1.
A Civil Action
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A Civil Action is a 1 work of non-fiction by Jonathan Harr about a water contamination case in Woburn, Massachusetts, in the 1980s. The book became a best-seller and won the National Book Critics Circle Award for nonfiction, the case is Anderson v. Cryovac. The first reported decision in the case is at 96 F. R. D, a 1998 film of the same name, starring John Travolta as Jan Schlichtmann and Robert Duvall as Jerome Facher, was based on the book. After finding that her child is diagnosed with leukemia, Anne Anderson notices a high incidence of leukemia, eventually she gathers other families and seeks a lawyer, Jan Schlichtmann, to consider their options. Schlichtmann originally decides not to take the case due to both the lack of evidence and a clear defendant, in the course of the lawsuit Schlichtmann gets other attorneys to assist him. He spends lavishly as he had in his lawsuits, but the length of the discovery process. Though Unifirst settles for a little over $1 million, the money immediately is invested in the case against Grace and Beatrice, the jury finds Beatrice not liable. Though Schlichtmanns firm anticipates a much higher settlement, the state of its finances forces it to accept settlement from W. R. Grace for $8 million. Schlichtmann disperses the settlement to the families, excluding expenses and attorneys fees, when some families think Schlichtmann had overbilled expenses, he acquiesces and surrenders more of his fee. Schlichtmann later files for bankruptcy after losing his condo and car, Schlichtmann eventually practices environmental, civil, and personal injury law. A report from the Environmental Protection Agency concludes that both companies had contaminated the wells from sludge removed from the site, in 1988, Schlichtmann attempts to reraise the case against Beatrice, but the judge dismisses the case, citing testimony from Beatrices soil chemist
2.
Robert Redford
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Charles Robert Redford Jr. is an American actor, director, producer, businessman, environmentalist, and philanthropist. Redford is the founder of the Sundance Film Festival, Redfords career began in 1960 as a guest star on numerous TV shows, including, The Untouchables, Perry Mason, Alfred Hitchcock Presents, and The Twilight Zone, among others. He earned an Emmy nomination as Best Supporting Actor for his performance in The Voice of Charlie Pont and his greatest Broadway success was as the stuffy newlywed husband of Elizabeth Ashley in Neil Simons Barefoot in the Park. Redford made his debut in War Hunt. His role in Inside Daisy Clover won him a Golden Globe for best new star and he starred in Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid, which was a huge success and made him a major star. The popular and acclaimed All the Presidents Men was a film for Redford. The first film that Redford directed, Ordinary People, was one of the most critically and publicly acclaimed films of the decade, winning four Oscars, and in the same year, he starred in Brubaker. He starred in Out of Africa, which was a critical and box office success. He released his film as a director, A River Runs Through It. Redford won the 1980 Academy Award for Best Director in 1981 for directing Ordinary People and he was previously nominated for Best Actor in 1974 for his performance in The Sting, and went on to receive Best Director and Best Picture nominations in 1995 for Quiz Show. He won a second Academy Award for Lifetime Achievement in 2002, in 2010, he was made a chevalier of the Légion dHonneur. He has won BAFTA, Directors Guild of America, Golden Globe, in April 2014, Time Magazine included Redford in their annual TIME100 as one of the Most Influential People in the World, declaring him the Godfather of Indie Film. In 2016, President Barack Obama honored Redford with a Presidential Medal of Freedom, Redford was born on August 18,1936, in Santa Monica, California to Martha W. and Charles Robert Redford, Sr. a milkman-turned-accountant. He has a stepbrother, William, from his fathers remarriage, Redford is of English, Irish, Scottish, and Scots-Irish ancestry. Redfords family moved to Van Nuys, California, while his father worked in El Segundo and he attended Van Nuys High School, where he was classmates with baseball pitcher Don Drysdale. He has described himself as having been a bad student, finding inspiration outside the classroom and he hit tennis balls with Pancho Gonzales at the Los Angeles Tennis Club to warm him up. After graduating from school in 1954, he attended the University of Colorado in Boulder for a year and a half. While there, he worked at the restaurant/bar The Sink, a painting of his likeness is prominent in the bars murals, while at Colorado, Redford began drinking heavily, and as a result lost his half-scholarship and was kicked out of school
3.
John Travolta
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John Joseph Travolta is an American actor, producer, dancer, and singer. Travolta first became known in the 1970s, after appearing on the television series Welcome Back, Kotter and starring in the box office successes Saturday Night Fever, Travolta was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor for performances in Saturday Night Fever and Pulp Fiction. He won his only Golden Globe Award for Best Actor in a Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy for his performance in Get Shorty and has received a total of six nominations, in 2014, he received the IIFA Award for Outstanding Achievement in International Cinema. Travolta, the youngest of six children, was born and raised in Englewood, New Jersey and his father, Salvatore Travolta, was a semi-professional American football player turned tire salesman and partner in a tire company. His mother, Helen Cecilia, was an actress and singer who had appeared in The Sunshine Sisters, a vocal group. His siblings, Joey, Ellen, Ann, Margaret, and his father was a second-generation Italian American and his mother was Irish American, he grew up in an Irish-American neighborhood and has said that his household was predominantly Irish in culture. He was raised Roman Catholic, but converted to Scientology in 1975, Travolta attended Dwight Morrow High School, but dropped out as a junior at age 17 in 1971. After attending Dwight Morrow High School, Travolta moved across the Hudson River to New York City and landed a role in the company of the musical Grease. Singing the Sherman Brothers song Dream Drummin and he then moved to Los Angeles to further his career in show business. Travoltas first California-filmed television role was as a victim in Emergency. In September 1972, but his first significant movie role was as Billy Nolan, around the same time, he landed his star-making role as Vinnie Barbarino in the TV sitcom Welcome Back, Kotter, in which his sister, Ellen, also occasionally appeared. Travolta had a hit single entitled Let Her In, peaking at ten on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in July 1976. In the next few years, he appeared in two of his most noted screen roles, Tony Manero in Saturday Night Fever and as Danny Zuko in Grease, the films were among the most commercially successful pictures of the decade and catapulted Travolta to international stardom. Saturday Night Fever earned him an Academy Award nomination for Best Actor, at age 24, Travolta became one of the youngest performers ever nominated for the Best Actor Oscar. His mother and his sister Ann appeared in roles in Saturday Night Fever. Travolta performed several of the songs on the Grease soundtrack album, in 1980, Travolta inspired a nationwide country music craze that followed on the heels of his hit film, Urban Cowboy, in which he starred with Debra Winger. After Urban Cowboy, Travolta starred in a series of financial and critical failures that sidelined his acting career and these included Perfect, co-starring Jamie Lee Curtis, and Two of a Kind, a romantic comedy reteaming him with Olivia Newton-John. During that time he was offered, but turned down, lead roles in what would become box office hits, including American Gigolo and An Officer and a Gentleman, both of which went to Richard Gere
4.
Robert Duvall
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Robert Selden Duvall is an American actor and filmmaker. He has been nominated for seven Academy Awards, seven Golden Globes, and has multiple nominations and one win each of the BAFTA, Screen Actors Guild Award and he received the National Medal of Arts in 2005. Duvall began appearing in theatre during the late 1950s, moving into television and film roles during the early 1960s, playing Boo Radley in To Kill a Mockingbird and appearing in Captain Newman and this was followed by a series of critically lauded performances in commercially successful films. Duvall was born January 5,1931, in San Diego, California, the son of Mildred Virginia, an actress, and William Howard Duvall. He has English, and smaller amounts of Belgian, French Huguenot, German, Scottish, Swiss-German, and Welsh ancestry. His mother was a relative of American Civil War General Robert E. Lee, Duvall was raised in the Christian Science religion and has stated that, while it is his belief, he does not attend church. He grew up primarily in Annapolis, Maryland, site of the United States Naval Academy and he recalled, I was a Navy brat. My father started at the Academy when he was 16, made captain at 39 and he attended Severn School in Severna Park, Maryland, and The Principia in St. Louis, Missouri. He graduated, in 1953, from Principia College in Elsah, Duvall served in the United States Army for a brief period shortly after the Korean War leaving the Army as private first class. Thats led to confusion in the press, he explained in 1984. Hell, I barely qualified with the M-1 rifle in basic training, while stationed at Camp Gordon in Georgia, Duvall acted in an amateur production of the comedy Room Service in nearby Augusta, Georgia. In the winter of 1955, Duvall began studies at the Neighborhood Playhouse School of the Theatre in New York City, under Sanford Meisner and he was there for two years. Dustin Hoffman, Gene Hackman, and James Caan were among his classmates and he was there in 1957 attending Meisners classes. While studying acting, he worked as a Manhattan post office clerk, Duvall remains friends today with fellow California-born actors Hoffman and Hackman, who he knew during their years as struggling actors. In 1955, Duvall roomed with Hoffman in a New York City apartment while they were studying together at the Playhouse. Around this time, he roomed with Hackman, while working odd jobs such as clerking at Macys, sorting mail at the post office. The three roommates have since earned, among themselves,19 Academy Award nominations, with five wins, Duvall began his professional acting career with the Gateway Playhouse, an Equity summer theatre based in Bellport, Long Island, New York. Arguably his stage debut was in its 1952 season when he played the Pilot in Laughter In The Stars, after a years absence when he was with the U. S
5.
James Gandolfini
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James Joseph Gandolfini Jr. was an American actor and producer. He was best known for his role as Tony Soprano, an Italian-American crime boss and he garnered enormous praise for his performance, winning three Emmy Awards, three Screen Actors Guild Awards, and one Golden Globe Award. His other notable roles included mob henchman Virgil in True Romance, enforcer and stuntman Bear in Get Shorty, after finishing The Sopranos, Gandolfini produced the documentary Alive Day Memories, Home from Iraq, in which he interviewed injured Iraq War veterans. His second documentary, Wartorn, 1861–2010, analyzed the impact of posttraumatic stress disorder on soldiers, Gandolfini was born in Westwood, New Jersey. His mother, Santa, was a school lunch lady of Italian ancestry who was born in the United States. His father, James Joseph Gandolfini Sr. was a native of Borgo Val di Taro who worked as a bricklayer and cement mason, James Sr. earned a Purple Heart in World War II. Gandolfinis parents were devout Roman Catholics and spoke Italian at home, due to the influence of his parents, he developed a strong sense of Italian American identity and visited Italy regularly. He earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in studies from Rutgers University in 1982. He also worked as a bartender and club manager in Manhattan prior to his acting career, Gandolfini performed in a 1992 Broadway production of On the Waterfront for six weeks. In the film Terminal Velocity, Gandolfini played Ben Pinkwater, a seemingly mild-mannered insurance man who turns out to be a violent Russian mobster, in 1995 he was in the box office hit Crimson Tide. In that same year in Get Shorty, he appeared as a bearded ex-stuntman with a Southern accent, the show debuted in 1999 and was broadcast until 2007. For his depiction of Soprano, Gandolfini won three Emmys for Best Actor in a Drama and Entertainment Weekly listed him as the 42nd Greatest TV Icon of All Time. In addition to the awards that he won, Gandolfini received numerous nominations, in 2007 Gandolfini produced a documentary with HBO focused on injured Iraq War veterans and their devotion to America while surveying the physical and emotional costs of war. Gandolfini interviewed ten surviving soldiers, who revealed their thoughts about the challenges they face reintegrating into society and they also reflected on their memories of the day when they narrowly escaped death and what life may have been like in other circumstances. He returned to the stage in 2009, appearing in Broadways God of Carnage with Marcia Gay Harden, Hope Davis, and Jeff Daniels. He received a Tony Award nomination in the category of Best Performance by a Leading Actor in a Play for his role in the play but lost to Geoffrey Rush from the play and he played the Mayor of New York in the 2009 remake of The Taking of Pelham 123. In 2010 Gandolfini produced another documentary with HBO, which analyzed the effects of posttraumatic stress disorder throughout American history and it featured interviews with American military officials on their views of PTSD and how they are trying to help soldiers affected by it. Letters from soldiers of the American Civil War and World War I who were affected by PTSD are examined, along with interviews with soldiers affected by PTSD, Gandolfini was executive producer of the HBO film about Ernest Hemingway and his relationship with Martha Gellhorn, titled Hemingway & Gellhorn
6.
