1.
Single (music)
–
In music, a single or record single is a type of release, typically a song recording of fewer tracks than an LP record, an album or an EP record. This can be released for sale to the public in a variety of different formats, in most cases, a single is a song that is released separately from an album, although it usually also appears on an album. Typically, these are the songs from albums that are released separately for promotional uses such as digital download or commercial radio airplay and are expected to be the most popular, in other cases a recording released as a single may not appear on an album. As digital downloading and audio streaming have become prevalent, it is often possible for every track on an album to also be available separately. Nevertheless, the concept of a single for an album has been retained as an identification of a heavily promoted or more popular song within an album collection. Despite being referred to as a single, singles can include up to as many as three tracks on them. The biggest digital music distributor, iTunes, accepts as many as three tracks less than ten minutes each as a single, as well as popular music player Spotify also following in this trend. Any more than three tracks on a release or longer than thirty minutes in total running time is either an Extended Play or if over six tracks long. The basic specifications of the single were made in the late 19th century. Gramophone discs were manufactured with a range of speeds and in several sizes. By about 1910, however, the 10-inch,78 rpm shellac disc had become the most commonly used format, the inherent technical limitations of the gramophone disc defined the standard format for commercial recordings in the early 20th century.26 rpm. With these factors applied to the 10-inch format, songwriters and performers increasingly tailored their output to fit the new medium, the breakthrough came with Bob Dylans Like a Rolling Stone. Singles have been issued in various formats, including 7-inch, 10-inch, other, less common, formats include singles on digital compact cassette, DVD, and LD, as well as many non-standard sizes of vinyl disc. Some artist release singles on records, a more common in musical subcultures. The most common form of the single is the 45 or 7-inch. The names are derived from its speed,45 rpm. The 7-inch 45 rpm record was released 31 March 1949 by RCA Victor as a smaller, more durable, the first 45 rpm records were monaural, with recordings on both sides of the disc. As stereo recordings became popular in the 1960s, almost all 45 rpm records were produced in stereo by the early 1970s
Single (music)
–
45
rpm single record
2.
Elvis Presley
–
Elvis Aaron Presley was an American singer and actor. Regarded as one of the most significant cultural icons of the 20th century, he is referred to as the King of Rock and Roll. Presley was born in Tupelo, Mississippi, and relocated to Memphis and his music career began there in 1954, when he recorded a song with producer Sam Phillips at Sun Records. Accompanied by guitarist Scotty Moore and bassist Bill Black, Presley was a popularizer of rockabilly. RCA Victor acquired his contract in a deal arranged by Colonel Tom Parker, Presleys first RCA single, Heartbreak Hotel, was released in January 1956 and became a number-one hit in the United States. He was regarded as the figure of rock and roll after a series of successful network television appearances. In November 1956, Presley made his debut in Love Me Tender. In 1958, he was drafted into military service, in 1973, Presley featured in the first globally broadcast concert via satellite, Aloha from Hawaii. Several years of drug abuse severely damaged his health. Presley is one of the most celebrated and influential musicians of the 20th century and he won three Grammys, also receiving the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award at age 36, and has been inducted into multiple music halls of fame. Presley was born on January 8,1935, in Tupelo, Mississippi, to Gladys Love and Vernon Elvis Presley, Jesse Garon Presley, his identical twin brother, was delivered stillborn 35 minutes before his own birth. Thus, as a child, Presley became close to both parents and formed an especially close bond with his mother. The family attended an Assembly of God, where he found his musical inspiration. Although he was in conflict with the Pentecostal church in his later years, rev. Rex Humbard officiated at his funeral, as Presley had been an admirer of Humbards ministry. Presleys ancestry was primarily a Western European mix, including Scots-Irish, Scottish, German, gladyss great-great-grandmother, Morning Dove White, was possibly a Cherokee Native American. Gladys was regarded by relatives and friends as the dominant member of the small family, Vernon moved from one odd job to the next, evincing little ambition. The family often relied on help from neighbors and government food assistance, the Presleys survived the F5 tornado in the 1936 Tupelo–Gainesville tornado outbreak. In 1938, they lost their home after Vernon was found guilty of kiting a check written by the landowner, Orville S. Bean and he was jailed for eight months, and Gladys and Elvis moved in with relatives
Elvis Presley
–
Presley in a publicity photograph for the 1957 film
Jailhouse Rock
Elvis Presley
–
Presley's birthplace in
Tupelo, Mississippi
Elvis Presley
–
Presley in a
Sun Records promotional photograph, 1954
Elvis Presley
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The "iconic cover" of
Presley's 1956 debut album featuring a photo taken July 31, 1955, in Tampa, Florida
3.
A-side and B-side
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The terms A-side and B-side refer to the two sides of 78,45, and 33 1/3 rpm phonograph records, whether singles, extended plays, or long-playing records. Creedence Clearwater Revival had hits with both A-side and B-side releases, others took the opposite approach, producer Phil Spector was in the habit of filling B-sides with on-the-spot instrumentals that no one would confuse with the A-side. With this practice, Spector was assured that airplay was focused on the side he wanted to be the hit side, the earliest 10-inch,78 rpm, shellac records were single sided. Double-sided recordings, with one song on side, were introduced in Europe by Columbia Records. There were no record charts until the 1930s, and radio stations did not play recorded music until the 1950s, in this time, A-sides and B-sides existed, but neither side was considered more important, the side did not convey anything about the content of the record. The term single came into use with the advent of vinyl records in the early 1950s. At first, most record labels would randomly assign which song would be an A-side, under this random system, many artists had so-called double-sided hits, where both songs on a record made one of the national sales charts, or would be featured on jukeboxes in public places. As time wore on, however, the convention for assigning songs to sides of the record changed. By the early sixties, the song on the A-side was the song that the company wanted radio stations to play. It was not until 1968, for instance, that the production of albums on a unit basis finally surpassed that of singles in the United Kingdom. In the late 1960s stereo versions of pop and rock songs began to appear on 45s. The majority of the 45s were played on AM radio stations, by the early 1970s, double-sided hits had become rare. Album sales had increased, and B-sides had become the side of the record where non-album, non-radio-friendly, with the advent of cassette and compact disc singles in the late 1980s, the A-side/B-side differentiation became much less meaningful. With the decline of cassette singles in the 1990s, the A-side/B-side dichotomy became virtually extinct, as the dominant medium. However, the term B-side is still used to refer to the tracks or coupling tracks on a CD single. With the advent of downloading music via the Internet, sales of CD singles and other media have declined. B-side songs may be released on the record as a single to provide extra value for money. There are several types of material released in this way, including a different version, or, in a concept record
A-side and B-side
–
Victor 17929A and 17929B.
A-side and B-side
4.
Gramophone record
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The groove usually starts near the periphery and ends near the center of the disc. The phonograph disc record was the medium used for music reproduction until late in the 20th century. It had co-existed with the cylinder from the late 1880s. Records retained the largest market share even when new formats such as compact cassette were mass-marketed, by the late 1980s, digital media, in the form of the compact disc, had gained a larger market share, and the vinyl record left the mainstream in 1991. The phonograph record has made a resurgence in the early 21st century –9.2 million records were sold in the U. S. in 2014. Likewise, in the UK sales have increased five-fold from 2009 to 2014, as of 2017,48 record pressing facilities remain worldwide,18 in the United States and 30 in other countries. The increased popularity of vinyl has led to the investment in new, only two producers of lacquers remains, Apollo Masters in California, USA, and MDC in Japan. Vinyl records may be scratched or warped if stored incorrectly but if they are not exposed to heat or broken. The large cover are valued by collectors and artists for the space given for visual expression, in the 2000s, these tracings were first scanned by audio engineers and digitally converted into audible sound. Phonautograms of singing and speech made by Scott in 1860 were played back as sound for the first time in 2008, along with a tuning fork tone and unintelligible snippets recorded as early as 1857, these are the earliest known recordings of sound. In 1877, Thomas Edison invented the phonograph, unlike the phonautograph, it was capable of both recording and reproducing sound. Despite the similarity of name, there is no evidence that Edisons phonograph was based on Scotts phonautograph. Edison first tried recording sound on a paper tape, with the idea of creating a telephone repeater analogous to the telegraph repeater he had been working on. The tinfoil was wrapped around a metal cylinder and a sound-vibrated stylus indented the tinfoil while the cylinder was rotated. The recording could be played back immediately, Edison also invented variations of the phonograph that used tape and disc formats. A decade later, Edison developed a greatly improved phonograph that used a wax cylinder instead of a foil sheet. This proved to be both a better-sounding and far more useful and durable device, the wax phonograph cylinder created the recorded sound market at the end of the 1880s and dominated it through the early years of the 20th century. Berliners earliest discs, first marketed in 1889, but only in Europe, were 12.5 cm in diameter, both the records and the machine were adequate only for use as a toy or curiosity, due to the limited sound quality
Gramophone record
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Edison wax cylinder phonograph c. 1899
Gramophone record
Gramophone record
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Emil Berliner with disc record gramophone
Gramophone record
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Hungarian Pathé record, 90 to 100 rpm
5.
