1.
Single (music)
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In music, a single or record single is a type of release, typically a song recording of fewer tracks than an LP record, an album or an EP record. This can be released for sale to the public in a variety of different formats, in most cases, a single is a song that is released separately from an album, although it usually also appears on an album. Typically, these are the songs from albums that are released separately for promotional uses such as digital download or commercial radio airplay and are expected to be the most popular, in other cases a recording released as a single may not appear on an album. As digital downloading and audio streaming have become prevalent, it is often possible for every track on an album to also be available separately. Nevertheless, the concept of a single for an album has been retained as an identification of a heavily promoted or more popular song within an album collection. Despite being referred to as a single, singles can include up to as many as three tracks on them. The biggest digital music distributor, iTunes, accepts as many as three tracks less than ten minutes each as a single, as well as popular music player Spotify also following in this trend. Any more than three tracks on a release or longer than thirty minutes in total running time is either an Extended Play or if over six tracks long. The basic specifications of the single were made in the late 19th century. Gramophone discs were manufactured with a range of speeds and in several sizes. By about 1910, however, the 10-inch,78 rpm shellac disc had become the most commonly used format, the inherent technical limitations of the gramophone disc defined the standard format for commercial recordings in the early 20th century.26 rpm. With these factors applied to the 10-inch format, songwriters and performers increasingly tailored their output to fit the new medium, the breakthrough came with Bob Dylans Like a Rolling Stone. Singles have been issued in various formats, including 7-inch, 10-inch, other, less common, formats include singles on digital compact cassette, DVD, and LD, as well as many non-standard sizes of vinyl disc. Some artist release singles on records, a more common in musical subcultures. The most common form of the single is the 45 or 7-inch. The names are derived from its speed,45 rpm. The 7-inch 45 rpm record was released 31 March 1949 by RCA Victor as a smaller, more durable, the first 45 rpm records were monaural, with recordings on both sides of the disc. As stereo recordings became popular in the 1960s, almost all 45 rpm records were produced in stereo by the early 1970s
2.
Johnny Cash
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Johnny Cash was an American singer-songwriter, guitarist, actor, and author. He is widely considered one of the most influential musicians of the 20th century and one of the music artists of all time. Although primarily remembered as an music icon, his genre-spanning songs and sound embraced rock and roll, rockabilly, blues, folk. This crossover appeal won Cash the rare honor of multiple inductions in the Country Music, Rock and Roll and he traditionally began his concerts with the simple Hello, Im Johnny Cash, followed by his signature Folsom Prison Blues. Much of Cashs music contained themes of sorrow, moral tribulation and redemption and his signature songs include I Walk the Line, Folsom Prison Blues, Ring of Fire, Get Rhythm, and Man in Black. During the last stage of his career, Cash covered songs by several late 20th-century rock artists, notably Hurt by Nine Inch Nails, Cash was born on February 26,1932, in Kingsland, Arkansas, one of seven children born to Ray Cash and Carrie Cloveree. He was mostly of Scottish and English ancestry, and as an adult traced his surname to 11th-century Fife, Scotland, after meeting with the then-laird of Falkland, Fife, Cash Loch and other locations in Fife bear the name of his family. At birth, Cash was named J. R. Cash, when Cash enlisted in the United States Air Force, he was not permitted to use initials as a first name, so he changed his name to John R. Cash. In 1955, when signing with Sun Records, he took Johnny Cash as his stage name, the Cash children were, Roy, Margaret Louise, Jack, J. R. Reba, Joanne, and Tommy. Tommy Cash also became a country artist. In March 1935, when Cash was three years old, the family settled in Dyess, Arkansas and he started working in cotton fields at age five, singing along with his family while working. The family farm was flooded on at least two occasions, which inspired him to write the song Five Feet High and Rising. His familys economic and personal struggles during the Great Depression inspired many of his songs, Cash was very close to his older brother, Jack. In May 1944, Jack was pulled into a head saw in the mill where he worked and was almost cut in two. He suffered for over a week before he died on May 20,1944, Cash often spoke of the horrible guilt he felt over this incident. Jack insisted on working, as the family needed the money, on his deathbed, Jack said he had visions of Heaven and angels. Decades later, Cash spoke of looking forward to meeting his brother in Heaven, Cashs early memories were dominated by gospel music and radio. Taught guitar by his mother and a friend, Cash began playing and writing songs at the age of twelve
3.
At San Quentin
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At San Quentin is the 31st overall album by Johnny Cash, recorded live at San Quentin State Prison on February 24,1969 and released on June 4 of that same year. The concert was filmed by Granada Television, produced and directed by Michael Darlow, the album was a follow-up to Cashs previous live album, the critically acclaimed and commercially successful At Folsom Prison. The album was certified gold on August 12,1969, platinum and double platinum on November 21,1986, the album was nominated for a number of Grammy Awards, including Album of the Year and won Best Male Country Vocal Performance for A Boy Named Sue. There have been several releases with different songs and set order, the album cover photo by Jim Marshall is considered to be an iconic image of Cash, with Marshall Grants Epiphone Newport bass guitar famously silhouetted in the foreground. Johnny Cash had previously recorded a concert at prison in 1968 at Folsom Prison, This concert was recorded for a live LP, on the original LP release, the song order was changed and several songs were cut, presumably for space reasons. Despite the timing limitations of the vinyl LP format, however, some of the songs were censored. In 2010, the album was reissued on vinyl by Sundazed Records with the original Columbia catalog number LP5362, the reissued Sundazed vinyl is an exact copy of the original record except that the back cover has a barcode and indicates it is a Sundazed issue. Performed but not included were the songs Jackson and Orange Blossom Special, Two songs were somehow slowed down by half a step, possibly due to using another tape machine while the tape on the original machine was changed. This was Cashs first album recorded without his longtime lead guitar player and Tennessee Two founder Luther Perkins, on the album, Cash is heard paying tribute to Perkins. Two songs are performed live on stage for the first time during the show, San Quentin, a crew from Granada Television in the UK filmed the concert for broadcast on television. When the crew ignored his request to clear the stage, he made the gesture, the album was nominated for a number of Grammy Awards, including Album of the Year and won Best Male Country Vocal Performance for A Boy Named Sue. Several tracks on the original LP are preceded by several minutes of Cash talking to the audience, the original LP release bleeps profanity, including on A Boy Named Sue but later issues including the Legacy edition are uncensored. The original albums closing track Folsom Prison Blues is a performance of the song edited from a longer medley available in complete form in later reissues. At San Quentin – Legacy Edition Daniel Geary, The Way I Would Feel About San Quentin, Johnny Cash and the Politics of Country Music, Daedalus,142, 64-72
4.
A-side and B-side
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The terms A-side and B-side refer to the two sides of 78,45, and 33 1/3 rpm phonograph records, whether singles, extended plays, or long-playing records. Creedence Clearwater Revival had hits with both A-side and B-side releases, others took the opposite approach, producer Phil Spector was in the habit of filling B-sides with on-the-spot instrumentals that no one would confuse with the A-side. With this practice, Spector was assured that airplay was focused on the side he wanted to be the hit side, the earliest 10-inch,78 rpm, shellac records were single sided. Double-sided recordings, with one song on side, were introduced in Europe by Columbia Records. There were no record charts until the 1930s, and radio stations did not play recorded music until the 1950s, in this time, A-sides and B-sides existed, but neither side was considered more important, the side did not convey anything about the content of the record. The term single came into use with the advent of vinyl records in the early 1950s. At first, most record labels would randomly assign which song would be an A-side, under this random system, many artists had so-called double-sided hits, where both songs on a record made one of the national sales charts, or would be featured on jukeboxes in public places. As time wore on, however, the convention for assigning songs to sides of the record changed. By the early sixties, the song on the A-side was the song that the company wanted radio stations to play. It was not until 1968, for instance, that the production of albums on a unit basis finally surpassed that of singles in the United Kingdom. In the late 1960s stereo versions of pop and rock songs began to appear on 45s. The majority of the 45s were played on AM radio stations, by the early 1970s, double-sided hits had become rare. Album sales had increased, and B-sides had become the side of the record where non-album, non-radio-friendly, with the advent of cassette and compact disc singles in the late 1980s, the A-side/B-side differentiation became much less meaningful. With the decline of cassette singles in the 1990s, the A-side/B-side dichotomy became virtually extinct, as the dominant medium. However, the term B-side is still used to refer to the tracks or coupling tracks on a CD single. With the advent of downloading music via the Internet, sales of CD singles and other media have declined. B-side songs may be released on the record as a single to provide extra value for money. There are several types of material released in this way, including a different version, or, in a concept record
5.
Country music
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Country music is a genre of United States popular music that originated in the southern United States in the 1920s. It takes its roots from the genre of United States, such as folk music. Blues modes have been used throughout its recorded history. The term country music is used today to many styles and subgenres. In 2009 country music was the most listened to rush hour radio genre during the evening commute, immigrants to the Southern Appalachian Mountains of North America brought the music and instruments of Europe and Africa along with them for nearly 300 years. Country music was introduced to the world as a Southern phenomenon, Bristol, Tennessee, has been formally recognized by the U. S. Congress as the Birthplace of Country Music, based on the historic Bristol recording sessions of 1927. Since 2014, the city has been home to the Birthplace of Country Music Museum, historians have also noted the influence of the less-known Johnson City sessions of 1928 and 1929, and the Knoxville sessions of 1929 and 1930. Prior to these, pioneer settlers, in the Great Smoky Mountains region, had developed a musical heritage. The first generation emerged in the early 1920s, with Atlantas music scene playing a role in launching countrys earliest recording artists. Okeh Records began issuing hillbilly music records by Fiddlin John Carson as early as 1923, followed by Columbia Records in 1924, many hillbilly musicians, such as Cliff Carlisle, recorded blues songs throughout the 1920s. The most important was the Grand Ole Opry, aired starting in 1925 by WSM in Nashville, during the 1930s and 1940s, cowboy songs, or Western music, which had been recorded since the 1920s, were popularized by films made in Hollywood. Bob Wills was another musician from the Lower Great Plains who had become very popular as the leader of a hot string band. His mix of country and jazz, which started out as dance hall music, Wills was one of the first country musicians known to have added an electric guitar to his band, in 1938. Country musicians began recording boogie in 1939, shortly after it had played at Carnegie Hall. Gospel music remained a component of country music. It became known as honky tonk, and had its roots in Western swing and the music of Mexico. By the early 1950s a blend of Western swing, country boogie, rockabilly was most popular with country fans in the 1950s, and 1956 could be called the year of rockabilly in country music. Beginning in the mid-1950s, and reaching its peak during the early 1960s, the late 1960s in American music produced a unique blend as a result of traditionalist backlash within separate genres
6.
