1.
Ouida
–
Ouida was the pseudonym of the English novelist Maria Louise Ramé. Maria Louise Ramé was born at Bury St Edmunds, England and her mother, Susan Sutton, was a wine merchants daughter, her father was from France. She derived her pen name from her own childish pronunciation of her given name Louise, why, the inhabitants are driven to ringing their own doorbells lest they rust from lack of use. She moved into the Langham Hotel, London in 1867, there, according to the hotel promotional materials, she wrote in bed, by candlelight, with the curtains drawn and surrounded by purple flowers. She ran up huge hotel and florists bills, and commanded soirees that included soldiers, politicians, literary lights, many of her stories and characters were based upon people she invited to her salons at The Langham. Ouida was described by William Allingham in his diary of 1872 as of short stature, with a sinister, clever face, for many years Ouida lived in London, but about 1871 she moved to Italy. In 1874, she settled permanently with her mother in Florence, at first she rented an apartment at the Palazzo Vagnonville. She lived in Bagni di Lucca for a period, where there is a plaque on the outside wall. She declared that she never received from her publishers more than £1600. for any one novel, in The Massarenes she gave a lurid picture of the parvenu millionaire in smart London society. This book was greatly prized by Ouida, and was successful in terms of sales. Thenceforth she chiefly wrote for the leading magazines essays on social questions or literary criticisms, as before, she used her locations as inspiration for the setting and characters in her novels. The British and American colony in Florence was satirised in her novel, Ouida considered herself a serious artist. She was inspired by Byron in particular, and was interested in artists of all kinds. Sympathetic descriptions of tragic painters and singers occurred in her later novels and her work often combines romanticism with social criticism. In her novel, Puck, a talking dog narrates his views on society, views and Opinions includes essays in her own voice on a variety of social topics. She was a lover and rescuer, and at times owned as many as thirty dogs. Although successful, she did not manage her money well and she continued to live in Italy until her death on 25 January 1908, at 70 Via Zanardelli, Viareggio, of pneumonia She is buried in the English Cemetery in Bagni di Lucca, Italy. During her career, Ouida wrote more than 40 novels, childrens books and collections of short stories, in 1863, when she was 24, she published her first novel, Held in Bondage
Ouida
–
Maria Louise Ramé
Ouida
–
Tomb of Ouida in
Bagni di Lucca 's English cemetery
Ouida
–
Ouida Memorial, Bury St. Edmunds
Ouida
–
Blue plaque erected in 1952 by
London County Council at 11 Ravenscourt Square,
Hammersmith, London W6
2.
Tragedy
–
Tragedy is a form of drama based on human suffering that invokes an accompanying catharsis or pleasure in audiences. In the wake of Aristotles Poetics, tragedy has been used to make genre distinctions, in the modern era, tragedy has also been defined against drama, melodrama, the tragicomic, and epic theatre. Drama, in the sense, cuts across the traditional division between comedy and tragedy in an anti- or a-generic deterritorialisation from the mid-19th century onwards. Both Bertolt Brecht and Augusto Boal define their epic theatre projects against models of tragedy, taxidou, however, reads epic theatre as an incorporation of tragic functions and its treatments of mourning and speculation. The word tragedy appears to have used to describe different phenomena at different times. It derives from Classical Greek τραγῳδία, contracted from trag-aoidiā = goat song, scholars suspect this may be traced to a time when a goat was either the prize in a competition of choral dancing or was that around which a chorus danced prior to the animals ritual sacrifice. In another view on the etymology, Athenaeus of Naucratis says that the form of the word was trygodia from trygos and ode. There is some dissent to the origins of tragedy, mostly based on the differences between the shapes of their choruses and styles of dancing. A common descent from pre-Hellenic fertility and burial rites has been suggested, friedrich Nietzsche discussed the origins of Greek tragedy in his early book The Birth of Tragedy. Here, he suggests the name originates in the use of a chorus of goat-like satyrs in the original dithyrambs from which the genre developed. Scott Scullion writes, There is abundant evidence for tragoidia understood as song for the prize goat, and as prize was established the billy goat, the clearest is Eustathius 1769.45, They called those competing tragedians, clearly because of the song over the billy goat. Athenian tragedy—the oldest surviving form of tragedy—is a type of dance-drama that formed an important part of the culture of the city-state. Having emerged sometime during the 6th century BCE, it flowered during the 5th century BCE, no tragedies from the 6th century and only 32 of the more than a thousand that were performed in the 5th century have survived. We have complete texts extant by Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides, Athenian tragedies were performed in late March/early April at an annual state religious festival in honor of Dionysus. The presentations took the form of a contest between three playwrights, who presented their works on three successive days, each playwright offered a tetralogy consisting of three tragedies and a concluding comic piece called a satyr play. The four plays sometimes featured linked stories, only one complete trilogy of tragedies has survived, the Oresteia of Aeschylus. The Greek theatre was in the air, on the side of a hill. Performances were apparently open to all citizens, including women, the theatre of Dionysus at Athens probably held around 12,000 people
Tragedy
–
Aristotle's Tragic Plot Structure
Tragedy
–
Literature
Tragedy
–
Mask of
Dionysus. Greek,
Myrina, 2nd century BCE.
Tragedy
–
Scene from the tragedy Iphigenia in Tauris by Euripides. Roman fresco in Pompeii.
3.
Chapman and Hall
–
Chapman & Hall was a British publishing house in London, founded in the first half of the 19th century by Edward Chapman and William Hall. Chapman & Hall were publishers for Charles Dickens, William Thackeray, Elizabeth Barrett Browning, Anthony Trollope, Eadweard Muybridge, in 1868 author Anthony Trollope bought a third of the company for his son, Henry Merivale Trollope. From 1902 to 1930 the companys managing director was Arthur Waugh, in the 1930s the company merged with Methuen, a merger which, in 1955, participated in forming the Associated Book Publishers. The latter was acquired by The Thomson Corporation in 1987, Chapman & Hall was sold again in 1998 as part of Thomson Scientific and Professional to Wolters Kluwer, who sold on its well-regarded mathematics and statistics list to CRC Press. Today the name of Chapman & Hall/CRC is used as an imprint for science and technology books by Taylor and Francis, most notably, the company were publishers for Charles Dickens, William Thackeray, Elizabeth Barrett Browning, Anthony Trollope, Eadweard Muybridge and Evelyn Waugh. They continued to publish previously unpublished Dickens material well into the 20th century, another popular author on the books in the 1880s was Henry Hawley Smart. The firm kept an office at 186 Strand, and later at 193 Piccadilly, the Romance of Book Selling, A History from the Earliest Times to the Twentieth Century. A hundred years of publishing, being the story of Chapman & Hall, the Oxford Companion to Charles Dickens
Chapman and Hall
–
Chapman & Hall
4.
Printing
–
Printing is a process for reproducing text and images using a master form or template. The earliest examples include Cylinder seals and other such as the Cyrus Cylinder. The earliest known form of printing came from China dating to before 220 A. D. Later developments in printing include the type, first developed by Bi Sheng in China around 1040 AD. Johannes Gutenberg introduced mechanical movable type printing to Europe in the 15th century, modern large-scale printing is typically done using a printing press, while small-scale printing is done free-form with a digital printer. Though paper is the most common material, it is frequently done on metals, plastics, cloth. On paper it is carried out as a large-scale industrial process and is an essential part of publishing. Woodblock printing is a technique for printing text, images or patterns that was used widely throughout East Asia and it originated in China in antiquity as a method of printing on textiles and later on paper. As a method of printing on cloth, the earliest surviving examples from China date to before 220 A. D, the earliest surviving woodblock printed fragments are from China. They are of silk printed with flowers in three colours from the Han Dynasty and they are the earliest example of woodblock printing on paper appeared in the mid-seventh century in China. By the ninth century, printing on paper had taken off, by the tenth century,400,000 copies of some sutras and pictures were printed, and the Confucian classics were in print. A skilled printer could print up to 2,000 double-page sheets per day, Printing spread early to Korea and Japan, which also used Chinese logograms, but the technique was also used in Turpan and Vietnam using a number of other scripts. This technique then spread to Persia and Russia and this technique was transmitted to Europe via the Islamic world, and by around 1400 was being used on paper for old master prints and playing cards. However, Arabs never used this to print the Quran because of the limits imposed by Islamic doctrine, block printing, called tarsh in Arabic developed in Arabic Egypt during the ninth-tenth centuries, mostly for prayers and amulets. There is some evidence to suggest that these print blocks made from non-wood materials, possibly tin, lead, the techniques employed are uncertain, however, and they appear to have had very little influence outside of the Muslim world. Though Europe adopted woodblock printing from the Muslim world, initially for fabric, block printing later went out of use in Islamic Central Asia after movable type printing was introduced from China. Block printing first came to Europe as a method for printing on cloth, images printed on cloth for religious purposes could be quite large and elaborate. When paper became relatively easily available, around 1400, the medium transferred very quickly to small religious images
Printing
–
The intricate frontispiece of the
Diamond Sutra from
Tang Dynasty China, 868 A.D. (
British Library)
Printing
–
The earliest known
woodcut, 1423,
Buxheim, with hand-colouring
Printing
–
Copperplate of 1215–1216 5000
cash paper money with ten bronze movable types
5.