Hollywood, California
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Hollywood is an ethnically diverse, densely populated neighborhood in the central region of Los Angeles, California. It is notable as the home of the U. S. film industry, including several of its studios, and its name has come to be a shorthand reference for the industry. Hollywood was a community in 1870 and was incorporated as a municipality in 1903. It was consolidated with the city of Los Angeles in 1910, in 1853, one adobe hut stood in Nopalera, named for the Mexican Nopal cactus indigenous to the area. By 1870, an agricultural community flourished, the area was known as the Cahuenga Valley, after the pass in the Santa Monica Mountains immediately to the north. According to the diary of H. J. Whitley, known as the Father of Hollywood, along came a Chinese man in a wagon carrying wood. The man got out of the wagon and bowed, the Chinese man was asked what he was doing and replied, I holly-wood, meaning hauling wood. H. J. Whitley had an epiphany and decided to name his new town Hollywood, Holly would represent England and wood would represent his Scottish heritage. Whitley had already started over 100 towns across the western United States, Whitley arranged to buy the 500-acre E. C. Hurd ranch and disclosed to him his plans for the land. They agreed on a price and Hurd agreed to sell at a later date, before Whitley got off the ground with Hollywood, plans for the new town had spread to General Harrison Gray Otis, Hurds wife, eastern adjacent ranch co-owner Daeida Wilcox, and others. Daeida Wilcox may have learned of the name Hollywood from Ivar Weid, her neighbor in Holly Canyon and she recommended the same name to her husband, Harvey. In August 1887, Wilcox filed with the Los Angeles County Recorders office a deed and parcel map of property he had sold named Hollywood, Wilcox wanted to be the first to record it on a deed. The early real-estate boom busted that year, yet Hollywood began its slow growth. By 1900, the region had a post office, newspaper, hotel, Los Angeles, with a population of 102,479 lay 10 miles east through the vineyards, barley fields, and citrus groves. A single-track streetcar line ran down the middle of Prospect Avenue from it, but service was infrequent, the old citrus fruit-packing house was converted into a livery stable, improving transportation for the inhabitants of Hollywood. The Hollywood Hotel was opened in 1902 by H. J. Whitley who was a president of the Los Pacific Boulevard, having finally acquired the Hurd ranch and subdivided it, Whitley built the hotel to attract land buyers. Flanking the west side of Highland Avenue, the structure fronted on Prospect Avenue, the hotel was to become internationally known and was the center of the civic and social life and home of the stars for many years. Whitleys company developed and sold one of the residential areas
Hollywood, California
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The Four Ladies installation at the
Hollywood Boulevard –
La Brea Avenue Gateway
Hollywood, California
–
Glen-Holly Hotel, first hotel in Hollywood, at the corner of what is now Yucca Street. It was built in the 1890s.
Hollywood, California
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Hollywood Hotel, 1905
Hollywood, California
–
The intersection of
Hollywood and Highland, 1907
6.
Rhythm and blues
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Rhythm and blues, often abbreviated as R&B or RnB, is a genre of popular African-American music that originated in the 1940s. In the commercial rhythm and blues music typical of the 1950s through the 1970s, R&B lyrical themes often encapsulate the African-American experience of pain and the quest for freedom and joy. Lyrics focus heavily on the themes of triumphs and failures in terms of relationships, freedom, economics, aspirations, the term rhythm and blues has undergone a number of shifts in meaning. In the early 1950s it was applied to blues records. This tangent of RnB is now known as British rhythm and blues, by the 1970s, the term rhythm and blues changed again and was used as a blanket term for soul and funk. In the 1980s, a style of R&B developed, becoming known as Contemporary R&B. It combines elements of rhythm and blues, soul, funk, pop, hip hop, popular R&B vocalists at the end of the 20th century included Michael Jackson, R. Kelly, Stevie Wonder, Whitney Houston, and Mariah Carey. Although Jerry Wexler of Billboard magazine is credited with coining the term rhythm and blues as a term in the United States in 1948. It replaced the term race music, which came from within the black community. The term rhythm and blues was used by Billboard in its chart listings from June 1949 until August 1969, before the Rhythm and Blues name was instated, various record companies had already begun replacing the term race music with sepia series. In 2010 LaMont Robinson founded the Rhythm & Blues Hall of Fame Museum, writer and producer Robert Palmer defined rhythm & blues as a catchall term referring to any music that was made by and for black Americans. He has used the term R&B as a synonym for jump blues, however, AllMusic separates it from jump blues because of its stronger, gospel-esque backbeat. Lawrence Cohn, author of Nothing but the Blues, writes that rhythm, according to him, the term embraced all black music except classical music and religious music, unless a gospel song sold enough to break into the charts. Well into the 21st century, the term R&B continues in use to music made by black musicians. In the commercial rhythm and blues music typical of the 1950s through the 1970s, arrangements were rehearsed to the point of effortlessness and were sometimes accompanied by background vocalists. Simple repetitive parts mesh, creating momentum and rhythmic interplay producing mellow, lilting, while singers are emotionally engaged with the lyrics, often intensely so, they remain cool, relaxed, and in control. The bands dressed in suits, and even uniforms, an associated with the modern popular music that rhythm. Lyrics often seemed fatalistic, and the music typically followed predictable patterns of chords, there was also increasing emphasis on the electric guitar as a lead instrument, as well as the piano and saxophone
Rhythm and blues
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T-Bone Walker, American Folk Blues Festival 1972 (Heinrich Klaffs Collection 46)
Rhythm and blues
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Louis Jordan, New York, N.Y., ca. July 1946 (William P. Gottlieb 04721).
Rhythm and blues
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Big Joe Turner, Hamburg 1974 (Heinrich Klaffs Collection 86)
Rhythm and blues
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The habanera rhythm shown as tresillo (lower notes) with the backbeat (upper note).
7.
Soul music
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Soul music is a popular music genre that originated in the United States in the late 1950s and early 1960s. It combines elements of African-American gospel music, rhythm and blues, Soul music became popular for dancing and listening in the United States, where record labels such as Motown, Atlantic and Stax were influential during the Civil Rights Movement. Soul also became popular around the world, directly influencing rock music, catchy rhythms, stressed by handclaps and extemporaneous body moves, are an important feature of soul music. Other characteristics are a call and response between the lead vocalist and the chorus and a tense vocal sound. The style also occasionally uses improvisational additions, twirls and auxiliary sounds, Soul music reflected the African-American identity and it stressed the importance of an African-American culture. The new-found African-American consciousness led to new styles of music, which boasted pride in being black, Soul music dominated the U. S. R&B chart in the 1960s, and many recordings crossed over into the pop charts in the U. S. By 1968, the music genre had begun to splinter. Some soul artists developed funk music, while other singers and groups developed slicker, more sophisticated, by the early 1970s, soul music had been influenced by psychedelic rock and other genres, leading to psychedelic soul. The United States saw the development of neo soul around 1994, there are also several other subgenres and offshoots of soul music. The term soul had been used among African-American musicians to emphasize the feeling of being an African-American in the United States, according to another source, Soul music was the result of the urbanization and commercialization of rhythm and blues in the 60s. The phrase soul music itself, referring to music with secular lyrics, is first attested in 1961. The term soul in African-American parlance has connotations of African-American pride, gospel groups in the 1940s and 1950s occasionally used the term as part of their name. The jazz style that derived from gospel came to be called soul jazz, important innovators whose recordings in the 1950s contributed to the emergence of soul music included Clyde McPhatter, Hank Ballard, and Etta James. Ray Charles is often cited as popularizing the genre with his string of hits starting with 1954s I Got a Woman. Singer Bobby Womack said, Ray was the genius and he turned the world onto soul music. Charles was open in acknowledging the influence of Pilgrim Travelers vocalist Jesse Whitaker on his singing style, little Richard and James Brown were equally influential. Sam Cooke and Jackie Wilson are also acknowledged as soul forefathers. Cooke became popular as the singer of gospel group The Soul Stirrers
Soul music
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James Brown
Soul music
–
Al Green, influential soul performer
Soul music
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Levi Stubbs singing lead with the Four Tops in 1966
Soul music
–
Isaac Hayes performing in 1973
8.