Columbia Records
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Columbia Records is an American record label owned by Sony Music Entertainment, a subsidiary of Sony Corporation of America, Inc. the United States division of Sony Corporation. It was founded in 1887, evolving from an enterprise named the American Graphophone Company. Columbia is the oldest surviving brand name in the sound business. Columbia Records went on to release records by an array of singers, instrumentalists. It is one of Sony Musics three flagship record labels alongside RCA Records and Epic Records, rather, as above, it was connected to CBS, a broadcasting media company which had purchased the company in 1938, and had been co-founded in 1927 by Columbia Records itself. Though Arista Records was sold to Bertelsmann Music Group, it would become a sister label of Columbia Records through its mutual connection to Sony Music. The Columbia Phonograph Company was founded in 1887 by stenographer, lawyer and New Jersey native Edward Easton and it derived its name from the District of Columbia, where it was headquartered. At first it had a monopoly on sales and service of Edison phonographs and phonograph cylinders in Washington. As was the custom of some of the regional companies, Columbia produced many commercial cylinder recordings of its own. Columbias ties to Edison and the North American Phonograph Company were severed in 1894 with the North American Phonograph Companys breakup, thereafter it sold only records and phonographs of its own manufacture. In 1902, Columbia introduced the XP record, a brown wax record. According to Gracyk, the molded brown waxes may have sold to Sears for distribution. Columbia began selling records and phonographs in addition to the cylinder system in 1901, preceded only by their Toy Graphophone of 1899. For a decade, Columbia competed with both the Edison Phonograph Company cylinders and the Victor Talking Machine Company disc records as one of the top three names in American recorded sound. In order to add prestige to its catalog of artists. The firm also introduced the internal-horn Grafonola to compete with the extremely popular Victrola sold by the rival Victor Talking Machine Company, during this era, Columbia used the famous Magic Notes logo—a pair of sixteenth notes in a circle—both in the United States and overseas. Columbia was split into two companies, one to make records and one to make players, Columbia Phonograph was moved to Connecticut, and Ed Easton went with it. Eventually it was renamed the Dictaphone Corporation, in late 1923, Columbia went into receivership
7.
Songwriter
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A songwriter is an individual who writes the lyrics, melodies and chord progressions for songs, typically for a popular music genre such as rock or country music. A songwriter can also be called a composer, although the term tends to be used mainly for individuals from the classical music genre. The pressure from the industry to produce popular hits means that songwriting is often an activity for which the tasks are distributed between a number of people. For example, a songwriter who excels at writing lyrics might be paired with a songwriter with a gift for creating original melodies, pop songs may be written by group members from the band or by staff writers – songwriters directly employed by music publishers. Some songwriters serve as their own publishers, while others have outside publishers. The old-style apprenticeship approach to learning how to write songs is being supplemented by university degrees and college diplomas, a knowledge of modern music technology, songwriting elements and business skills are necessary requirements to make a songwriting career in the 2010s. Several music colleges offer songwriting diplomas and degrees with music business modules, the legal power to grant these permissions may be bought, sold or transferred. This is governed by international copyright law, song pitching can be done on a songwriters behalf by their publisher or independently using tip sheets like RowFax, the MusicRow publication and SongQuarters. Skills associated with song-writing include entrepreneurism and creativity, songwriters who sign an exclusive songwriting agreement with a publisher are called staff writers. In the Nashville country music scene, there is a staff writer culture where contracted writers work normal 9-to-5 hours at the publishing office and are paid a regular salary. This salary is in effect the writers draw, an advance on future earnings, the publisher owns the copyright of songs written during the term of the agreement for a designated period, after which the songwriter can reclaim the copyright. In an interview with HitQuarters, songwriter Dave Berg extolled the benefits of the set-up, unlike contracted writers, some staff writers operate as employees for their respective publishers. Under the terms of work for hire agreements, the compositions created are fully owned by the publisher. In Nashville, young writers are often encouraged to avoid these types of contracts. Staff writers are common across the industry, but without the more office-like working arrangements favored in Nashville. All the major publishers employ writers under contract, songwriter Allan Eshuijs described his staff writer contract at Universal Music Publishing as a starter deal. His success under the arrangement eventually allowed him to found his own publishing company, so that he could. keep as much as possible, songwriters are also often skilled musicians. In addition to selling their songs and musical concepts for other artists to sing, songwriters need to create a number of elements for a song
8.
Shel Silverstein
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Sheldon Allan Shel Silverstein was an American poet, singer-songwriter, cartoonist, screenwriter, and author of childrens books. He styled himself as Uncle Shelby in some works, translated into more than 30 languages, his books have sold over 20 million copies. He was the recipient of two Grammy Awards, as well as a Golden Globe and Academy Award nominee. Born into a Jewish family, Silverstein grew up in the Logan Square neighborhood of Chicago, attended Roosevelt High School and, later and he then enrolled in Chicago Academy of Fine Arts where he was attending when he was drafted into the United States Army. He served in Japan and Korea and he had one daughter, Shoshanna Jordan Hastings, born June 30,1970, with Susan Taylor Hastings of Sausalito, California. Susan died on June 29,1975, one day before Shoshannas fifth birthday, and Shoshanna died April 24,1982, at age 11, of a cerebral aneurysm. He also had a son named Matthew, born November 10,1984, with Sarah Spencer of Key West, Florida, Sarah drove the conch train, on May 10,1999, Silverstein died at age 68 of a heart attack in Key West, Florida. He is buried in Westlawn Cemetery in Norridge, Illinois, Silverstein began drawing at age seven by tracing the works of Al Capp. He told Publishers Weekly, When I was a kid—12 to 14, Id much rather have been a baseball player or a hit with the girls. Luckily, the didnt want me. Not much I could do about that, so I started to draw and to write. I was also lucky that I didnt have anybody to copy, I had developed my own style, I was creating before I knew there was a Thurber, a Benchley, a Price and a Steinberg. I never saw their work til I was around 30, by the time I got to where I was attracting girls, I was already into work, and it was more important to me. Not that I wouldnt rather make love, but the work has become a habit and he was first published in the Roosevelt Torch, a student newspaper at Roosevelt University, where he studied English after leaving the Art Institute. During his time in the military, his cartoons were published in Pacific Stars and Stripes and his first book, Take Ten, a compilation of his military Take Ten cartoon series, was published by Pacific Stars and Stripes in 1955. He later said his time in college was a waste and would have been spent traveling around the world meeting people. After returning to Chicago, Silverstein began submitting cartoons to magazines while also selling hot dogs at Chicago ballparks and his cartoons began appearing in Look, Sports Illustrated and This Week. Mass-market paperback readers across America were introduced to Silverstein in 1956 when Take Ten was reprinted by Ballantine Books as Grab Your Socks, the edition included a foreword by Bill Mauldin
9.
Record producer
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A record producer or music producer oversees and manages the sound recording and production of a band or performers music, which may range from recording one song to recording a lengthy concept album. A producer has many roles during the recording process, the roles of a producer vary. The producer may perform these roles himself, or help select the engineer, the producer may also pay session musicians and engineers and ensure that the entire project is completed within the record companies budget. A record producer or music producer has a broad role in overseeing and managing the recording. Producers also often take on an entrepreneurial role, with responsibility for the budget, schedules, contracts. In the 2010s, the industry has two kinds of producers with different roles, executive producer and music producer. Executive producers oversee project finances while music producers oversee the process of recording songs or albums. In most cases the producer is also a competent arranger, composer. The producer will also liaise with the engineer who concentrates on the technical aspects of recording. Noted producer Phil Ek described his role as the person who creatively guides or directs the process of making a record, indeed, in Bollywood music, the designation actually is music director. The music producers job is to create, shape, and mold a piece of music, at the beginning of record industry, producer role was technically limited to record, in one shot, artists performing live. The role of producers changed progressively over the 1950s and 1960s due to technological developments, the development of multitrack recording caused a major change in the recording process. Before multitracking, all the elements of a song had to be performed simultaneously, all of these singers and musicians had to be assembled in a large studio and the performance had to be recorded. As well, for a song that used 20 instruments, it was no longer necessary to get all the players in the studio at the same time. Examples include the rock sound effects of the 1960s, e. g. playing back the sound of recorded instruments backwards or clanging the tape to produce unique sound effects. These new instruments were electric or electronic, and thus they used instrument amplifiers, new technologies like multitracking changed the goal of recording, A producer could blend together multiple takes and edit together different sections to create the desired sound. For example, in jazz fusion Bandleader-composer Miles Davis album Bitches Brew, producers like Phil Spector and George Martin were soon creating recordings that were, in practical terms, almost impossible to realise in live performance. Producers became creative figures in the studio, other examples of such engineers includes Joe Meek, Teo Macero, Brian Wilson, and Biddu
10.
Bob Johnston
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Donald William Bob Johnston was an American record producer, best known for his work with Bob Dylan, Johnny Cash, Leonard Cohen, and Simon & Garfunkel. Johnston was born into a musical family. His grandmother Mamie Jo Adams was a songwriter, as was his mother Diane Johnston, Diane had written songs for Gene Autry in the 50s and scored a hit in 1976 when Asleep at the Wheel covered her 1950 demo Miles and Miles of Texas. After a stint in the Navy, Bob returned to Fort Worth, then he and Diane Johnston collaborated on songwriting for rockabilly artist Mac Curtis, from 1956 to 1961 Bob recorded a few rockabilly singles under the name Don Johnston. By 1964 he had moved into production work at Kapp Records in New York, freelance arranging for Dot Records and signed as a songwriter to music publisher Hill and he also married songwriter Joy Byers with whom he began to collaborate. In later years Bob Johnston claimed that songs still credited to his wife Joy Byers were actually co-written and he has cited old contractual reasons for this situation. Two songs credited to Byers, the aforementioned Stop, Look and Listen and Yeah, presley recorded The Meanest Girl in Town on June 10,1964, while Bill Haley recorded his version a week later, on June 16,1964. Johnston worked briefly as a producer for Kapp Records, then for Columbia Records in New York. His style of production varied from a documentary capturing a fleeting moment to providing subtle arrangements with strings, background vocals. After a couple of years in New York, Johnston became head of Columbia in Nashville, Tennessee and he produced three of Cohens albums, toured with him and also composed music to the Cohen lyric Come Spend the Morning, recorded by both Lee Hazlewood and Engelbert Humperdinck. It wasnt just a matter of turning on the machines, just the way hed move while you were singing, Hed dance for you. So, it wasnt all just as laissezfaire as that, just as art is the concealment of art, laissezfaire is the concealment of tremendous generosity that he was sponsoring in the studio. —Leonard Cohen quoted in The Stranger Music of Leonard Cohen by William Ruhlmann, Goldmine At the beginning of To Be Alone with You on Nashville Skyline, Bob Dylan asks Johnston Is it rolling, Bob. In 1972 he toured with Leonard Cohen as a keyboard player, in 1978 he produced Jimmy Cliffs Give Thankx album, featuring Bongo Man. In 1979, Johnston produced an album with the San Francisco band Reggae Jackson, titled Smash Hits that featured Jimmy Foot, Cheryl Lynn, Kenneth Nash, and Wayne Bidgell. In 1985, Johnston produced an album Walking In The Shadow by the San Francisco band The Rhyth-O-Matics, billboard magazines Pop Pick of The Week, the albums release was plagued with distribution difficulties. During a period of difficulty, when he was under scrutiny from the IRS, Johnston moved to Austin, Texas. He eventually returned with work on Willie Nelsons 1992 album The IRS Tapes and this albums release was delayed until 1996
11.