Antwerp
–
Antwerp is a city in Belgium, the capital of Antwerp province in the region of Flanders. With a population of 510,610, it is the most populous city proper in Belgium and its metropolitan area houses around 1,200,000 people, which is second behind Brussels. Antwerp is on the River Scheldt, linked to the North Sea by the Westerschelde estuary, the Port of Antwerp is one of the biggest in the world, ranking second in Europe and within the top 20 globally. Antwerp has long been an important city in the Low Countries, the inhabitants of Antwerp are nicknamed Sinjoren, after the Spanish honorific señor or French seigneur, lord, referring to the Spanish noblemen who ruled the city in the 17th century. The city hosted the 1920 Summer Olympics, according to folklore, notably celebrated by a statue in front of the town hall, the city got its name from a legend about a giant called Antigoon who lived near the Scheldt river. He exacted a toll from passing boatmen, and for those who refused, he severed one of their hands, eventually the giant was killed by a young hero named Silvius Brabo, who cut off the giants own hand and flung it into the river. Hence the name Antwerpen, from Dutch hand werpen, akin to Old English hand and wearpan, a longstanding theory is that the name originated in the Gallo-Roman period and comes from the Latin antverpia. Antverpia would come from Ante Verpia, indicating land that forms by deposition in the curve of a river. Note that the river Scheldt, before a period between 600 and 750, followed a different track. This must have coincided roughly with the current ringway south of the city, however, many historians think it unlikely that there was a large settlement which would be named Antverpia, but more something like an outpost with a river crossing. However, John Lothrop Motley argues, and so do a lot of Dutch etymologists and historians, aan t werp is also possible. This warp is a hill or a river deposit, high enough to remain dry at high tide. Another word for werp is pol hence polders, historical Antwerp allegedly had its origins in a Gallo-Roman vicus. Excavations carried out in the oldest section near the Scheldt, 1952–1961, produced pottery shards, the earliest mention of Antwerp dates from the 4th century. In the 4th century, Antwerp was first named, having been settled by the Germanic Franks, the name was reputed to have been derived from anda and werpum. The Merovingian Antwerp was evangelized by Saint Amand in the 7th century, at the end of the 10th century, the Scheldt became the boundary of the Holy Roman Empire. Antwerp became a margraviate in 980, by the German emperor Otto I, in the 11th century Godfrey of Bouillon was for some years known as the marquis of Antwerp. In the 12th century, Norbert of Xanten established a community of his Premonstratensian canons at St. Michaels Abbey at Caloes
Antwerp
–
Antwerp Antwerpen
Antwerp
–
Coat of arms
Antwerp
–
The
Onze-Lieve-Vrouwekathedraal (Cathedral of our Lady) and the
Scheldt river.
Antwerp
–
Grote Markt
6.
Japan
–
Japan is a sovereign island nation in Eastern Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies off the eastern coast of the Asia Mainland and stretches from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea, the kanji that make up Japans name mean sun origin. 日 can be read as ni and means sun while 本 can be read as hon, or pon, Japan is often referred to by the famous epithet Land of the Rising Sun in reference to its Japanese name. Japan is an archipelago consisting of about 6,852 islands. The four largest are Honshu, Hokkaido, Kyushu and Shikoku, the country is divided into 47 prefectures in eight regions. Hokkaido being the northernmost prefecture and Okinawa being the southernmost one, the population of 127 million is the worlds tenth largest. Japanese people make up 98. 5% of Japans total population, approximately 9.1 million people live in the city of Tokyo, the capital of Japan. Archaeological research indicates that Japan was inhabited as early as the Upper Paleolithic period, the first written mention of Japan is in Chinese history texts from the 1st century AD. Influence from other regions, mainly China, followed by periods of isolation, from the 12th century until 1868, Japan was ruled by successive feudal military shoguns who ruled in the name of the Emperor. Japan entered into a period of isolation in the early 17th century. The Second Sino-Japanese War of 1937 expanded into part of World War II in 1941, which came to an end in 1945 following the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Japan is a member of the UN, the OECD, the G7, the G8, the country has the worlds third-largest economy by nominal GDP and the worlds fourth-largest economy by purchasing power parity. It is also the worlds fourth-largest exporter and fourth-largest importer, although Japan has officially renounced its right to declare war, it maintains a modern military with the worlds eighth-largest military budget, used for self-defense and peacekeeping roles. Japan is a country with a very high standard of living. Its population enjoys the highest life expectancy and the third lowest infant mortality rate in the world, in ancient China, Japan was called Wo 倭. It was mentioned in the third century Chinese historical text Records of the Three Kingdoms in the section for the Wei kingdom, Wa became disliked because it has the connotation of the character 矮, meaning dwarf. The 倭 kanji has been replaced with the homophone Wa, meaning harmony, the Japanese word for Japan is 日本, which is pronounced Nippon or Nihon and literally means the origin of the sun. The earliest record of the name Nihon appears in the Chinese historical records of the Tang dynasty, at the start of the seventh century, a delegation from Japan introduced their country as Nihon
Japan
–
The
Golden Hall and
five-storey pagoda of
Hōryū-ji, among the oldest wooden buildings in the world,
National Treasures, and a
UNESCO World Heritage Site
Japan
Japan
–
Samurai warriors face Mongols, during the
Mongol invasions of Japan. The
Kamikaze, two storms, are said to have saved Japan from Mongol fleets.
Japan
–
Samurai could
kill a commoner for the slightest insult and were widely feared by the Japanese population.
Edo period, 1798
7.
Korea
–
Korea is a historical state in East Asia, since 1945 divided into two distinct sovereign states, North Korea and South Korea. Located on the Korean Peninsula, Korea is bordered by China to the northwest and it is separated from Japan to the east by the Korea Strait and the Sea of Japan. Korea emerged as a political entity after centuries of conflict among the Three Kingdoms of Korea. Later Silla divided into three states during the Later Three Kingdoms period. Goryeo, which had succeeded Goguryeo, defeated the two states and united the Korean Peninsula. Around the same time, Balhae collapsed and its last crown prince fled south to Goryeo, Goryeo, whose name developed into the modern exonym Korea, was a highly cultured state that created the worlds first metal movable type in 1234. However, multiple invasions by the Mongol Yuan Dynasty during the 13th century greatly weakened the nation, following the Yuan Dynastys collapse, severe political strife followed, and Goryeo eventually fell to a coup led by General Yi Seong-gye, who established Joseon in 1388. The first 200 years of Joseon were marked by peace and saw the creation of the Korean alphabet by Sejong the Great in the 14th century. During the later part of the dynasty, however, Koreas isolationist policy earned it the Western nickname of the Hermit Kingdom, by the late 19th century, the country became the object of imperial design by the Empire of Japan. Despite attempts at modernization by the Korean Empire, in 1910 Korea was annexed by Japan and these circumstances soon became the basis for the division of Korea by the two superpowers, exacerbated by their incapability to agree on the terms of Korean independence. To date, both continue to compete with each other as the sole legitimate government of all of Korea. Korea is the spelling of Corea, a name attested in English as early as 1614. It is a derived from Cauli, Marco Polos transcription of the Chinese 高麗. This was the Hanja for the Korean kingdom of Goryeo or Koryŏ, Goryeos name was a continuation of the earlier Goguryeo or Koguryŏ, the northernmost of the Samguk, which was officially known by the shortened form Goryeo after the 5th-century reign of King Jangsu. The original name was a combination of the go with the name of a local Yemaek tribe. The name Korea is now used in English contexts by both North and South Korea. In South Korea, Korea as a whole is referred to as Hanguk, the name references the Samhan—Ma, Jin, and Byeon—who preceded the Three Kingdoms in the southern and central end of the peninsula during the 1st centuries BC and AD. It has been linked with the title khan used by the nomads of Manchuria
Korea
Korea
–
Anapji (Anap Pond) in
Gyeongju Historic Areas.
Korea
–
The
Gyeongbokgung Palace
8.
Anime
–
Anime is Japanese hand-drawn or computer animation. The word is the pronunciation of animation in Japanese, where this term references all animation. Arguably, the abstract approach to the words meaning may open up the possibility of anime produced in countries other than Japan. For simplicity, many Westerners strictly view anime as a Japanese animation product, some scholars suggest defining anime as specifically or quintessentially Japanese may be related to a new form of orientalism. The earliest commercial Japanese animation dates to 1917, and Japanese anime production has continued to increase steadily. Anime is distributed theatrically, by way of television broadcasts, directly to home media and it is classified into numerous genres targeting diverse broad and niche audiences. Anime is an art form with distinctive production methods and techniques that have been adapted over time in response to emergent technologies. It consists of an ideal story-telling mechanism, combining art, characterization, cinematography. The production of anime focuses less on the animation of movement and more on the realism of settings as well as the use of effects, including panning, zooming. Being hand-drawn, anime is separated from reality by a gap of fiction that provides an ideal path for escapism that audiences can immerse themselves into with relative ease. Diverse art styles are used and character proportions and features can be quite varied, the anime industry consists of over 430 production studios, including major names like Studio Ghibli, Gainax, and Toei Animation. Despite comprising only a fraction of Japans domestic film market, anime makes up a majority of Japanese DVD sales and it has also seen international success after the rise of English-dubbed programming. This rise in popularity has resulted in non-Japanese productions using the anime art style. Anime is an art form, specifically animation, that all genres found in cinema. In Japanese, the term refers to all forms of animation from around the world. In English, anime is more used to denote a Japanese-style animated film or television entertainment or as a style of animation created in Japan. The etymology of the anime is disputed. The English term animation is written in Japanese katakana as アニメーション and is アニメ in its shortened form, in English, anime—when used as a common noun—normally functions as a mass noun
Anime
–
A cel from
Namakura Gatana, the earliest surviving Japanese animated short made for cinemas, produced in 1917
Anime
–
A frame from
Momotaro's Divine Sea Warriors (1944), the first
feature-length anime film
Anime
–
Anime artists employ many distinct visual styles
9.
