1.
Commuter rail
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Trains operate following a schedule, at speeds varying from 50 to 200 km/h. Distance charges or zone pricing may be used and they primarily serve lower density suburban areas, and often share right-of-way with intercity or freight trains. Some services operate only during peak hours and others uses fewer departures during off peak hours, average speeds are high, often 50 km/h or higher. These higher speeds better serve the longer distances involved, some services include express services which skip some stations in order to run faster and separate longer distance riders from short-distance ones. The general range of commuter trains distance varies between 15 and 200 km, sometimes long distances can be explained by that the train runs between two or several cities. Distances between stations may vary, but are much longer than those of urban rail systems. In city centers the train either has a station or passes through the city centre with notably fewer station stops than those of urban rail systems. Toilets are often available on trains and in stations. Their ability to coexist with freight or intercity services in the same right-of-way can drastically reduce system construction costs, however, frequently they are built with dedicated tracks within that right-of-way to prevent delays, especially where service densities have converged in the inner parts of the network. Most such trains run on the standard gauge track. Some light rail systems may run on a narrower gauge, some countries, including Finland, India, Pakistan, Russia, Brazil and Sri Lanka, as well as San Francisco in the USA and Melbourne and Adelaide in Australia, use broad gauge track. The fact that the terminology is not standardised across countries further complicates matters, most S-bahns typically behave like commuter rail with most trackage not separated from other trains, and long lines with trains running between cities and suburbs rather than within a city. The distances between stations however, are usually short, in larger systems there is usually a high frequency metro-like central corridor in the city center where all the lines converge into. Typical examples of large city S-Bahns include Munich and Frankfurt, S-Bahns do also exist in some mid-size cities like Rostock and Magdeburg but behave more like typical commuter rail with lower frequencies and very little exclusive trackage. A similar network exists in Copenhagen called the S-tog, in Hamburg and Copenhagen, other, diesel driven trains, do continue where the S-Bahn ends. Regional rail usually provides rail services between towns and cities, rather than purely linking major population hubs in the way inter-city rail does, Regional rail operates outside major cities. Unlike Inter-city, it stops at most or all stations between cities and it provides a service between smaller communities along the line, and also connections with long-distance services at interchange stations located at junctions or at larger towns along the line. Alternative names are local train or stopping train, examples include the former BRs Regional Railways, Frances TER, Germanys DB Regio and South Koreas Tonggeun services
2.
Regional Transportation District
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It operates over a 2, 340-square-mile area, serving 2.87 million people. RTD is governed by a 15-member, publicly elected Board of Directors, Directors are elected to a four-year term and represent a specific district of about 180,000 constituents. RTD currently operates a bus and rail system that has an area of 2,337 square miles. It employed 2,734 people and reported 103 million boardings in 2016 and it had a $466.7 million operating budget for the year of 2015. Google has RTD schedules attached to its trip planner, and 3rd party mobile applications are now available for the iPhone,1969, RTD was created in the 47th session of the Colorado General Assembly to provide public transportation to five additional counties in the metropolitan area. 1969–1971, The Denver Tramway Company continues service under sponsorship of the City and County of Denver, October 1970, RTD found it needed to establish a Northern Operations Group to provide service to Boulder and Longmont. RTD also acquired the privately owned Denver-Boulder Bus Company, which ran airport buses,1971, Denver Metro Transit took over the privately owned Denver Tramway Company. Denver Metro Transit was an entity created by the City and County of Denver, suburban service only continued for those suburbs willing to contribute a subsidy. 1972, RTD created a plan for a rapid transit system in the area. This plan included 98 miles of PRT and extensive bus service throughout the areas served by RTD, later that year, the Urban Mass Transportation Administration selected RTD to develop PRT as a demonstration project. The PRT project was eventually scrapped, the tax became effective January 1,1974. July 1974, Denver Metro Transit became part of RTD, 1975–1977, RTD consolidated, expanded, and improved service frequency. Service was expanded to routes that commercial carriers previously operated, february 1978, Inflation caused RTD to implement a new fare structure. For instances, the new Colorado Blvd route was number 40,1979, Federal approval was granted for the 16th Street Mall in downtown Denver, originally known as Transitway. The project allowed express bus productivity to double and was intersected by RTDs first light rail line. 1980, RTD reached a number of weekday passengers. It also acquired 216 new buses,89 of which were articulated, construction began on the 16th Street Mall. Work was also completed to make RTDs service more accessible to elderly,1983, On May 1,1983, the tax was increased to 0. 6%
3.