Daddy Sang Bass
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Daddy Sang Bass is a 1968 single written by Carl Perkins, with lines from the chorus of Will the Circle Be Unbroken. and recorded by Johnny Cash. Daddy Sang Bass was Johnny Cashs sixty-first release on the country chart, the song went to No.1 on the Billboard country chart for 6 weeks and spent a total of 19 weeks on the chart. The single reached No.56 on the Cashbox pop singles chart in 1969, Daddy Sang Bass was also released on the Columbia Records Hall of Fame Series as a 45, #13-33153, b/w Folsom Prison Blues. The record was nominated in the CMA awards category of Single of the Year by the Country Music Association in 1969, Daddy Sang Bass was Cashs thirty-sixth entry on the pop charts and the last before his A Boy Named Sue became his first and only top ten hit there. No other act has ever started off a pop career with a longer such drought on the charts that was finally broken, according to Johnny Cashs book, The Man in Black, Carl Perkins was an alcoholic. Cash had been an addict who, by finding God, overcame those addictions, then helped Carl Perkins. Feeling inspired, Perkins wrote the song, Daddy Sang Bass in 1967, Cash says the line, Me and little brother will join right in there was written about Cashs brother Jack, who died when they were both boys. In the song the line is sung by Don Reid and Lew DeWitt of The Statler Brothers, Carl Perkins also recorded the song for his 1969 Greatest Hits compilation album on Columbia Records, which became a Top 40 hit on the Billboard country album chart that year. The line Daddyll sing bass is sampled in They Might Be Giants song Boat of Car from their debut album. Glen Campbell on the 1970 Capitol album Oh Happy Day, dolly Parton, Mel Tillis, and Porter Wagoner on a 1969 episode of The Porter Wagoner Show Kitty Wells on the 1969 album Guilty Street. Skeeter Davis on the 1969 album Mary Frances, the Statler Brothers The Oak Ridge Boys Maury Finney as a 45 single on Boss Records,225. Sumner and the Stamps on the 1974 Vintage Gospel album Sego Brothers, jean Shepard Connie Smith Carl Story on his 1969 eponymous LP, Starday Records, SLP438 Nat Stuckey Jackie Thompson as a 45 single on Columbia Records, 4-44842. Mel Tillis Bryan Chalkers New Frontier as a 45 single on the UK Chapter 1 label, lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
12.
RCA Records
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RCA Records is an American record label owned by Sony Music Entertainment, a subsidiary of Sony Corporation of America, Inc. It is one of SMEs three flagship labels, alongside Columbia Records and Epic Records. The label has released multiple genres of music, including pop, rock, hip hop, R&B, blues, jazz, the companys name is derived from the initials of the labels former parent company, the Radio Corporation of America. It is the second oldest recording company in US history, after sister label Columbia Records, RCAs Canadian unit is Sonys oldest label in Canada. It was one of only two Canadian record companies to survive the Great Depression, kelly, Enrique Iglesias, Foo Fighters, Kings of Leon, Kesha, Miley Cyrus, Giorgio Moroder, Jennifer Hudson, DAngelo, Pink, Tinashe, G-Eazy, Pitbull, Zayn and Wizkid. In 1929, the Radio Corporation of America purchased the Victor Talking Machine Company, then the worlds largest manufacturer of phonographs and phonograph records. The company then became RCA Victor but retained use of the Victor Records name on their labels until the beginning of 1946 when the labels were finally switched over to RCA Victor. With Victor, RCA acquired New World rights to the famous Nipper His Masters Voice trademark, in Shanghai, China, in 1931, RCA Victors British affiliate the Gramophone Company merged with the Columbia Graphophone Company to form EMI. This gave RCA head David Sarnoff a seat on the EMI board, in September 1931, RCA Victor introduced the first 33⅓ rpm records sold to the public, calling them Program Transcriptions. In the depths of the Great Depression, the format was a commercial failure, during the early part of the depression, RCA made a number of attempts to produce a successful cheap label to compete with the dime store labels. The first was the short-lived Timely Tunes label in 1931 sold at Montgomery Ward, in 1932, Bluebird Records was created as a sub-label of RCA Victor. It was originally an 8-inch record with a blue label. In 1933, RCA reintroduced Bluebird and Electradisk as a standard 10-inch label, another cheap label, Sunrise, was produced. The same musical couplings were issued on all three labels and Bluebird Records still survives eight decades after Electradisk and Sunrise were discontinued, RCA also produced records for Montgomery Ward label during the 1930s. Besides manufacturing records for themselves, RCA Victor operated RCA Custom which was the leading record manufacturer for independent record labels, RCA Custom also pressed record compilations for The Readers Digest Association. RCA sold its interest in EMI in 1935, but EMI continued to distribute RCA recordings in the UK, RCA also manufactured and distributed HMV classical recordings on the RCA and HMV labels in North America. During World War II, ties between RCA and its Japanese affiliate JVC were severed, the Japanese record company is today called Victor Entertainment and is still a JVC subsidiary. From 1942 to 1944, RCA Victor was seriously impacted by the American Federation of Musicians recording ban, virtually all union musicians could not make recordings during that period
13.
Chet Atkins
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Chester Burton Chet Atkins known as Mr. He was primarily known as a guitarist and he also played the mandolin, fiddle, banjo, and ukulele. Atkins signature picking style was inspired by Merle Travis, other major guitar influences were Django Reinhardt, George Barnes, Les Paul, and, later, Jerry Reed. His distinctive picking style and musicianship brought him admirers inside and outside the country scene, among many honors, Atkins received 14 Grammy Awards and the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award. He also received nine Country Music Association awards for Instrumentalist of the Year and he was inducted into the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame, the Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum, and the Musicians Hall of Fame and Museum. Atkins was born on June 20,1924, in Luttrell, Tennessee and his parents divorced when he was six, after which he was raised by his mother. He was the youngest of three boys and a girl and he started out on the ukulele, later moving on to the fiddle, but traded his brother Lowell an old pistol and some chores for a guitar when he was nine. He stated in his 1974 autobiography, We were so poor, forced to relocate to Fortson, Georgia, outside of Columbus, to live with his father because of a critical asthma condition, Atkins was a sensitive youth who made music his obsession. Because of his illness, he was forced to sleep in a chair to breathe comfortably. On those nights, he played his guitar until he fell asleep holding it, while living in Fortson, he attended the historic Mountain Hill School. He returned in the 1990s to play a series of charity concerts to save the school from demolition, Atkins became an accomplished guitarist while he was in high school. He used the restroom in the school to practice, because it gave better acoustics and his first guitar had a nail for a nut and was so bowed that only the first few frets could be used. He later purchased an electric guitar and amp, but he had to travel many miles to find an electrical outlet. Later in life, he gave himself the honorary degree CGP. In 2011, his daughter Merle Atkins Russell bestowed the CGP degree on his longtime sideman Paul Yandell and she then declared no more CGPs would be allowed by the Atkins estate. His half-brother Jim was a successful guitarist who worked with the Les Paul Trio in New York, Atkins did not have a strong style of his own until 1939, when he heard Merle Travis picking over WLW radio. This early influence dramatically shaped his unique playing style, whereas Traviss right hand used his index finger for the melody and thumb for bass notes, Atkins expanded his right-hand style to include picking with his first three fingers, with the thumb on bass. Chet Atkins was a ham radio general class licensee, formerly using the call sign WA4CZD, he obtained the vanity call sign W4CGP in 1998 to include the CGP designation
14.
San Quentin State Prison
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San Quentin State Prison is a California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation state prison for men, located north of San Francisco in the unincorporated town of San Quentin in Marin County. Opened in July 1852, it is the oldest prison in California, the states only death row for male inmates, the largest in the United States, is located at the prison. It has a gas chamber, but since 1996, executions at the prison have been carried out by lethal injection. The prison has been featured on film, video, and television, is the subject of books, has hosted concerts. The correctional complex sits on Point San Quentin, which comprises 432 acres on the side of San Francisco Bay. The prison complex itself occupies 275 acres, valued in a 2001 study at between $129 million and $664 million, the prison complex has its own ZIP code for mail sent to inmates,94974, the ZIP code of the adjacent community of Point San Quentin Village is 94964. It is bordered by San Francisco Bay to the south and west and by Interstate 580 to the north and east, near the northern terminus of the Richmond-San Rafael Bridge. As of October 30,2013 the prison had a capacity of 3,082 but a total institution population of 4,223. It has Level I housing, Level II housing, a Reception Center which provides short term housing to process, classify and evaluate incoming inmates, as of Fiscal Year 2006/2007, the prison had 1,718 staff and an annual budget of $210 million. It is one of the largest prisons in the United States with a population of 4,223 inmates as of October 30,2013, by December 2016, the population had declined to 3,774 inmates. Men condemned to death in California must be held at San Quentin, as of December 2015, San Quentin held almost 700 male inmates in its Condemned Unit, or death row. As of 2001, San Quentins death row was described as the largest in the Western Hemisphere, as of 2005, the states of Florida and Texas had fewer death row inmates in 2008 than San Quentin. Most of the death row inmates reside in the East Block. The fourth floor of the North Block was the prisons first death row facility, the adjustment center received solid doors, preventing gunning-down or attacking persons with bodily waste. As of 2016 it housed 81 death row inmates and four non-death row inmates, a dedicated psychiatric facility serves the prisoners. A converted shower bay in the East Block hosts religious services, many prison programs available for most inmates are unavailable for death row inmates. Although $395 million was allocated in the 2008–2009 state budget for new death row facilities at San Quentin, in December 2008 two legislators introduced bills to eliminate the funding. The state had planned to build a new death row facility, in 2015 Brown asked the Legislature for funds for a new death row as the current death row facilities were becoming filled
15.
Billboard Hot 100
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The Billboard Hot 100 is the music industry standard record chart in the United States for singles, published weekly by Billboard magazine. Chart rankings are based on sales, radio play and online streaming, the weekly sales period was originally Monday to Sunday, when Nielsen started tracking sales in 1991, but was changed to Friday to Thursday in July 2015. Radio airplay, which, unlike sales figures and streaming data, is available on a real-time basis. A new chart is compiled and officially released to the public by Billboard on Tuesdays, as of the issue for the week ending on April 15,2017, the Hot 100 has had 1,061 different number one hits. The current number one song is Shape of You by Ed Sheeran, prior to 1955, Billboard did not have a unified, all-encompassing popularity chart, instead measuring songs by individual metrics. At the start of the era in 1955, three such charts existed, Best Sellers in Stores was the first Billboard chart, established in 1936. This chart ranked the biggest selling singles in retail stores, as reported by merchants surveyed throughout the country, Most Played by Jockeys was Billboards original airplay chart. It ranked the most played songs on United States radio stations, as reported by radio disc jockeys, Most Played in Jukeboxes ranked the most played songs in jukeboxes across the United States. On the week ending November 12,1955, Billboard published The Top 100 for the first time, the Top 100 combined all aspects of a singles performance, based on a point system that typically gave sales more weight than radio airplay. The Best Sellers In Stores, Most Played by Jockeys and Most Played in Jukeboxes charts continued to be published concurrently with the new Top 100 chart. The week ending July 28,1958 was the publication of the Most Played By Jockeys and Top 100 charts. On August 4,1958, Billboard premiered one main all-genre singles chart, the Hot 100 quickly became the industry standard and Billboard discontinued the Best Sellers In Stores chart on October 13,1958. The Billboard Hot 100 is still the standard by which a songs popularity is measured in the United States, the Hot 100 is ranked by radio airplay audience impressions as measured by Nielsen BDS, sales data compiled by Nielsen Soundscan and streaming activity provided by online music sources. There are several component charts that contribute to the calculation of the Hot 100. Charts are ranked by number of gross audience impressions, computed by cross-referencing exact times of radio airplay with Arbitron listener data. Hot Singles Sales, the top selling singles compiled from a sample of retail store, mass merchant and internet sales reports collected, compiled. The chart is released weekly and measures sales of commercial singles. With the decline in sales of singles in the US
16.