Hoboken (Antwerp)
–
Hoboken is a southern district of the arrondissement and city of Antwerp, in the Flemish Region of Belgium. It is located at the Scheldt river, the name of the district has origins in Middle Dutch, an alternative story is told in a tale for children. Each November an annual beer server race has taken place since 1777, the name Hoboken is derived from Middle Dutch Hooghe Buechen or Hoge Beuken, meaning High or Tall Beeches. To this day there is a hospital in Hoboken named Hoge Beuken, a local childrens story says that the name Hoboken is derived from a little boy who accidentally dropped his sandwich in the Schelde river, which flows near Hoboken. In the local dialect of Dutch, a boke is a sandwich and ho is a way of shouting stop, so he must have shouted Ho, Hoboken boasts an annual 5K beer server race. The tradition started, according to legend, in 1777, with the proclamation of the United States of Belgium, the race is held annually on the first Sunday of November and is often amalgamated by the All Saints Day celebration
Hoboken (Antwerp)
–
Sorghvliedt Castle (Kasteel Sorghvliedt)
10.
Commemorative plaque
–
A monumental plaque or tablet commemorating a deceased person or persons, can be a simple form of church monument. A plaquette is a plaque, but in English, unlike many European languages. The Benin Empire, which flourished in present-day Nigeria between the thirteenth and nineteenth centuries, had a rich sculptural tradition. One of the kingdom’s chief sites of production was the elaborate ceremonial court of the Oba at the palace in Benin. Among the wide range of artistic forms produced at the court were rectangular brass or bronze plaques, surviving in great numbers, they were manufactured from sheet brass or latten, very occasionally coloured with enamels, and tend to depict highly conventional figures with brief inscriptions. In England, the London blue plaques scheme, which is administered by English Heritage, has been running for over 140 years and is thought to be the oldest of its kind in the world, Plaques are attached to buildings to commemorate their association with important occupants or events. A range of other commemorative plaque schemes, which are run by local councils and charitable bodies. These tend to use their own criteria for determining the eligibility to put up a plaque, a list of schemes currently operating in England is available on the English Heritage website. After the First World War, the families of British and British Empire service men and women killed during the conflict were presented with bronze Memorial Plaques, the plaques, of about 125 millimetres in diameter, were designed by the eminent sculptor and medallist, Edward Carter Preston. In the United States, various governments have commemorative plaque schemes usually using the name historical markers. The National Trust for Historic Preservation or the U. S. Government, through the National Register of Historic Places, state programmes, such as the California Register of Historical Resources allows designated sites to place their own markers. As the price of metal has increased plaques have been the target of metal thieves wishing to resell the metal for cash. Plaques or, more often, plaquettes, are given as awards instead of trophies or ribbons. Such plaques usually bear text describing the reason for the award and, often, blue plaque Hartog Plate Parting stone Stolperstein
Commemorative plaque
–
Plaque in tribute to
Claude Bernard, at
Collège de France in
Paris,
France.
Commemorative plaque
–
Plaque inside the
Royal Military College of Canada
Commemorative plaque
–
The plaque in the
Hong Kong Park commemorating the park's opening by the
Governor of Hong Kong in 1991
Commemorative plaque
–
An award plaque made of wood with a printed metal plate and a
medallion
11.
Antwerp Cathedral
–
The Cathedral of Our Lady is a Roman Catholic cathedral in Antwerp, Belgium. Todays see of the Diocese of Antwerp started in 1352 and, in Gothic style, its architects were Jan and Pieter Appelmans. It contains a number of significant works by the Baroque painter Peter Paul Rubens, as well as paintings by such as Otto van Veen, Jacob de Backer. The belfry of the cathedral is included in the Belfries of Belgium, where the cathedral now stands, there was a small chapel of Our Lady from the 9th to the 12th century, which acquired the status of parish church in 1124. During the course of the century, it was replaced by a larger Romanesque church. In 1352, construction was begun on a new Our Lady’s church which would become the largest Gothic church in the Netherlands, in the beginning, it was to be provided with two towers of equal height. In 1521, after nearly 170 years, the new church of Our Lady was ready, the south tower reached only as far as the third string course. During the night of 5–6 October 1533, the new church was gutted by fire. The completion of the tower was therefore delayed, which led to its ultimate postponement. Moreover, the church only became cathedral of the bishopric of Antwerp in 1559 but lost this title again from 1801 to 1961, during the Iconoclasm of 20 August 1566, Protestants destroyed a large part of the cathedral interior. Later, when Antwerp came under Protestant administration in 1581, a number of treasures were once again destroyed, removed or sold. The restoration of Roman Catholic authority came in 1585 with the fall of Antwerp, in 1794 the French revolutionaries who conquered the region plundered Our Lady’s Cathedral and inflicted serious damage. Around 1798, the French administration intended to demolish the building but after each blow, in 1816, various important works of art were returned from Paris, including three Rubens masterpieces. And over the course of the 19th century, the church was restored and refurnished. Between 1965 and 1993, a restoration took place. At the beginning of the 15th century, the choir started developing an active musical life, and as a result. Johannes Ockeghem, one of the most important composers of the 15th century, served here as a vicar-singer in 1443, from 1725 to 1731 Willem de Fesch served as Kapelmeester followed from 1731 to 1737 by Joseph-Hector Fiocco. Lesser known, but locally important figures, such as Jacobus Barbireau and Andreas Pevernage, the churchs one finished spire is 123 metres high, the highest church tower in the Benelux
Antwerp Cathedral
–
Cathedral of Our Lady
Antwerp Cathedral
–
Artist vision of the completed cathedral (18th century)
Antwerp Cathedral
–
Main nave
Antwerp Cathedral
–
Stained glass window
12.
Toyota
–
Toyota Motor Corporation is a Japanese automotive manufacturer headquartered in Toyota, Aichi, Japan. In March 2014, the corporation consisted of 338,875 employees worldwide and. Toyota is as of 2016 the second largest automotive manufacturer behind German Volkswagen Group, Toyota was the worlds first automobile manufacturer to produce more than 10 million vehicles per year which it has done since 2012, when it also reported the production of its 200-millionth vehicle. As of July 2014, Toyota was the largest listed company in Japan by market capitalization, Toyota is the worlds market leader in sales of hybrid electric vehicles, and one of the largest companies to encourage the mass-market adoption of hybrid vehicles across the globe. Cumulative global sales of Toyota and Lexus hybrid passenger car models achieved the 10 million milestone in January 2017 and its Prius family is the worlds top selling hybrid nameplate with over 6 million units sold worldwide as of January 2017. The company was founded by Kiichiro Toyoda in 1937, as a spinoff from his fathers company Toyota Industries to create automobiles. Three years earlier, in 1934, while still a department of Toyota Industries, it created its first product, the Type A engine, and, in 1936, its first passenger car, the Toyota AA. Toyota Motor Corporation produces vehicles under five brands, including the Toyota brand, Hino, Lexus, Ranz, TMC is part of the Toyota Group, one of the largest conglomerates in the world. Toyota is headquartered in Toyota City, Aichi, the main headquarters of Toyota is located in a 4-story building in Toyota. As of 2006, the office has the Toyopet Toyota logo. Vinod Jacob from The Hindu described the headquarters building as modest. In 2013, company head Akio Toyoda reported that it had difficulties retaining foreign employees at the due to the lack of amenities in the city. Its Tokyo office is located in Bunkyo, Tokyo and its Nagoya office is located in Nakamura-ku, Nagoya. In addition to manufacturing automobiles, Toyota provides financial services through its Toyota Financial Services division, since 1950, the two entities had existed as separate companies as a prerequisite for reconstruction in postwar Japan. Shoichiro Toyoda presided over Toyota Motor Sales in preparation for the consummation of the merger occurred in 1982. Shoichiro then succeeded his uncle Eiji as the President of the organization that then became known as Toyota Motor Corporation. Announced the appointment of board members, this was a first for the corporation. Additionally, Vice Chairman Takeshi Uchiyamada replaced Fujio Cho as chairman, Toyota is publicly traded on the Tokyo, Osaka, Nagoya, Fukuoka, and Sapporo exchanges under company code TYO,7203
Toyota
–
Toyota's new headquarters building in Toyota City, Japan
Toyota
–
Principal headquarters building of Toyota
Toyota
–
Akio Toyoda, CEO of Toyota, at the annual results press conference, May 11, 2011
Toyota
–
Mass production of Toyoda automated loom, displayed at the Toyota Museum in Nagakute-cho, Aichi-gun, Aichi Pref. Japan
13.