Rock and roll
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While elements of rock and roll can be heard in blues records from the 1920s and in country records of the 1930s, the genre did not acquire its name until the 1950s. For the purpose of differentiation, this deals with the first definition. The beat is essentially a blues rhythm with an accentuated backbeat, classic rock and roll is usually played with one or two electric guitars, a double bass or string bass or an electric bass guitar, and a drum kit. Beyond simply a style, rock and roll, as seen in movies and on television, influenced lifestyles, fashion, attitudes. In addition, rock and roll may have contributed to the civil rights movement because both African-American and white American teens enjoyed the music and it went on to spawn various genres, often without the initially characteristic backbeat, that are now more commonly called simply rock music or rock. The term rock and roll now has at least two different meanings, both in common usage, the American Heritage Dictionary and the Merriam-Webster Dictionary both define rock and roll as synonymous with rock music. Encyclopædia Britannica, on the hand, regards it as the music that originated in the mid-1950s. In 1934, the song Rock and Roll by the Boswell Sisters appeared in the film Transatlantic Merry-Go-Round, in 1942, Billboard magazine columnist Maurie Orodenker started to use the term rock-and-roll to describe upbeat recordings such as Rock Me by Sister Rosetta Tharpe. By 1943, the Rock and Roll Inn in South Merchantville, in 1951, Cleveland, Ohio disc jockey Alan Freed began playing this music style while popularizing the phrase to describe it. The origins of rock and roll have been debated by commentators. The migration of former slaves and their descendants to major urban centers such as St. The immediate roots of rock and roll lay in the rhythm and blues, then called race music, particularly significant influences were jazz, blues, gospel, country, and folk. The 1940s saw the use of blaring horns, shouted lyrics. In the same period, particularly on the West Coast and in the Midwest, similarly, country boogie and Chicago electric blues supplied many of the elements that would be seen as characteristic of rock and roll. Rock and roll arrived at a time of technological change, soon after the development of the electric guitar, amplifier and microphone. It was the realization that relatively affluent white teenagers were listening to music that led to the development of what was to be defined as rock. Because the development of rock and roll was a process, no single record can be identified as unambiguously the first rock. Other artists with rock and roll hits included Chuck Berry, Bo Diddley, Little Richard, Jerry Lee Lewis
Rock and roll
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Sign commemorating the role of
Alan Freed and
Cleveland, Ohio in the origins of rock and roll
Rock and roll
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Chuck Berry in 1957
Rock and roll
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Bill Haley and his Comets performing in the 1954 Universal International film Round Up of Rhythm
Rock and roll
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Elvis Presley in a promotion shot for
Jailhouse Rock in 1957
9.
RCA Records
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RCA Records is an American record label owned by Sony Music Entertainment, a subsidiary of Sony Corporation of America, Inc. It is one of SMEs three flagship labels, alongside Columbia Records and Epic Records. The label has released multiple genres of music, including pop, rock, hip hop, R&B, blues, jazz, the companys name is derived from the initials of the labels former parent company, the Radio Corporation of America. It is the second oldest recording company in US history, after sister label Columbia Records, RCAs Canadian unit is Sonys oldest label in Canada. It was one of only two Canadian record companies to survive the Great Depression, kelly, Enrique Iglesias, Foo Fighters, Kings of Leon, Kesha, Miley Cyrus, Giorgio Moroder, Jennifer Hudson, DAngelo, Pink, Tinashe, G-Eazy, Pitbull, Zayn and Wizkid. In 1929, the Radio Corporation of America purchased the Victor Talking Machine Company, then the worlds largest manufacturer of phonographs and phonograph records. The company then became RCA Victor but retained use of the Victor Records name on their labels until the beginning of 1946 when the labels were finally switched over to RCA Victor. With Victor, RCA acquired New World rights to the famous Nipper His Masters Voice trademark, in Shanghai, China, in 1931, RCA Victors British affiliate the Gramophone Company merged with the Columbia Graphophone Company to form EMI. This gave RCA head David Sarnoff a seat on the EMI board, in September 1931, RCA Victor introduced the first 33⅓ rpm records sold to the public, calling them Program Transcriptions. In the depths of the Great Depression, the format was a commercial failure, during the early part of the depression, RCA made a number of attempts to produce a successful cheap label to compete with the dime store labels. The first was the short-lived Timely Tunes label in 1931 sold at Montgomery Ward, in 1932, Bluebird Records was created as a sub-label of RCA Victor. It was originally an 8-inch record with a blue label. In 1933, RCA reintroduced Bluebird and Electradisk as a standard 10-inch label, another cheap label, Sunrise, was produced. The same musical couplings were issued on all three labels and Bluebird Records still survives eight decades after Electradisk and Sunrise were discontinued, RCA also produced records for Montgomery Ward label during the 1930s. Besides manufacturing records for themselves, RCA Victor operated RCA Custom which was the leading record manufacturer for independent record labels, RCA Custom also pressed record compilations for The Readers Digest Association. RCA sold its interest in EMI in 1935, but EMI continued to distribute RCA recordings in the UK, RCA also manufactured and distributed HMV classical recordings on the RCA and HMV labels in North America. During World War II, ties between RCA and its Japanese affiliate JVC were severed, the Japanese record company is today called Victor Entertainment and is still a JVC subsidiary. From 1942 to 1944, RCA Victor was seriously impacted by the American Federation of Musicians recording ban, virtually all union musicians could not make recordings during that period
RCA Records
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Label of an RCA Victor 78 RPM record from the 1950s; RCA manufactured 78s alongside the 45 until 1958.
RCA Records
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Label of an RCA Victor 45 RPM record from the 1950s; RCA used this label for its 45 RPM records from 1954 to at least 1964.
RCA Records
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RCA used this label for its American 45 RPM records during the Dynagroove era.
RCA Records
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RCA's LP label during the Dynagroove era was also used for 45 RPM records of the mid-to-late 1960s in countries such as Argentina, where this single was pressed.
10.
Songwriter
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A songwriter is an individual who writes the lyrics, melodies and chord progressions for songs, typically for a popular music genre such as rock or country music. A songwriter can also be called a composer, although the term tends to be used mainly for individuals from the classical music genre. The pressure from the industry to produce popular hits means that songwriting is often an activity for which the tasks are distributed between a number of people. For example, a songwriter who excels at writing lyrics might be paired with a songwriter with a gift for creating original melodies, pop songs may be written by group members from the band or by staff writers – songwriters directly employed by music publishers. Some songwriters serve as their own publishers, while others have outside publishers. The old-style apprenticeship approach to learning how to write songs is being supplemented by university degrees and college diplomas, a knowledge of modern music technology, songwriting elements and business skills are necessary requirements to make a songwriting career in the 2010s. Several music colleges offer songwriting diplomas and degrees with music business modules, the legal power to grant these permissions may be bought, sold or transferred. This is governed by international copyright law, song pitching can be done on a songwriters behalf by their publisher or independently using tip sheets like RowFax, the MusicRow publication and SongQuarters. Skills associated with song-writing include entrepreneurism and creativity, songwriters who sign an exclusive songwriting agreement with a publisher are called staff writers. In the Nashville country music scene, there is a staff writer culture where contracted writers work normal 9-to-5 hours at the publishing office and are paid a regular salary. This salary is in effect the writers draw, an advance on future earnings, the publisher owns the copyright of songs written during the term of the agreement for a designated period, after which the songwriter can reclaim the copyright. In an interview with HitQuarters, songwriter Dave Berg extolled the benefits of the set-up, unlike contracted writers, some staff writers operate as employees for their respective publishers. Under the terms of work for hire agreements, the compositions created are fully owned by the publisher. In Nashville, young writers are often encouraged to avoid these types of contracts. Staff writers are common across the industry, but without the more office-like working arrangements favored in Nashville. All the major publishers employ writers under contract, songwriter Allan Eshuijs described his staff writer contract at Universal Music Publishing as a starter deal. His success under the arrangement eventually allowed him to found his own publishing company, so that he could. keep as much as possible, songwriters are also often skilled musicians. In addition to selling their songs and musical concepts for other artists to sing, songwriters need to create a number of elements for a song
Songwriter
–
Songwriter and singer
Chris de Burgh.