John Lithgow
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John Arthur Lithgow is an American actor, musician, singer, comedian and author. Lithgow has received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame and has been inducted into the American Theater Hall of Fame and his performances in The World According to Garp and Terms of Endearment each earned him Academy Award nominations for Best Supporting Actor. On the stage, he has appeared in many Broadway productions including the adaptation of Sweet Smell of Success. In 2007, he made his Royal Shakespeare Company debut as Malvolio in Neil Bartletts production of Twelfth Night. He has also recorded music, such as the 1999 album of music, Singin in the Bathtub. His work for children has earned him Grammy Award nominations and two Parents Choice Silver Honor Awards, Lithgow was born in Rochester, New York. His mother, Sarah Jane, was a retired actress and his father, Arthur Washington Lithgow III, was a theatrical producer and director who ran the McCarter Theatre in Princeton, New Jersey. His father was born in Puerto Plata, Dominican Republic, to an American family of Scottish and English descent, Lithgow is descended from Mayflower passenger and colonial governor William Bradford. Lithgow attended Harvard College, and graduated with an A. B. magna cum laude in 1967, in history and he lived in Adams House as an undergraduate. Lithgow later served on Harvards Board of Overseers, Lithgow credits a performance at Harvard of Gilbert and Sullivans Utopia Limited with helping him decide to become an actor. After graduation, Lithgow won a Fulbright Scholarship to study at the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art, also, after graduation, he served as the Director of the Arts and Literature Department at WBAI, the Pacifica radio station in New York City. In 1973, Lithgow debuted on Broadway in David Storeys The Changing Room, the following year he starred opposite Lynn Redgrave in My Fat Friend, and in 1976 he starred opposite Meryl Streep in Arthur Millers A Memory of Two Mondays. He was nominated for the Best Actor Tony Awards for Requiem for a Heavyweight, in 2002, Lithgow won a Tony Award for Best Leading Actor in a Musical for his portrayal of J. J. Hunsecker in the Broadway adaptation of the 1957 film Sweet Smell of Success, in 2005, Lithgow was elected into the American Theater Hall of Fame for his work on Broadway. He was also nominated for a Best Leading Actor in a Musical Tony for Dirty Rotten Scoundrels, in 2004 and 2007, Lithgow debuted Carnival of the Animals elephant character — nurse Mabel Buntz — with the New York City Ballet and Houston Ballet, respectively. In 2007, Lithgow played Malvolio in the Royal Shakespeare Companys production of Twelfth Night, at The Courtyard Theatre, Stratford-upon-Avon, in 2008 through 2009, Lithgow played Joe Keller in a Broadway revival of Arthur Millers All My Sons. Lithgow starred alongside Jennifer Ehle in Douglas Carter Beanes comedy Mr & Mrs Fitch presented Off-Broadway by Second Stage Theatre from February 22,2010 to April 4,2010. Lithgow returned to Broadway as Joseph Alsop in the Manhattan Theatre Club production of David Auburns new play The Columnist, the National Theatre tempted Lithgow to appear on the London stage in the winter of 2012/13 as Police Magistrate Aeneas Posket in a revival of Arthur Wing Pineros The Magistrate
7.
William H. Macy
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William Hall Macy, Jr. is an American actor, screenwriter, teacher and theater director. His film career has been mostly on his appearances in small, independent films. Macy has described himself as sort of a Middle American, WASPy, Macy has won two Emmy Awards and three Screen Actors Guild Awards, as well as being nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor. Since 2011, he has played Frank Gallagher, a character in the Showtime television series Shameless. Macy and actress Felicity Huffman have been married since 1997, Macy was born in Miami, Florida, and grew up in Georgia and Maryland. His father, William Hall Macy, Sr and his mother, Lois, was a war widow who met Macys father after her first husband died in 1943, Macy has described her as a Southern belle. Macy graduated from Allegany High School in Cumberland, Maryland in 1968, at Goddard, he first met playwright David Mamet. After graduating from Goddard in 1971, Macy moved to Chicago, Illinois, working as a bartender to pay the rent. Within a year, he and David Mamet, among others, founded St. Nicholas Theater Company, while in Chicago in his twenties, he did a TV commercial. He was required to join AFTRA in order to do the commercial, and received his SAG card within a year, Macy spent time in Los Angeles, before moving to New York City in 1980, where he had roles in over 50 Off Broadway and Broadway plays. One of his early roles was as a turtle named Socrates in the direct-to-video film The Boy Who Loved Trolls. He also had a role as a hospital orderly on the sitcom Kate & Allie in the fourth-season episode General Hospital. He has appeared in films that Mamet wrote and/or directed, such as House of Games, Things Change, Homicide, Oleanna, Wag the Dog, State and Main. Macy may be best known for his role in Fargo. The role helped boost his career and recognizability, though at the expense of nearly confining him to a narrow typecast of a man down on his luck. In 2003, he won a Peabody Award and two Emmy Awards, one for starring in the role, and one as co-writer. Door to Door is a based on the true story of Bill Porter. His work on ER and Sports Night has also recognized with Emmy nominations
8.
Kathleen Quinlan
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Kathleen Denise Quinlan is an American film and television actress. Her other film appearances include Airport 77, The Promise, The Runner Stumbles, Sunday Lovers, Sunset, Claras Heart, The Doors, Breakdown, and Breach. Quinlan was born in Pasadena, California, the daughter of Josephine, a military supply supervisor, and Robert Quinlan and she was raised in Mill Valley, California, where she attended Tamalpais High School, studied drama and began her acting career. She has been married to actor Bruce Abbott since April 12,1994, Quinlan made her film debut in George Lucas 1973 nostalgic look at the early 60s, American Graffiti at the age of 19. As a young actress, she guest-starred in several 1970s television series, including Police Woman, Ironside, kathleen Quinlan at the Internet Movie Database
9.
Tony Shalhoub
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Anthony Marcus Tony Shalhoub is an American actor. Shalhoub is the ninth of ten children, and was born and raised in Green Bay and his father, Joe, was from Lebanon and immigrated to the United States as an orphan at the age of ten. Joe married Shalhoub’s mother, Helen, a second-generation Lebanese-American, and founded a grocery chain. Shalhoub was introduced to acting by a sister who put his name forward to be an extra in a high school production of The King. Despite finding himself standing on the side of the curtain during the final dress rehearsal. Shalhoub attended Green Bay East High School, in his senior year he suffered a setback, breaking his leg in a fall off the stage into the pit during a rehearsal. Recovering quickly, he was able to perform in the final play of the year. After a short time at the University of Wisconsin–Green Bay, he earned a degree in drama from the University of Southern Maine. He later went on to earn a masters from the Yale School of Drama in 1980 and he made his Broadway debut in the 1985 Rita Moreno/Sally Struthers production of The Odd Couple and was nominated for a 1992 Tony Award for his featured role in Conversations with My Father. Shalhoub met his wife, actress Brooke Adams, when they co-starred on Broadway in The Heidi Chronicles, Shalhoub returned in December 2006 to the Off-Broadway Second Stage Theatre, opposite Patricia Heaton for a run of The Scene by Theresa Rebeck. In 2010, he went to Broadway to act as Saunders in a version of Lend Me a Tenor in New York at the Music Box Theatre. He was nominated for a 2013 Tony Award for Best Performance by a Featured Actor in a Play for Lincoln Center Theaters production of Golden Boy at the Belasco Theatre. He was nominated for a 2014 Tony Award for Best Performance by a Leading Actor in a Play for Lincoln Center Theaters production of Act One at the Vivian Beaumont Theatre. Shalhoub and his wife appeared in Samuel Becketts Happy Days in June and he stars in the musical stage adaption of the film The Bands Visit, in the Off-Broadway Atlantic Theatre Company production. The musical, with music and lyrics by David Yazbek and book by Itamar Moses runs from November 11,2016 through December 23,2016 and he later appeared as Walter Franz in the 2017 Broadway revival of The Price. One of Shalhoubs first television roles was in 1991 as the Italian cabdriver Antonio Scarpacci in the sitcom Wings, Shalhoub was pleasantly surprised to land the role after having a guest appearance in the second season. Shalhoub affected an Italian accent for the role, in the same time period, Shalhoub played physicist Dr. Chester Ray Banton in The X-Files second-season episode Soft Light. He had a role in the film Big Night, where he plays an Italian-speaking chef complete with accent
10.
Danny Elfman
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Daniel Robert Danny Elfman is an American composer, singer, songwriter, and record producer. In 1976 Elfman entered the industry as an actor. In 1982 he scored his first film, Forbidden Zone, directed by his older brother Richard Elfman, among his honours are four Academy Award nominations, a Grammy for Batman, an Emmy for Desperate Housewives, the 2002 Richard Kirk Award, and the Disney Legend Award. Danny Elfman was born on May 29,1953 in Los Angeles and he is the son of Blossom Elfman, a writer and teacher, and Milton Elfman, a teacher who was in the Air Force. He was raised in a racially mixed affluent community in Baldwin Hills and he spent much of his time in the neighborhoods local movie theatre, adoring the music of such film composers as Bernard Herrmann and Franz Waxman. Stating that he hung out with the band geeks in high school, after dropping out of high school, he followed his brother Richard to France, where he performed with Le Grand Magic Circus, an avant-garde musical theater group. He was never officially a student at the CalArts, nonetheless, Elfman stated, He just laughed, and said, Sit. I continued to sit and play for a couple years, at this time, his brother Richard was forming a new musical theater group. In 1972 Richard Elfman founded the American new wave band/performance art group and they played several shows throughout the 1970s until Richard Elfman left the band to become a filmmaker. As a send-off to the original concept, Richard Elfman created the film Forbidden Zone based on their stage performances. Danny Elfman composed his first score for the film and played the role of Satan, by the time the movie was completed, they had taken the name Oingo Boingo and begun recording and touring as a rock group. From 1976 and on, it was led by Danny Elfman, the semi-theatrical music and comedy troupe had transformed into a ska-influenced new wave band in 1979, and then changed again towards a more guitar-oriented rock sound, in the late 1980s. Oingo Boingo, still led by Danny Elfman, performed as themselves in the 1986 movie Back to School, in 1985, Tim Burton and Paul Reubens invited Elfman to write the score for their first feature film, Pee-wees Big Adventure. Elfman also provided the voice for Jack Skellington in Tim Burtons The Nightmare Before Christmas. Years later he provided the voice for Bonejangles the skeleton in Corpse Bride and the voices of the Oompa-Loompas in Charlie, one of Elfmans notable compositions is The Simpsons Theme. He composed the theme in 1989, and it has been in use ever since, in 2002 Elfman composed the opening theme for the Sam Raimi Spider-Man series. This as well as altered versions made its way to all 3 Spider-Man movies, in 2004 Elfman composed Serenada Schizophrana for the American Composers Orchestra. It was conducted by John Mauceri on its recording and by Steven Sloane at its premiere at Carnegie Hall in New York City on February 23,2005, after its premiere, it was recorded in studio and released onto SACD on October 3,2006
11.