Dogcart (dog-drawn)
–
A dogcart is a cart pulled by one or more dogs. This is now rare, except for entertainment, Dog carts pulled by two or more dogs were historically used in Belgium and The Netherlands for delivering milk, bread, and other trades. In early Victorian Britain, dogcarts were associated with bakers, dog-drawn carts were prohibited in Britain in the early 1900s on animal welfare grounds, but some still exist in France and Belgium for delivering churns of milk from small farms to the dairy. Carts pulled by a dog were sometimes used by peddlers. Dogs were used as draught animals during the First World War to pull field guns. Dogs were used by Soviet Army in World War II to pull carts containing a stretcher for wounded soldiers, the modern-day sport of carting is an entertainment involving large dogs pulling carts. Compare dog sled, in which a team of dogs pull over snow or ice, a Dog of Flanders Sacco Dog Carts now available in the USA - The ultimate 4 wheel dog cart for urban mushing
Dogcart (dog-drawn)
–
A
photochrom from the late 19th century showing two peddlers selling milk from a dogcart near
Brussels, Belgium
14.
Ardennes
–
The Ardennes is a region of extensive forests, rough terrain, rolling hills and ridges formed by the geological features of the Ardennes mountain range and the Moselle and Meuse River basins. Geologically, the range is a extension of the Eifel. The eastern part of the Ardennes forms the northernmost third of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, also called Oesling, the greater region maintained an industrial eminence into the 20th century after coal replaced charcoal in metallurgy. The region is typified by steep-sided valleys carved by swift-flowing rivers and its most populous cities are Verviers in Belgium and Charleville-Mézières in France, both exceeding 50,000 inhabitants. The Ardennes is otherwise relatively sparsely populated, with few of the cities exceeding 10,000 inhabitants with a few exceptions like Eupen or Bastogne. The Eifel range in Germany adjoins the Ardennes and is part of the geological formation. N. B. the Belgian Province of Luxembourg in the above list is not to be confused with the known as the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg. The Ardennes is an old mountain formed during the Hercynian orogeny, in France similar formations are the Armorican Massif, the Massif Central, the low interior of such old mountains often contain coal, plus iron, zinc and other metals in the sub-soil. This geologic fact explains the greatest part of the geography of Wallonia, the region was uplifted by a mantle plume during the last few hundred thousand years, as measured from the present elevation of old river terraces. This geological region is important in the history of Wallonia because this old mountain is at the origin of the economy, the history, Wallonia presents a wide range of rocks of various ages. Some geological stages internationally recognized were defined from rock sites located in Wallonia, except for the Tournaisian, all these rocks are within the Ardennes geological area. Before the 19th century industrialization, the first furnaces in the four Walloon provinces and in the French Ardennes used charcoal for fuel and this industry was also in the extreme south of the present-day Belgian province of Luxembourg, in the region called Gaume. Wallonia became the industrial power area of the world in proportion to its territory. The rugged terrain of the Ardennes limits the scope for agriculture, arable, the region is rich in timber and minerals, and Liège and Namur are both major industrial centres. The extensive forests have an abundant population of wild game, the scenic beauty of the region and its wide variety of outdoor activities, including hunting, cycling, walking and canoeing, make it a popular tourist destination. The region took its name from the ancient Silva, a vast forest in Roman times called Arduenna Silva, the modern Ardennes covers a much smaller area. The Song of Roland describes Charlemagne as having a nightmare the night before the Battle of Roncevaux Pass of 778 and this nightmare took place in the Ardennes forest, where his most important battles occurred. Another song about Charlemagne, the Old French 12th-century chanson de geste Quatre Fils Aymon, mentions many of Wallonias rivers, villages and other places
Ardennes
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Landscape of Frahan inside the bend of the
Semois River
Ardennes
–
The hilly and forested regions of the Ardennes
Ardennes
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The center of the transboundary highlands of the Ardennes and the Eifel
Ardennes
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Rock Bayard of Dinant, on the right bank of the
Meuse River. In one legend, a magic horse jumped from the top of this rock to the left bank of the river, carrying the Quatre Fils Aymon fleeing
Charlemagne.
15.
Peter Paul Rubens
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Sir Peter Paul Rubens was a Flemish/Netherlandish draughtsman and painter. He is widely considered as the most notable artist of Flemish Baroque art school, the catalogue of his works by Michael Jaffé lists 1,403 pieces, excluding numerous copies made in his workshop. His commissioned works were mostly history paintings, which included religious and mythological subjects and he painted portraits, especially of friends, and self-portraits, and in later life painted several landscapes. Rubens designed tapestries and prints, as well as his own house and he also oversaw the ephemeral decorations of the royal entry into Antwerp by the Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand in 1635. His drawings are mostly extremely forceful but not overly detailed and he also made great use of oil sketches as preparatory studies. For altarpieces he painted on slate to reduce reflection problems. Rubens was born in the city of Siegen to Jan Rubens and he was named in honour of Saint-Peter and Paul, because he was born on their solemnety. His father, a Calvinist, and mother fled Antwerp for Cologne in 1568, after increased religious turmoil and persecution of Protestants during the rule of the Spanish Netherlands by the Duke of Alba. Jan Rubens became the adviser of Anna of Saxony, the second wife of William I of Orange. Following Jan Rubens imprisonment for the affair, Peter Paul Rubens was born in 1577, the family returned to Cologne the next year. In 1589, two years after his fathers death, Rubens moved with his mother Maria Pypelincks to Antwerp, religion figured prominently in much of his work and Rubens later became one of the leading voices of the Catholic Counter-Reformation style of painting. In Antwerp, Rubens received a Renaissance humanist education, studying Latin, by fourteen he began his artistic apprenticeship with Tobias Verhaeght. Subsequently, he studied under two of the leading painters of the time, the late Mannerist artists Adam van Noort. Much of his earliest training involved copying earlier works, such as woodcuts by Hans Holbein the Younger. Rubens completed his education in 1598, at time he entered the Guild of St. Luke as an independent master. In 1600 Rubens travelled to Italy and he stopped first in Venice, where he saw paintings by Titian, Veronese, and Tintoretto, before settling in Mantua at the court of Duke Vincenzo I Gonzaga. The colouring and compositions of Veronese and Tintoretto had an effect on Rubenss painting. With financial support from the Duke, Rubens travelled to Rome by way of Florence in 1601, there, he studied classical Greek and Roman art and copied works of the Italian masters
Peter Paul Rubens
–
Self-portrait, 1623,
Royal Collection
Peter Paul Rubens
–
Rubens and
Isabella Brant, the
Honeysuckle Bower, c. 1609.
Alte Pinakothek
Peter Paul Rubens
–
The garden Rubens planned at
Rubenshuis, in
Antwerpen
Peter Paul Rubens
–
Portrait of a Young Scholar, from 1597
16.
The Elevation of the Cross (Rubens)
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The Elevation of the Cross is a triptych painting by Flemish artist Peter Paul Rubens, completed in 1610-1611. Peter Paul Rubens painted The Elevation of the Cross after returning to Flanders from Italy, the work shows the clear influence of Italian Renaissance and Baroque artists such as Caravaggio, Tintoretto and Michelangelo. The central panel illustrates a tension between the multitude of finely muscled men attempting to lift the cross and the unbearable weight of Christ on the cross. Peter Paul Rubens foreshortening is evident in the contortions of the struggling, strapping men, Christ cuts across the central panel in a diagonal, stylistically akin to Caravaggios Entombment where both descent and ascent are in play at a key moment. Motion, space and time are illustrated along with the struggle to upright the cross, Rubens uses dynamic color and chiaroscuro boldly, a style that would become more subtle with time. The painting is located at the Cathedral of Our Lady in Antwerp, Belgium and it was commissioned by the church to express their allegiance with Catholicism, after the split of the protestants. Under Napoleons rule, the emperor took the painting, along with Peter Paul Rubens The Descent from the Cross, the paintings were returned to the cathedral in 1815. In Ouidas novel A Dog of Flanders the main characters Nello and it serves as the climax of the story, as they both sneak inside the Antwerp Cathedral on a freezing Christmas Eve to witness the beauty of the painting. The next day they are frozen to death in front of the triptych
The Elevation of the Cross (Rubens)
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The Elevation of the Cross
The Elevation of the Cross (Rubens)
The Elevation of the Cross (Rubens)
–
View of the whole triptych
The Elevation of the Cross (Rubens)
–
Paintings and drawings
17.
The Descent of the Cross (Rubens)
–
The Descent from the Cross is the central panel of a triptych painting by Peter Paul Rubens in 1612–1614. It is still in its place, the Cathedral of Our Lady, Antwerp, Belgium. The subject was one Rubens returned to again and again in his career and this particular work was commissioned on September 7,1611, by the Confraternity of the Arquebusiers, whose Patron Saint was St. Christopher. Although essentially Baroque, the oil on panel piece is rooted in the Venetian tradition, in its composition and use of light, the triptych recalls Caravaggios Roman period. One of Savior’s feet comes to rest on the shoulder of the Magdalene. Joseph of Arimathea and Nicodemus, placed midway on ladders so as to each other, form. The Virgin, standing at the foot of the tree, extends her arms towards her Son, Salome, kneeling. On the ground are seen the superscription and a basin where the crown of thorns. The crowd, always elated by the spectacle of torture, has departed from Golgotha as daylight fades, in 1794, Napoleon removed this painting and The Elevation of the Cross and sent them to the Louvre. After his defeat, they were returned to the cathedral in 1815, in addition to the original work for Antwerp, Rubens painted two other versions exploring the same theme. In Ouidas novel A Dog of Flanders the main characters Nello and it serves as the climax of the story, as they both sneak inside the Antwerp Cathedral on a freezing Christmas Eve to witness the beauty of the painting. The next day they are frozen to death in front of the triptych. Jaffé, M. Catalogo completo di Rubens, martin, John R. Rubens, The Antwerp Altarpieces - The Raising of the Cross and the Descent from the Cross - Norton Critical Studies in Art History
The Descent of the Cross (Rubens)
–
The Descent from the Cross
The Descent of the Cross (Rubens)
–
The triptych describes the
Visitation, the
Descent from the Cross, and the
Presentation of Jesus at the Temple.