11.
Mac Davis
–
Morris Mac Davis, known as Mac Davis, is a country music singer, songwriter, and actor, originally from Lubbock, Texas, who has enjoyed much crossover success. His early work writing for Elvis Presley produced the hits Memories, In the Ghetto, Dont Cry Daddy, a subsequent solo career in the 1970s produced hits such as Baby, Dont Get Hooked on Me, making him a well-known name in pop music. He also starred in his own variety show, a Broadway musical, Davis graduated at 16 from Lubbock High School in Lubbock, Texas. Davis describes his father, who was divorced from Davis mother, as religious, very strict. Though Davis was physically small, he had a penchant for getting into fistfights, in those days, it was all about football, rodeo, and fistfights. Oh, man, I got beat up so much while I was growing up in Lubbock, Davis said in a March 2,2008, I was 5 feet,9 inches, and weighed 125 pounds. I joined Golden Gloves, but didnt do good even in my division, after he finished high school, Davis moved to Atlanta, Georgia, where his mother lived, to get out of Lubbock. Once he was settled in Atlanta, he organized a rock and roll group called the Zots, Davis also worked for the Vee Jay record company as a regional manager, and later also served as a regional manager for Liberty Records. Davis became famous as a songwriter and got his start as an employee of Nancy Sinatras company, Boots Enterprises, during his time there, he played on many of Sinatras recordings, and she worked him into her stage shows. Davis left Boots Enterprises in 1970 to sign with Columbia Records, One of the songs he wrote in 1968, called A Little Less Conversation, was recorded by Elvis Presley. Shortly after, Presley recorded Davis song In the Ghetto in his sessions in Memphis, Davis, the only Caucasian man in the room at the time, eventually told Bowen, I dont know whether to thank ya, or to kill ya. Davis eventually recorded the tune after Presleys version became a success and it was later released on a campy Rhino Records Golden Throats compilation in 1991. The song became a success for Presley and he continued to more of Davis material, such as Memories. Bobby Goldsboro also recorded some of Daviss songs, including Watching Scotty Grow, other artists who recorded his material included Vikki Carr, O. C. Smith, and Kenny Rogers and The First Edition, I Believe in Music, often considered to be Daviss signature song, was recorded by several artists before it finally became a success in 1972 for the group Gallery. Later, he became known as a country singer. Also, during the 1970s, he was active as an actor, appearing in several movies. Davis soon decided to pursue a career of his own in country music, after several years of enriching the repertoires of other artists, his big success came two years after signing with Columbia
Mac Davis
–
Davis performing at the
Alabama Music Hall of Fame Concert, 2010
Mac Davis
–
Mac Davis Lane intersects Avenue Q (
U.S. Highway 84) in Davis's hometown of
Lubbock.
12.
Record producer
–
A record producer or music producer oversees and manages the sound recording and production of a band or performers music, which may range from recording one song to recording a lengthy concept album. A producer has many roles during the recording process, the roles of a producer vary. The producer may perform these roles himself, or help select the engineer, the producer may also pay session musicians and engineers and ensure that the entire project is completed within the record companies budget. A record producer or music producer has a broad role in overseeing and managing the recording. Producers also often take on an entrepreneurial role, with responsibility for the budget, schedules, contracts. In the 2010s, the industry has two kinds of producers with different roles, executive producer and music producer. Executive producers oversee project finances while music producers oversee the process of recording songs or albums. In most cases the producer is also a competent arranger, composer. The producer will also liaise with the engineer who concentrates on the technical aspects of recording. Noted producer Phil Ek described his role as the person who creatively guides or directs the process of making a record, indeed, in Bollywood music, the designation actually is music director. The music producers job is to create, shape, and mold a piece of music, at the beginning of record industry, producer role was technically limited to record, in one shot, artists performing live. The role of producers changed progressively over the 1950s and 1960s due to technological developments, the development of multitrack recording caused a major change in the recording process. Before multitracking, all the elements of a song had to be performed simultaneously, all of these singers and musicians had to be assembled in a large studio and the performance had to be recorded. As well, for a song that used 20 instruments, it was no longer necessary to get all the players in the studio at the same time. Examples include the rock sound effects of the 1960s, e. g. playing back the sound of recorded instruments backwards or clanging the tape to produce unique sound effects. These new instruments were electric or electronic, and thus they used instrument amplifiers, new technologies like multitracking changed the goal of recording, A producer could blend together multiple takes and edit together different sections to create the desired sound. For example, in jazz fusion Bandleader-composer Miles Davis album Bitches Brew, producers like Phil Spector and George Martin were soon creating recordings that were, in practical terms, almost impossible to realise in live performance. Producers became creative figures in the studio, other examples of such engineers includes Joe Meek, Teo Macero, Brian Wilson, and Biddu
Record producer
–
Alan Parsons in an
ESO 50th anniversary video.
Record producer
–
A
Danish recording session
Record producer
–
Mixing Console
13.
If I Can Dream
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If I Can Dream is a song made famous by Elvis Presley, written by Walter Earl Brown and notable for its direct quotations of Martin Luther King, Jr. The song was published by Elvis Presleys music publishing company Gladys Music and it was recorded by Presley in June 1968, two months after Kings assassination. The recording was first released to the public as the finale of Presleys 68 Comeback Special, although the song is not technically gospel music, Presley performed the song with the intensity and intonations of southern gospel. It has since appeared on various Presley gospel and/or inspirational compilations, Brown was asked to write a song to replace Ill Be Home for Christmas as the grand finale on NBCs Elvis. He wrote If I Can Dream, and when Presley heard it he proclaimed Im never going to sing another song I dont believe in, Im never going to make another picture I dont believe in. The song was published by Elvis Presleys company Gladys Music, Inc, when Colonel Tom Parker heard the song demonstrated by Earl Brown, he said, This aint Elvis kind of song. Elvis was also there, unbeknownst to him, and he said, Id like to try it, Earl Brown said that when Elvis recorded the song, Brown saw tears rolling down the cheeks of the three back up singers. One of them whispered to him, Elvis has never sung with so much emotion before, band-related errors prevented the first take from becoming the master. It charted on Billboards Hot 100 for 13 weeks, peaking at #12, with more than one million sales, in Canada the song peaked at 6 on RPMs top singles chart, lasting more than several weeks. The song has appeared in many Presley compilations since its release, sony BMG remastered the song in 2004, for future compilations. The song is referred to as stereo mix in 68 Comeback Special releases after 2004, other compilations, such as Platinum - A Life In Music, include alternative takes on the song that are not as polished as the official takes. For instance, the vocalists are not present in most of these takes. Barry Manilow did the song on his Live on Broadway album in 1990, it was included on the subsequent box set compilation album The Complete Collection. On American Idol 6, Celine Dion sang If I Can Dream as a duet with Presley and it was later included on The Best of Celine Dion & David Foster. In the 2005 CBS miniseries Elvis, the original Comeback Special segment is re-enacted in the epilogue scene with Jonathan Rhys Meyers lip synching to the song. The Elvis Presley version is used as the title song for the new 2010 reality based television series of the same title created by Simon Fuller and produced by 19 Entertainment and CKX. CKX, Inc. owns 85% of Elvis Presley Enterprises, in 2010 Terry Venables recorded a cover of the song in association with British newspaper The Sun. The version is meshed with Bread, Freedom by Egyptian musician Ramy Essam, the song was used in the ending of the ESPN 30for30 about the Buffalo Bills
If I Can Dream
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"If I Can Dream"
If I Can Dream
14.