Conrad Hall
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Conrad Lafcadio Hall, ASC was an American cinematographer from Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia. For his work he garnered a number of awards, including three Academy Awards and BAFTA Awards, in 2003, Hall was judged to be one of historys ten most influential cinematographers in a survey of the members of the International Cinematographers Guild. He has been given a star in Hollywood Boulevards Walk of Fame, Conrad L Hall was born on June 21,1926 in Papeete, Tahiti. His father was James Norman Hall, an ace pilot and captain in the Lafayette escadrille that fought for France in World War I, James also co-wrote Mutiny On The Bounty. His mother was Sarah Winchester Hall, growing up during the relative infancy of cinema, Hall never was around cameras and the idea of going to the movies was a foreign concept. In his teens, Hall moved from Tahiti to Santa Barbara for prep school, after prep school, Hall was told by his father to find his path in life. Hall attended the University of Southern California, intending to study journalism and he wasn’t sure this was the right decision, yet he thought since this was a new art form it would be interesting to start from the bottom. Hall went to the school at a time when Slavko Vorkapić was the head of the program. He taught the principles, and left the rest up to us”, after creating his first shots in school he fell in love with the art and wanted to continue telling his stories through imagery. A few people visited his school during his education at USC were John Huston and Orson Welles. After graduation in 1949 Hall expected to get a job out of college. At the time, however, Hollywood only allowed the crew to be filled with people that were on the International Photographers Guild roster. After graduation Hall collaborated with his classmates, Marvin R. Weinstein, couffer, to create Canyon Films in 1949. In the beginning they made advertising commercials and documentaries and did pickup shots for features, in 1956 Canyon Films acquired a short film, My Brother Down There, which allowed Hall to enter into the cameraman position and become part of the International Photographers Guild. However, the Guild made Canyon Films hire an established Guild Cameraman for My Brother Down There, denying Hall credit, instead he was credited as the visual consultant, after United Artists released the film under the new title Running Target. Once Running Target was finished Canyon Films dissolved, and its members went off on their own paths, following a year of working as an assistant cameraman, he was awarded the chance to be the camera operator on the television series Stoney Burke. In 1963, he began filming another series called The Outer Limits. Then, in 1964, he shot his first feature-length black and white film, Wild Seed, halls breakthrough came with Morituri in 1965, for which he received his first Oscar nomination
12.
Touchstone Pictures
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Touchstone Pictures is an American film distribution label of Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures. Previously, Touchstone operated as an film production banner of Walt Disney Studios. Touchstone Pictures merely serves as a brand, not a business operation. In 2009, Disney entered into a 5-year, 30-picture distribution deal with DreamWorks Pictures by which DreamWorks productions would be released through the Touchstone banner, Touchstone then distributed DreamWorks films from 2011 to 2016. Due to increased public assumption that Disney films were aimed at children and families, in late 1979, Disney Productions released The Black Hole, a science-fiction movie that was the studios first production to receive a PG rating. Over the next few years, Disney experimented with more PG-rated fare, tron was considered a potential Star Wars-level success film by the film division. A loss of $33 million was registered by the division in 1983 with the majority resulting from Something Wicked This Way Comes. Never Cry Wolf, a 1983 PG release that featured male nudity did well as the studio downplayed the films association with the Disney brand. Touchstone Films was started by then-Disney CEO Ron W. Miller on February 15,1984 as a label for their PG films with an expected 3 to 4 movies released under the label. Touchstones first film was Splash, a hit for grossing $68 million at the domestic box office was released that year. Incoming Disney CEO Michael Eisner and film chief Jeffrey Katzenberg considered renaming the label to Hollywood Pictures, following in 1986, Down and Out in Beverly Hills was another early success for Touchstone and is noted as Disneys first R-rated film. Allowing the momentum to increase with films with Ruthless People, Outrageous Fortune, Tin Men. In April 1985, Touchstone Films were licensed to Showtime/The Movie Channel for five years starting in 1986, Touchstone Films was renamed Touchstone Pictures after the film Ruthless People in 1986. With the Touchstone movies, Disney moved to the top of box office receipts beating out all the major film studios by 1988. In April 1988, Touchstone became a unit of Walt Disney Pictures with newly appointed president Ricardo Mestres, on October 23,1990, The Walt Disney Company formed Touchwood Pacific Partners I to supplant the Silver Screen Partnership series as their movie studios primary funding source. Mestres was appointed president of Hollywood, in 2006, Disney limited Touchstones output to 2 or 3 films in favor of Walt Disney Pictures titles due to an increase in film industry costs. Two Touchstone co-productions flopped at the box office minimized by its co-producers financial contributions to the movies, Disney revived Touchstone in 2009 to serve as a distribution label for DreamWorks Studios films. DreamWorks was expected to allow Disney to release additional family fare that could be used at its parks and on its channels, Disney has been financing DreamWorks productions with an $90 million more available under its agreement if DreamWorks cannot get additional equity funding
13.
Paramount Pictures
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Paramount Pictures Corporation is an American film studio based in Hollywood, California, that has been a subsidiary of the American media conglomerate Viacom since 1994. In 1916, film producer Adolph Zukor contracted 22 actors and actresses and these fortunate few would become the first movie stars. Paramount Pictures is a member of the Motion Picture Association of America, in 2014, Paramount Pictures became the first major Hollywood studio to distribute all of its films in digital form only. Paramount is the fifth oldest surviving studio in the world after the French studios Gaumont Film Company and Pathé, followed by the Nordisk Film company. It is the last major film studio headquartered in the Hollywood district of Los Angeles. Paramount Pictures dates its existence from the 1912 founding date of the Famous Players Film Company, hungarian-born founder, Adolph Zukor, who had been an early investor in nickelodeons, saw that movies appealed mainly to working-class immigrants. With partners Daniel Frohman and Charles Frohman he planned to offer feature-length films that would appeal to the class by featuring the leading theatrical players of the time. By mid-1913, Famous Players had completed five films, and Zukor was on his way to success and its first film was Les Amours de la reine Élisabeth, which starred Sarah Bernhardt. That same year, another aspiring producer, Jesse L. Lasky, opened his Lasky Feature Play Company with money borrowed from his brother-in-law, Samuel Goldfish, the Lasky company hired as their first employee a stage director with virtually no film experience, Cecil B. DeMille, who would find a site in Hollywood, near Los Angeles, for his first feature film. Hodkinson and actor, director, producer Hobart Bosworth had started production of a series of Jack London movies, Paramount was the first successful nationwide distributor, until this time, films were sold on a statewide or regional basis which had proved costly to film producers. Also, Famous Players and Lasky were privately owned while Paramount was a corporation, in 1916, Zukor maneuvered a three-way merger of his Famous Players, the Lasky Company, and Paramount. Zukor and Lasky bought Hodkinson out of Paramount, and merged the three companies into one, with only the exhibitor-owned First National as a rival, Famous Players-Lasky and its Paramount Pictures soon dominated the business. It was this system that gave Paramount a leading position in the 1920s and 1930s, the driving force behind Paramounts rise was Zukor. In 1926, Zukor hired independent producer B. P. Schulberg and they purchased the Robert Brunton Studios, a 26-acre facility at 5451 Marathon Street for US$1 million. In 1927, Famous Players-Lasky took the name Paramount Famous Lasky Corporation, three years later, because of the importance of the Publix Theatres, it became Paramount Publix Corporation. In 1928, Paramount began releasing Inkwell Imps, animated cartoons produced by Max, the Fleischers, veterans in the animation industry, were among the few animation producers capable of challenging the prominence of Walt Disney. The Paramount newsreel series Paramount News ran from 1927 to 1957, Paramount was also one of the first Hollywood studios to release what were known at that time as talkies, and in 1929, released their first musical, Innocents of Paris
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Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures
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Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures is an American film distributor owned by The Walt Disney Company. The division took on its current name in late 2007, which before that had been Buena Vista Pictures Distribution since 1987, before 1953, Walt Disneys productions were distributed by Columbia Pictures, United Artists and RKO Radio Pictures. The name Buena Vista came from the street in Burbank, California, Buena Vistas first release was the Academy Award–winning live-action feature The Living Desert on November 10,1953 along with Toot, Whistle, Plunk and Boom, Buena Vistas first animated release. Notable subsequent releases include the film, Yang Kwei Fei, released in US theaters in September 1956, The Missouri Traveler in March 1958. In April 1960, the company dropped Film from its name, in 1961, Disney incorporated Buena Vista International, distributing its first PG rated film, Take Down, in January 1979. The low-budget movie was not produced by the Disney studios and was acquired from an independent studio, in July 1987, Buena Vista changed its name to Buena Vista Pictures Distribution, Inc. Late in the 1980s, Disney purchased a stake in one of Pacific Theatres chain leading to Disneys Buena Vista Theaters and Pacific to renovate the El Capitan Theatre. The Crest was finished first while El Capitan opened with the premiere of The Rocketeer film on June 19,1991, the corporation purchased a 12. 8% share in Cinergi with its initial public offering in 1994. Soon, BVPD signed a 25 picture distribution deal with Cinergi, the Gaumont Film Company and Walt Disney formed Gaumont Buena Vista International, their joint venture French distribution company, in 1993. In August 1996, Disney and Tokuma Shoten Publishing agreed that Disney would distribute internationally Studio Ghibli animated films, in September 1996, following Disneys acquisition of Capital Cities/ABC, Buena Vista Pictures Distribution, Inc. was merged into ABC, Inc. the parent company of that group. In July 1998, Buena Vista Pictures Distribution purchased the Hollywood Masonic Temple building to continue using it as a promotional venue, by 1997, BVPDs share in Cinergi dropped to 5%.4 million and other loans. In 2002, Disney signed a four animated film deal with Vanguard Animation, however, since 2004, BVI and Gaumont dissolved their French distribution joint venture, Gaumont Buena Vista International. Buena Vista International agreed to a deal with MegaStar Joint Venture Company Limited in April 2006 for the Vietnam market. In April 2007, Disney discontinued using the Buena Vista brand in its distribution branding, the distribution deal ended in 2016, after DreamWorks and Disney decided to not renew their agreement in December 2015, with Universal replacing Disney as DreamWorks distributor. By the end of the deal, Disney had distributed 14 of DreamWorks original 30-picture agreement, Disney took complete ownership of the DreamWorks II film library in exchange for loans made to that company. In addition, Disney is the first of three studios that have released at least two billion-dollar films in the same year. Furthermore, Disney is the studio that has achieved this four times, in 2010,2013,2015, and 2016—that latter year of which included four $1 billion releases. Four of the top five highest-grossing animated films have been released by Disney, in addition, four of the top-five opening weekends were Disney releases
15.