Honky Tonk Women
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Honky Tonk Women is a 1969 hit song by The Rolling Stones. Released as a single release, on 4 July 1969 in the United Kingdom. I met a gin soaked bar-room queen in Memphis Im sittin in a bar, tippin a jar in Jackson The band initially recorded the track called Country Honk, Brian Jones was present during these sessions and may have played on the first handful of takes and demos. It was his last recording session with the band, the song was transformed into the familiar electric, riff-based hit single Honky Tonk Women sometime in the spring of 1969, prior to Mick Taylors joining the group. In an interview in the magazine Crawdaddy, richards credits Taylor for influencing the track. The song was written as a real Hank Williams/Jimmie Rodgers/1930s country song. And it got turned around to this other thing by Mick Taylor, however, in 1979 Taylor recalled it this way, I definitely added something to Honky Tonk Women, but it was more or less complete by the time I arrived and did my overdubs. Honky Tonk Women is distinctive as it not with a guitar riff. The Rolling Stones producer Jimmy Miller performed the cowbell for the recording, the concert rendition of Honky Tonk Women on Get Yer Ya-Yas Out. Differs significantly from the hit, with a markedly dissimilar guitar introduction. During the North American leg of the 1989 Steel Wheels tour, there was an animated live visual for this song when it was performed in concert around 2002 and 2003. It featured a woman riding on the Rolling Stones tongue who was seen in the beginning of the concert. The single was released in the UK the day after the death of founding member Brian Jones where it remained on the charts for 5 weeks peaking at No.1 and you Cant Always Get What You Want was the singles B-side. The song topped the US Billboard Hot 100 for four weeks from 23 August 1969 and it was later released on the compilation album Through the Past, Darkly in September. Billboard ranked it as the No.4 song overall for 1969, at the time of its release Rolling Stone hailed Honky Tonk Women as likely the strongest three minutes of rock and roll yet released in 1969. It was ranked No.116 on the list of Rolling Stones 500 Greatest Songs of All Time in April 2010, the song was later put into the track listing for the video game Band Hero. Concert versions of Honky Tonk Women are included on the albums Get Yer Ya-Yas Out, love You Live, Live Licks, Sweet Summer Sun, Hyde Park Live, and Totally Stripped. Ike & Tina Turner covered the song on their 1969 album, waylon Jennings covered the song on his 1970 LP Singer of Sad Songs
17.
The Rolling Stones
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The Rolling Stones are an English rock band formed in London in 1962. The original line-up consisted of Brian Jones, Mick Jagger, Keith Richards, Bill Wyman, Charlie Watts, Stewart was removed from the official line-up in 1963 but continued as a touring member until his death in 1985. Jones left the less than a month prior to his death in 1969, having already been replaced by Mick Taylor. After Taylor left the band, Ronnie Wood took his place in 1975 and has been on guitar in tandem with Richards ever since, following Wymans departure in 1993, Darryl Jones joined as their touring bassist. Other touring keyboardists for the band have been Nicky Hopkins, Billy Preston, the band was first led by Jones, but after teaming as the bands songwriters, Jagger and Richards assumed leadership while Jones dealt with legal and personal troubles. The Rolling Stones were at the forefront of the British Invasion of bands that became popular in the US in 1964, and identified with the youthful and rebellious counterculture of the 1960s. Rooted in blues and early rock and roll, the group began a period of musical experimentation in the mid-1960s that peaked with the psychedelic album Their Satanic Majesties Request. During this period, they were first introduced on stage as The Worlds Greatest Rock, the band continued to release commercially successful records in the 1970s and sold many albums, including Some Girls and Tattoo You, which were their most popular albums worldwide. From 1983 to 1987, tensions between Jagger and Richards almost caused the band to split, however, they managed to patch up their friendship in 1987. They separated temporarily to work on projects and experienced a comeback with Steel Wheels. Since the 1990s, new recorded material from the group has been increasingly less well-received, despite this, the Rolling Stones have continued to be a huge attraction on the live circuit, with stadium tours in the 1990s and 2000s. By 2007, the band had four of the top five highest-grossing concert tours of all time, Voodoo Lounge Tour, Bridges to Babylon Tour, Licks Tour and A Bigger Bang Tour. The Rolling Stones were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1989, Rolling Stone magazine ranked them fourth on the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time list and their estimated album sales are above 250 million. They have released 30 studio albums,18 live albums and numerous compilations, Let It Bleed was their first of five consecutive number one studio and live albums in the UK. Sticky Fingers was the first of eight number one studio albums in the US. In 2008, the band ranked 10th on the Billboard Hot 100 All-Time Top Artists chart, in 2012, the band celebrated its 50th anniversary. Keith Richards and Mick Jagger were childhood friends and classmates in Dartford, Kent, Jagger had formed a garage band with Dick Taylor, mainly playing Muddy Waters, Chuck Berry, Little Richard, Howlin Wolf and Bo Diddley material. Jagger met Richards again in 1960 on platform two of Dartford railway station, the Chuck Berry and Muddy Waters records that Jagger carried revealed a common interest that prompted their musical partnership
18.
Recording Industry Association of America
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The Recording Industry Association of America is a continental North and South American trade organization that represents the recording industry in the United States. Its members consist of record labels and distributors, which the RIAA says create, the RIAA headquarters is in Washington, D. C. The RIAA was formed in 1952 and its original mission was to administer recording copyright fees and problems, work with trade unions, and do research relating to the record industry and government regulations. Early RIAA standards included the RIAA equalization curve, the format of the record groove and the dimensions of 33 1/3 rpm,45 rpm. Since 2001, the RIAA has spent $2 to $6 million each year on lobbying in the United States, the RIAA also participates in the collective rights management of sound recordings, and it is responsible for certifying Gold and Platinum albums and singles in the United States. Cary Sherman has been the RIAAs chairman and CEO since 2011, Sherman joined the RIAA as its general counsel in 1997 and became president of the board of directors in 2001, serving in that position until being made chairman and CEO. Mitch Glazier has been the RIAAs senior executive vice president since 2011 and he served as executive vice president for public policy and industry relations from 2000 to 2011. The past RIAA chairman and CEO is Mitch Bainwol, who served from 2003 to 2011 and he left in 2011 to become president and CEO of the Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers. The board of directors consists of 26 members of the board, the RIAA operates an award program for albums that sell a large number of copies. The program originally began in 1958, with a Gold Award for singles, the criterion was changed in 1975 to the number of copies sold, with albums selling 500,000 copies awarded the Gold Award. In 1976, a Platinum Award was added for one million sales, the awards are open to both RIAA members and non-members. Since 2000, the RIAA also operates a program for Latin music sales. Currently, a Disco De Oro is awarded for 30,000 units, the RIAA defines Latin music as a type of release with 51% or more of its content recorded in Spanish. In 2006, digital ringtones were added to branch of certification. In the same year, the RIAA introduced the Latin Digital Award for digital recordings in Spanish and this release format includes DVD and VHS releases, and certain live albums and compilation albums. The certification criteria is different from other styles. Gold,50,000 Platinum,100,000 Multi-Platinum,200,000 copies The RIAA opposes unauthorized sharing of its music, studies conducted since the association began its campaign against peer-to-peer file-sharing have concluded that losses incurred per download range from negligible to moderate. The association has commenced high-profile lawsuits against file sharing service providers and it has also commenced a series of lawsuits against individuals suspected of file sharing, notably college students and parents of file sharing children
19.
Gatlinburg, Tennessee
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Gatlinburg is a mountain resort city in Sevier County, Tennessee, United States. It is 39 miles southeast of Knoxville and its population was 3,944 at the 2010 Census, and 4,047 according to the 2012 Census estimate. It is a vacation resort, as it rests on the border of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park along U. S. Route 441. Gatlinburg is located at 35°43′19″N 83°29′58″W, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 10.1 square miles, all land. The main watershed is the West Fork of the Little Pigeon River, U. S. Route 441 is the main traffic artery in Gatlinburg, running through the center of town from north to south. Along 441, Pigeon Forge is approximately 6 miles to the north, tN-73 forks off from 441 in the Sugarlands and heads west for roughly 25 miles, connecting the Gatlinburg area with Townsend and Blount County. U. S. Route 321 enters Gatlinburg from Pigeon Forge and Wears Valley to the north before turning east, connecting Gatlinburg with Newport and Cosby. For centuries, Cherokee hunters used a known as the Indian Gap Trail to access the abundant game in the forests. US-441 largely follows this route today, although it crests at Newfound Gap rather than Indian Gap. With the help of the Cherokee, Ogle cut, hewed and he returned home to Edgefield to retrieve his family and grow one final crop for supplies. Shortly after his arrival in Edgefield, however, an epidemic swept the low country. His widow, Martha Jane Huskey Ogle, moved the family to Virginia, shortly after their arrival, they erected a cabin near the confluence of Baskins Creek and the West Fork of the Little Pigeon. The cabin still stands today near the heart of Gatlinburg, james and Rebecca McCarter settled in the Cartertown district of Gatlinburg. In the decade following the arrival of the Ogles, McCarters, and Huskeys in what came to be known as White Oak Flats, a steady stream of settlers moved into the area. Most of these settlers were veterans of the American Revolution or War of 1812 who had converted into deeds the 50-acre tracts they had received for service in war, among these early settlers were Timothy Reagan, John Ownby, Jr. and Henry Bohanon. Their descendants still live in the area today, in 1856, a post office was established in the general store of Radford Gatlin, giving the town the name Gatlinburg. Despite the town bearing his name, Gatlin, who had arrived in the flats around 1854. By 1857, a feud had erupted between the Gatlins and the Ogles, probably over Gatlins attempts to divert the towns main road
20.
Rhyme scheme
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A rhyme scheme is the pattern of rhymes at the end of each line of a poem or song. It is usually referred to by using letters to indicate which lines rhyme, there are also more elaborate related forms, like the sestina – which requires repetition of exact words in a complex pattern. In English, highly repetitive rhyme schemes are unusual, even such schemes as the terza rima, used by Dante Alighieri in The Divine Comedy, have been considered too difficult for English. Alternate rhyme, ABAB CDCD EFEF GHGH, ballade, Three stanzas of ABABBCBC followed by BCBC. Chant royal, FOUR stanzas of ababccddedE followed by either ddedE or ccddedE. Cinquain, A, B, A, B, B Clerihew, A, A, B, B Couplet, A, A, McCarron Couplet, AABBABCCDDCDEEFFEF a contemporary take on a classic rhyming pattern, introduced by the academic James McCarron. Creative Verse, A poem with the scheme of ABCD ACDC ACDC. Tanaga, traditional Tagalog tanaga is AAAA Terza rima, ABA BCB CDC, ending on YZY Z, YZY ZZ, or YZY ZYZ. Triplet, AAA, often repeating like the couplet, the Road Not Taken stanza, ABAAB as used in Robert Frosts The Road Not Taken, and in Glæde over Danmark by Poul Martin Møller. Villanelle, A1bA2 abA1 abA2 abA1 abA2 abA1A2, where A1, in Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory all the A rhymes go, Theres no earthly way of knowing which direction we are going. There is no knowing where were rowing or which way the rivers flowing, tiny from Dinosaur Train also has her fish song with A rhymes that go like this, If I could wish for just one dish My greatest wish would be more fish. Rather than relying on end rhymes, raps rhyme schemes can have rhymes placed anywhere in the bars of music to create a structure. Rap verses can also employ extra rhymes, which do not structure the verse like the rhyme schemes. The number of different possible rhyme schemes for a poem is given by the Bell numbers. There are five different rhyme schemes for a poem, AAA, AAB, ABA, ABB. The number of schemes in which all lines rhyme with at least one other line is given by the numbers 0,1,1,4,11,41,162,715,3425,17722. When n =4, we can see that there must be four rhyming schemes in every line rhymes with at least one other. These are AABB, ABAB, ABBA, and AAAA, both of these sequences of numbers may be found on either side of an augmented version of the Bell triangle
21.