Live a Little, Love a Little
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Live A Little, Love A Little is a 1968 American musical comedy film starring Elvis Presley. It was directed by Norman Taurog, who had directed several previous Presley films and this was to be Taurogs final film. The film introduced the song A Little Less Conversation, a take of which would form the basis of a remix that returned Presley to international music sales charts in 2002. This film had Presley sharing the screen with another legendary singing idol, Rudy Vallee, but Vallee, then in his late 60s, did not sing in this movie. Greg Nolan is a photographer who lives a carefree life — that is, until he encounters an eccentric. Bernice assumes different names and personalities whenever the mood hits her, after having her Great Dane dog, Albert, chase Greg into the water when he insults her after a kiss, Bernice invites him to stay at her beachfront home. She later manages to make him lose his job and apartment after drugging him, however, Bernice also manages to find Greg another home. He wants to repay her so he gets two full-time photographer jobs, one for a Playboy-like magazine owned by Mike Lansdown, the other for a very conservative advertising firm co-owned by Mr. Penlow. The two jobs are in the building, forcing Greg to run from one to the other without being detected. He also must deal with Bernice and her eccentric ways, Elvis Presley as Greg Nolan Michele Carey as Bernice Don Porter as Mike Lansdown Rudy Vallee as Mr. It had a more mature tone than other Presley musicals with strong language, drug references, Elvis was paid $850,000 plus 50% of the profits. Unlike many previous films which involved location scenes shot against a backdrop, scenes were filmed in and around Hollywood, along the Malibu coast, at Marineland, and at the Los Angeles Music Center. The film co-starred Michele Carey, Don Porter, Rudy Vallee, and Dick Sargent, several of Presleys Memphis Mafia friends, such as Red West and Joe Esposito, also appeared. Released on October 23,1968, the failed to impress most critics. Due to a poor performance on US release, the film was not released at all in many regions. A Little Less Conversation was released as a single with Almost in Love on the side on September 3,1968. It peaked at #69, while its b-side scraped into the Billboard Hot 100 at #95 independently, Edge of Reality appeared on November 5,1968, as the b-side to RCA single 47-9670 If I Can Dream, the song Presley used to close out his 1968 Christmas Special. Wonderful World, which played over the credits to the film
Live a Little, Love a Little
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Theatrical release poster
15.
A-side
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The terms A-side and B-side refer to the two sides of 78,45, and 33 1/3 rpm phonograph records, whether singles, extended plays, or long-playing records. Creedence Clearwater Revival had hits with both A-side and B-side releases, others took the opposite approach, producer Phil Spector was in the habit of filling B-sides with on-the-spot instrumentals that no one would confuse with the A-side. With this practice, Spector was assured that airplay was focused on the side he wanted to be the hit side, the earliest 10-inch,78 rpm, shellac records were single sided. Double-sided recordings, with one song on side, were introduced in Europe by Columbia Records. There were no record charts until the 1930s, and radio stations did not play recorded music until the 1950s, in this time, A-sides and B-sides existed, but neither side was considered more important, the side did not convey anything about the content of the record. The term single came into use with the advent of vinyl records in the early 1950s. At first, most record labels would randomly assign which song would be an A-side, under this random system, many artists had so-called double-sided hits, where both songs on a record made one of the national sales charts, or would be featured on jukeboxes in public places. As time wore on, however, the convention for assigning songs to sides of the record changed. By the early sixties, the song on the A-side was the song that the company wanted radio stations to play. It was not until 1968, for instance, that the production of albums on a unit basis finally surpassed that of singles in the United Kingdom. In the late 1960s stereo versions of pop and rock songs began to appear on 45s. The majority of the 45s were played on AM radio stations, by the early 1970s, double-sided hits had become rare. Album sales had increased, and B-sides had become the side of the record where non-album, non-radio-friendly, with the advent of cassette and compact disc singles in the late 1980s, the A-side/B-side differentiation became much less meaningful. With the decline of cassette singles in the 1990s, the A-side/B-side dichotomy became virtually extinct, as the dominant medium. However, the term B-side is still used to refer to the tracks or coupling tracks on a CD single. With the advent of downloading music via the Internet, sales of CD singles and other media have declined. B-side songs may be released on the record as a single to provide extra value for money. There are several types of material released in this way, including a different version, or, in a concept record
A-side
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Victor 17929A and 17929B.
A-side
16.
Junkie XL
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Tom Holkenborg, better known as Junkie XL or occasionally JXL, is a Dutch multi-instrumentalist, composer, DJ, producer, and engineer. He uses the name JXL in cases where the term Junkie might cause offense, Holkenborg says of his name, I called myself Junkie XL from the point of view that once youre completely overworked, you never want to go there again. The XL stands for expanding limits, broadening up your vision, originally known for his trance productions, he has moved to producing electronica and big beat music and film scores in recent years. Junkie XL is probably best known for his remix of Elvis Presleys A Little Less Conversation, Holkenborg was born in Lichtenvoorde, Gelderland, Netherlands. Classically trained by his mother – herself an accredited music teacher – Holkenborg started playing piano when he was four years old, drums when he was eight, already influenced by the psychedelic-pop of Pink Floyd and King Crimson, he took up the bass by age 14. After taking a job at a music store selling keyboards and other digital gear. He also contributed to their album, Sputnik. In 1993, Holkenborg produced Almost a Dance by Dutch metal band The Gathering and it was during this time that he also began scoring the Dutch feature film, Siberia, which would be released by Warner Brothers Netherlands. In 1997, Holkenborg released Saturday Teenage Kick, his first album under the Junkie XL moniker, many of the albums songs featured lyrics and vocals by Patrick Rude Boy Tilon, vocalist for the Dutch rap rock band Urban Dance Squad. After a brief tour with The Prodigy and festival dates at Fuji Rock and Roskilde, future in Computer Hell, the last track on the album, was featured prominently on Welsh DJ and producer Sashas mix album Global Underground 013, Ibiza. The occasion marked the first time Presleys estate had granted permission for any of the material to be remixed. The song reached No.1 in 24 countries, including the United Kingdom, Japan, Australia and Mexico, and was released as a single under the name Elvis vs. JXL. The song was featured as the title song to the NBC TV series Las Vegas, and in feature films like Shark Tale, Percy Jackson & the Olympians, The Lightning Thief. The worldwide popularity of A Little Less Conversation set the stage for his 2003 double-disc album, Radio JXL, the 3AM side consists mostly of progressive house instrumentals, including Breezer, a collaboration with Sasha. Subsequently, two albums were released from the site, 7AM Ambient and 7AM Dance. Today features only one guest vocalist, Nathan Mader, and reverts to the more guitar-based sound of his first two albums and his fifth album, Booming Back at You, saw Holkenborg cultivate a stronger club sound punctuated by tracks like 1967 Poem, featuring Steve Aoki. Many of the lyrics on the album were written in collaboration with Electrocutes Nicole Morier, who appears in Mad Pursuit, Not Enough, and New Toy. The album was released on Artwerk Music, a joint venture between Nettwerk Music and video game company Electronic Arts, and peaked at 11 on Billboards Top Electronic Album chart
Junkie XL
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Junkie XL
17.
LP record
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The LP is an analog sound storage medium, a vinyl record format characterized by a speed of 33 1⁄3 rpm, a 12 or 10 inch diameter, and use of the microgroove groove specification. Introduced by Columbia in 1948, it was adopted as a new standard by the entire record industry. Apart from a few relatively minor refinements and the important later addition of stereophonic sound, the new product was a 12- or 10-inch fine-grooved disc made of vinyl and played with a smaller-tipped microgroove stylus at a speed of 33 1⁄3 rpm. Each side of a 12-inch LP could play for more than 20 minutes, although the LP was suited to classical music because of its extended continuous playing time, it also allowed a collection of ten or more pop music recordings to be put on a single disc. The use of the word album persisted for the one-disc LP equivalent, the prototype of the LP was the soundtrack disc used by the Vitaphone motion picture sound system, developed by Western Electric and introduced in 1926. For soundtrack purposes, the less than five minutes of playing time of side of a conventional 12-inch 78 rpm disc was not acceptable. The sound had to play continuously for at least 11 minutes, long enough to accompany a full 1, the disc diameter was increased to 16 inches and the speed was reduced to 33 1⁄3 revolutions per minute. Unlike their smaller LP descendants, they were made with the same large standard groove used by 78s, unlike conventional records, the groove started at the inside of the recorded area near the label and proceeded outward toward the edge. Like 78s, early soundtrack discs were pressed in an abrasive shellac compound, syndicated radio programming was distributed on 78 rpm discs beginning in 1928. The desirability of a longer continuous playing time soon led to the adoption of the Vitaphone soundtrack disc format, 16-inch 33 1⁄3 rpm discs playing about 15 minutes per side were used for most of these electrical transcriptions beginning about 1930. Transcriptions were variously recorded inside out like soundtrack discs or with an outside start, some transcriptions were recorded with a vertically modulated hill and dale groove. This was found to allow deeper bass and also an extension of the frequency response. Neither of these was necessarily an advantage in practice because of the limitations of AM broadcasting. Today we can enjoy the benefits of those higher-fidelity recordings, even if the radio audiences could not. Initially, transcription discs were pressed only in shellac, but by 1932 pressings in RCA Victors vinyl-based Victrolac were appearing, by the late 1930s, vinyl was standard for nearly all kinds of pressed discs except ordinary commercial 78s, which continued to be made of shellac. Use of the LPs microgroove standard began in the late 1950s, the King Biscuit Flower Hour is a late example, as are Westwood Ones The Beatle Years and Doctor Demento programs, which were sent to stations on LP at least through 1992. RCA Victor introduced a version of a long-playing record for home use in September 1931. These Program Transcription discs, as Victor called them, played at 33 1⁄3 rpm and used a somewhat finer and they were to be played with a special Chromium Orange chrome-plated steel needle
LP record
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At top, format logo used on early issues. Below, a typical LP, showing its central spindle hole and label surrounded by the grooved area. Three separate "tracks" are visible, but all are parts of one continuous spiral groove.