United International Pictures
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United International Pictures is a joint venture of Paramount Pictures and Universal Studios which distributes some of their films outside the United States and Canada. UIP also had international distribution rights to Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and United Artists films when MGM was part of the venture, in 2001, as MGM left UIP, they made a distribution deal with 20th Century Foxs overseas arm. The company formerly distributed DreamWorks releases internationally as well, paramounts early history with MCA dates back to the 1950s, when part of its talent pool worked for Paramount Pictures, notably Alfred Hitchcock. In 1957, MCA purchased the pre-1950 Paramount sound feature film library, in 1962, MCA purchased Universal Studios. It even operated in Canada and the Caribbean until the late 70s, CIC also entered the home video market by forming CIC Video, which distributed Paramount and Universal titles on video worldwide. MGM however, had its own unit, which later became a joint venture with CBS as MGM/CBS Home Video. In 1981, MGM merged with United Artists, which had its own international distribution unit. CIC refused to let MGM drop out of the venture at the time, but let the latter merge UAs overseas arm into CIC, MGM eventually left the venture in 2001, when it moved its international distribution to 20th Century Fox. The last MGM film to be released through UIP was Hannibal, after that library was acquired by Turner, UIP signed a deal to continue distributing the pre-May 1986 MGM and pre-1950 Warner Bros. film libraries for theatrical release. CICs name lived on in its division, which became directly managed as a joint venture of Paramount Home Video and MCA Videocassette. UIP Pay TV was broken up in 1997 after a 4-year investigation by the European Union, the pay TV rights for the films were eventually transferred to Paramount International Television, Universal Worldwide Television and MGM Worldwide Television. Starting in 2007, United International Pictures considerably reduced its international operations, as Universal Pictures takes over South Korean operations, CJ Entertainment has become the new South Korean distributor K1. In 2002, United International Pictures withdrew from the Finnish market, as a result, their releases in that country later started being handled by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures, then in 2006, distribution passed on to national cinema operator Finnkino. The company is based in London, United Kingdom, though their operations in that country are currently being taken over by Paramount Pictures, in addition, the company has distribution agreements with locally owned distribution companies in a further 43 countries. One such example is Bontonfilm in the Czech Republic, who previously distributed material from CIC & UIP in both the Czech and the Slovak markets, Paramount Pictures Universal Studios Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer CIC Video Official website United International Pictures at the Internet Movie Database
16.
Woburn, Massachusetts
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Woburn /ˈwuːbərn/ is a city in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, USA. The population was 38,120 at the 2010 census, Woburn is located 9 miles north of Boston, Massachusetts, and just south of the intersection of I-93 and I-95. Woburn was first settled in 1640 near Horn Pond, a source of the Mystic River. At that time the area included present day towns of Woburn, Winchester, Burlington, in 1730 Wilmington separated from Woburn. In 1799 Burlington separated from Woburn, in 1850 Winchester did so, Woburn got its name from Woburn, Bedfordshire. Woburn played host to the first religious ordination in the Americas on Nov.22,1642, rev. Edward Johnson co-founder of the church and town of Woburn. Johnson is regarded as the father of Woburn and he served as the first town clerk, represented the town in the Massachusetts General Court, made the first map of Massachusetts, and wrote the first history of the colony. The first organizational Town Meeting was held on April 13,1644, Town Selectmen were Edward Johnson, Edward Convers, John Mousall, William Learned, Ezekiel Richardson, Samuel Richardson and James Thompson. William Learned was also selected as Constable, michael Bacon, Ralph Hill, Thomas Richardson were chosen as Surveyors of Highways. Deacon Edward Convers was also one of the founders of Woburn and he was one of its first selectmen, and built the first house and first mill in Woburn. He was very active in affairs and was a large landowner, miller. Cummings Properties, the holder of commercial properties in the region, was founded in 1970. Cummings Foundation was established in 1986, Cummings Foundation purchased the former Choate Memorial Hospital site and turned it into the New Horizons of Choate senior living community in 1990. Community Weeklies Inc. was founded by William S. Cummings, the firm was bought by a division of Fidelity Investments in 1994, and Woburn Advocate is now being published by GateHouse Media. Middlesex Superior Courthouse moved to TradeCenter 128 business campus in 2008, the final phase of construction is completed on TradeCenter 128 business campus in 2010. Woburn Police Officer John B. Maguire was killed in the line of duty while responding to a robbery on December 26,2010. Massachusetts Biotechnology Council awarded Woburn the platinum-level Bio-Ready community designation in 2011, Woburn was the scene of a high-profile water contamination crisis. During the mid to late 1970s, the community became concerned over the high incidence of childhood leukemia and other illnesses
17.
Massachusetts
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It is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the east, the states of Connecticut and Rhode Island to the south, New Hampshire and Vermont to the north, and New York to the west. The state is named for the Massachusett tribe, which inhabited the area. The capital of Massachusetts and the most populous city in New England is Boston, over 80% of Massachusetts population lives in the Greater Boston metropolitan area, a region influential upon American history, academia, and industry. Originally dependent on agriculture, fishing and trade, Massachusetts was transformed into a manufacturing center during the Industrial Revolution, during the 20th century, Massachusetts economy shifted from manufacturing to services. Modern Massachusetts is a leader in biotechnology, engineering, higher education, finance. Plymouth was the site of the first colony in New England, founded in 1620 by the Pilgrims, in 1692, the town of Salem and surrounding areas experienced one of Americas most infamous cases of mass hysteria, the Salem witch trials. In 1777, General Henry Knox founded the Springfield Armory, which during the Industrial Revolution catalyzed numerous important technological advances, in 1786, Shays Rebellion, a populist revolt led by disaffected American Revolutionary War veterans, influenced the United States Constitutional Convention. In the 18th century, the Protestant First Great Awakening, which swept the Atlantic World, in the late 18th century, Boston became known as the Cradle of Liberty for the agitation there that led to the American Revolution. The entire Commonwealth of Massachusetts has played a commercial and cultural role in the history of the United States. Before the American Civil War, Massachusetts was a center for the abolitionist, temperance, in the late 19th century, the sports of basketball and volleyball were invented in the western Massachusetts cities of Springfield and Holyoke, respectively. Many prominent American political dynasties have hailed from the state, including the Adams, both Harvard University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, also in Cambridge, have been ranked among the most highly regarded academic institutions in the world. Massachusetts public school students place among the top nations in the world in academic performance, the official name of the state is the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. While this designation is part of the official name, it has no practical implications. Massachusetts has the position and powers within the United States as other states. Massachusetts was originally inhabited by tribes of the Algonquian language family such as the Wampanoag, Narragansett, Nipmuc, Pocomtuc, Mahican, and Massachusett. While cultivation of crops like squash and corn supplemented their diets, villages consisted of lodges called wigwams as well as longhouses, and tribes were led by male or female elders known as sachems. Between 1617 and 1619, smallpox killed approximately 90% of the Massachusetts Bay Native Americans, the first English settlers in Massachusetts, the Pilgrims, arrived via the Mayflower at Plymouth in 1620, and developed friendly relations with the native Wampanoag people. This was the second successful permanent English colony in the part of North America that later became the United States, the event known as the First Thanksgiving was celebrated by the Pilgrims after their first harvest in the New World which lasted for three days
18.
Trichloroethylene
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The chemical compound trichloroethylene is a halocarbon commonly used as an industrial solvent. It is a clear liquid with a sweet smell. It should not be confused with the similar 1,1, 1-trichloroethane, industrial abbreviations include TCE, trichlor, Trike, Tricky and tri. It has been sold under a variety of trade names, under the trade names Trimar and Trilene, trichloroethylene was used as a volatile anesthetic and as an inhaled obstetrical analgesic in millions of patients. Pioneered by Imperial Chemical Industries in Britain, its development was hailed as an anesthetic revolution, originally thought to possess less hepatotoxicity than chloroform, and without the unpleasant pungency and flammability of ether, TCE use was nonetheless soon found to have several pitfalls. The introduction of halothane in 1956 greatly diminished the use of TCE as a general anesthetic, TCE was still used as an inhalation analgesic in childbirth given by self-administration. Fetal toxicity and concerns for potential of TCE led to its abandonment in developed countries by the 1980s. Due to concerns about its toxicity, the use of trichloroethylene in the food, legislation has forced the substitution of trichloroethylene in many processes in Europe as the chemical was classified as a carcinogen carrying an R45 risk phrase, May cause cancer. Groundwater contamination by TCE has become an important environmental concern for human exposure, the results of the study have formally characterized the chemical as a human carcinogen and a non-carcinogenic health hazard. A2011 toxicological review performed by the EPA continues to list trichloroethylene as a known carcinogen, prior to the early 1970s, most trichloroethylene was produced in a two-step process from acetylene. First, ethylene is chlorinated over a ferric chloride catalyst to produce 1, the most commonly used catalyst is a mixture of potassium chloride and aluminum chloride. However, various forms of carbon can also be used. This reaction produces tetrachloroethylene as a byproduct, and depending on the amount of chlorine fed to the reaction, typically, trichloroethylene and tetrachloroethylene are collected together and then separated by distillation. Trichloroethylene is a solvent for a variety of organic materials. When it was first widely produced in the 1920s, trichloroethylenes major use was to extract vegetable oils from plant materials such as soy, coconut, other uses in the food industry included coffee decaffeination and the preparation of flavoring extracts from hops and spices. It has also used for drying out the last bit of water for production of 100% ethanol. From the 1930s through the 1970s, both in Europe and in North America, trichloroethylene was used as a volatile anesthetic almost invariably administered with nitrous oxide. Marketed in the UK by ICI under the trade name Trilene it was coloured blue to avoid confusion with the similar smelling chloroform, Trilene was also used as a potent inhaled analgesic, mainly during childbirth
19.