The Descent of the Cross (Rubens)
–
1616–17
The Descent of the Cross (Rubens)
–
1617–18
18.
Triptych
–
A triptych is a work of art that is divided into three sections, or three carved panels that are hinged together and can be folded shut or displayed open. It is therefore a type of polyptych, the term for all multi-panel works, the middle panel is typically the largest and it is flanked by two smaller related works, although there are triptychs of equal-sized panels. The form can also be used for pendant jewelry, despite its connection to an art format, the term is sometimes used more generally to connote anything with three parts, particularly if they are integrated into a single unit. The triptych form arises from early Christian art, and was a standard format for altar paintings from the Middle Ages onwards. Its geographical range was from the eastern Byzantine churches to the Celtic churches in the west, renaissance painters such as Hans Memling and Hieronymus Bosch used the form. Triptych forms also allow ease of transport, from the Gothic period onward, both in Europe and elsewhere, altarpieces in churches and cathedrals were often in triptych form. One such cathedral with an altarpiece triptych is Llandaff Cathedral, the Cathedral of Our Lady in Antwerp, Belgium, contains two examples by Rubens, and Notre Dame de Paris is another example of the use of triptych in architecture. One can also see the form echoed by the structure of many stained glass windows. Although strongly identified as a form, triptychs outside that context have been created, some of the best-known examples being works by Hieronymus Bosch, Max Beckmann. The then highest price paid for an artwork at auction was $142.4 million for a 1969 triptych, Three Studies of Lucian Freud. The record was broken in May 2015 by $179.4 million for Pablo Picassos 1955 painting Les Femmes d’Alger, the format has migrated and been used in other religions, including Islam and Buddhism. Likewise, Tibetan Buddhists have used it in traditional altars, a photographic triptych is a common style used in modern commercial artwork. The photographs are arranged with a plain border between them. The work may consist of images that are variants on a theme
Triptych
–
Master of Frankfurt, Sagrada Familia con ángel músico, Santa Catalina de Alejandría, Santa Bárbara, 1510–1520,
Museo del Prado, Madrid. With the 2008 acquisition of the Holy Family (the central piece, formerly at the convento dominico de Santa Cruz in Segovia) the Prado completed the triptych by the Master of Frankfurt, separated since 1836.
Triptych
–
The Verdun Altar in
Klosterneuburg Monastery
Triptych
–
Modern photographic triptych
19.
South Korea
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South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea, is a sovereign state in East Asia, constituting the southern part of the Korean Peninsula. The earliest Korean pottery dates to 8000 BC, with three kingdoms flourishing in the 1st century BC and its rich and vibrant culture left 19 UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritages of Humanity, the third largest in the world, along with 12 World Heritage Sites. Annexed into Imperial Japan in 1910, Korea was divided after its surrender in 1945, peace has since mostly continued with the two agreeing to work peacefully for reunification and the South solidifying peace as a regional power with the worlds 10th largest defence budget. South Koreas tiger economy soared at an average of 10% for over 30 years in a period of rapid transformation called the Miracle on the Han River. A long legacy of openness and focus on innovation made it successful, today, it is the worlds fifth largest exporter with the G20s largest budget surplus and highest credit rating of any country in East Asia. It has free trade agreements with 75% of the economy and is the only G20 nation trading freely with China, the US. Since 1988, its constitution guarantees a liberal democracy with high government transparency, high personal freedoms led to the rise of a globally influential pop culture such as K-pop and K-drama, a phenomenon called the Korean Wave, known for its distinctive fashionable and trendy style. Home of the UN Green Climate Fund and GGGI, South Korea is a leader in low carbon growth, committed to helping developing countries as a major DAC. It is the third least ignorant country in the Index of Ignorance, ranking eighth highest for peaceful tolerance. It is the worlds largest spender on R&D per GDP, leading the OECD in graduates in science, the name Korea derives from the name Goryeo. The name Goryeo itself was first used by the ancient kingdom of Goguryeo in the 5th century as a form of its name. The 10th-century kingdom of Goryeo succeeded Goguryeo, and thus inherited its name, the modern spelling of Korea first appeared in the late 17th century in the travel writings of the Dutch East India Companys Hendrick Hamel. After Goryeo was replaced by Joseon in 1392, Joseon became the name for the entire territory. The new official name has its origin in the ancient country of Gojoseon, in 1897, the Joseon dynasty changed the official name of the country from Joseon to Daehan Jeguk. The name Daehan, which means great Han literally, derives from Samhan, however, the name Joseon was still widely used by Koreans to refer to their country, though it was no longer the official name. Under Japanese rule, the two names Han and Joseon coexisted, there were several groups who fought for independence, the most notable being the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea. Following the surrender of Japan, in 1945, the Republic of Korea was adopted as the name for the new country. Since the government only controlled the part of the Korean Peninsula
South Korea
–
Flag
South Korea
–
Balhae and
Silla, 830 CE
South Korea
–
Jikji, the first known book printed with movable metal type in 1377. Bibliothèque Nationale de Paris
20.
Philippines
–
The Philippines, officially the Republic of the Philippines, is a sovereign island country in Southeast Asia situated in the western Pacific Ocean. It consists of about 7,641 islands that are categorized broadly under three main geographical divisions from north to south, Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao, the capital city of the Philippines is Manila and the most populous city is Quezon City, both part of Metro Manila. The Philippines has an area of 300,000 square kilometers, and it is the eighth-most populated country in Asia and the 12th most populated country in the world. As of 2013, approximately 10 million additional Filipinos lived overseas, multiple ethnicities and cultures are found throughout the islands. In prehistoric times, Negritos were some of the archipelagos earliest inhabitants and they were followed by successive waves of Austronesian peoples. Exchanges with Chinese, Malay, Indian, and Islamic nations occurred, then, various competing maritime states were established under the rule of Datus, Rajahs, Sultans or Lakans. The arrival of Ferdinand Magellan in Homonhon, Eastern Samar in 1521 marked the beginning of Hispanic colonization, in 1543, Spanish explorer Ruy López de Villalobos named the archipelago Las Islas Filipinas in honor of Philip II of Spain. With the arrival of Miguel López de Legazpi from Mexico City, in 1565, the Philippines became part of the Spanish Empire for more than 300 years. This resulted in Roman Catholicism becoming the dominant religion, during this time, Manila became the western hub of the trans-Pacific trade connecting Asia with Acapulco in the Americas using Manila galleons. Aside from the period of Japanese occupation, the United States retained sovereignty over the islands until after World War II, since then, the Philippines has often had a tumultuous experience with democracy, which included the overthrow of a dictatorship by a non-violent revolution. It is a member of the United Nations, World Trade Organization, Association of Southeast Asian Nations, the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation forum. It also hosts the headquarters of the Asian Development Bank, the Philippines was named in honor of King Philip II of Spain. Spanish explorer Ruy López de Villalobos, during his expedition in 1542, named the islands of Leyte, eventually the name Las Islas Filipinas would be used to cover all the islands of the archipelago. Before that became commonplace, other such as Islas del Poniente. The official name of the Philippines has changed several times in the course of its history, during the Philippine Revolution, the Malolos Congress proclaimed the establishment of the República Filipina or the Philippine Republic. From the 1898 Treaty of Paris, the name Philippines began to appear, since the end of World War II, the official name of the country has been the Republic of the Philippines. The metatarsal of the Callao Man, reliably dated by uranium-series dating to 67,000 years ago is the oldest human remnant found in the archipelago to date and this distinction previously belonged to the Tabon Man of Palawan, carbon-dated to around 26,500 years ago. Negritos were also among the archipelagos earliest inhabitants, but their first settlement in the Philippines has not been reliably dated, there are several opposing theories regarding the origins of ancient Filipinos
Philippines
–
King Philip II of Spain.
Philippines
Philippines
–
Tabon Cave and its carvings.
Philippines
–
The
Banaue Rice Terraces where
Ifugao/Igorot utilized terrace farming in the steep mountainous regions of northern Philippines over 2000 years ago.
21.
Dog of Flanders (1975 TV series)
–
Dog of Flanders is a 1975 Japanese animated television series adaptation of Ouidas novel of the same name, produced by Nippon Animation. The animators conducted extensive research on 19th century Flanders, the buildings depicted in the series were modeled after the Bokrijk open-air museum. Although there have some changes from the original story by Marie Louise de la Ramée. Dog of Flanders aired on Fuji TV between January 5,1975 and December 28,1975 and it was repeated daily in early mornings in 2012. A film, titled The Dog of Flanders, The Movie was released in March 1997, the main opening theme song Yoake-no Michi has always been popular in Japan since the series debut. It was featured in a sequence in the live action adaptation of Nodame Cantabile, starring Juri Ueno and Hiroshi Tamaki. It was also used in the adaptation of Re, Zero -Starting Life in Another World- as protagonist Subaru Natsukis ringtone
Dog of Flanders (1975 TV series)
–
Title screen
22.