LP record
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Neumann SX-24 Record Cutting Machine
LP record
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LPs
pressed in multicolored vinyl (Sotano Beat: A Todo Color, a various-artists compilation) and clear yellow vinyl - (Rock On Elvis by Tulsa McLean) both from Argentina.
18.
Almost in Love
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Almost in Love is the 39th album by American singer and musician Elvis Presley, released in November 1970 on budget label RCA Camden. It was the first of several albums on the RCA Camden subsidiary to make available in LP format tracks that had previously been only on 45 rpm singles or EPs. The song would later be remixed by Paul Oakenfold in 2003, the title track of the album is a song from Presleys 1968 film, Live a Little, Love a Little. The album was re-released by Pickwick Records with different cover art in 1975 and was issued on disc in 2006. It was certified Gold and Platinum on January 6,2004 by the Recording Industry Association of America. The final track was replaced by the following on the 1973 LP re-release and the 2006 compact disc release, CAS-2440 Almost in Love Guide part of the The Elvis Presley Record Research Database
Almost in Love
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Almost in Love
19.
Hal Blaine
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Hal Blaine is an American drummer and session musician. He is most known for his work with the Wrecking Crew in California and he has played on 40 number one hit singles,150 top ten hits and has performed on, by his own accounting, over 35,000 recorded tracks. He is widely regarded as one of the most prolific drummers in rock and roll history, Blaine is a member of the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame, Musicians Hall of Fame and Museum, and the Percussive Arts Society Hall of Fame. He was inducted into the Modern Drummer Hall of Fame in 2010, Blaine was born to Jewish Eastern European immigrants, Meyer and Rose Belsky, in Holyoke, Massachusetts. Hal Blaine Strikes Again is a stamp used by Blaine to mark music scores and places where he has played. Drummer and author Max Weinberg, in his introduction to the chapter on Blaine in his book, writes, Eleven years later our band played Wembley Arena, after the show, while we were relaxing backstage, Bruce asked me to come into his dressing room. I went in, he pointed to the wall and said, I looked at the wall but didnt see anything except peeling wallpaper. Finally, I got right down on the spot he was pointing to, and right there, in a crack in the paper, rubber stamped to the wall, it said HAL BLAINE STRIKES AGAIN. When asked to explain about the stamp Blaine replied, I always stamp my charts, and theres a reason why I started that, it wasnt all ego. He went on to describe that occasionally he would need to find a particular chart amidst five hundred pieces of music in a pile and he needed some mark to do so. Eventually I had a stamp made up, and from that day on Ive always stamped every piece of music I play. Hal was getting so many studio dates he actually had a stamp made. Robinson and 1971 for Bridge over Troubled Water, The 5th Dimension in 1970 for Aquarius/Let the Sunshine In,1963 Deuces, Ts, Roadsters and Drums 1966 Drums. A Go Go 1967 Psychedelic Percussion 1968 Have Fun, with Irene Kral Wonderful Life Hal Blaines drums can be heard as part of the Wall of Sound on the Ronettes 1963 No.2 hit Be My Baby, produced by Phil Spector at Hollywoods Gold Star Studios. Max Weinberg wrote, If Hal Blaine had played only on the Ronettes Be My Baby, his name would still be uttered with reverence. Rolling Stone magazine listed the song as No.22 on The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time, in March 2000, Hal Blaine was one of the first five sidemen inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Some of the musicians with whom Blaine has worked include
Hal Blaine
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Blaine at the drum kit in 1995, at the
Record Plant
20.
Elvis (1968 TV program)
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Elvis, starring Elvis Presley, is a United States television special that aired on December 3,1968 on the NBC television network. The special is commonly referred to as the 68 Comeback Special and it was directed by Steve Binder and produced by Binder and Bones Howe. Music from the special was released before the broadcast, on the album Elvis, Presleys informal jamming in front of a small audience in the special is regarded as a forerunner of the unplugged concept, later popularized by MTV. Despite huge success in both his music and acting careers following his release from the army in 1960, Presley never toured in the United States from 1962 to 1968. Colonel Tom Parker, Presleys manager, had found it difficult to secure the usual $1,000,000 fee for a Presley film. Parker negotiated a deal with NBC for $1,250,000 to finance both a special and a film. Parker wanted the show, which was scheduled as a Christmas season broadcast and he believed the special could simply be a TV-version of the Christmas radio show Presley had contributed to the year before. Binder argued that the special was an opportunity to re-establish the singers reputation after years of formulaic movies and he and Howe hired writers to script a show with specific themes, large set designs, dance sequences and big productions of Presleys hits. However, Binder was open to any variations on this that would showcase the singers talent, the special ends with Presley appealing for world peace and tolerance with the song If I Can Dream. Other musicians included drummer Hal Blaine, pianist Don Randi, guitarist Tommy Tedesco, bass player Larry Knechtel and it was after rehearsals at Western Recorders that Binder took special note of how Presley and the other musicians would spontaneously unwind by improvising old blues and rock n roll numbers. Binder commented. and thats when I really got the idea, Wouldnt it be great if I had a camera in here, Presley is said to have been very apprehensive about the idea of performing live. His last live concert had been at the Bloch Arena in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, Binder offered a lot of support and reassurance to stop the singer from rejecting the idea of any live segments. He realized some songs already re-recorded or scheduled would need to be cut and he also brought in Presleys friends Alan Fortas, Lance LeGault and Charlie Hodge to encourage Presley and make him feel at ease. Two sessions took place, each two hours in length, the first on June 24 and the second on the 25th. Both took place in the surroundings of the dressing room at NBC. They were recorded by Presleys friend Joe Esposito using the singers own tape recorder, many songs were tried, including Danny Boy, Blue Moon, Thats My Desire and I Got A Woman, before the final repertoire was decided for the actual TV recording. Subsequently, at 6. 00pm, June 27, Presley took to the stage for the first time in seven years. Clad in black leather, Presley sat down and jammed with band mates for two shows, each show having a different audience, there was a one-hour break between them
Elvis (1968 TV program)
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Elvis Presley in his '68 Comeback Special
21.
A major
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A major is a major scale based on A, with the pitches A, B, C♯, D, E, F♯, and G♯. Its key signature has three sharps and its relative minor is F-sharp minor and its parallel minor is A minor. The key of A major is the key where a Neapolitan sixth chord on 2 ^ requires both a flat and a natural accidental. In the treble, alto, and bass clefs, the G♯ in the key signature is placed higher than C♯, however, in the tenor clef, it would require a ledger line and so G♯ is placed lower than C♯. Although not as rare in the literature as sharper keys. 7, Bruckners Symphony No.6 and Mendelssohns Symphony No.4 comprise a complete list of symphonies in this key in the Romantic era. Mozarts Clarinet Concerto and Clarinet Quintet are both in A major, and generally Mozart was more likely to use clarinets in A major than in any other key besides E-flat major, moreover, the climax part of Tchaikovskys Violin Concerto is also A major. A major is often thought of as the simplest key for violin and other orchestra instruments, a major occurs frequently in chamber music. Franz Schuberts Piano Quintet known as the Trout Quintet and Antonín Dvořáks Piano Quintet No.2 are both in A major, johannes Brahms, César Franck, and Gabriel Fauré wrote violin sonatas in A major. In connection to Beethovens Kreutzer Sonata, Peter Cropper said that A major is the fullest sounding key for the violin, according to Christian Friedrich Daniel Schubart, A major is a key suitable for declarations of innocent love. Hope of seeing ones beloved again when parting, youthful cheerfulness, for orchestral works in A major, the timpani are typically set to A and E a fifth apart, rather than a fourth apart as for most other keys. 9, Op.47 – Ludwig van Beethoven String quartet No, media related to A major at Wikimedia Commons
A major
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A major
22.