Denver metropolitan area
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Denver is the central city of a conurbation region in the U. S. state of Colorado. The conurbation includes one continuous region consisting of the six counties of Adams, Arapahoe, Broomfield, Denver, Douglas. The Denver region is part of the Front Range Urban Corridor, the continuously urbanized area extends northwest into the City and County of Broomfield, bordering Jefferson and Adams counties, and south into Douglas County, adjoining Arapahoe County. Also included in the federally defined MSA are four counties, Elbert County on the southeastern prairie and Clear Creek, Gilpin. The Denver-Aurora-Lakewood Metropolitan Statistical Area comprises ten counties, in 2005 the RTD developed a twelve-year comprehensive plan, called FasTracks, to build and operate rail transit lines and expand and improve bus service throughout the region. Electricity is provided by Xcel Energy, cable television is provided by Comcast. Severity of pollution in this area has varied enormously over the years, in the late 1980s the area was frequently in violation of multiple National Ambient Air Quality Standards established by the United States Environmental Protection Agency. The Regional Air Quality Council was formed in 1989 to create plans to address the problem, through a variety of measures the areas air quality was improved and in 2002 the EPA designated the area in compliance with all federal health-based air quality standards. Denver was the first major city in the United States to reach compliance with all six of these standards after previously violating five of them, since then the EPA introduced a new standard for small particulates and made the existing ozone standard stricter. In 2003 the new standard was frequently exceeded in the area and was occasionally exceeded as far away as Rocky Mountain National Park. The RAQC hopes to implement plans enabling the area to comply with the new standards by 2007. S
4.
Denver Union Station
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Denver Union Station is the main railway station and central transportation hub in Denver, Colorado. A station opened on the site June 1,1881, burning in 1894, the current structure was erected in two stages, with an enlarged central portion completed in 1914. In 2012, the station underwent a major renovation transforming it into the centerpiece of a new transit-oriented mixed-use development built on the sites former rail-yards. The station house re-opened in the summer of 2014 as a combination of the 112-room Crawford Hotel, several restaurants and retailers, and a train hall. Denvers first train station was constructed in 1868 to serve the new Denver Pacific Railway, by 1875, there were four different railroad stations, making passenger transfers between different railroad lines inconvenient. To remedy this issue, the Union Pacific Railroad proposed creating one central Union Station to combine the various operations, in February 1880, the owners of the four lines agreed to build a station at 17th and Wynkoop Streets. Architect A. Taylor of Kansas City was hired to develop the plans, however, a fire that started in the womens restroom in 1894 destroyed the central portion of the 1881 depot. The Kansas City architectural firm of Van Brunt & Howe was hired to design a replacement depot in the Romanesque Revival style. Both the 1881 and 1894 depots included a central clock tower with four clock faces. On July 4,1906, an arch was dedicated in front of the station in order to provide a symbolic threshold for travelers entering and leaving the city. Constructed at a cost of $22,500 with 70 tons of steel and over 2,000 light bulbs, the arch originally featured the word Welcome on both sides. However, the elevation facing 17th Street was changed to Mizpah, in 1912, the original Union Depot partnership was dissolved and replaced by the Denver Terminal Railway Company, representing the then-major operators of the station. The new partnership decided to demolish and rebuild the portion of the station to handle the increasing passenger traffic. The new central portion, designed by Denver architects Gove & Walsh, was built in the Beaux-Arts style, as a result of growing passenger service, the Mizpah Arch in front of the station was deemed a traffic hazard and was torn down in 1931. For the first time in 1958, passenger traffic at Stapleton International Airport exceeded that of Union Station and it was during this period that the orange Union Station, Travel by Train signs were placed on both sides of the building in order to advertise intercity rail travel. Amtrak eventually became the provider of rail service through the station. Until the grand renovation, the served the annual Cheyenne Frontier Days Train. The popular excursion train has since been based at a site near the Denver Coliseum, the plan was approved by the Partner Agencies in 2004 and was approved by voters in November of that year as the new FasTracks program
5.