Suske en Wiske
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Spike and Suzy, Willy and Wanda or Luke and Lucy, Flemish, Suske en Wiske, French, Bob et Bobette) is a Belgian comics series created by the comics author Willy Vandersteen. It was first published in De Nieuwe Standaard in 1945 and soon became popular, although not in its earlier form, the strip adapted to the Ligne claire style, pioneered by Hergé. This change took place when the strip became serialised in Hergés Franco-Belgian comics magazine Tintin from 1948 to 1959, the books revolve around the adventures of the eponymous Spike and Suzy, two children, along with their friends and family. The stories combine elements of comedy, fantasy, and science fiction, such as talking animals, time travel, the strip still runs daily in the Belgian newspaper De Standaard, and new books continue to be published, as of 2016,270 albums have been published. The main characters are a group of friends, in the first regular comic, Suzy and her Aunt Sidonia meet the orphan Spike and unrelated Professor Barabas. In the next comic, they also meet Ambrose, later, in De dolle musketiers, Jerom, the strongest man in the western hemisphere, was introduced. Apart from Suzy and Aunt Sidonia, none of them are related, Spike, originally Suske, also known as Willy or Bob, is a young orphan who becomes friends with Suzy and Aunt Sidonia. This happens only in the album, Het Eiland Amoras from 1946. Spike has black hair with a small trademark spike and he started out as a hyperactive and headlong fighter, not unlike many a young male adolescent in the Seefhoek, the Antwerp neighborhood where Vandersteen grew up. Only in the first album, Spike would get out of control when he heard the battle cry Seefhoek vooruit. Replaced by Antigoon vooruit in later reprints, but as soon as his outfit evolved from mere duds towards a more tidy red polo shirt and black trousers, he became a well-behaved and obedient boy. He is smart, brave, idealistic and mostly rational, making him an emotional opposite to Suzy, where she gets in trouble with Sidonia or Ambrose, he acts as go-between to restore peace. Suzy, originally Wiske, also known as Wanda or Bobette, is the young heroine. She first appeared in the very first out-of-series prequel Rikki en Wiske in Chocowakije from 1945, where she has an older brother Rikki, but he disappears after that story to be replaced by Spike. Suzy lives together with him and her aunt Sidonia, and is dressed in a white skirt with a red stripe. In the first stories, she looks like a preschooler of about 6 years old, Vandersteen seems to have modelled her after his oldest daughter Leen, of similar age at the time. She is strong-headed, impulsive, curious and slightly foolish, aspects of her character that come naturally with a young teenager who enters puberty, and a great plot device since her repeated stubbornness and inobedience is the source of many an adventure. Since her emotions and human shortcomings often overpower her rationality, she is sensitive to paranormal and mystical happenings that are routinely dismissed by the others, Suzy is also a brave girl, especially when it comes to defending her doll Muffin, for whom she shows unconditional motherly love
Suske en Wiske
–
Spike and Suzy
Suske en Wiske
–
Louisa Ghijs was Vandersteen's inspiration for the name Wiske.
Suske en Wiske
–
Suske en Wiske Children's Museum in
Kalmthout.
23.
Victor Schertzinger
–
Victor L. Schertzinger was an American composer, film director, film producer, and screenwriter. His films include Paramount on Parade, Something to Sing About with James Cagney, and his two best-known songs are I Remember You and Tangerine, both with lyrics by Johnny Mercer and both featured in Schertzingers final film The Fleets In. Schertzinger was born in Mahanoy City, Pennsylvania, the child of parents of Pennsylvania Dutch descent. As a child of eight, he appeared as a violinist with several orchestras, including the Victor Herbert Orchestra, in his teens, he attended the Brown Preparatory School in Philadelphia, and gave violin performances while touring America and Europe. Schertzinger studied music at the University of Brussels and he continued to distinguish himself as a concert violinist, and then as a symphony conductor. He also worked as a songwriter, adding three songs lyrics by producer Oliver Morosco to L. Frank Baum and Louis F. Gottschalks musical. His first brush with the industry came in 1916, when Thomas Ince commissioned him to compose the orchestral accompaniment for his great silent film Civilization. After the introduction of sound, Schertzinger continued to direct films but also began to compose songs for them, though closely associated with Paramount Pictures, Schertzinger actually spent the thirties as a freelancer. Some of his best films, such as One Night of Love, at some point, Schertzinger married Julia E. Nicklin, to whom he remained married until his death. They had two daughters, Patricia and Paula, in the early 1920s, Schertzinger died unexpectedly from a heart attack in Hollywood at the age of 53, having just finished work on The Fleets In. He had directed 89 films, and had composed music for more than 50 films and he was buried in Forest Lawns Glendale location. The Hollywood Walk of Fame contains a star for Schertzinger at 1611 Vine Street, the marker reads, Violin prodigy who performed with John Philip Sousa and later became a film director and composer. He pioneered the use of film music for films, and his film One Night of Love won best musical score. He composed the pop standard Tangerine, among many films he directed were two of the Hope and Crosby Road movies. He was awarded a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, Schertzingers two best-known songs, I Remember You and Tangerine, continue to appear in the soundtracks of new films. The following information comes from the Internet Movie Database, all listed films were directed by Schertzinger, unless otherwise noted. Unless otherwise noted, the information comes from the Internet Movie Database. Publicity photo of Victor Schertzinger, circa 1930 Victor Schertzinger at the Internet Movie Database
Victor Schertzinger
–
Victor L. Schertzinger
Victor Schertzinger
–
When Doctors Disagree, 1919
24.
Jackie Coogan
–
John Leslie Jackie Coogan was an American actor and comedian who began his movie career as a child actor in silent films. Charlie Chaplins film classic The Kid made him one of the first child stars in film history, Coogan would continue to act throughout his life, later earning renewed fame in middle age portraying Uncle Fester in the 1960s TV series The Addams Family. He was born as John Leslie Coogan in 1914 in Los Angeles, California, to John Henry Coogan, Jr. and he began performing as an infant in both vaudeville and film, with an uncredited role in the 1917 film Skinners Baby. Charlie Chaplin discovered him in the Orpheum Theatre, a house in Los Angeles, on the stage doing the shimmy. Coogans father was also an actor, as was his younger brother, Jackie Coogan was a natural mimic and delighted Chaplin with his abilities. Chaplin cast him in a role in A Days Pleasure. He was Chaplins irascible companion in The Kid and the year played the title role in Oliver Twist. Coogan was one of the first stars to be heavily merchandised, peanut butter, stationery, whistles, dolls, records, and figurines were among the Coogan-themed merchandise on sale. Coogan was tutored until the age of ten, when he entered Urban Military Academy and he attended several colleges, as well as the University of Southern California. In 1932, he dropped out of Santa Clara University because of poor grades, after several demands for a $40,000 ransom, police arrested Thomas Thurmond and John Holmes in San Jose. Thurmond admitted that Hart had been murdered the night he was kidnapped, both killers were transferred to a prison in downtown San Jose. A mob broke into the jail, and Thurmond and Holmes were hanged in a nearby park, Coogan was reported to be present and to have held the lynching rope. The party was returning from a day of hunting over the border in Mexico in early May. With his father at the wheel, the car was forced off the highway near Pine Valley by an oncoming vehicle. As a child star, Coogan earned an estimated $3 to $4 million, when he turned 21 in October 1935, his fortune was believed to be well intact. His assets had been managed by his father, who had died in the car accident less than six months earlier. However, Coogan found that the amount had been spent by his mother and stepfather, Arthur Bernstein, on fur coats, diamonds and other jewelry. Bernstein had been an advisor for the family and married Coogans mother in late 1936
Jackie Coogan
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Jackie Coogan as Uncle Fester in The Addams Family, 1966
Jackie Coogan
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Charlie Chaplin and Jackie Coogan in The Kid
Jackie Coogan
–
Coogan in 1920
Jackie Coogan
–
Coogan's grave at
Holy Cross Cemetery, Culver City, California
25.
Edward Sloman
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Edward Sloman was an English silent film director, actor, screenwriter and radio broadcaster. He directed over 100 films and starred in over 30 films as an actor between 1913 and 1938, Sloman grew up in Londons West End but left home at age 19 to become an actor. He spent several years in the British theater and later became a director in both theater and vaudeville. Introduced to director Wilfred Lucas at Universal Pictures, Sloman was soon employed as an actor paid $7.50 a day, to make ends meet, he wrote scenarios, which he sold for $25 apiece. American ceased production in early 1919, so Sloman went to independent producer Benjamin B. Hampton and was given the direction of a western of that year. The film was successful and led to Sloman securing steady employment with other independent producers. Sloman was eventually hired by Universal Pictures in late 1924, there he directed several important early talkies in less than two years, such as The Kibitzer, The Conquering Horde, the celebrated quasi-horror film Murder by the Clock, Gun Smoke, and His Woman. His career declined thereafter, and he directed only four more feature films between 1932 and 1938. After directing over 100 films and starring in over 30, Sloman made his last film in 1938 and in 1939 left the industry to enter radio broadcasting as a writer, producer. Unfortunately the majority of Slomans works have been lost, however his 1927 Universal silent Alias the Deacon starring Jean Hersholt is held by the Library of Congress. He died in Woodland Hills, California in 1972 aged 86, Edward Sloman at the Internet Movie Database Edward Sloman at Find a Grave
Edward Sloman
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The Reclamation (1916)
Edward Sloman
–
The Westerners (1919)
Edward Sloman
–
Sloman directed the
1928 Universal Pictures film The Foreign Legion, starring actors
Mary Nolan (centre),
Norman Kerry (right) and
June Marlowe (left).