Bleep censor
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A bleep censor is the replacement of a profanity or classified information with a beep sound in television and radio. Bleeping has been used for years as a means of censoring TV programs to remove content not deemed suitable for family or daytime viewing. The bleep censor is a module, manually operated by a broadcast technician. A bleep is sometimes accompanied by a digital blur or box over the mouth in cases where the removed speech may still be easily understood by lip reading. On closed caption subtitling, bleeped words are represented by the phrase, sometimes the phrase or, occasionally hyphens. Where open captions are used, a blank is used where the word is bleeped, occasionally, bleeping is not reflected in the captions, allowing the unedited dialogue to be seen. Sometimes, a bar can be seen for closed caption bleep. Bleeping is normally used in unscripted programs – documentaries, radio features, panel games etc. – since scripted drama. In the case of comedies, most bleeping may be for humorous purposes, in the first example, the film may become nonsensical or confusing if the removed portion contains an element important to the plot. The bleep is sometimes used for reasons, concealing confidential information such as names and addresses. Bleep censors have seen a rare use in film, for example during Johanna Masons interview in The Hunger Games, Catching Fire. In the Philippines and Ecuador, undubbed movies on television have profanity muted instead of bleeped, television and radio commercials are not allowed to use bleeps to obscure swearing under BACC/CAP guidelines. Neither is permitted on UK television, trailers for programs containing swearing are usually bleeped until well after the watershed, and it is very rare for any trailer to use the most severe swearwords uncensored. The Federal Communications Commission has the right to regulate indecent broadcasts, however, the FCC does not actively monitor television broadcasts for indecency violations, nor does it keep a record of television broadcasts. Reports must be documented exclusively by the public and submitted in written form, the FCC is allowed to enforce indecency laws during 6 a. m. –10 p. m. local time. m. Eastern Time/Mountain may fall out of watershed at 9 p. m, to compensate, a channel may only air uncensored material after 1 a. m. Eastern Time so that the broadcast is out of watershed in the contiguous United States
22.
White House
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The White House is the official residence and principal workplace of the President of the United States, located at 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue NW in Washington, D. C. It has been the residence of every U. S. president since John Adams in 1800, the term White House is often used to refer to actions of the president and his advisers, as in The White House announced that. The residence was designed by Irish-born architect James Hoban in the Neoclassical style, construction took place between 1792 and 1800 using Aquia Creek sandstone painted white. When Thomas Jefferson moved into the house in 1801, he added low colonnades on each wing that concealed stables and storage. In 1814, during the War of 1812, the mansion was set ablaze by the British Army in the Burning of Washington, destroying the interior, reconstruction began almost immediately, and President James Monroe moved into the partially reconstructed Executive Residence in October 1817. Exterior construction continued with the addition of the semi-circular South portico in 1824, because of crowding within the executive mansion itself, President Theodore Roosevelt had all work offices relocated to the newly constructed West Wing in 1901. Eight years later in 1909, President William Howard Taft expanded the West Wing and created the first Oval Office, in the main mansion, the third-floor attic was converted to living quarters in 1927 by augmenting the existing hip roof with long shed dormers. A newly constructed East Wing was used as an area for social events. East Wing alterations were completed in 1946, creating additional office space, by 1948, the houses load-bearing exterior walls and internal wood beams were found to be close to failure. Under Harry S. Truman, the rooms were completely dismantled. Once this work was completed, the rooms were rebuilt. The Executive Residence is made up of six stories—the Ground Floor, State Floor, Second Floor, the property is a National Heritage Site owned by the National Park Service and is part of the Presidents Park. In 2007, it was ranked second on the American Institute of Architects list of Americas Favorite Architecture, in May 1790, New York began construction of Government House for his official residence, but he never occupied it. The national capital moved to Philadelphia in December 1790, the July 1790 Residence Act named Philadelphia, Pennsylvania the temporary national capital for a 10-year period while the Federal City was under construction. The City of Philadelphia rented Robert Morriss city house at 190 High Street for Washingtons presidential residence, the first president occupied the Market Street mansion from November 1790 to March 1797, and altered it in ways that may have influenced the design of the White House. As part of an effort to have Philadelphia named the permanent national capital, Pennsylvania built a much grander presidential mansion several blocks away. President John Adams also occupied the Market Street mansion from March 1797 to May 1800, on Saturday, November 1,1800, he became the first president to occupy the White House. The Presidents House in Philadelphia became a hotel and was demolished in 1832, the Presidents House was a major feature of Pierre Charles LEnfants plan for the newly established federal city, Washington, D. C
23.
Glastonbury Festival
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Glastonbury Festival is a five-day festival of contemporary performing arts that takes place near Pilton, Somerset. In addition to music, the festival hosts dance, comedy, theatre, circus, cabaret. Leading pop and rock artists have headlined, alongside thousands of others appearing on smaller stages, films and albums recorded at Glastonbury have been released, and the festival receives extensive television and newspaper coverage. The majority of staff are volunteers, helping the festival to raise millions of pounds for good causes, regarded as a major event in British culture, the festival is inspired by the ethos of the hippie, counterculture, and free festival movements. It retains vestiges of these traditions, such as the Green Fields area, after the 1970s, the festival took place almost every year and grew in size, with the number of attendees sometimes being swollen by gatecrashers. Michael Eavis hosted the first festival, then called Pilton Festival, after seeing an open-air Led Zeppelin concert at the 1970 Bath Festival of Blues and Progressive Music. They featured works by composers, sponsored by the Clark family, as well as a wide range of traditional works, from Everyman to James Shirleys Cupid. The festival retains vestiges of this such as the Green Fields area, encompassing the Green Futures. The first festival at Worthy Farm was the Pilton Pop, Blues & Folk Festival, mounted by Michael Eavis on Saturday 19 September 1970, and attended by 1,500 people. The original headline acts were The Kinks and Wayne Fontana and the Mindbenders but these acts were replaced at short notice by Tyrannosaurus Rex, Other billed acts of note were Quintessence, Stackridge, and Al Stewart. The 1971 festival featured the first incarnation of the Pyramid Stage, conceived by Bill Harkin the stage was a one-tenth replica of the Great Pyramid of Giza built from scaffolding and metal sheeting and positioned over a blind spring which was found by dowsing. Performers included David Bowie, Mighty Baby, Traffic, Fairport Convention, Gong, Hawkwind, Skin Alley, The Worthy Farm Windfuckers and Melanie. It was paid for by its supporters and advocates of its ideal, and embraced a mediaeval tradition of music, dance, poetry, theatre, lights, the 1971 festival was filmed by Nicolas Roeg and David Puttnam and was released as a film called simply Glastonbury Fayre. The 1980s saw the festival become a fixture, barring periodic fallow years. In 1981, Michael Eavis took control of the festival, and that year a new Pyramid Stage was constructed from telegraph poles and metal sheeting, a permanent structure which doubled as a hay-barn and cow-shed during the winter. In the 1980s, the area of the festival became the starting point for a new childrens charity called Childrens World. 1981 was the first year that the festival profits. Since 1983, large festivals have required licences from local authorities and this led to certain restrictions being placed on the festival, including a crowd limit and specified times during which the stages could operate
24.
The Legend of Johnny Cash
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The Legend of Johnny Cash is a single-disc compilation album of American musician and singer Johnny Cashs career. It is the first such album to contain material from Cash’s American Recordings era in addition to songs from his time at Sun and Columbia and it was released on October 25,2005 on the Island/American/Columbia/Legacy record labels and tied to the release of the Cash biopic Walk the Line. In the wake of that films success its sales made the compilation an overwhelming success, the album was certified Gold on 12/7/2005, Platinum on 12/14/2005 and 2x Platinum on 5/19/2006 by the RIAA. As of February 2017, the album has sold 3,593,100 copies in the United States
25.
Jean Shepherd
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Jean Parker Shepherd, Jr. was an American storyteller, radio and TV personality, writer and actor who was often referred to by the nickname Shep. With a career spanned decades, Shepherd is known to modern audiences for the film A Christmas Story. Born in 1921 on the side of Chicago, Illinois, Shepherd briefly lived in East Chicago, Indiana, and was raised in Hammond, Indiana. The movie A Christmas Story is loosely based on his days growing up in Hammonds southeast side neighborhood of Hessville, as a youth he worked briefly as a mail carrier in a steel mill and earned his Amateur radio license at age 16, sometimes claiming he was even younger. He sporadically attended Indiana University, but never graduated, Shepherd was a lifelong Chicago White Sox fan. During World War II, he served stateside in the U. S. Army Signal Corps, Shepherd then had an extensive career in a variety of media. After his military service, Shepherd began his broadcast radio career in early 1945 on WJOB in Hammond, Indiana, later working at WTOD in Toledo, Ohio, in 1946. He began working in Cincinnati, Ohio, in January 1947 at WSAI, later working at Cincinnati stations WCKY and WKRC the following year. From 1951 to 1953, he had a late-night broadcast on KYW in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, after a stint on television, he returned to radio. The most famous of the last involved creating a hoax about a non-existent book, I, Libertine, by the equally non-existent author Frederick R. Ewing, in 1956. Shepherd, Theodore Sturgeon and Betty Ballantine later wrote the book, with a cover painted by illustrator Frank Kelly Freas. Among his close friends in the late 1950s were Shel Silverstein, with them and actress Lois Nettleton, Shepherd performed in the revue he created, Look, Charlie. Later he was married to Nettleton for about six years, when he was about to be released by WOR in 1956 for not being commercial, he did a commercial for Sweetheart Soap, not a sponsor, and was immediately fired. His listeners besieged WOR with complaints, and when Sweetheart offered to him he was reinstated. Eventually, he attracted more sponsors than he wanted—the commercials interrupted the flow of his monologues, ex WOR engineer, Frank Cernese, adds, The commercials of that era were on ETs—phonograph records about 14 in diameter. Three large turntables were available to them in sequence. However, Shepherd liked the engineer to look at him and listen when he told his stories and that left little time to load the turntables and cue the appropriate cuts. Thats when he started complaining about too many commercials and his last WOR broadcast was on April 1,1977
26.