Denver International Airport
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Denver International Airport, often referred to as DIA, is an airport in Denver, Colorado, United States. At 33,531 acres, it is the largest airport in the United States by total land area, runway 16R/34L, with a length of 16,000 feet, is the longest public use runway in the United States. As of 2015, DEN was the 18th-busiest airport in the world and it also has the third largest domestic connection network in the country. The airport features 133 gates spread out over three detached, yet connected, linear concourses. DEN has non-stop service to destinations throughout North America, Latin America, Europe, the airport is in northeastern Denver and is operated by the City & County of Denver Department of Aviation. DEN was voted Best Airport in North America by readers of Business Traveler Magazine six years in a row and was named Americas Best Run Airport by Time Magazine in 2002, the airport is the main hub for Frontier Airlines and Great Lakes Airlines. It is also the fourth-largest hub for United Airlines with 375 daily departures to 141 destinations, the airport is Southwest Airlines 4th most utilized airport and fastest-growing market, with 190 daily departures to nearly 60 destinations. DEN is the airport in the United States to have implemented an ISO 14001-certified environmental management system covering the entire airport. The airport is accessible via Peña Boulevard as well as the A Line commuter rail from Denver Union Station, the catenary steel cable system, similar to the Brooklyn Bridge design, supports the fabric roof. Both during construction and after its opening, DIA has set aside a portion of its construction and operation budgets for art, grotesques hiding in suitcases are present above the exit doors from the baggage claims. The corridor from the terminal and Concourse A usually contains additional temporary exhibits. Finally a number of different public art works are present in the train that links the main terminal with the concourses. Blue Mustang, by El Paso born artist Luis Jiménez, was one of the earliest public art commissions for Denver International Airport in 1993. The 32 feet tall Blue Mustang is a bright blue cast-fiberglass sculpture with glowing red eyes located between the inbound and outbound lanes of Peña Boulevard, Jiménez died in 2006 while creating the sculpture when part of it fell on him and severed an artery in his leg. At the time of his death, Jiménez had completed painting the head of the mustang, Blue Mustang was completed by others, and unveiled at the airport on February 11,2008. The statue has been the subject of considerable controversy, other DIA Art Commissions have been awarded to artists Leo Tanguma, Gary Sweeney, and Gary Yazzie. DIAs Art Collection was recently honored by the publishers of USA TODAY, the airport also features a bronze statue of astronaut, Congressman-elect and Denver native Jack Swigert. Swigert, who flew on Apollo 13 as Command Module Pilot, was elected to the House of Representatives in 1982, the statue is dressed in an A7L pressure suit, and is posed holding a gold-plated helmet
6.
Hyundai Rotem
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Hyundai Rotem is a South Korean company manufacturing rolling stock, defense products and plant equipment. It is part of the Hyundai Motor Group and its name was changed to the current one from Rotem on December 2007 to reflect its parent company. The company subsequently changed its name to Railroading Technology System, or Rotem and it adopted its current name in December 2007 to reflect its current owner. Hyundai Rotem currently employs 3,800 and exported to 29 countries worldwide, notable projects include supplying most of South Koreas rolling stock, which include Korails KTX high speed trains, Electric multiple units, and Electric locomotives. Other products in South Korea includes supplying all of Seoul Metro, Seoul Metropolitan Rapid Transit and they are also to supply the Silverliner V commuter trains for SEPTA Regional Rail in the Philadelphia, Pennsylvania area. A. On 31 December 2014, Hyderabad Metro created a new record by successfully running a train in Automatic Train Operation mode for the first time on Indian soil between Nagole and Mettuguda. Hyundai Rotem announced on November 11,2008, that it had signed a contract to supply the rolling stock for the Marmaray cross-Bosporus tunnel project in Istanbul. The 22 m long stainless steel cars will be formed into 10, some production will be carried out locally by Eurotem, Hyundai Rotems joint venture with Turkish rolling stock manufacturer TÜVASAŞ. The cars will arrive in three batches, the first 160 cars by 2011, the last by June 2014, Hyundai Rotem won its first contract in Turkey in 1996, and has now completed seven orders for a total of 804 vehicles worth US$1·6bn. In July it signed a contract to provide 84 DMUs in conjunction with Tüvasas, Hyundai Rotem has earned the trust of Turkey by providing high quality products and technology, said Executive Vice-Chairman Yeo-Sung Lee. We believe this brightens the outlook for future opportunities in Turkey such as the Istanbul line. Hyundai Rotem was awarded a contract with Bostons MBTA in early 2008 for the construction of 75 cars, the contract entails the delivery of the first 4 cars by October 2010 while the remaining 71 cars were scheduled to be delivered by the end of 2012. However, due to delays, shoddy workmanship, material shortage. Lee, in November 2012, only four cars have been delivered by the end of 2012. On December 21,2012, the MBTA sent a letter to Hyundai Rotem threatening to cancel the contract if a solution is not soon reached, since then, the new cars have continued to experience various mechanical problems resulting in car shortages and delays. Economy of South Korea CRRC Corporation Bombardier Transportation Siemens Mobility Hyundai Rotem web site
7.