Anderson v. Cryovac
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Anderson v. Cryovac was a federal lawsuit concerning toxic contamination of groundwater in Woburn, Massachusetts. Residents of Woburn, Massachusetts sued Beatrice Foods, the operator of a tannery, and Cryovac, after a trial which included contentious disputes over splitting the trial into separate liability and damages phases, W. R. Grace was found liable, and Beatrice was found not liable. The judge, Walter Jay Skinner, however, granted a motion for a mistrial, the Court of Appeal ordered a new trial. The district court found that a discovery error made by Beatrice impaired the plaintiffs preparation. On 22 September 1986, W. R. Grace settled with the plaintiffs for an amount of money. On January 28th,1987, W. R. Grace was indicted by a jury of lying to the EPA about its usage. Anderson Regional Transportation Center was later built on the site and named in memory of James R. Jimmy Anderson, the book A Civil Action, published in 1996, documents the case and related events. The 1998 film of the name, starring John Travolta as Jan Schlichtmann, was drawn from the book and loosely based on the case. A Civil Action, A Documentary Companion, By Lewis A Grossman, Robert G Vaughn Anderson v. Cryovac, 82-1672-S, Anderson v. Cryovac, Inc.96 F. R. D. 431 Anderson v. W. R. Grace & Co.628 F. Supp. 1219 Anderson v. Cryovac, Inc.805 F. 2d 1 Anderson v. Cryovac, Inc.862 F. 2d 910, on remand,1 Anderson v. Beatrice Foods Co.129 F. R. D. 394, affd,900 F. 2d 388, cert. denied,498 U. S.891 Science in the Courtroom - The Woburn Toxic Trial, Anderson v. Beatrice Foods - Index of Pleadings. Florida State University College of Law, Toxic Legacy, The Lessons of Woburn, Mass. Waste Site Cleanup & Reuse in New England - Wells G & H. United States Environmental Protection Agency
20.
Law report
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Law reports or reporters are series of books that contain judicial opinions from a selection of case law decided by courts. When a particular judicial opinion is referenced, the law report series in which the opinion is printed will determine the case citation format, the term reporter was originally used to refer to the individual persons who actually compile, edit, and publish such opinions. For example, the Reporter of Decisions for the U. S. Supreme Court is the person authorized to publish the Courts cases in the volumes of the United States Reports. In American English, reporter also denotes the books themselves, in the Commonwealth, these are described by the plural term law reports, the title that usually appears on the covers of the periodical parts and the individual volumes. In common law countries, court opinions are binding under the rule of stare decisis. That rule requires a court to apply a principle that was set forth earlier by a court of a superior jurisdiction dealing with a similar set of facts. Thus, the publication of such opinions is important so that everyone—lawyers, judges. Official law reports or reporters are those authorized for publication by statute or other governmental ruling, governments designate law reports as official to provide an authoritative, consistent, and authentic statement of a jurisdictions primary law. Official case law publishing may be carried out by a government agency, unofficial law reports, on the other hand, are not officially sanctioned and are published as a commercial enterprise. In Australia and New Zealand, official reports are called authorised reports - unofficial are referred to as unauthorised reports, some commercial publishers also provide court opinions in searchable online databases that are part of larger fee-based, online legal research systems, such as Westlaw, Lexis-Nexis and Justis. But once a court opinion is officially published, case citation rules usually require a person to cite to the official reports, a good printed law report in traditional form usually contains the following items, - • The citation reference. • A recital of the facts of the case, • A note of the arguments of counsel before the judge. The development of the Internet created the opportunity for courts to publish their decisions on Web sites and this is a relatively low cost publication method compared to paper and makes court decisions more easily available to the public. Because a court can post a decision on a Web site as soon as it is rendered, Decisions of courts from all over the world can now be found through the WorldLII Web site, and the sites of its member organizations. These projects have strongly encouraged by the Free Access to Law Movement. Many law librarians and academics have commented on the system of legal information delivery - brought about by the rapid growth of the World Wide Web. Professor Bob Berring writes that the primacy of the old paper sets is fading, in theory, court decisions posted on the Web expand access to the law beyond the specialized law library collections used primarily by lawyers and judges. The general public can more readily find court opinions online, whether posted on Web-accessible databases, questions remain, however, on the need for a uniform and practical citation format for cases posted on the Web
21.
Academy Awards
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The various category winners are awarded a copy of a golden statuette, officially called the Academy Award of Merit, which has become commonly known by its nickname Oscar. The awards, first presented in 1929 at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel, are overseen by AMPAS, the awards ceremony was first broadcast on radio in 1930 and televised for the first time in 1953. It is now live in more than 200 countries and can be streamed live online. The Academy Awards ceremony is the oldest worldwide entertainment awards ceremony and its equivalents – the Emmy Awards for television, the Tony Awards for theater, and the Grammy Awards for music and recording – are modeled after the Academy Awards. The 89th Academy Awards ceremony, honoring the best films of 2016, were held on February 26,2017, at the Dolby Theatre, in Los Angeles, the ceremony was hosted by Jimmy Kimmel and was broadcast on ABC. A total of 3,048 Oscars have been awarded from the inception of the award through the 88th, the first Academy Awards presentation was held on May 16,1929, at a private dinner function at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel with an audience of about 270 people. The post-awards party was held at the Mayfair Hotel, the cost of guest tickets for that nights ceremony was $5. Fifteen statuettes were awarded, honoring artists, directors and other participants in the industry of the time. The ceremony ran for 15 minutes, winners were announced to media three months earlier, however, that was changed for the second ceremony in 1930. Since then, for the rest of the first decade, the results were given to newspapers for publication at 11,00 pm on the night of the awards. The first Best Actor awarded was Emil Jannings, for his performances in The Last Command and he had to return to Europe before the ceremony, so the Academy agreed to give him the prize earlier, this made him the first Academy Award winner in history. With the fourth ceremony, however, the system changed, for the first six ceremonies, the eligibility period spanned two calendar years. At the 29th ceremony, held on March 27,1957, until then, foreign-language films had been honored with the Special Achievement Award. The 74th Academy Awards, held in 2002, presented the first Academy Award for Best Animated Feature, since 1973, all Academy Awards ceremonies always end with the Academy Award for Best Picture. The Academy also awards Nicholl Fellowships in Screenwriting, see also § Awards of Merit categories The best known award is the Academy Award of Merit, more popularly known as the Oscar statuette. The five spokes represent the branches of the Academy, Actors, Writers, Directors, Producers. The model for the statuette is said to be Mexican actor Emilio El Indio Fernández, sculptor George Stanley sculpted Cedric Gibbons design. The statuettes presented at the ceremonies were gold-plated solid bronze
22.
Porsche
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F. Porsche AG, usually shortened to Porsche AG, is a German automobile manufacturer specializing in high-performance sports cars, SUVs and sedans. Porsche AG is headquartered in Stuttgart, and is owned by Volkswagen AG, Porsches current lineup includes the 718 Boxster/Cayman,911, Panamera, Macan and Cayenne. Ferdinand Porsche founded the company called Dr. Ing. h. c, F. Porsche GmbH in 1931, with main offices at Kronenstraße 24 in the centre of Stuttgart. Initially, the company offered motor vehicle development work and consulting, One of the first assignments the new company received was from the German government to design a car for the people, that is a Volkswagen. This resulted in the Volkswagen Beetle, one of the most successful car designs of all time, the Porsche 64 was developed in 1939 using many components from the Beetle. During World War II, Volkswagen production turned to the version of the Volkswagen Beetle, the Kübelwagen,52,000 produced. Porsche produced several designs for heavy tanks during the war, losing out to Henschel & Son in both contracts that ultimately led to the Tiger I and the Tiger II. However, not all work was wasted, as the chassis Porsche designed for the Tiger I was used as the base for the Elefant tank destroyer. Porsche also developed the Maus super-heavy tank in the stages of the war. At the end of World War II in 1945, the Volkswagen factory at KdF-Stadt fell to the British, Ferdinand lost his position as Chairman of the Board of Management of Volkswagen, and Ivan Hirst, a British Army Major, was put in charge of the factory. On 15 December of that year, Ferdinand was arrested for war crimes, during his 20-month imprisonment, Ferdinand Porsches son, Ferry Porsche, decided to build his own car, because he could not find an existing one that he wanted to buy. He also had to steer the company through some of its most difficult days until his fathers release in August 1947, the first models of what was to become the 356 were built in a small sawmill in Gmünd, Austria. The prototype car was shown to German auto dealers, and when pre-orders reached a set threshold, production was begun by Porsche Konstruktionen GesmbH founded by Ferry, many regard the 356 as the first Porsche simply because it was the first model sold by the fledgling company. After the production of 356 was taken over by the fathers Dr. Ing. h. c. In 1952, Porsche constructed a plant across the street from Reutter Karosserie, the main road in front of Werk 1. The 356 was road certified in 1948, Porsches company logo was based on the coat of arms of the Free Peoples State of Württemberg of former Weimar Germany, which had Stuttgart as its capital. The arms of Stuttgart was placed in the middle as an inescutcheon, on 30 January 1951, not long before the creation of Baden-Württemberg, Ferdinand Porsche died from complications following a stroke. The 356, however, had several stages, A, B, and C, while in production
23.
Environmental issue
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Environmental issues are harmful effects of human activity on the biophysical environment. Environmental protection is a practice of protecting the environment on individual, organizational or governmental levels. Environmentalism, a social and environmental movement, addresses environmental issues through advocacy, education, the carbon dioxide equivalent of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere has already exceeded 400 parts per million. This level is considered a tipping point, the amount of greenhouse gas in the atmosphere is already above the threshold that can potentially cause dangerous climate change. We are already at risk of many areas of pollution. Its not next year or next decade, its now. Report from the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, Environment destruction caused by humans is a problem. By year 2050, the human population is expected to grow by 2 billion people. The human effects on Earth can be seen in different ways. A main one is the rise, and according to the report ”Our Changing Climate”. Since 1895, the U. S. average temperature has increased from 1.3 °F to 1.9 °F, major current environmental issues may include climate change, pollution, environmental degradation, and resource depletion etc. The conservation movement lobbies for protection of endangered species and protection of any ecologically valuable areas, genetically modified foods. The level of understanding of Earth has increased markebly in recent times through science especially with the application of the scientific method, environmental science is now a multi-disciplinary academic study taught and researched at many universities. This is used as a basis for addressing environmental issues, large amounts of data have been gathered and these are collated into reports, of which a common type is the State of the Environment publications. Environmental issues are addressed at a regional, national or international level by government organizations, the largest international agency, set up in 1972, is the United Nations Environment Programme. International non-governmental organizations include Greenpeace, Friends of the Earth and World Wide Fund for Nature, governments enact environmental policy and enforce environmental law and this is done to differing degrees around the world. Sustainability is the key to prevent or reduce the effect of environmental issues, for humans to live sustainably, the Earths natural resources must be used at a rate at which they can be replenished. Concerns for the environment have prompted the formation of green parties, initially these were formed in Australia, New Zealand and Germany but are now present in many other countries. There are a number of films being produced on environmental issues, especially on climate change
24.