26.
Japanese animation
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Anime is Japanese hand-drawn or computer animation. The word is the pronunciation of animation in Japanese, where this term references all animation. Arguably, the abstract approach to the words meaning may open up the possibility of anime produced in countries other than Japan. For simplicity, many Westerners strictly view anime as a Japanese animation product, some scholars suggest defining anime as specifically or quintessentially Japanese may be related to a new form of orientalism. The earliest commercial Japanese animation dates to 1917, and Japanese anime production has continued to increase steadily. Anime is distributed theatrically, by way of television broadcasts, directly to home media and it is classified into numerous genres targeting diverse broad and niche audiences. Anime is an art form with distinctive production methods and techniques that have been adapted over time in response to emergent technologies. It consists of an ideal story-telling mechanism, combining art, characterization, cinematography. The production of anime focuses less on the animation of movement and more on the realism of settings as well as the use of effects, including panning, zooming. Being hand-drawn, anime is separated from reality by a gap of fiction that provides an ideal path for escapism that audiences can immerse themselves into with relative ease. Diverse art styles are used and character proportions and features can be quite varied, the anime industry consists of over 430 production studios, including major names like Studio Ghibli, Gainax, and Toei Animation. Despite comprising only a fraction of Japans domestic film market, anime makes up a majority of Japanese DVD sales and it has also seen international success after the rise of English-dubbed programming. This rise in popularity has resulted in non-Japanese productions using the anime art style. Anime is an art form, specifically animation, that all genres found in cinema. In Japanese, the term refers to all forms of animation from around the world. In English, anime is more used to denote a Japanese-style animated film or television entertainment or as a style of animation created in Japan. The etymology of the anime is disputed. The English term animation is written in Japanese katakana as アニメーション and is アニメ in its shortened form, in English, anime—when used as a common noun—normally functions as a mass noun
Japanese animation
–
A cel from
Namakura Gatana, the earliest surviving Japanese animated short made for cinemas, produced in 1917
Japanese animation
–
A frame from
Momotaro's Divine Sea Warriors (1944), the first
feature-length anime film
Japanese animation
–
Anime artists employ many distinct visual styles
27.
Nippon Animation
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Nippon Animation is a Japanese animation studio. The company is headquartered in Tokyo, with offices in the Ginza district of Chūō. Nippon Animation is famous for producing numerous anime series based on works of such as Anne of Green Gables. Hayao Miyazaki and Isao Takahata, co-founders of the famous Studio Ghibli, the Heidi anime was enormously popular in Japan. Zuiyo Eizo soon found itself in trouble because of the high production costs of a series it was attempting to sell to the European market. In 1975, Zuiyo Eizo was split into two entities, Zuiyo, which absorbed the debt and the rights to the Heidi anime, and Nippon Animation, officially, Nippon Animation Co. Ltd. was established in June 1975 by company president Koichi Motohashi. Hayao Miyazaki left Nippon Animation in 1979 in the middle of the production of Anne of Green Gables to make the Lupin III feature The Castle of Cagliostro, many of these are included in the list of the studios works below. Of the studios productions not based on Western literature, the most popular is undoubtedly Chibi Maruko-chan, Beyblade -2001 Beyblade, V-Force -2002 Beyblade the Movie, Fierce Battle -2002 Beyblade G Revolution -2003 B-Legend
Nippon Animation
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Nippon Animation
28.
A Dog of Flanders (1999 film)
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A Dog of Flanders is a 1999 film directed by Kevin Brodie and starring Jack Warden, Jeremy James Kissner, Jesse James, Jon Voight, Cheryl Ladd, Steven Hartley, and Bruce McGill. The screenplay was written by Brodie and Robert Singer, based on the novel of the name by Ouida. The film was shot on location in Belgium and it was the fifth film based on the original novel. Impoverished and alone, fine artist Mary Daas braves a blizzard with her son, Nello. The journey has brought Mary close to death, Mary asks Jehaan to promise to care for Nello after she is gone. Jehaan keeps the promise, helping his grandson to become an intelligent, as the two live a very poor existence, Nello and Jehaan make ends meet delivering milk to the nearby city of Antwerp, where they are welcomed and respected by the community. One afternoon on their way home, they encounter a Bouvier des Flandres dog beaten, taking him home, Jehaan and Nello nurse the dog back to health, with Nello naming him Patrasche, the boy and his new friend are inseparable from thereon out. With Jehaans guidance, Nello hones his skill as an artist with Patrasche as his subject, Nello soon introduces Patrasche to his lifelong companion and artistic muse Aloise, daughter of the local mill owner Nicholas Cogez. Meanwhile, Nello and Jehaan struggle to appease their wicked, heartless landlord Stephens, despite this plight, Nello sets his hopes on winning a famous art contest to gain respect from the art world. Aloise wholly supports her friend in this endeavor, as does the local blacksmith William. Nello gains a mentor when he meets artist Michel La Grande by the statue of Peter Paul Rubens outside the Cathedral of Our Lady. After defending the boy against Patrasches vagrant first owner, Michel brings him into his study and begins his tutelage, as the years pass, Nello stays close with Aloise and they become engaged during their visit to a gypsy circus. Nicholas, disapproving of the match, forbids Nello from ever seeing Aloise again, Nello finds some comfort in Michel, who has returned from Rome to help his pupil continue his education. Not long thereafter, Stephens accidentally burns down Nicholas mill, visiting with the Cogezs servant Millie, he had been smoking a pipe in the nearby shed and fell asleep. The next morning as the town inspects the damage, it is discovered that Nello had secretly visited Aloise the night before, Stephens uses this as evidence of Nellos guilt of committing an act of revenge. Furious, Nicholas believes the lie and smashes Aloises gift and blames Nello for starting the fire while Jehaan comes to Nellos defense, thereafter, Stephens takes advantage of the towns new distrust of the boy by taking over his milk delivery route. After Jehaan suddenly dies, Nello and Patrasche are evicted from their home by Stephens, though William offers the two a place to stay, Nello insists that he has work to do. On Christmas Day, Nello eagerly awaits the results of the art contest to be announced by Michel, Nello and Patrasche then find themselves back in the cold in the midst of a blizzard, just like Mary once was
A Dog of Flanders (1999 film)
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DVD cover
29.
Bong Joon-ho
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Bong Joon-ho is a South Korean film director and screenwriter. His films include South Korean hits Memories of Murder, based on a serial murder case, monster movie The Host. Korean film industry insiders have nicknamed him Bong Tae-il, which, pronounced in Korean, though he displays a fascination for strong subject matter, his films are filled with humor and sudden mood shifts. Bong Joon-ho was born in Daegu in 1969 and decided to become a filmmaker while in middle school and his father was a designer and his grandfather was a noted author. He majored in sociology in Yonsei University in the late 1980s and was a member of the club there. He was then a fan of Edward Yang, Hou Hsiao-hsien, in the early 1990s, he completed a two-year program at the Korean Academy of Film Arts. While there, he made many 16mm short films and his graduation films Memory Within the Frame and Incoherence were invited to screen at the Vancouver and Hong Kong international film festivals. He also collaborated on works with his classmates — most notably as cinematographer on highly acclaimed short 2001 Imagine. Aside from cinematography on Hur Jae-youngs short A Hat, Bong was also lighting director on an early short Sounds From Heaven and Earth by Choi Equan, after graduating, he spent the next five years contributing in various capacities to works by other directors. Shortly afterwards Bong began shooting his first feature Barking Dogs Never Bite under producer Cha Seung-jae, the film, about a low-ranking university lecturer who abducts a neighbors dog, was shot in the same apartment complex where Bong had lived after getting married. Although now remembered fondly, at the time of its release in February 2000 it did not stir up much interest among audiences, response from critics was positive but slightly muted. Nonetheless, the film was invited to the section of Spains prestigious San Sebastian International Film Festival. Bongs second film, Memories of Murder, a much larger-scale project, was adapted from a stage play centered on a real-life serial killer who terrorized a rural town in the 1980s. Production of the film was a long and arduous process, but with the weather providing unexpected help with some stunning skyscapes and it was released in April 2003 and proved an immediate critical and popular success. Although passed over by the Cannes and Venice Film Festivals, the film received its international premiere at San Sebastian. The film also received a strong critical reception on its release in foreign territories such as France. Following this, Bong took some time to short films to two omnibus projects. Influenza is a disturbing 30-minute work acted out entirely in front of real CCTV cameras stationed throughout Seoul and his films Memories of Murder, The Host, Madeo and Snowpiercer were re-released as a film series in April 2015 in the Jacob Burns Film Center in New York
Bong Joon-ho
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Bong Joon-ho in 2013 at the Deauville American Film Festival.
Bong Joon-ho
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Bong Joon-ho at the Independent Spirit Awards in Los Angeles, March 5, 2010.
30.