Sue K. Hicks
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Sue Kerr Hicks was an American jurist who practiced law and served as a circuit court judge in the state of Tennessee. Hicks may have also been the inspiration for the Shel Silverstein song A Boy Named Sue, Hicks was born in Madisonville, Tennessee on December 12,1895. He was the youngest child of Charles Wesley and Susanna Coltharp Hicks, Hicks was named Sue after his mother, who died a few days after giving birth to him. In Dayton, the Hicks brothers were regulars at the F. E. Robinson Drugstore, the group recruited local physics teacher John T. Scopes — a friend of Sues — to admit to teaching the Theory of Evolution. One of the conspirators, George Rappleyea, swore out a warrant for Scopes arrest on May 5, while the trial was wildly successful in bringing publicity to Rhea County, much of the publicity was negative, and portrayed local residents as backward and uneducated. This kept the case out of the court system and ended any chance of it proceeding to the United State Supreme Court. Hicks later wrote the following about his views on the trial and it was a very trying case. Beside the attorneys for the defense did every thing they could to provoke the Court and to get on the front pages of the newspapers as much as they could, so the situation was very hard to handle. Between 1936 and 1958, Sue Hicks served as a circuit court judge. He presided over more than 800 murder cases, and gained a reputation for being fair, Hicks died on June 27,1980 in Sweetwater, Tennessee. He is buried at Haven Hill Memorial Gardens in Madisonville, the Sue K. Hickss oddly feminine first name may have inspired the song, A Boy Named Sue, which Johnny Cash first performed in 1969. Hickss father named him after his mother, who had died from complications with Hickss birth, rather than, as the song suggests. Hicks also claimed to have always had a sense of humor about his name, and didnt consider it a source of derision. In 1970, Hicks noted, It is an irony of fate that I have tried over 800 murder cases and thousands of others, I was named Sue for my mother, who died after childbirth. Ray Jenkins John Randolph Neal, Jr. Scopes Trial, A Creation and Science History Project — trial transcript Sue K Hicks Papers, University of Tennessee Knoxville Libraries Sue K. Hicks at Find a Grave
27.
Madisonville, Tennessee
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Madisonville is a city in and the county seat of Monroe County, Tennessee, United States. The population was 3,939 at the 2000 census and 4,577 at the 2010 census, Madisonville is located at 35°31′11″N 84°21′49″W. It is situated along U. S. Route 411 just east of its junction with State Route 68, the Unicoi Mountains rise prominently to the southeast. According to the United States Census Bureau, Madisonville has an area of 5.8 square miles. As of the census of 2000, there were 3,939 people,1,671 households, the population density was 677.4 people per square mile. There were 1,806 housing units at a density of 310.6 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 93. 42% White,3. 96% African American,0. 25% Native American,0. 33% Asian,0. 13% Pacific Islander,0. 79% from other races, and 1. 12% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2. 01% of the population,32. 0% of all households were made up of individuals and 12. 9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.26 and the family size was 2.86. In the town the population was out with 23. 0% under the age of 18,9. 6% from 18 to 24,27. 6% from 25 to 44,22. 6% from 45 to 64. The median age was 36 years, for every 100 females there were 89.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 85.6 males, the median income for a household in the town was $29,250, and the median income for a family was $31,918. Males had an income of $31,504 versus $23,828 for females. The per capita income for the town was $16,468, about 13. 3% of families and 18. 8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 26. 8% of those under age 18 and 14. 0% of those age 65 or over. The City of Madisonville originally began as the town of Tellico, the Calhoun Treaty and resulting Hiwassee Purchase of 1819 opened the area for white settlement. Madisonville was founded in the early 1820s as a county seat for Monroe County, Madisonville was incorporated on May 16,1850. The Monroe County Airport is a county-owned, public-use airport located two miles northwest of the central business district of Madisonville. Hiwassee College is located just north of the Madisonville city limits, Madisonville is also home to a satellite campus of Cleveland State Community College
28.
John T. Scopes
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John Thomas Scopes was a teacher in Dayton, Tennessee, who was charged on May 5,1925 with violating Tennessees Butler Act, which prohibited the teaching of evolution in Tennessee schools. He was tried in a known as the Scopes Trial, in which he was found guilty. Scopes was born in 1900 on a farm in Paducah, Kentucky where he was reared before moving to Danville, in 1917 he moved to Salem, Illinois where he was a member of the class of 1919 at Salem High School. He attended the University of Illinois for a time before leaving for health reasons. He earned a degree at the University of Kentucky in 1924, with a major in law and a minor in geology. Scopes moved to Dayton where he took a job as the Rhea County High Schools football coach, a band of businessmen in Dayton, Tennessee, led by engineer and geologist George Rappleyea, saw this as an opportunity to get publicity for their town and they approached Scopes. Rappleyea argued that teachers were required to break the law. By the time the trial had begun, the team included Clarence Darrow, Dudley Field Malone, John Neal, Arthur Garfield Hays. Bryan, Senior, had spoken at Scopes high school commencement, the case ended on July 21,1925, with a guilty verdict, and Scopes was fined $100. The case was appealed to the Tennessee Supreme Court, the Butler Act remained in effect until May 18,1967, when it was repealed by the Tennessee legislature. Scopes may have actually been innocent of the crime to which his name is inexorably linked, hutchinson did not file his story until after the Scopes appeal was decided in 1927. After the trial Scopes accepted a scholarship for study in geology at the University of Chicago. He then did geological work in Venezuela for Gulf Oil of South America. There he met and married his wife, Mildred, and he was baptized into the Catholic Church, in 1930, he returned to the University of Chicago for a third year of graduate study. After two years without professional employment, he took a position as a geologist with the United Gas Corporation and he worked, in Houston, Texas then in Shreveport, Louisiana, until he retired in 1963. He died on October 21,1970 in Shreveport, Louisiana at the age of 70, Mildred Seydell Scopes, John Thomas, Presley, James. Center of the Storm, Memoirs of John T. Scopes, new York, Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Tompkins, Jerry R. D-Days at Dayton, baton Rouge, Louisiana State University Press
29.
Prosecutor
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The prosecutor is the chief legal representative of the prosecution in countries with either the common law adversarial system, or the civil law inquisitorial system. The prosecution is the party responsible for presenting the case in a criminal trial against an individual accused of breaking the law. Prosecutors are typically lawyers who possess a law degree, and are recognized as legal professionals by the court in which they intend to represent society and they usually only become involved in a criminal case once a suspect has been identified and charges need to be filed. They are typically employed by an office of the government, with safeguards in place to such an office can successfully pursue the prosecution of government officials. Often, multiple offices exist in a country, especially those countries with federal governments where sovereignty has been bifurcated or devolved in some way. Since prosecutors are backed by the power of the state, they are subject to special professional responsibility rules in addition to those binding all lawyers. For example, in the United States, Rule 3.8 of the ABA Model Rules of Professional Conduct requires prosecutors to make timely disclosure to the defense of all evidence or information and that tends to negate the guilt of the accused or mitigates the offense. Not all U. S. states adopt the rules, however, U. S. Supreme Court cases. Typical sources of requirements imposed on prosecutors come from appellate court opinions, state or federal court rules. A DPP may be subject to varying degrees of control by the Attorney General, in Australia, the Offices of the Director of Public Prosecutions institute prosecutions for indictable offences on behalf of the Crown. More recent constitutions, such as South Africas, tend to guarantee the independence, in Canada, public prosecutors in most provinces are called Crown Attorney or Crown Counsel. They are generally appointed by the provincial Attorney-General, though Scots law is a mixed system, its civil law jurisdiction indicates its civil law heritage. Here, all prosecutions are carried out by Procurators Fiscal and Advocates Depute on behalf of the Lord Advocate, in very serious cases, a Procurator Fiscal, Advocate Depute or even the Lord Advocate, may take charge of a police investigation. Other remedies are open to a prosecutor in Scotland, including fines and non-court based interventions, such as rehabilitation. All prosecutions are handled within the Crown Office and Procurator Fiscal Service, Procurators fiscal will usually refer cases involving minors to Childrens Hearings, which are not courts of law, but a panel of lay members empowered to act in the interests of the child. In the United States, the director of an office may be known by any of several names depending on the jurisdiction. Prosecutors are most often chosen through local elections, and typically hire other attorneys as deputies or assistants to conduct most of the work of the office. United States Attorneys, appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate, represent the government in federal court
30.
Scopes Trial
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The trial was deliberately staged in order to attract publicity to the small town of Dayton, Tennessee, where it was held. Scopes was unsure whether he had actually taught evolution. Scopes was found guilty and fined $100, but the verdict was overturned on a technicality, the trial served its purpose of drawing intense national publicity, as national reporters flocked to Dayton to cover the big-name lawyers who had agreed to represent each side. William Jennings Bryan, three-time presidential candidate, argued for the prosecution, while Clarence Darrow, the case was thus seen as both a theological contest and a trial on whether modern science should be taught in schools. State Representative John W. Butler, a Tennessee farmer and head of the World Christian Fundamentals Association and he succeeded when the Butler Act was passed in Tennessee, on March 25,1925. Butler later stated, I didnt know anything about evolution, id read in the papers that boys and girls were coming home from school and telling their fathers and mothers that the Bible was all nonsense. Tennessee governor Austin Peay signed the law to support among rural legislators. In response, the American Civil Liberties Union financed a test case in which John Scopes, the American Civil Liberties Union offered to defend anyone accused of teaching the theory of evolution in defiance of the Butler Act. According to Robinson, Rappleyea said, As it is, the law is not enforced, If you win, it will be enforced. If I win, the law will be repealed, the men then summoned 24-year-old John T. Scopes, a Dayton high school science and math teacher. The group asked Scopes to admit to teaching the theory of evolution, Scopes mentioned that while he couldnt remember whether he had actually taught evolution in class, he had, however, gone through the evolution chart and chapter with the class. Scopes added to the group, If you can prove that Ive taught evolution, Scopes urged students to testify against him and coached them in their answers. Judge John T. Raulston accelerated the convening of the grand jury, paul Patterson, owner of The Baltimore Sun, put up $500 in bail for Scopes. Hoping to attract press coverage, George Rappleyea went so far as to write to the British novelist H. G. Wells asking him to join the defense team. Wells replied that he had no training in Britain, let alone in America. John R. Neal, a law professor from Knoxville, announced that he would act as Scopes attorney whether Scopes liked it or not. Bryan had originally invited by Sue Hicks to become an associate of the prosecution and Bryan had readily accepted. In response, the defense sought out Clarence Darrow, an agnostic, the prosecution team was led by Tom Stewart, district attorney for the 18th Circuit, and included, in addition to Herbert and Sue Hicks, Ben B
31.
