficulty in generating enough ad revenue to cover the cost of printing. Since Hanleys departure, the magazine has not named an official editor, the publishers were anticipating a groundswell of interest in fantasy owing to the plans at that time for bringing Robert E. Howards Conan the Barbarian to the screen, plans first announced in 1978. The Conan film did not arrive until four years later and, but before the magazine was even launched, other factors intervened to change the magazines focus and direction. The first issue was assembled under the editorship of Joe Bonham and this was a cover for Rolling Stone contributor and screenwriter Ed Naha and writer Ric Meyers, best known for his encyclopedic Great Martial Arts Movies, From Bruce Lee to Jackie Chan. The launch of the magazine was delayed by several months as the court deliberated the issue. When, in early 1979, the decision was made in favor of the plaintiff, the publishers of Fantastica were without a name. Some quick brainstorming sessions resulted in the name Fangoria, over the objections of Robert Bob Martin, two phenomena allowed Martin to reshape the magazine and bring it back from its low-performing state. Second was the response to the sense of defeat surrounding the magazine and it also was the first issue of Fangoria to achieve a profit. Subsequent issues would sharpen the focus, but by twelve, the formula was well-set. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, Fangoria tested numerous international horror markets and these foreign editions lasted only a handful of editions before being discontinued. Additionally, in May 1988, a publication titled Gorezone was first published. A second sister publication, titled Toxic Horror followed in 1989, Gorezone was cancelled after twenty-seven issues and one special Tales from the Crypt |Tales from the Crypt]]-themed issue. Toxic Horror was cancelled after five issues, in 1990, Timpone brought in managing editor Michael Gingold, having been previously introduced to his horror-themed fanzine, Scareaphenalia. In addition to his duties at the magazine, Gingold posted the majority of the news updates at on the magazines official website. Creative Group purchased Fangoria in the early 2000s, hoping to branch out the identity of the magazine to radio, television. On December 5,2007, a warehouse operated by Kable News, in Oregon, Illinois, as back issues of Fangoria are not re-printed, the only remaining back issues are now housed in private collections or those available on the secondary market. After several failed ventures, Creative Group filed for Chapter 11 on March 21,2008, in the summer of 2008, Fangoria and all of its related brands were purchased by The Brooklyn Company, Inc. led by longtime Fangoria president Thomas DeFeo
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Rotten Tomatoes
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Rotten Tomatoes is an American review aggregator website for film and television. The company was launched in August 1998 by Senh Duong and since January 2010 has been owned by Flixster, in February 2016, Rotten Tomatoes and its parent site Flixster were sold to Comcasts Fandango. Warner Bros. retained a minority stake in the merged entities, since 2007, the websites editor-in-chief has been Matt Atchity. The name, Rotten Tomatoes, derives from the practice of audiences throwing rotten tomatoes when disapproving of a stage performance. From early 2008 to September 2010, Current Television aired the weekly The Rotten Tomatoes Show, featuring hosts, a shorter segment was incorporated into the weekly show, InfoMania, which ended in 2011. In September 2013, the website introduced TV Zone, a section for reviewing scripted TV shows, Rotten Tomatoes was launched on August 12,1998, as a spare-time project by Senh Duong. His goal in creating Rotten Tomatoes was to create a site where people can get access to reviews from a variety of critics in the U. S. As a fan of Jackie Chans, Duong was inspired to create the website after collecting all the reviews of Chans movies as they were being published in the United States, the first movie whose reviews were featured on Rotten Tomatoes was Your Friends & Neighbors. The website was an success, receiving mentions by Netscape, Yahoo. and USA Today within the first week of its launch. They officially launched it on April 1,2000, in June 2004, IGN Entertainment acquired rottentomatoes. com for an undisclosed sum. In September 2005, IGN was bought by News Corps Fox Interactive Media, in January 2010, IGN sold the website to Flixster. The combined reach of both companies is 30 million unique visitors a month across all different platforms, according to the companies, in May 2011, Flixster was acquired by Warner Bros. In early 2009, Current Television launched the version of the web review site. It was hosted by Brett Erlich and Ellen Fox and written by Mark Ganek, the show aired every Thursday at 10,30 EST on the Current TV network. The last episode aired on September 16,2010 and it returned as a much shorter segment of InfoMania, a satirical news show that ended in 2011. By late 2009, the website was designed to enable Rotten Tomatoes users to create, one group, The Golden Oyster Awards, accepted votes of members for different awards, as if in parallel to the better-known Oscars or Golden Globes. When Flixster bought the company, they disbanded the groups, announcing, in the meantime, please use the Forums to continue your conversations about your favorite movie topics. As of February 2011, new community features have been added, for example, users can no longer sort films by fresh ratings from rotten ratings, and vice versa
33.