Tanning (leather)
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Tanning is the process of treating skins and hides of animals to produce leather. A tannery is the place where the skins are processed, Tanning hide into leather involves a process which permanently alters the protein structure of skin, making it more durable and less susceptible to decomposition, and also possibly coloring it. Before tanning, the skins are unhaired, degreased, desalted and soaked in water over a period of 6 hours to 2 days, historically this process was considered a noxious or odoriferous trade and relegated to the outskirts of town. Traditionally, tanning used tannin, a chemical compound from which the tanning process draws its name. The use of a solution was adopted by tanners in the Industrial Revolution. The English word for tanning is from medieval Latin tannāre, deriv. of tannum and this refers to use of the bark of oaks in some kinds of hide preservation. Ancient civilizations used leather for waterskins, bags, harnesses and tack, boats, armour, quivers, scabbards, boots, Tanning was being carried out by the inhabitants of Mehrgarh in India between 7000 and 3300 BC. Around 2500 BC, the Sumerians began using leather, affixed by copper studs, formerly, tanning was considered a noxious or odoriferous trade and relegated to the outskirts of town, amongst the poor. Indeed, tanning by ancient methods is so foul smelling, tanneries are still isolated from those towns today where the old methods are used, Skins typically arrived at the tannery dried stiff and dirty with soil and gore. First, the ancient tanners would soak the skins in water to clean, then they would pound and scour the skin to remove any remaining flesh and fat. Next, the tanner needed to remove the hair from the skin and this was done by either soaking the skin in urine, painting it with an alkaline lime mixture, or simply allowing the skin to putrefy for several months then dipping it in a salt solution. After the hairs were loosened, the tanners scraped them off with a knife, once the hair was removed, the tanners would bate the material by pounding dung into the skin, or soaking the skin in a solution of animal brains. Bating was a process which relied on enzymes produced by bacteria found in the dung. Among the kinds of dung commonly used were those of dogs or pigeons, sometimes, the dung was mixed with water in a large vat, and the prepared skins were kneaded in the dung water until they became supple from bacterial enzyme action, but not too soft. The ancient tanner might use his feet to knead the skins in the dung water. This combination of urine, animal feces, and decaying flesh made ancient tanneries malodorous, children employed as dung gatherers were a common sight in ancient cities. Also common were piss-pots located on street corners, where human urine could be collected for use in tanneries or by washerwomen, historically the actual tanning process used vegetable tanning. In some variations of the process, cedar oil, alum, as the skin was stretched, it would lose moisture and absorb the agent
25.
Beatrice Foods
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Beatrice Foods Company was a major American food processing company. By 1990, the operations were ultimately acquired by ConAgra Foods. The Beatrice Creamery Company was founded in 1894 by George Everett Haskell and William W. Bosworth, by leasing the factory of a firm of the same name located in Beatrice. At the time, they purchased butter, milk, and eggs from local farmers and they promptly began separating the butter themselves at their plant, making their own butter on site and packaging and distributing it under their own label. They devised special protective packages and distributed them to stores and restaurants in their own wagons. To overcome the shortage of cream, the partners established skimming stations to which farmers delivered their milk to have the cream, used to make butter, separated from the milk. This led to the introduction of their unique credit program of providing farmers with hand cream-separators so they could separate the milk on the farm and this enabled farmers to pay for the separators from the proceeds of their sales of cream. The program worked so well, the company more than 50,000 separators in Nebraska from 1895 to 1905. On March 1,1905, the company was incorporated as the Beatrice Creamery Company of Iowa, with capital of $3,000,000. By the start of the 20th century, they were shipping dairy products across the United States, the company moved to Chicago in 1913, at the time the center of the American food processing industry. By the 1930s, it was a dairy company, producing some 30 million US gallons of milk and 10 million US gallons of ice cream annually. In 1939, Beatrice Creamery Company purchased Blue Valley Creamery Company and this acquisition added at least 11 creameries from New York to South Dakota. Beatrices Meadow Gold brand was a name in much of America by the beginning of World War II. In 1946, it changed its name to Beatrice Foods Co. and it came to be the owner of brands such as Avis Rent A Car, Playtex, Shedds, Tropicana, John Sexton & Co, Good & Plenty, and many others. Annual sales in 1984 were roughly $12 billion and these ads used the tagline Were Beatrice. Beatrices Canadian subsidiary, Beatrice Foods Canada Ltd. was founded in 1969, in 1968, Sexton Foods was approached by Beatrice with an offer to purchase the John Sexton & Co. Beatrice was attracted to Sexton Quality Foods’ distribution network, quality, variety of products, specialized food offerings, sales force. Mack Sexton’s initial response was no, but Beatrice Foods was very interested, eventually, both parties reached an agreement
26.
W. R. Grace and Company
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W. R. Grace and Company is an American chemical conglomerate based in Columbia, Maryland. Grace is divided into three business segments—Grace Catalysts Technologies, Grace Materials Technologies, and Grace Construction Products, Grace is a specialty chemicals and materials company. It has more than 6,700 employees in nearly 40 countries, the companys stock, listed in 1953, trades on the New York Stock Exchange. W. R. Grace and Company was founded in 1854, in Peru, by William Russell Grace, who left Ireland due to the potato famine and his brother Michael joined the business and in 1865 the company name was changed to Grace Brothers & Co. The company set up head office operations in New York City in 1865, working in fertilizer and machinery, the company was formally chartered in 1872, and incorporated in 1895. There are two accounts of the date of W. R. Grace & Co. According to a New York Times account the company was incorporated, as part of estate and successor planning, the three brothers consolidated most of their holdings into a new private company, incorporated in West Virginia, called W. R. Grace & Company. The consolidation involved W. R. Grace & Co. of New York, Grace Brothers & Co. of Lima, Peru, Grace & Co. of Valparaiso Chile, William R. Grace & Co. of London, and J. W. Grace & Co of San Francisco. According to its website, W. R. Grace & Co. was incorporated in Connecticut in 1899, the listed capital of $6 million did not include Grace Brothers & Co. Limited in London or its branches in San Francisco, Lima and Callao, Peru, nor in Valparaiso, Santiago, and Concepción, Chile. J. Louis Schaefer, who joined the company as a boy, would play a key role in not only W. R. Grace & Company, in which he became a vice president, but also as president of Grace National Bank. Schaefer would be a co-executor of the estate of Michael Grace with Williams son and corporate successor, J. Louis Schaefer died in 1927. At one time, Graces main business interest was in shipping, to get its products from Peru to North America and Europe, including guano and sugar, and noticing the need for other goods to be traded, William Grace founded a shipping division. Grace Line began service in 1882, with ports of call between Peru and New York, regular steamship service was established in 1893, with a subsidiary called the New York & Pacific Steamship Co. that operated under the British flag. Ships built outside the United States prior to 1905 were banned from US registry, uS-flag service began in 1912 with the Atlantic and Pacific Steamship Company. The activities of companies and the parent firm were consolidated into the Grace Steamship Company beginning in 1916. The firm originally specialized in traffic to the west coast of South America, in 1916, Grace acquired a controlling interest in the Pacific Mail Steamship Company. In 1921, Pacific received five 535 ft. President class ships from the United States Shipping Board for transpacific operation, in 1923, the US Shipping board decided to place the five ships up for bid and Dollar Shipping Company won the bid
27.
United States Environmental Protection Agency
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The EPA was proposed by President Richard Nixon and began operation on December 2,1970, after Nixon signed an executive order. The order establishing the EPA was ratified by committee hearings in the House, the agency is led by its Administrator, who is appointed by the president and approved by Congress. The current administrator is Scott Pruitt, the EPA is not a Cabinet department, but the administrator is normally given cabinet rank. The EPA has its headquarters in Washington, D. C. regional offices for each of the ten regions. The agency conducts environmental assessment, research, and education and it has the responsibility of maintaining and enforcing national standards under a variety of environmental laws, in consultation with state, tribal, and local governments. It delegates some permitting, monitoring, and enforcement responsibility to U. S. states, EPA enforcement powers include fines, sanctions, and other measures. The agency also works with industries and all levels of government in a variety of voluntary pollution prevention programs. In 2016, the agency had 15,376 full-time employees, more than half of EPAs employees are engineers, scientists, and environmental protection specialists, other employees include legal, public affairs, financial, and information technologists. Beginning in the late 1950s and through the 1960s, Congress reacted to increasing concern about the impact that human activity could have on the environment. Senator James E. Murray introduced a bill, the Resources and Conservation Act of 1959, the 1962 publication of Silent Spring by Rachel Carson alerted the public about the detrimental effects on the environment of the indiscriminate use of pesticides. In the years following, similar bills were introduced and hearings were held to discuss the state of the environment, in the colloquium, some members of Congress expressed a continuing concern over federal agency actions affecting the environment. The National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 was modeled on RCA, President Nixon signed NEPA into law on January 1,1970. The law created the Council on Environmental Quality in the Executive Office of the President, NEPA required that a detailed statement of environmental impacts be prepared for all major federal actions significantly affecting the environment. The detailed statement would ultimately be referred to as an impact statement. On July 9,1970, Nixon proposed a reorganization that consolidated many environmental responsibilities of the federal government under one agency. After conducting hearings during that summer, the House and Senate approved the proposal, the agency’s first administrator, William Ruckelshaus, took the oath of office on December 4,1970. In May 2013, Congress renamed the EPA headquarters as the William Jefferson Clinton Federal Building, the EPA is led by an Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency. As of 2017 Scott Pruitt is the 14th administrator, each EPA regional office is responsible within its states for implementing the Agencys programs, except those programs that have been specifically delegated to states
28.
Charles Nesson
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For the French poet, see Pierre de Nesson. Charles Rothwell Nesson is the William F, weld Professor of Law at Harvard Law School and the founder of the Berkman Center for Internet & Society and of the Global Poker Strategic Thinking Society. He is author of Evidence, with Murray and Green, and has participated in cases before the U. S. Supreme Court. In 1971, Nesson defended Daniel Ellsberg in the Pentagon Papers case. He was co-counsel for the plaintiffs in the case against W. R. Grace and Company that was made into the book A Civil Action, which was, in turn, made into the film of the same name. Nessons nickname in the book, Billion-Dollar Charlie, was given to him by Mark Phillips, Nesson is currently interested in advancing justice in Jamaica, the evolution of the Internet, as well as national drug policy. Nesson attended Harvard College as an undergraduate, studying mathematics and he took the law school boards junior year, earning a nearly perfect score, but he was initially rejected early admission from Harvard Law School for his grades. After improving his grades, Nesson was accepted, Nesson surprised himself by achieving and retaining a ranking of first out of five hundred students. He is rumored to have achieved the highest grade point average since Felix Frankfurter graduated in 1907, Nesson was a law clerk to Justice John Marshall Harlan II on the United States Supreme Court,1965 term. He then worked as a assistant in the Department of Justice Civil Rights Division under John Doar. His first case, White v. Crook, made race-based and gender-based jury selection in Alabama unconstitutional, Nesson joined the Harvard Law School faculty in 1966, and was tenured three years later. In 1998, he co-founded Harvards Berkman Center for Internet & Society, for the last one, he made an appearance on The Colbert Report. When Colbert joked that Nesson may have a problem, he responded. The defendants were guilty and sentenced to a day in jail. Nesson planned, in the wake of the conviction, to appeal the verdict, in 2006, he taught CyberOne, Law in the Court of Public Opinion with Rebecca Nesson and Gene Koo. He teaches courses in the law and practice of evidence, Trials in Second Life, where he is represented by his avatar Eon, and he also teaches a class on the American Jury. Nesson continued to defend Joel Tenenbaum, who is accused of downloading and sharing 31 songs on Kazaa file-sharing network, many of Nessons less conventional actions, including an almost obsessive desire for transparency and documentation, drew criticism. Nesson had encouraged his client to admit that he had downloaded and shared the 31 songs after he had denied it in depositions, in Jamaica, Nesson is pro bono counsel to the Westmoreland Hemp & Ganja Farmers Association
29.