Snow Prince
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Snow Prince - Forbidden Love Melody is a 2009 Japanese film. This film is adapted from the novel A Dog of Flanders and is inspired by the 1971 film A Small Love Melody. Directed by Joji Matsuoka and written by Kundō Koyama—the scriptwriter for the film Departures, Shintaro Morimoto plays the role of Sota, the orphan artist who lives with his grandfather, and Marino Kuwashima plays the role of Sotas friend, Sayo. Together, they have to weather the many challenges that come their way because of their social status. Snow Prince marked the debuts of Morimoto and Kuwashima. The main and supporting cast of Snow Prince was revealed on 11 May 2009, the theme song of this film, entitled Snow Prince, was sung by a group of 10 boys including Shintaro Morimoto, the lead actor of this film. This song debuted at the 9th position on the Oricon weekly charts, Snow Prince had its international debut in Flanders, Belgium, the setting for A Dog of Flanders. It then showcased at the 2009 Hawaii International Film Festival, the film, which grossed $845,375 in Japan and Singapore, received mixed reviews from critics. Actor Teruyuki Kagawa was nominated for the best supporting actor award at the 52nd Blue Ribbon Awards for his role. The film opens when Sayo Arima, a girl brought up in a family and now an elderly woman, unexpectedly receives a manuscript written by Haigo. It deals with the seventy years earlier when Sayo was friends with Sota. The film moves back to time, when a circus came to the town where Sayo. Despite Sotas grandfather warning him not to go near the circus, after the performance, they sneak backstage and are caught by the circus clown Haigo, who kindly gives Sota an egg, which he had intended to buy for his grandfather. Sota believes that the clown can read his mind, and calls him Kamisama, later, while talking to Sayos classmates, Sota learns about a legendary paint nicknamed Night-Sky which can only be produced from materials unique to a particular pond. Sayo and Sota resolve to find the pond together, however, the route to the pond is dangerous, and involves passing through a train tunnel. In the tunnel Sayo trips and is run over by a train. Sota manages to pull her out just in time, but is scolded by Mr. Arima, Sayos father and he tells his wife not to let them meet again. Later, Sota returns to the pond with the circus clown, Sota offers to paint a picture of him, but the clown refuses and advises Sota to paint whatever his heart desires
Snow Prince
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Film poster advertising Snow Prince in Japan
31.
Bokrijk
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Bokrijk is park and museum complex near the city of Genk in the Province of Limburg, Belgium. It is known for its open-air museum which displays a collection of historical buildings from across Flanders. The domain is 5.5 square kilometres in area and hosts an important botanical garden, on March 9,1252 Arnold IV, Count of Loon and Chiny sold a forest, that was situated between Genk, Zonhoven and Hasselt, to the abbey of Herkenrode. This forest was called Buscurake or Buksenrake, the name later evolved into Bouchreyck and eventually to Bokrijk. The Cistercian abbey of Herkenrode built a grangiae, dug out fish ponds, the abbey farm was cultivated by lay brothers and from 1447 onwards functioned as an ordinary tenant farm. It remained the property until the years of the French Revolutionary Wars. In 1797 French Revolutionaries seized all properties of the Cistercian abbey, on the 21 March 1938 the provincial government of Limburg acquired Bokrijk. Governor Hubert Verwilghen inspired the acquisition, Verwilghen strived for the creation of a public domain that would combine culture and nature. His vision would be realized years later under the impulse of provincial governor Louis Roppe. On 6 October 1953 the Provincial Council of the Province of Limburg decided to create a museum in Bokrijk. With the post-war industrial revolution and the development projects of the 1950s. Agricultural buildings of important cultural and historical value for Flanders were disappearing from the landscape, dr. Jozef Weyns was appointed to coordinate the project and remained in function as first conservator of the Open Air Museum of Bokrijk. The museum opened to the public on 12 April 1958 as contribution of the province of Limburg to the Expo 58, gent-Amsterdam, Ludion, Ludion Guides,2001, 128p. The history and future of a visionary idea
Bokrijk
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Gateway from
Heers (1774), entrance to the open-air museum during events.
Bokrijk
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View on the village centre of museum-part
Haspengouw.
Bokrijk
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Rectory from
Schriek.
Bokrijk
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Living history - distilling
jenever on authentic pot still.
32.
Hoboken, Antwerp
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Hoboken is a southern district of the arrondissement and city of Antwerp, in the Flemish Region of Belgium. It is located at the Scheldt river, the name of the district has origins in Middle Dutch, an alternative story is told in a tale for children. Each November an annual beer server race has taken place since 1777, the name Hoboken is derived from Middle Dutch Hooghe Buechen or Hoge Beuken, meaning High or Tall Beeches. To this day there is a hospital in Hoboken named Hoge Beuken, a local childrens story says that the name Hoboken is derived from a little boy who accidentally dropped his sandwich in the Schelde river, which flows near Hoboken. In the local dialect of Dutch, a boke is a sandwich and ho is a way of shouting stop, so he must have shouted Ho, Hoboken boasts an annual 5K beer server race. The tradition started, according to legend, in 1777, with the proclamation of the United States of Belgium, the race is held annually on the first Sunday of November and is often amalgamated by the All Saints Day celebration
Hoboken, Antwerp
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Sorghvliedt Castle (Kasteel Sorghvliedt)
33.
The Little Match Girl
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The Little Match Girl is a short story by Danish poet and author Hans Christian Andersen. The story, about a dying childs dreams and hope, was first published in 1845 and it has been adapted to various media, including an animated short film, a television musical, and an animated virtual reality story called Allumette. On a cold New Years Eve, a young girl, Isabella. She is already shivering from cold and early hypothermia, and she is walking barefoot having lost her slippers. Still, she is too afraid to go home, because her father beat her for not selling any matches. The girl takes shelter in a nook or alley and sits down, the girl lights the matches to warm herself. In their glow she sees several visions, including a Christmas tree. The girl looks skyward and sees a star, she then remembers her dead grandmother saying that such a falling star means someone is dying and is going to Heaven. As she lights the match, she sees a vision of her grandmother. She strikes one match after another to keep the vision of her alive for as long as she can. After running out of matches the child dies and her grandmother carries her soul to Heaven, the next morning, passers-by find the girl dead in the nook, frozen with a smile on her face, and guess the reason for the burnt-out matches beside her. They feel pity for her, although they had not shown kindness to her before her death and they have no way of knowing about the wonderful visions she saw before her death or how gloriously she and her grandmother are now celebrating the New Year in Heaven. The Little Match Girl was first published December 1845, in Dansk Folkekalender for 1846, the work was re-published as a part of New Fairy Tales, Second Volume, Second Collection, and again 18 December 1849 as a part of Fairy Tales. The work was also published 30 March 1863 as a part of Fairy Tales and Stories, the Fairy Tale Forest of the amusement park Efteling in the Netherlands has a three-dimensional attraction showing the story of the Little Match Girl, called Het Meisje met de Zwavelstokjes. In this attraction, use is made of the peppers ghost technique, in Is the Order a Rabbit. Sharo starts daydreaming while handing out flyers, humorously seeing it as a death flag when she connects her actions to the match girl. Chapter 18 of the manga series Binbou Shimai Monogatari replays the tale of The Little Match Girl, featuring the protagonists Asu and Kyou with a happy ending twist. In Chapter 24 of Love Hina, Su makes Shinobu dress up as a Little Red Riding Hood type and sell matches to raise some travelling money to Okinawa
The Little Match Girl
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A. J. Bayes illustration, 1889
The Little Match Girl
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The Little Match Girl in the
Fairy Tale Forest,
Efteling, Netherlands
The Little Match Girl
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Collections
34.
Wikisource
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Wikisource is an online digital library of free content textual sources on a wiki, operated by the Wikimedia Foundation. Wikisource is the name of the project as a whole and the name for each instance of that project, the projects aims are to host all forms of free text, in many languages, and translations. Originally conceived as an archive to store useful or important historical texts, the project officially began in November 24,2003 under the name Project Sourceberg. The name Wikisource was adopted later that year and it received its own domain name seven months later, the project has come under criticism for lack of reliability but it is also cited by organisations such as the National Archives and Records Administration. The project holds works that are either in the domain or freely licensed, professionally published works or historical source documents, not vanity products. Verification was initially made offline, or by trusting the reliability of digital libraries. Now works are supported by online scans via the ProofreadPage extension, some individual Wikisources, each representing a specific language, now only allow works backed up with scans. While the bulk of its collection are texts, Wikisource as a whole hosts other media, some Wikisources allow user-generated annotations, subject to the specific policies of the Wikisource in question. Wikisources early history included several changes of name and location, the original concept for Wikisource was as storage for useful or important historical texts. These texts were intended to support Wikipedia articles, by providing evidence and original source texts. The collection was focused on important historical and cultural material. The project was originally called Project Sourceberg during its planning stages, in 2001, there was a dispute on Wikipedia regarding the addition of primary source material, leading to edit wars over their inclusion or deletion. Project Sourceberg was suggested as a solution to this, perhaps Project Sourceberg can mainly work as an interface for easily linking from Wikipedia to a Project Gutenberg file, and as an interface for people to easily submit new work to PG. Wed want to complement Project Gutenberg--how, exactly, and Jimmy Wales adding like Larry, Im interested that we think it over to see what we can add to Project Gutenberg. It seems unlikely that primary sources should in general be editable by anyone -- I mean, Shakespeare is Shakespeare, unlike our commentary on his work, the project began its activity at ps. wikipedia. org. The contributors understood the PS subdomain to mean either primary sources or Project Sourceberg, however, this resulted in Project Sourceberg occupying the subdomain of the Pashto Wikipedia. A vote on the name changed it to Wikisource on December 6,2003. Despite the change in name, the project did not move to its permanent URL until July 23,2004, since Wikisource was initially called Project Sourceberg, its first logo was a picture of an iceberg
Wikisource
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The original Wikisource logo
Wikisource
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Screenshot of wikisource.org home page
Wikisource
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::: Original text
Wikisource
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::: Action of the modernizing tool