Silverliner V
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This is the fifth generation railcar in the Silverliner family of single level EMUs. The cars feature expanded interiors and windows, additional entrances and screens used to display information about the service and they are all ADA compliant and meet Federal Railroad Administration safety requirements. SEPTA ordered a total of 120 cars at a cost of million, the first cars arrived in the United States on 28 February 2010 from South Korea. The cars were built in South Korea and final took place in South Philadelphia. The cars entered service on 29 October 2010 and all 120 were to be completed by the end of 2011. However, due to delays that were reportedly to last until mid-2012, the last of the 120 cars arrived on property for testing in February 2013. Cars 735,736,871 and 872 are owned by the state of Delaware, however, they are used systemwide for service, and are not restricted to use on services to Delaware only. On July 2,2016, SEPTA removed all 120 of its Silverliner V cars – a third of its fleet – from service due to cracks in the trucks. On September 1,2016 four of the cars have been put back into service on the Fox Chase Line, week by week,10 of these cars are expected to start gradually returning into service. In 2010 Denvers Regional Transportation District selected the Silverliner V for its new rail line. A total of 66 cars were purchased in the married pair configuration for a total of $300 million, the first four cars were delivered to Denver on December 3,2014 with service to start in 2016. Differences between the RTD and SEPTA cars include, support for only 25kv 60 Hz AC electrification, four high level doors per side, less powerful motors, full-width cabs. Some users of equipment have found that the presence of tracks carrying Silverliner V cars have introduced detrimental electromagnetic interference to playback. This phenomenon also affects audio and PA electronics inside the cars, media related to Rotem Silverliner V at Wikimedia Commons Silverliner V RFP Technical Specification SEPTA Silverliner V Page Image of the operating cab RTD Variant Fact Sheet
8.
Track gauge
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In rail transport, track gauge is the spacing of the rails on a railway track and is measured between the inner faces of the load-bearing rails. All vehicles on a network must have running gear that is compatible with the track gauge, as the dominant parameter determining interoperability, it is still frequently used as a descriptor of a route or network. There is a distinction between the gauge and actual gauge at some locality, due to divergence of track components from the nominal. Railway engineers use a device, like a caliper, to measure the actual gauge, the nominal track gauge is the distance between the inner faces of the rails. In current practice, it is specified at a distance below the rail head as the inner faces of the rail head are not necessarily vertical. In some cases in the earliest days of railways, the company saw itself as an infrastructure provider only. Colloquially the wagons might be referred to as four-foot gauge wagons, say and this nominal value does not equate to the flange spacing, as some freedom is allowed for. An infrastructure manager might specify new or replacement track components at a variation from the nominal gauge for pragmatic reasons. Track is defined in old Imperial units or in universally accepted metric units or SI units, Imperial units were established in United Kingdom by The Weights and Measures Act of 1824. In addition, there are constraints, such as the load-carrying capacity of axles. Narrow gauge railways usually cost less to build because they are lighter in construction, using smaller cars and locomotives, as well as smaller bridges, smaller tunnels. Narrow gauge is often used in mountainous terrain, where the savings in civil engineering work can be substantial. Broader gauge railways are generally expensive to build and require wider curves. There is no single perfect gauge, because different environments and economic considerations come into play, a narrow gauge is superior if ones main considerations are economy and tight curvature. For direct, unimpeded routes with high traffic, a broad gauge may be preferable, the Standard, Russian, and 46 gauges are designed to strike a reasonable balance between these factors. In addition to the general trade-off, another important factor is standardization, once a standard has been chosen, and equipment, infrastructure, and training calibrated to that standard, conversion becomes difficult and expensive. This also makes it easier to adopt an existing standard than to invent a new one and this is true of many technologies, including railroad gauges. The reduced cost, greater efficiency, and greater economic opportunity offered by the use of a common standard explains why a number of gauges predominate worldwide
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