Peter Jacobson
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Peter Jacobson is an American actor. He is perhaps best known for his portrayal of Dr. Chris Taub on the Fox medical drama series House and he is currently starring on the USA Network science fiction drama Colony as former Proxy Snyder. Jacobson was born in Chicago, Illinois, the son of Lynn Straus and he is a 1987 graduate of Brown University. Jacobson also graduated from the Juilliard School, where he was a member of the drama divisions Group 20, Jacobson and Lisa Edelstein, his ex co-star on House, appeared as a couple eating at a restaurant in the 1997 film As Good as It Gets. He played a role on Law & Order as Randy Dworkin. In 2005, he played Jimmy in the Academy Award-nominated film Good Night and he has appeared in Scrubs, CSI, Miami, The Lost Room, The Starter Wife, Transformers, and The Midnight Meat Train. Jacobson joined the cast of House as Dr. Chris Taub, in October 2007, he was confirmed as a regular on the show. He made a guest appearance as Alan on an episode of the USA Networks Royal Pains, Peter Jacobson at the Internet Movie Database Peter Jacobson at AllMovie
30.
Sydney Pollack
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Sydney Irwin Pollack was an American film director, producer and actor. Pollack directed more than 20 films and 10 television shows, acted in over 30 films or shows, some of his other best known works include Jeremiah Johnson, The Way We Were, Three Days of the Condor and Absence of Malice. His subsequent films included Havana, The Firm, The Interpreter, Sydney Pollack was born in Lafayette, Indiana, to a family of Jewish immigrants from Ukraine, the son of Rebecca and David Pollack, a semi-professional boxer and pharmacist. The family relocated to South Bend and his parents divorced when he was young and his mother, an alcoholic with emotional problems, died at the age of 37 while Pollack was a student. Despite earlier plans to attend college and then school, Pollack left Indiana for New York City soon after finishing high school at age 17. Pollack studied acting with Sanford Meisner at the Neighborhood Playhouse from 1952–54, after two years army service, ending in 1958, he returned to the Playhouse at Meisner’s invitation to become his assistant. In 1960, John Frankenheimer, a friend of Pollack, asked him to come to Los Angeles in order to work as a coach for the child actors on Frankenheimers first big picture. It was during this time that Pollack met Burt Lancaster who encouraged the actor to try directing. Pollack played a director in The Twilight Zone episode The Trouble with Templeton in 1961, but he found his real success in television in the 1960s by directing episodes of series, such as The Fugitive and Alfred Hitchcock Presents. After doing TV he made the jump into film with a string of movies that drew public attention and his film-directing debut was The Slender Thread. Over time, Pollacks films received a total of 48 Academy Award nominations and his first Oscar nomination was for his 1969 film They Shoot Horses, Dont They. and his second in 1982 for Tootsie. For his 1985 film Out of Africa starring Meryl Streep and Robert Redford, only Young and Lange won Oscars for their performances in one of Pollacks films. His disputes with Hoffman during the filming of Tootsie became well known, eventually Hoffman began pushing the idea that Pollack play the role of his agent, and Pollack reluctantly agreed despite not having had any film roles in 20 years. Their off-screen relationship added authenticity to their scenes in the movie, Pollack subsequently took on more acting roles in addition to producing and directing. He appeared as himself in the documentary One Six Right, describing his joy in owning and piloting his Cessna Citation X jet aircraft. As a character actor, Pollack appeared in such as A Civil Action. He also appeared in Woody Allens Husbands and Wives as a New York lawyer undergoing a midlife crisis and his last role was as Patrick Dempseys father in the 2008 romantic comedy Made of Honor, which was playing in theaters at the time of his death. He was a recurring guest star on the NBC sitcom Will & Grace, playing Will Trumans unfaithful but loving father, George Truman
31.
Stephen Fry
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Stephen John Fry is an English comedian, actor, writer, presenter, and activist. While at university, he involved with the Cambridge Footlights. As half of the double act Fry and Laurie, he co-wrote and co-starred in A Bit of Fry & Laurie and also took the role of Jeeves in Jeeves. He was also the long-time host of the BBC television quiz show QI and he has also filmed commercials, including an advertisement where he explains the essence of British culture to foreigners arriving at Londons Heathrow Airport. Fry was born in Hampstead, London, on 24 August 1957, the son of Marianne Eve Fry and Alan John Fry, a British physicist and inventor. The Fry family originates in Dorset, at Shillingstone and Blandford, in the early 1800s, Samuel Fry settled in Surrey, Frys mother is Jewish, but he was not brought up in a religious family. His maternal grandparents, Martin and Rosa Neumann, were Hungarian Jews, rosas parents, who originally lived in Vienna, Austria, were sent to a concentration camp in Riga, Latvia, where they were murdered. His mothers aunt and cousins were sent to Auschwitz and Stutthof, Frys father is English, and his paternal grandmother had roots in Kent and Cheshire. Fry grew up in the village of Booton near Reepham, Norfolk, having moved from Chesham, Buckinghamshire and he has an elder brother, Roger, and a younger sister, Joanna. He was expelled from Uppingham when he was 15 and subsequently from the Paston School, at 17, after leaving Norfolk College of Arts and Technology, Fry absconded with a credit card stolen from a family friend. He had taken a coat when leaving a pub, planning to spend the night sleeping rough and he was arrested in Swindon, and, as a result, spent three months in Pucklechurch Prison on remand. While Fry was in Pucklechurch, his mother had cut out the crossword from every copy of The Times since he had been away, Fry later stated that these crosswords were the only thing that got him through the ordeal. Following his release, he resumed his education at City College Norwich and he scored well enough to gain a scholarship to Queens College, Cambridge. At Cambridge, Fry joined the Cambridge Footlights, appeared on University Challenge, Fry also met his future comedy collaborator Hugh Laurie at Cambridge and starred alongside him in the Footlights Club. Frys career in television began with the 1982 broadcasting of The Cellar Tapes, a second series, retitled Alfresco, was broadcast in 1983, and a third in 1984, it established Fry and Lauries reputation as a comedy double act. In 1983, the BBC offered Fry, Laurie and Thompson their own show, which became The Crystal Cube, undeterred, Fry and Laurie appeared in an episode of The Young Ones in 1984, and Fry also appeared in Ben Eltons 1985 Happy Families series. In 1986 and 1987 Fry and Laurie performed sketches on the LWT/Channel 4 show Saturday Live, forgiving Fry and Laurie for The Crystal Cube, the BBC commissioned, in 1986, a sketch show that was to become A Bit of Fry & Laurie. The programme ran for 26 episodes spanning four series between 1986 and 1995, and was very successful, in a 1988 television special, Blackadders Christmas Carol, he played the roles of Lord Melchett and Lord Frondo
32.
Shakespeare in Love
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For the theatre adaptation, see Shakespeare in Love. Shakespeare in Love is a 1998 British-American romantic comedy-drama film directed by John Madden, written by Marc Norman, the film depicts an imaginary love affair involving Viola de Lesseps and playwright William Shakespeare while he was writing Romeo and Juliet. Several characters are based on figures, and many of the characters, lines. Shakespeare in Love won seven Academy Awards, including Best Picture, Best Actress, in 1593 London, William Shakespeare is a sometime player in the Lord Chamberlains Men and poor playwright for Philip Henslowe, owner of The Rose Theatre. Shakespeare is working on a new comedy, Romeo and Ethel, suffering from writers block, he has barely begun the play, but starts auditioning players. Viola de Lesseps, the daughter of a merchant, who has seen Shakespeares plays at court, disguises herself as Thomas Kent to audition. Shakespeare pursues Kent to Violas house and leaves a note with the nurse and he sneaks into the house with the minstrels playing that night at the ball, where her parents are arranging her betrothal to Lord Wessex, an impoverished aristocrat. While dancing with Viola, Shakespeare is struck speechless, and after being ejected by Wessex. Wessex also asks Wills name, to which he replies that he is Christopher Marlowe, when he discovers her true identity, they begin a secret affair. Inspired by her, Shakespeare writes quickly, with help from his friend and rival playwright Christopher Kit Marlowe, completely transforming the play into what will become Romeo, then, Viola is summoned to court to receive approval for her proposed marriage to Lord Wessex. Shakespeare accompanies her, disguised as her female cousin, there, he persuades Wessex to wager £50 that a play can capture the true nature of love, the exact amount Shakespeare requires to buy a share in the Chamberlains Men. Queen Elizabeth I declares that she will judge the matter when the occasion arises. When Richard Burbage, owner of the Curtain, finds out that Shakespeare has cheated him out of money and the play, he goes to the Rose Theatre with his Curtain Theatre Company. The Rose Theatre company drives Burbage and his out and then celebrate at the local pub. Viola is appalled when she learns Shakespeare is married, albeit separated from his wife, will discovers that Marlowe is dead, and thinks he is to blame. Lord Wessex suspects an affair between Shakespeare and his bride-to-be, because Wessex thinks that Will is Kit Marlowe, he approves of Kits death, and tells Viola the news. It is later learned that Marlowe had been killed in an accident, Viola finds out that Will is still alive, and declares her love for him. When Edmund Tilney, the Master of the Revels, is informed there is a player at The Rose
33.