E major
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E major is a major scale based on E, with the pitches E, F♯, G♯, A, B, C♯, and D♯. Its key signature has four sharps and its relative minor is C-sharp minor, and its parallel minor is E minor. Only two of Haydns 104 symphonies are in E major, No.12 and No.29, even in the 19th Century, symphonies in this key were rare, with Bruckners Symphony No.7 being one of very few examples. For Bruckner, the key of E major is frequently associated with music of contemplation, two symphonies that begin in D minor and end in E major are Havergal Brians Gothic Symphony and Nielsens Symphony No.4. More typically, however, some symphonies that begin in E minor switch to E major for the finale,2, Peter Ilyich Tchaikovskys Symphony No.5 and Dmitri Shostakovichs Symphony No.10. Starting with Ludwig van Beethovens Piano Concerto No, chopins first Piano Concerto starts in E minor, but the last two movements are in E major. Felix Mendelssohn used E major for the finale of his violin concerto, switching from a beginning in E minor. Antonio Vivaldi used this key for the Spring concerto from The Four Seasons, beethoven used the key of E major for two of his piano sonatas, Op. 14/1 and Op.109. The clock chime of the Westminster Quarters in the tower of Londons Palace of Westminster are tuned to the key of E major. Key Major and minor Chord Chord names and symbols Media related to E major at Wikimedia Commons
E major
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E major
23.
The Blossoms
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The Blossoms are an American girl-group that initially originated from California. During their height of success in the 1960s, the groups lineup most famously consisted of Darlene Love, Fanita James and it has been said that the Blossoms were to the American West Coast what the Sweet Inspirations were to the East Coast and the Andantes were for Motown. Their career began in Los Angeles, California, while still in school in 1954. Originally the group was a sextet of young girls singing for fun, Fanita Barrett, Gloria Jones, Jewel Cobbs, Pat Howard and twin sisters Annette and Nanette Williams all came from musical backgrounds. The twins had taken vocal and dancing lessons as youngsters, fanitas brother Ronald was already a success with his vocal group, The Meadowlarks. The Dreamers were introduced to musicians through Dexter Tisby, then successful with his own group the Penguins who had a hit with Earth Angel. The Dreamers joined Richard Berry in the studio and during 1955 and 1956 made several recordings for Flair, among them was a version of Harry Warren and Mac Gordons At Last and several of Richard Berrys compositions, Together, Wait For Me, and Daddy, Daddy. The Dreamers gained attention as singers and began to get studio work singing backup for other artists as well as recording a few singles of their own as the Dreamers. The Dreamers signed with Capitol Records where one of the executives, noticing their different skin tones, said they looked like a bouquet, which is how they became the Blossoms. Even though signing to Capitol was considered a step up, the stay at Capitol was short - yielding only three singles - none of which made the charts. The Blossoms also underwent significant changes at this time, by 1958 Nanette was married, pregnant, and planning a leave of absence from the group. Darlene Wright replaced Nanette and was selected to be the lead, the group provided back-up vocals to Sam Cooke’s 1959 hit Everybody Loves to Cha Cha Cha. During the summer of 1962, the Blossoms finally emerged successful on the charts, although their biggest hit song, Hes a Rebel, would not be credited to them. Then-unknown producer Phil Spector had learned that Vikki Carr was soon to record Hes a Rebel for Liberty Records as her debut single, since the Crystals were touring on the east coast at the time, the Blossoms were instead brought in to record the track. Prior to this, Spector had been using the Blossoms to contribute backing vocals behind many of his artists tracks including the Crystals Da Doo Ron Ron, however, when Spector released the record, the song was instead credited to the Crystals. The Blossoms in turn received a meager session fee and are not credited for contributing to the record. The song peaked at #1 on the Billboard Hot 100 and firmly established Spector as a force to be reckoned with in the music industry. Over the next three years, the Blossoms, with Darlene as lead, would be the singers on all of Spectors sessions recorded in California
The Blossoms
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The Blossoms in 1966 (clockwise from top: Fanita James, Jean King, and
Darlene Love)
24.
Bertelsmann Music Group
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Bertelsmann Music Group was a division of German media company Bertelsmann before its completion of sale of the majority of its assets to Japans Sony Corporation of America on October 1,2008. It was established in 1987 to combine the music activities of Bertelsmann. The joint venture with Sony Music was set up in August 2004 and it reduced the Big Five record companies to the Big Four record companies. At that time, the company had a 21. 5% share in the music market. Sony Music and BMG remained separate in Japan, although BMG Music Japan was wholly owned by Sony BMG. Bertelsmann sold its 50% share of Sony BMG to Sony Corporation of America for a total of $1.5 billion, and it is focused mainly in BMGs European stronghold markets. The basis of the company was formed through BMGs decision to withhold selected European music catalogues from the former Sony BMG joint venture, also kept separate from the acquisition by Sony Corporation of America was Sony BMGs wholly owned and operated BMG Japan. Sony Music Japan remained independent from the Sony BMG joint venture, therefore BMG, during Sony BMGs buyout, BMG Japan was instead picked up by Sony Music Entertainment Japan. It briefly continued to operate as an entity until a reorganization in early 2009 folded the company into Sony Music Japan. Barry Weiss, President and Chief Executive Officer, Zomba Label Group CEO Now part of Sony Music Entertainment after the buyout of Bertelsmann AGs 50% stake in Sony BMG. BMG Music Publishing, which was not part of the Sony BMG merger, was a business of the Bertelsmann Music Group until it was sold to Universal Music Group for €1.63 billion in 2007. Universal then folded the company into Universal Music Publishing Group, the company was headquartered at 245 Fifth Avenue, 8th Floor New York, New York 10016 and had operations in 36 offices in 25 countries. BMG Music publishing controlled over one million copyrights, BMG Music Publishing was the global leader in Classical music and was number one in Contemporary Christian music. Brentwood-Benson Music Publishing is BMG Music Publishings Christian publisher and owns over 60,000 copyrights, BMG Music Publishing and its assets have now been completely absorbed and folded into Universal Music Publishing Group. After Sony bought out Bertelsmanns share in Sony BMG, Bertelsmann was allowed to keep the rights to recordings from the former joint venture. These songs served as the foundation to BMG Rights Management, BMG Rights Management now serves as a division within Bertelsmann and as a replacement to the defunct Bertelsmann Music Group. A settlement in 2002 included the publishers and distributors, Sony Music, Warner Music, Bertelsmann Music Group, EMI Music. In restitution for price fixing they agreed to pay a $67.4 million fine and distribute $75.7 million in CDs to public and non-profit groups and it is estimated customers were overcharged by nearly $500 million and up to $5 per album
Bertelsmann Music Group
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Primary businesses
Bertelsmann Music Group
25.
Billboard Hot 100
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The Billboard Hot 100 is the music industry standard record chart in the United States for singles, published weekly by Billboard magazine. Chart rankings are based on sales, radio play and online streaming, the weekly sales period was originally Monday to Sunday, when Nielsen started tracking sales in 1991, but was changed to Friday to Thursday in July 2015. Radio airplay, which, unlike sales figures and streaming data, is available on a real-time basis. A new chart is compiled and officially released to the public by Billboard on Tuesdays, as of the issue for the week ending on April 15,2017, the Hot 100 has had 1,061 different number one hits. The current number one song is Shape of You by Ed Sheeran, prior to 1955, Billboard did not have a unified, all-encompassing popularity chart, instead measuring songs by individual metrics. At the start of the era in 1955, three such charts existed, Best Sellers in Stores was the first Billboard chart, established in 1936. This chart ranked the biggest selling singles in retail stores, as reported by merchants surveyed throughout the country, Most Played by Jockeys was Billboards original airplay chart. It ranked the most played songs on United States radio stations, as reported by radio disc jockeys, Most Played in Jukeboxes ranked the most played songs in jukeboxes across the United States. On the week ending November 12,1955, Billboard published The Top 100 for the first time, the Top 100 combined all aspects of a singles performance, based on a point system that typically gave sales more weight than radio airplay. The Best Sellers In Stores, Most Played by Jockeys and Most Played in Jukeboxes charts continued to be published concurrently with the new Top 100 chart. The week ending July 28,1958 was the publication of the Most Played By Jockeys and Top 100 charts. On August 4,1958, Billboard premiered one main all-genre singles chart, the Hot 100 quickly became the industry standard and Billboard discontinued the Best Sellers In Stores chart on October 13,1958. The Billboard Hot 100 is still the standard by which a songs popularity is measured in the United States, the Hot 100 is ranked by radio airplay audience impressions as measured by Nielsen BDS, sales data compiled by Nielsen Soundscan and streaming activity provided by online music sources. There are several component charts that contribute to the calculation of the Hot 100. Charts are ranked by number of gross audience impressions, computed by cross-referencing exact times of radio airplay with Arbitron listener data. Hot Singles Sales, the top selling singles compiled from a sample of retail store, mass merchant and internet sales reports collected, compiled. The chart is released weekly and measures sales of commercial singles. With the decline in sales of singles in the US
Billboard Hot 100
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The Billboard logo
26.