The Johnny Cash Show (TV series)
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The Johnny Cash Show is an American television music variety show hosted by Johnny Cash. The Screen Gems 58-episode series ran from June 7,1969 to March 31,1971 on ABC, it was taped at the Ryman Auditorium in Nashville, the show reached No.17 in the Nielsen ratings in 1970. The Statler Brothers performed brief comic interludes, an instrumental version of Folsom Prison Blues was used for the opening credits. It also featured musicians such as jazz great Louis Armstrong. While Cash had a degree of freedom, he had to accept some compromises by hosting showbiz royalty like Bob Hope, George Gobel, Kirk Douglas, Burl Ives, Peggy Lee. They gave the show gravitas that satisfied both advertisers and the network, the show was recorded at Nashvilles Ryman Auditorium, then home of the Grand Ole Opry. The show was conceived by Bill Carruthers, who served as executive producer. Stan Jacobson was also a producer on the show, myles Harmon was the program executive for ABC Television. The first show featured Joni Mitchell, Cajun fiddler Doug Kershaw, Fannie Flagg as a comic, the show included a Country Gold segment which featured legends rarely or never seen on network TV such as Bill Monroe and his Blue Grass Boys. Author Rich Kienzle suggests that as well as providing entertainment, the show operated as a Country Music 101, Cash persisted in the face of ABC network anxieties on several occasions. He premiered his Man in Black song on an episode taped at Nashvilles Vanderbilt University campus, in 1970, Columbia Records released The Johnny Cash Show, a live album, as a tie-in with the TV series, though the record is not considered a soundtrack. The release is unusual as Columbia was affiliated with competing network CBS, cashs version of Kris Kristoffersons Sunday Morning Coming Down, included on the series, is included on the album and was released as a single, which was a major hit for Cash. One unusual taping occurred in 1971, Cash began the program assuming it was a regular episode. Moments after Cash greeted the audience, June Carter Cash came on stage, ralph Edwards then joined the two on stage, as the audience erupted in a standing ovation, Cash realized that it was actually a taping for an installment of This is Your Life honoring him. The show was canceled in 1971 in response to the Prime Time Access Rule, cashs show was one of many that had strong rural followings that were canceled across the networks in what came to be known as the rural purge. In 1976, CBS ran a revival of the show, Johnny Cash and Friends, the new show was taped at the newly constructed Grand Ole Opry House in Nashville. Following Johnny Cash and Friends, an annual Johnny Cash Christmas Special series was launched, starting in 1976, with specials airing almost every year until 1985. 32 episodes A DVD set featuring 66 live performances from the show, the DVD set was hosted by Kris Kristofferson and directed by Michael B
32.
John Carter Cash
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John Carter Cash is an American country singer-songwriter, author and producer. He is the child of Johnny Cash and June Carter Cash. He has six half-siblings, Rosanne Cash, Kathy Cash, Cindy Cash, Tara Cash, Carlene Carter, having been involved with music all his life, John Carter Cash spends much of his time working as a record producer. He is also a singer-songwriter, and author, the grandchild of Maybelle Carter and the only son of Johnny Cash and June Carter Cash, he preserves the family legacy and is caretaker to the heritage of his musical ancestors. He was referenced numerous times in his parents recordings, John Carter Cash also dabbled in recording music, duetting with his father on two tracks recorded for the 1988 Johnny Cash album Water from the Wells of Home. He also produced his mothers record Wildwood Flower, which won a Grammy for Best Traditional Folk album in 2003 and his 2004 production Unbroken Circle, The Musical Heritage of the Carter Family received three Grammy nominations. John Carter is co-Producer on Marty Stuarts album, Badlands, Ballads of the Lakota, the album The Voice of the Spirit, the Gospel of the South released in April 2006, received critical regard and acclaim. His production on Billy Joe Shavers Everybodys Brother, helped earn a Grammy nomination in 2007, John has produced material for Loretta Lynn, Josh Turner, Brooks & Dunn, Elvis Costello, Wylie and the Wild West, Dr. In total, he has been a producer on five Grammy Award winning records, John Carters first album of his own music, titled Bitter Harvest, was released only to the international market in 2003. His latest record, titled The Family Secret, received a three starred review in Rolling Stone and he is the author of three childrens books – Momma Loves Her Little Son, Daddy Loves His Little Girl, and his latest release, The Cat in the Rhinestone Suit. He authored a biography on his mother, Anchored in Love and one on his relationship with his father, House of Cash. His first novel, a fantasy titled Lupus Rex, was released in June 2013, on October 29,2016 John Carter Cash married singer-songwriter, Ana Cristina in Charleston, SC in a Christian ceremony at the French Huguenot Church. Together, they own and operate Cash Cabin Enterprises, LLC and he was previously married to Mary Mabry with one child Joseph John Cash, and to National Champion fiddler Laura Weber with two children Anna Maybelle Cash and Jack Ezra Cash. Official website John Carter Cash video interview at Cash Cabin John Carter Cash at the Internet Movie Database
33.
The Highwaymen (country supergroup)
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Active as a group between 1985 and 1995, these four artists recorded three major label albums as The Highwaymen, two on Columbia Records and one for Liberty Records. Their Columbia works produced three singles, including the Number One Highwayman in 1985. The four original members have starred in a movie together, the 1986 film Stagecoach, formed in 1985, the group did not have an official name when they released their first album on Columbia Records. The album, entitled Highwayman, was credited to Nelson, Jennings, Cash, the single Highwayman, a Jimmy Webb composition, became a #1 country hit. Their remake of Guy Clarks Desperados Waiting for a Train reached the Top 20, the album was produced by Chips Moman. In 1990, the group reunited for an effort, titled Highwayman 2. The Lee Clayton-penned song Silver Stallion was the first single and made the country Top 40, the album was nominated for a Grammy for Best Country Vocal Collaboration. Highwayman 2 was produced, once again, by Moman, six of the songs were written or co-written by members of the group. The groups final release prior to Jenningss death in 2002 was the 1995 Don Was-produced album The Road Goes on Forever, with the single, It Is What It Is. The band continued to tour into the late 1990s, before Jennings, all four continued to perform as solo artists, Jennings died in 2002 and Cash died in 2003. On the Road Again The Highwaymen Live, American Outlaws The Highwaymen at AllMusic
34.
Waylon Jennings
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Waylon Arnold Jennings was an American singer, songwriter, musician, and actor. Jennings began playing guitar at eight and began performing at 14 on KVOW radio and his first band was The Texas Longhorns. Jennings worked as a DJ on KVOW, KDAV, KYTI, in 1958, Buddy Holly arranged Jenningss first recording session, of Jole Blon and When Sin Stops. Holly hired him to play bass, in Clear Lake, Iowa, Jennings gave up his seat on the ill-fated flight that crashed and killed Holly, J. P. Richardson, Ritchie Valens, and pilot Roger Peterson. Jennings then worked as a DJ in Coolidge, Arizona, and he formed a rockabilly club band, The Waylors. He recorded for independent label Trend Records and A&M Records before succeeding with RCA Victor after achieving creative control, during the 1970s, Jennings joined the Outlaw Country movement. He released critically acclaimed albums Lonesome, Onry and Mean and Honky Tonk Heroes followed by hit albums Dreaming My Dreams as well as Are You Ready for the Country, in 1976, he released the album Wanted. The Outlaws with Willie Nelson, Tompall Glaser, and Jessi Colter and that success was followed by Ol Waylon and the hit song Luckenbach, Texas. Jennings was featured in the 1978 album White Mansions performed by various artists documenting the lives of people in the Confederacy during the Civil War. The songs on the album were written by Paul Kennerley, by the early 1980s, Jennings was struggling with a cocaine addiction, which he quit in 1984. Later, he joined the country supergroup The Highwaymen with Nelson, Kris Kristofferson, and Johnny Cash, during that period, Jennings released the successful album Will the Wolf Survive. He toured less after 1997 to spend time with his family. Between 1999 and 2001, his appearances were limited by health problems, on February 13,2002, Jennings died from complications of diabetes. Jennings also appeared in films and television series and he was the balladeer for The Dukes of Hazzard, composing and singing the shows theme song and providing narration for the show. In 2001, he was inducted into the Country Music Hall of Fame, in 2007, he was posthumously awarded the Cliffie Stone Pioneer Award by the Academy of Country Music. Waylon Arnold Jennings was born on June 15,1937, on the G. W and he was the son of Lorene Beatrice and William Albert Jennings. The Jennings family line descended from Irish and Black-Dutch, meanwhile, the Shipley family moved from Tennessee and settled in Texas. The Shipley line descended from Cherokee and Comanche families, the name on his birth certificate was Wayland, meaning land by the highway
35.
Willie Nelson
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Willie Hugh Nelson is an American musician, singer, songwriter, author, poet, actor, and activist. He was one of the figures of outlaw country, a subgenre of country music that developed in the late 1960s as a reaction to the conservative restrictions of the Nashville sound. Nelson has acted in over 30 films, co-authored several books, and has involved in activism for the use of biofuels. Born during the Great Depression, and raised by his grandparents, Nelson wrote his first song at age seven, during high school, he toured locally with the Bohemian Polka as their lead singer and guitar player. After graduating from school in 1950, he joined the Air Force but was later discharged due to back problems. After his return, Nelson attended Baylor University for two years but dropped out because he was succeeding in music, during this time, he worked as a disc jockey in Texas radio stations and a singer in Honky-tonks. Nelson moved to Vancouver, Washington, where he wrote Family Bible, in 1958, he moved to Houston, Texas after signing a contract with D Records. He sang at the Esquire Ballroom weekly and he worked as a disk jockey, during that time, he wrote songs that would become country standards, including Funny How Time Slips Away, Hello Walls, Pretty Paper, and Crazy. In 1960 he moved to Nashville, Tennessee, and later signed a contract with Pamper Music which allowed him to join Ray Prices band as a bassist. In 1962, he recorded his first album. And Then I Wrote, due to this success, Nelson signed in 1964 with RCA Victor and joined the Grand Ole Opry the following year. After mid-chart hits in the late 1960s and the early 1970s, Nelson retired in 1972 and moved to Austin, the ongoing music scene of Austin motivated Nelson to return from retirement, performing frequently at the Armadillo World Headquarters. In 1973, after signing with Atlantic Records, Nelson turned to country, including albums such as Shotgun Willie. In 1975, he switched to Columbia Records, where he recorded the acclaimed album. The same year, he recorded another outlaw country album, Wanted, the Outlaws, along with Waylon Jennings, Jessi Colter, and Tompall Glaser. In 1990, Nelsons assets were seized by the Internal Revenue Service, the difficulty of paying his outstanding debt was aggravated by weak investments he had made during the 1980s. In 1992, Nelson released The IRS Tapes, Wholl Buy My Memories, the profits of the double album—destined to the IRS—and the auction of Nelsons assets cleared his debt. During the 1990s and 2000s, Nelson continued touring extensively, reviews ranged from positive to mixed. He explored genres such as reggae, blues, jazz, Nelson made his first movie appearance in the 1979 film The Electric Horseman, followed by other appearances in movies and on television
36.
Kris Kristofferson
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Kristoffer Kris Kristofferson is an American singer, songwriter, musician and actor. He wrote and recorded the songs Me and Bobby McGee, For the Good Times, Sunday Mornin Comin Down, Kristofferson composed his own songs and collaborated with Nashville songwriters such as Shel Silverstein. In 1985, Kristofferson joined fellow country artists Waylon Jennings, Willie Nelson, in 2004, Kristofferson was inducted into the Country Music Hall of Fame. He is also known for his roles in Alice Doesnt Live Here Anymore and A Star Is Born. Kristoffer Kristofferson was born in Brownsville, Texas, to Mary Ann and Lars Henry Kristofferson and his paternal grandparents emigrated from Sweden, while his mother had English, Scottish-Irish, German, Swiss-German and Dutch ancestry. Kristoffersons paternal grandfather was an officer in the Swedish Army, when Kristofferson was a child, his father pushed him towards a military career. At the age of 17, Kristofferson took a job with a dredging contractor on Wake Island. He called it the hardest job I ever had, like most military brats, Kristofferson moved around frequently as a youth, finally settling down in San Mateo, California, where he graduated from San Mateo High School. An aspiring writer, Kristofferson enrolled in Pomona College in 1954 and he experienced his first dose of fame when he appeared in Sports Illustrateds Faces in the Crowd for his achievements in collegiate rugby union, football, and track and field. He and his classmates revived the Claremont Colleges Rugby Club in 1958, Kristofferson became a member of Delta Kappa fraternity at Pomona College, graduating in 1958 with a Bachelor of Arts degree, summa cum laude, in literature. He was elected to Phi Beta Kappa his junior year, in a 2004 interview with Pomona College Magazine, Kristofferson mentioned philosophy professor Frederick Sontag as an important influence in his life. Kristofferson earned a Rhodes Scholarship to Oxford University, where he studied at Merton College, while at Oxford, he was awarded his Blue for boxing, played rugby for his college, and began writing songs. At Oxford, he was acquainted with fellow Rhodes scholar, art critic. With the help of his manager, Larry Parnes, Kristofferson recorded for Top Rank Records under the name Kris Carson and this early phase of his music career was unsuccessful. In 1960, Kristofferson graduated with a B. Phil in English literature, the following year he married his long-time girlfriend, Frances Mavia Beer. Kristofferson, under pressure from his family, ultimately joined the U. S. Army and he became a helicopter pilot after receiving flight training at Fort Rucker, Alabama. During the early 1960s, he was stationed in West Germany as a member of the 8th Infantry Division, during this time, he resumed his music career and formed a band. In 1965, when his tour of duty ended, Kristofferson was given an assignment to teach English literature at West Point, instead, he decided to leave the Army and pursue songwriting
37.