The Prince of Egypt
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The Prince of Egypt is a 1998 American animated epic biblical drama film and the first traditional animated film produced by DreamWorks Animation and distributed by DreamWorks Pictures. The film is an adaptation of the Book of Exodus and follows the life of Moses from being a prince of Egypt to his destiny to lead the children of Israel out of Egypt. Directed by Brenda Chapman, Steve Hickner, and Simon Wells, the featured songs written by Stephen Schwartz. The voice cast consists of Val Kilmer in a role, Ralph Fiennes, Michelle Pfeiffer, Sandra Bullock, Jeff Goldblum, Danny Glover, Patrick Stewart, Helen Mirren, Steve Martin. The film has a blend of animation and CGI, created using software from Toon Boom Animation and Silicon Graphics. Theatrically released on December 18,1998, and on video on September 14,1999, reviews were generally positive, with critics praising the animation, music. The film went on to gross over $218 million worldwide in theaters, the films success led to the direct-to-video prequel Joseph, King of Dreams and the development of a stage adaptation. The song When You Believe became a successful single in a pop version performed by Whitney Houston and Mariah Carey. Fearing for her own newborn sons safety, Yocheved places him in a basket afloat on the Nile River, not before bidding him farewell with a final but powerful lullaby. Miriam follows the basket to the Pharaohs palace and witnesses her baby brother safely adopted by Queen Tuya, years later, Moses and his brother Rameses are scolded by their father for accidentally destroying a temple during one of their youthful misadventures. At Moses suggestion, Seti, seeking to give Rameses the opportunity to prove that he is responsible, names him Prince Regent and gives him authority over Egypts temples. As a tribute, the high priests Hotep and Huy offer him a beautiful young Midianite woman, Tzipporah, later that evening, Moses follows Tzipporah as she escapes from the palace and runs into the now-adult Miriam and Aaron, but he does not recognize them. Miriam then sings her mothers lullaby, which Moses remembers, he returns to the palace, the truth about his past is later confirmed by a nightmare, and finally by Seti himself, who disturbs Moses by claiming the Hebrews are only slaves. The next morning, Moses accidentally kills an Egyptian guard while trying to stop him from whipping a Hebrew slave, horrified and ashamed, Moses flees into the desert in exile, despite Rameses pleas to stay. While in the desert Moses defends three young girls from bandits, only to find out their older sister is Tzipporah, Moses is welcomed by Tzipporahs father and the high priest of Midian, Jethro. After assimilating this new culture, Moses becomes a shepherd and marries Tzipporah, one day, while chasing a stray lamb, Moses discovers a burning bush through which God tells him to go back to Egypt and guide the Hebrew slaves to freedom. God bestows Moses shepherding staff with his power and promises that he will tell Moses what to say, Moses and Tzipporah return to Egypt, where Moses is happily greeted by Rameses, who is now Pharaoh. Rather than be persuaded, Rameses hardens and doubles the Hebrews workload, Moses inflicts nine of the Plagues of Egypt, but Rameses refuses to relent and, against Moses warning, vows to never release the Hebrew slaves
34.
Star Trek: Insurrection
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Star Trek, Insurrection is a 1998 American science fiction film released by Paramount Pictures. It is the feature film in the Star Trek film franchise. In addition to that cast, F. Murray Abraham, Donna Murphy, the crew of the USS Enterprise-E rebel against Starfleet after they discover a conspiracy with a species known as the Sona to steal the peaceful Bakus planet for its rejuvenating properties. Paramount Pictures sought a change in pace after the film, Star Trek. Michael Piller was asked to write the script, which was created from story ideas by Piller, the storys first drafts featured the Romulans, and the Sona and Baku were introduced in the third draft. After Ira Steven Behr reviewed the script, Piller revised it, the ending was further revised after test screenings. The special effects depicting outer space were completely computer generated, a first for a Star Trek film, the Baku village was fully built on location at Lake Sherwood, California, but suffered weather damage. Sets from the television series Star Trek, Voyager and Star Trek, Michael Westmore created the make-up for the new alien races, and Robert Blackman revised the Starfleet dress uniform designs. Sanja Milkovic Hayes created costumes for the Baku from cellulose fibers, Jerry Goldsmith produced the films score, his fourth for the franchise. Insurrection was the film on its opening weekend, making US$22.4 million. The film made over $70.1 million in the United States and Canada, Insurrection was nominated for both a Saturn Award and a Hugo Award, but the only award it received was a Youth in Film Award for Michael Welch. The film has released on videotape, DVD and Blu-ray home video formats. Lieutenant Commander Data is temporarily transferred to an undercover mission observing the peaceful Baku people, while on their planet, he malfunctions and reveals the presence of the joint Federation–Sona task force observing the Baku. Admiral Matthew Dougherty contacts the USS Enterprise-E to obtain Datas schematics, Captain Picard decides to ignore these orders and takes the Enterprise to capture Data. After stopping Data, Captain Jean-Luc Picard becomes suspicious of Doughertys insistence that the Enterprise is no longer needed and his crew investigates the cause of Datas malfunction. They discover that the Baku have advanced technology, but have rejected its use to live simpler lives, due to unique radiation or metaphasic particles emanating from their planets rings, they are effectively immortal. Doughertys allies, the Sona, are a race who use medical techniques to prevent death. The Enterprise crew also begin to experience the effects of the planet
35.
You've Got Mail
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Youve Got Mail is a 1998 American romantic comedy-drama film directed by Nora Ephron, co-written by Nora and Delia Ephron, and starring Tom Hanks and Meg Ryan. The film is about two people in a romance who are unaware that they are also business rivals. It marks the third coupling of stars Tom Hanks and Meg Ryan, Youve Got Mail received mildly positive reviews from critics. Kathleen Kelly is involved with Frank Navasky, a leftist newspaper writer for The New York Observer who is always in search of an opportunity to root for the underdog, while Frank is devoted to his typewriter, Kathleen prefers her laptop and logging into her AOL email account. Using the screen name Shopgirl, she reads an email from NY152, as her voice narrates her reading of the email, she reveals the boundaries of the online relationship, no specifics, including no names, career or class information, or family connections. Joe belongs to the Fox family which runs Fox Books — a chain of mega bookstores, Kathleen runs the independent bookstore The Shop Around The Corner that her mother ran before her. The two are shown passing each other on their ways to work, revealing that they frequent the same neighborhoods in upper west Manhattan. Joe arrives at work, overseeing the opening of a new Fox Books in New York City with the help of his best friend, Kathleen and her three store assistants, George, Aunt Birdie and Christina open up her small shop that morning. Following a day with his eleven-year-old aunt Annabel and four-year-old half-brother Matthew, Joe and Kathleen have a conversation that reveals Kathleens fears about the Fox Books store opening around the corner. He omits his last name and makes an exit with the children. At a publishing party for New York book business people later that week, Joe and Kathleen meet again and she accuses him of deception and spying, while he responds by belittling her store. The Shop Around the Corner slowly goes under, Kathleen enters Fox Books to discover the true nature of the store is one of friendliness and relaxation, yet without the same dedication to childrens books as her shop. Her employees move on to jobs, as Christina goes job hunting, George gets a job at the childrens department at a Fox Books store. They are exchanging emails without knowing each others true identities -, in some chance meetings Fox at first conceals his identity and then they clash, without realizing who each is. When they decide to meet, Joe discovers who he has been corresponding with, at first he decides not to meet with her, but then to meet with her without revealing his on-line identity, but they again clash. Joe soon resumes the correspondence, apologizes, and promises to tell her why he stood her up. After both break up with their significant others, Joe realizes his feelings towards Kathleen, and begins building a face-to-face relationship and he arranges a meeting between Kathleen and his on-line persona, but just before she is to meet this on-line friend, he reveals his feelings for her. Upon arriving at the meeting place, she hears Fox calling to Brinkley, who has run ahead, and sees that her on-line friend is really Fox
36.
Stepmom (film)
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Stepmom is a 1998 comedy-drama directed by Chris Columbus and starring Julia Roberts, Susan Sarandon, and Ed Harris. Sarandon won the San Diego Film Critics Society Award for Best Actress and Harris won the National Board of Review Award for Best Supporting Actor, sharing the win with his role in The Truman Show. Jackie and Luke Harrison are a divorced New York City couple struggling to help their children Anna, Luke, an attorney, is living with his new girlfriend, Isabel Kelly, a successful fashion photographer several years his junior. Isabel behaves with contempt tempered by caution around Jackie, believing she overcompensates for her divorce by spoiling her children, Jackie, a former publisher turned stay-at-home mom, gives Isabel a cold reception, seeing her as an overly ambitious career woman. She also continues to harbor malice towards Luke, as seen in a confrontation about Isabel, after a long string of arguments and hurt feelings involving Isabel, Jackie, and Anna, Luke proposes to Isabel, making her Anna and Bens soon-to-be official stepmother. Jackie is diagnosed with lymphoma, which is discovered to be terminal, Luke and Jackie later tell the children about the engagement, and Anna is furious. Jackie tells Luke and the children about her illness, resulting in Anna storming out and that night Jackie shows that she can be fun by dancing and singing with Anna and Ben. Isabel and Anna continue to clash, Isabel gets the children a golden retriever puppy, and Anna says that she is allergic to dogs. Surprised, Isabel apologizes and says that her father didnt tell her that, after another argument between the two, Anna takes the dog inside her room, indicating she lied about her allergy. Eventually, Isabel and Annas relationship improves and they start to bond over painting, when Isabel teaches Anna how to paint trees. Jackie and Isabel disagree repeatedly, largely over Isabels parenting, Ben goes missing on Isabels watch and Jackie claims that she has never lost him, which she later admits to be untrue. When Anna has problems with a boy she liked, the two women give opposite advice, causing more tension between Jackie and Isabel. They manage to establish a truce, as they come to terms that Isabel will soon step into the role of a surrogate mother. The two women finally bond when Isabel reveals her admiration of Jackies maternal instincts, while Jackie in turn praises Isabels hipness as a means to connect with Anna. Isabel finally lets her guard down when she tells Jackie her biggest fear is that on Annas wedding day, Jackie says her own fear is that Anna will forget her. Jackie explains to Isabel that, while Jackie will always have their past, the film ends with the family celebrating Christmas. Jackie, who is bedridden, is visited in her room by Ben, individually, Jackie tells her children that though she will die, she will remain with them as long as they remember her. Later that day, Isabel is taking a portrait of Luke
37.
Patch Adams (film)
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Patch Adams is a 1998 semi-biographical comedy-drama film starring Robin Williams, Monica Potter, Philip Seymour Hoffman and Bob Gunton. Directed by Tom Shadyac, it is based on the story of Dr. Hunter Patch Adams and his book, Gesundheit, Good Health is a Laughing Matter, by Adams. Despite being poorly received by critics and Dr. Adams himself, a suicidal Hunter Patch Adams commits himself into a mental institution. Once there, he finds that using humor, as opposed to the indifferent sessions provided by their doctor, because of this he wants to become a medical doctor and two years later enrolls at the Medical College of Virginia as the oldest first year student. He questions the schools approach to medical care and clashes with the schools Dean Walcott. Adams encourages medical students to work closely with nurses, learn interviewing skills early, Adams begins a friendship with fellow student Carin Fisher, and develops his idea for a medical clinic built around his philosophy of treating patients using humor and compassion. With the help of Arthur Mendelson, a man who was a patient whom Patch met while in the mental hospital. Together with Carin, medical student Truman Schiff, and some old friends, when they get the clinic running, they treat patients without medical insurance and perform comedy sketches for them. Carin and Patchs friendship soon turns into romance, when she tells him that she had been molested as a child, Patch comforts her and reassures her that she can overcome her pain by helping others. Encouraged, Carin wants to help a patient, Lawrence Larry Silver. However, Larry murders Carin then commits suicide, Patch is devastated and guilt-ridden by Carins death, and begins to question the goodness in humanity. Standing on a cliff, he contemplates suicide again and questions God about what happened. He then sees a butterfly which reminds him of Carins telling him earlier how she wished she was a caterpillar that could someday transform itself. The butterfly lands on his bag and on his shirt before flying away. This reminds Patch of Carin and revives his spirits, and he decides to continue his work in her honor and he is expelled from medical school a second time for running a clinic and practicing medicine without a license and because of complaints that he has made his patients uncomfortable. He files a grievance with the medical board at the advice of his former medical school roommate. Patch is able to convince the board that he did his best to help the people came to him. The board accepts Patchs methods and decides to allow him to graduate and he receives a standing ovation from the packed hearing room
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