Genre
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Genre is any form or type of communication in any mode with socially-agreed upon conventions developed over time. Genres form by conventions that change over time as new genres are invented, often, works fit into multiple genres by way of borrowing and recombining these conventions. Stand alone texts, works, or pieces of communication may have individual styles, some genres may be rigid with strictly adhered to guidelines while others may be very flexible. Genre began as a classification system for ancient Greek literature. Poetry, prose, and performance each had a specific and calculated style that related to the theme of the story. Speech patterns for comedy would not be appropriate for tragedy, in later periods genres proliferated and developed in response to changes in audiences and creators. Genre became a tool to help the public make sense out of unpredictable art. Because art is often a response to a state, in that people write/paint/sing/dance about what they know about. Genre suffers from the ills of any classification system. Genre is to be reassessed and scrutinized and to works on their unique merit. While the genre of storytelling has been relegated as lesser form of art because of the heavily borrowed nature of the conventions, proponents argue that the genius of an effective genre piece is in the variation, recombination, and evolution of the codes. The term genre is used in the history and criticism of visual art. These are distinguished from staffage, incidental figures in what is primarily a landscape or architectural painting, Genre painting may also be used as a wider term covering genre painting proper, and other specialized types of paintings such as still-life, landscapes, marine paintings and animal paintings. The concept of the hierarchy of genres was a one in artistic theory. It was strongest in France, where it was associated with the Académie française which held a role in academic art. Genres may be determined by technique, tone, content. Genre should not be confused with age category, by which literature may be classified as adult, young adult. They also must not be confused with format, such as novel or picture book
34.
Scream (1996 film)
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Scream is a 1996 American slasher film written by Kevin Williamson and directed by Wes Craven. The film stars David Arquette, Neve Campbell, Courteney Cox, Matthew Lillard, Rose McGowan, Skeet Ulrich, and Drew Barrymore. The film combined black comedy and whodunit mystery with the violence of the genre to satirize the clichés of the horror genre popularized in films such as Halloween. The film was considered unique at the time of its release for featuring characters who were aware of real world horror films, based partly on the real life case of the Gainesville Ripper, Scream was inspired by Williamsons passion for horror films, especially Halloween. The script, originally titled Scary Movie, was bought by Dimension Films and was retitled by the Weinstein Brothers just before filming was complete, the production faced censorship issues with the Motion Picture Association of America and obstacles from locals while filming on location. The film went on to financial and critical acclaim, earning $173 million worldwide and it received several awards and award nominations. The soundtrack by Marco Beltrami was also acclaimed, and was cited as of the most intriguing horror scores composed in years and it has since earned cult status. Scream marked a change in the genre as it cast already-established and successful actors and these sequels drew decreasing financial and critical success, as they exploited clichés upon which films in the genre had become reliant. Screams success spawned a series of sequels, though only Scream 2, released in 1997, in the years following the release of Scream, the film was accused of inspiring and even inducing violent crimes and murders. High school student Casey Becker receives a phone call from an unknown person, asking her. The situation quickly escalates as the caller turns sadistic and threatens her life and he reveals that her boyfriend Steve Orth is being held hostage. After Casey fails to answer a question correctly about horror films, when Casey refuses to cooperate with the caller, she is attacked and murdered by a masked killer. Her parents come home to find her hanging from a tree. The following day, the news media descend on the town, meanwhile, Sidney Prescott struggles with the impending first anniversary of her mothers murder by Cotton Weary. While waiting at home for her friend, Tatum Riley, Sidney receives a phone call. After she hangs up she is attacked by the killer, Sidneys boyfriend, Billy Loomis, arrives shortly after, but after he drops his cell phone, Sidney suspects him of making the call and flees. Billy is arrested and Sidney spends the night at Tatums house, Billy is released the next day. Suspicion has shifted to Sidneys father, Neil Prescott, as the calls have been traced to his phone, School is suspended in the wake of the murders
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I Know What You Did Last Summer
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I Know What You Did Last Summer is a 1997 American slasher film written by Kevin Williamson and directed by Jim Gillespie. The film is based on the 1973 novel of the same name by Lois Duncan. The film also draws inspiration from the legend known as The Hook. The film stars Jennifer Love Hewitt, Sarah Michelle Gellar, Ryan Phillippe and Freddie Prinze, Jr. with Anne Heche, Bridgette Wilson, and Johnny Galecki appearing in supporting roles. I Know What You Did Last Summer centers on four friends who are being stalked by a killer, the film was directed by Jim Gillespie, from a screenplay written by Kevin Williamson, writer of Scream. I Know What You Did Last Summer received mixed reviews from critics and it was also nominated for and won multiple awards. As a result, the film has been parodied and referenced in popular culture, the film was followed by two sequels, I Still Know What You Did Last Summer and the straight-to-DVD release Ill Always Know What You Did Last Summer. On the Fourth of July, four recent high-school graduates — Julie, her boyfriend Ray, Julies best friend Helen, while driving, Ray becomes distracted, hitting a pedestrian. Julie convinces him everything is okay, so he leaves, the group decides to dispose of the body. At the docks, the man revives, but falls into the water, a year later, Julie is home from college for the summer. She receives a letter stating, I know what you did last summer and she tells Barry and Helen about the note, Barry suspects Max. The trio go to the docks where Max works as a fisherman, Barry threatens Max with a hook. Julie discovers that Ray works there, he tries reconciling with Julie and that evening, Max is secretly killed by a figure in a rain slicker wielding a hook. Barry discovers a note in his gym locker containing a picture of his car, going outside, Barry is almost run over by the slicker-wearing figure, driving Barrys car. Julie believes that the person they hit was David Egan, Ray still suspects Max, while Julie and Helen think the killer may be a relative of Egans. They head out to the Egan home and they find Davids sister Missy, who explains that Davids death devastated their family. Missy tells them that a classmate, Billy Blue, paid his respects after David died, as Helen prepares for the Fourth of July parade. The killer sneaks into her house, cuts off her hair and writes, as Julie rushes to Helens house, she finds Maxs corpse in her trunk