June Carter Cash
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Valerie June Carter Cash was an American singer, songwriter, actress, dancer, comedian, and author who was a member of the Carter Family and the second wife of singer Johnny Cash. Prior to her marriage to Cash, she was known as June Carter. She played the guitar, banjo, harmonica, and autoharp, Carter Cash won five Grammy Awards and was inducted into the Christian Music Hall of Fame in 2009. She was ranked number 31 in CMTs 40 Greatest Women in Country Music in 2003, June Carter Cash was born Valerie June Carter in Maces Spring, Virginia, to Maybelle Carter and Ezra Carter. She was born into country music and performed with the Carter Family from the age of 10, the new group first aired on radio station WRNL in Richmond, Virginia, on June 1. Doc and Carl —Maybelles brother and cousin, respectively, known as The Virginia Boys, joined them in late 1945. June, then 16, was a co-announcer with Ken Allyn and did the commercials on the shows for Red Star Flour, Martha White. For the next year, the Carters and Doc and Carl did show dates within driving range of Richmond, through Virginia, Maryland, Delaware, June later said she had to work harder at her music than her sisters, but she had her own special talent—comedy. A highlight of the shows was her Aunt Polly comedy routine. Carl McConnell wrote in his memoirs that June was a natural-born clown and she attended John Marshall High School during this period. After Doc and Carl dropped out of the business in late 1946, Maybelle. After a while there, they moved to WNOX in Knoxville, Tennessee, in 1949, Mother Maybelle and the Carter Sisters, with their lead guitarist, Atkins, were living in Springfield, Missouri, and performing regularly at KWTO. Atkins reputation as a player had begun to spread. Finally, in 1950, Opry management relented and the group, along with Atkins, here the family befriended Hank Williams and Elvis Presley, and June met Johnny Cash. June and her sisters, with mother Maybelle and aunt Sara joining in time to time. With her thin and lanky frame, June Carter often played a comedic foil during the groups performances alongside other Opry stars Faron Young and Webb Pierce. While June Carter Cash may be best known for singing and songwriting, she was also an author, dancer, actress, comedian, philanthropist, director Elia Kazan saw her perform at the Grand Ole Opry in 1955 and encouraged her to study acting. She studied with Lee Strasberg and Sanford Meisner at the Neighborhood Playhouse in New York, June was also Momma James in The Last Days of Frank and Jesse James
38.
Dutch Top 40
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The Dutch Top 40 is a weekly music chart compiled by Stichting Nederlandse Top 40. It started as a program titled Veronica Top 40, on the offshore station Radio Veronica in 1965. It remained The Veronica Top 40 until 1974, when the station was forced to stop broadcasting, joost den Draaijer was the initiator of the top 40 in the Netherlands. On January 2,1965, the first Top 40 was compiled, in 1974, the Stichting Nederlandse Top 40 bought the Top 40 and named it De Nederlandse Top 40. Currently, Radio 538 is airing the Dutch Top 40 on radio, jeroen Nieuwenhuize presents the program every Friday afternoon from 14.00 until 18.00. As of February 2014 the chart is a combination of airplay, streaming, the more often a song gets played on the radio, the higher its place in the Top 40. For year end chart positions, #1 position gets 40 points and this way you just count up all numbers and sort them from most points till least points. There is a set of rules, of some have existed since 1972. Some of these have been criticised as a hindrance, singles must remain minimal two weeks in the chart. If a single officially no longer belongs in the top 40, example, Missy Elliotts Lose Control, Remained two weeks on #40 in the chart, because it did not sell enough and also wasnt played enough on the radio. Singles that highly change position upwards are noted as having superstip status and these singles are not allowed to fall down in chart position the following week. Recent example, Guus Meeuwis Ik Wil Dat Ons Land Juicht, The song entered the chart at #11, the following week it was meant to drop in chart position, but remained on the #5 position. The following two weeks, it went from #5 to #39, because of this rule, this single is the biggest fall down in the Dutch Top 40. However this is not always the case, sometimes singles with a superstip do drop for some reason Re-entry only takes place when the single re-enters within the top 30, if differently, these re-entried singles are ignored. Example, Racoon recently re-entered the Dutch Top 40 at #31 though with the song Love You More, singles with double A-side are noted separately in the top 40, due the different number of airplay the two songs get. Example, Robbie Williams first single off his 2005 album Intensive Care was Tripping with the B-side being Make Me Pure, while Tripping topped the chart by peaking at #1, Make Me Pure peaked at #15 in the Top 40. This is a listing of significant achievements and milestones based upon the Dutch Top 40 charts. & Pharrell Williams — Blurred Lines Avicii — Wake Me Up Clean Bandit featuring Jess Glynne — Rather Be OMI — Cheerleader 10 weeks Heintje — Ich bau dir ein Schloß4 Non Blondes — Whats Up
39.
Mad (magazine)
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Mad is an American humor magazine founded in 1952 by editor Harvey Kurtzman and publisher William Gaines, launched as a comic book before it became a magazine. As of January 2017, Mad has published 544 regular issues, as well as hundreds of reprint Specials, original material paperbacks, compilation books and other print projects. The magazine is the last surviving title from the EC Comics line, offering satire on all aspects of life and popular culture, politics, entertainment and its format is divided into a number of recurring segments such as TV and movie parodies, as well as freeform articles. Mads mascot, Alfred E. Neuman, is typically the point of the magazines cover. Mad began as a book published by EC, debuting in August 1952. In the early 1960s, the Mad office moved to 485 Madison Avenue, the title is trademarked in capitals as MAD. The first issue was written almost entirely by Harvey Kurtzman, and featured illustrations by Kurtzman, along with Wally Wood, Will Elder, Jack Davis, Wood, Elder, and Davis were the three main illustrators throughout the 23-issue run of the comic book. To retain Kurtzman as its editor, the comic book converted to magazine format as of issue #24, the switchover only induced Kurtzman to remain for one more year, but crucially, the move had removed Mad from the strictures of the Comics Code Authority. The magazines circulation more than quadrupled during Feldsteins tenure, peaking at 2,132,655 in 1974, when Feldstein retired in 1984, he was replaced by the team of Nick Meglin and John Ficarra, who co-edited Mad for the next two decades. Since Meglins retirement in 2004, Ficarra has continued to edit the magazine, Gaines sold his company in the early 1960s to the Kinney Parking Company, which also acquired National Periodicals and Warner Bros. by the end of that decade. Gaines was named a Kinney board member, and was permitted to run Mad as he saw fit without corporate interference. Following Gaines death, Mad became more ingrained within the Time Warner corporate structure, eventually, the magazine was obliged to abandon its long-time home at 485 Madison Avenue, and in the mid-1990s it moved into DC Comics offices at the same time that DC relocated to 1700 Broadway. In 2001, the magazine broke its long-standing taboo and began running paid advertising, the outside revenue allowed the introduction of color printing and improved paper stock. In its earliest incarnation, new issues of the magazine appeared erratically, by the end of 1958, Mad had settled on an unusual eight-times-a-year schedule, which lasted almost four decades. Gaines felt the timing was necessary to maintain the magazines level of quality. Mad then began producing additional issues, until it reached a monthly schedule with the January 1997 issue. With its 500th issue, amid company-wide cutbacks at Time Warner, though there are antecedents to Mads style of humor in print, radio and film, Mad became a pioneering example of it. Bob and Ray, Kovacs and Freberg all became contributors to Mad, Mads consciousness of itself, as trash, as comic book, as enemy of parents and teachers, even as money-making enterprise, thrilled kids
40.
Lassie
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Lassie is a fictional character created by Eric Knight, she is a female Rough Collie dog, and is featured in a short story that was later expanded to a full-length novel called Lassie Come-Home. In The Half Brothers, Lassie is loved only by her young master, published in 1940, Knights novel was filmed by MGM in 1943, as Lassie Come Home with a dog named Pal playing Lassie. Pal then appeared with the stage name Lassie in six other MGM feature films through 1951, Pals owner and trainer Rudd Weatherwax then acquired the Lassie name and trademark from MGM and appeared with Pal at rodeos, fairs, and similar events across America in the early 1950s. In 1954, the long-running, Emmy winning television series Lassie debuted, and, over the next 19 years, the Lassie character has appeared in radio, television, film, toys, comic books, animated series, juvenile novels, and other media. Pals descendants continue to play Lassie today, an early depiction of Lassie is found in British writer Elizabeth Gaskells 1859 short story The Half-brothers. In the story, Lassie is described as a female collie with intelligent, when the younger brother can no longer carry on, elder brother Gregory, Lassies master, ties a handkerchief around Lassies neck and sends her home. Lassie arrives home, and leads the party to the boys. When they arrive Gregory is dead, but his younger half-brother is saved, thus, Gaskell apparently originated the character Lassie, and at the same time defined the Lassie saves the day storyline that is the essence of subsequent Lassie tales. Half collie, Lassie was owned by the landlord of the Pilot Boat, on New Years Day in 1915 the Royal Navy battleship HMS Formidable was torpedoed by a German submarine off Start Point in South Devon, with the loss of more than 500 men. In a storm followed the accident, a life raft containing bodies was blown along the coast to Lyme Regis. In helping to deal with the crisis, the pub in Lyme Regis, called the Pilot Boat. She stayed beside him for more than half an hour, nuzzling him, to everyones astonishment, Cowan eventually stirred. He was taken to hospital and went on to make a full recovery and he visited Lassie again when he returned to thank all who saved his life. The sinking of the ship was a blow to Britain during these early years of the war. When the officers heard the story of Lassie and what she did to rescue Cowan, they told it again and again to any reporter who would listen as it was inspirational, Hollywood got hold of the story, and so a star was born. Set in the Depression-era England, the novel depicts the journey a rough collie makes to be reunited with her young Yorkshire master after his family is forced to sell her for money. In 1943, the novel was adapted into a film, Lassie Come Home, by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer that starred Roddy McDowall. The movie was a hit and enjoyed favorable critical response, MGM followed this with several additional films, including a sequel entitled Son of Lassie, starring Peter Lawford and June Lockhart, and Courage of Lassie with Elizabeth Taylor