ELV1S
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ELV1S,30 #1 Hits is a greatest hits collection of songs by American rock and roll icon Elvis Presley. It was released by RCA Records on September 24,2002 and it is the first Elvis Presley album to feature the remix of A Little Less Conversation by Junkie XL that was released earlier in the year and reached No.1 in the UK and Australia. When released, ELV1S,30 #1 Hits was an instant success, going straight to the top of the charts in several countries. By 2003 the album had received certifications in more than fifteen regions and had millions of copies worldwide. A companion album, 2nd to None, was released the next year, ELV1S,30 #1 Hits was compiled by Ernst Mikael Jorgensen and Roger Semon using chart data from the pop singles charts in Billboard, Cashbox, New Musical Express, and Record Retailer. Not all of Elvis number ones are included as it is only a one-disc set, the compilation was produced and mixed in stereo and 5.1 by David Bendeth with remastering by Ted Jensen on the first thirteen songs and George Marino on the last sixteen songs. The songs were engineered by Ray Bardani, and were transferred from master tapes by Brent Spear, the 18 recordings recorded in stereo were digitally remixed from the original multitrack recordings. In 2003, it became the first, and so far, the stereo tracks were remixed into 5.1 surround sound for the first time and the 13 tracks recorded in mono were remastered and presented in a simulated 5.1 format. The songs were presented in order, with A Little Less Conversation as track 1. There are also tracks which are sections of three songs, giving an A, B comparison of the original master and the remaster. A2003 reissue of the featured a bonus disc with outtakes. A Wal-Mart release had a disc with Elvis post-army interview. In the first week following the release, it topped the record charts in 17 territories. The album was Presleys first album to debut at No.1 on the Billboard 200 and was his first number one since 1973, the album helped Elvis to have the longest span of number one album on the 200. The album has sold three million copies in Europe alone and has shipped over double that amount. ELV1S,30 #1 Hits received mostly favorable reviews from music critics, David Browne of Entertainment Weekly felt that the album did succeed in its purpose, but not all of the songs on the collection had enough quality. CANOE predicted that the album would not do as well as the Beatles 1 because almost all of the songs can be found on other collections and it is missing several definitive songs. Robert Christgau gave the album his highest rating out of all of Elvis albums that hes reviewed, parke Puterbaugh, on his Rolling Stone review of the album, gave the album five out of five stars and felt that the recordings had improved sound quality
ELV1S
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ELV1S: 30 #1 Hits
27.
CD single
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This article is about the 12cm single. Not to be confused with 8cm single, the standard in the Red Book for the term CD single. A CD single is a single in the form of a standard size compact disc. It is not to be confused with the Mini CD single, the format was introduced in the mid-1980s but did not gain its place in the market until the early 1990s. With the rise in digital downloads in the early 2010s, sales of CD singles have decreased, commercially released CD singles can vary in length from two songs up to six songs like an EP. Some contain multiple mixes of one or more songs, in the tradition of 12 vinyl singles, depending on the nation, there may be limits on the number of songs and total length for sales to count in singles charts. Containing four tracks, it had a limited print run. CD singles were first made eligible for the UK Singles Chart in 1987, the Mini CD single format was originally created for use for singles in the late 1980s, but met with limited success, particularly in the US. The smaller CDs were more successful in Japan and have become more common in Europe. By 1989, the CD3 was in decline in the US and it was common in the 1990s for US record companies to release both a two-track CD and a multi-track maxi CD. In the UK, record companies would also release two CDs but, usually, these consisted of three tracks or more each. Pressure from record labels made singles charts in some countries become song charts, allowing album cuts to chart based only on airplay, without a single ever being released. At the end of the 1990s, the CD was the single format in the UK, but in the US. In Australia, the Herald Sun reported the CD single is set to become extinct, while CD singles no longer maintain their own section of the store, copies are still distributed but placed with the artists albums. That is predominantly the case for popular Australian artists such as Jessica Mauboy, Kylie Minogue and, most recently, Delta Goodrem, the ARIA Singles Chart are now predominantly compiled from legal downloads, and ARIA also stopped compiling their physical singles sales chart. On a Mission by Gabriella Cilmi was the last CD single to be stocked in Kmart, Target and Big W, sanity Entertainment, having resisted the decline for longer than the other major outlets, has also ceased selling CD singles. In Greece and Cyprus, the term CD single is used to describe a play in which there may be anywhere from three to six different tracks. These releases charted on the Greek Singles Chart with songs released as singles, in September 2003, there was talk of ringtones for mobile phones outstripping CD singles sales for the year 2004
CD single
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Hansons "
Give a Little " as promo-CD-single.
28.
Funk
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Funk is a music genre that originated in the mid- 1960s when African American musicians created a rhythmic, danceable new form of music through a mixture of soul music, jazz, and rhythm and blues. Like much of African-inspired music, funk typically consists of a groove with rhythm instruments playing interlocking grooves. Funk uses the same richly-colored extended chords found in jazz, such as minor chords with added sevenths and elevenths. Other musical groups, including Sly and the Family Stone and Parliament-Funkadelic, soon began to adopt, Funk samples have been used extensively in genres including hip hop, house music, and drum and bass. It is also the influence of go-go, a subgenre associated with funk. The word funk initially referred to a strong odor and it is originally derived from Latin fumigare via Old French fungiere and, in this sense, it was first documented in English in 1620. In 1784 funky meaning musty was first documented, which, in turn, in early jam sessions, musicians would encourage one another to get down by telling one another, Now, put some stank on it. At least as early as 1907, jazz songs carried titles such as Funky, as late as the 1950s and early 1960s, when funk and funky were used increasingly in the context of jazz music, the terms still were considered indelicate and inappropriate for use in polite company. According to one source, New Orleans-born drummer Earl Palmer was the first to use the word funky to explain to other musicians that their music should be made more syncopated, the style later evolved into a rather hard-driving, insistent rhythm, implying a more carnal quality. This early form of the set the pattern for later musicians. The music was identified as slow, sexy, loose, riff-oriented, a great deal of funk is rhythmically based on a two-celled onbeat/offbeat structure, which originated in sub-Saharan African music traditions. New Orleans appropriated the bifurcated structure from the Afro-Cuban mambo and conga in the late 1940s, New Orleans funk, as it was called, gained international acclaim largely because James Browns rhythm section used it to great effect. Funk creates an intense groove by using strong guitar riffs and bass lines, like Motown recordings, funk songs used bass lines as the centerpiece of songs. Slap basss mixture of thumb-slapped low notes and finger popped high notes allowed the bass to have a rhythmic role. In funk bands, guitarists typically play in a style, often using the wah-wah sound effect. Guitarist Ernie Isley of The Isley Brothers and Eddie Hazel of Funkadelic were notably influenced by Jimi Hendrixs improvised solos, Eddie Hazel, who worked with George Clinton, is one of the most notable guitar soloists in funk. Ernie Isley was tutored at an age by Jimi Hendrix himself. Jimmy Nolen and Phelps Collins are famous funk rhythm guitarists who both worked with James Brown, on Browns Give It Up or Turnit a Loose, Jimmy Nolens guitar part has a bare bones tonal structure
Funk
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George Clinton and
Parliament Funkadelic in 2006
Funk
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Simple kick and snare funk motif. The kick first sounds two onbeats, which are then answered by two offbeats. The snare sounds the backbeat.
Funk
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James Brown, one of the founding fathers of funk
Funk
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George Clinton and P-Funk All Stars, Long Beach 2009
29.
Nike, Inc.
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The company is headquartered near Beaverton, Oregon, in the Portland metropolitan area. It is one of the worlds largest suppliers of athletic shoes and apparel, as of 2012, it employed more than 44,000 people worldwide. In 2014 the brand alone was valued at $19 billion, making it the most valuable brand among sports businesses. The company was founded on January 25,1964, as Blue Ribbon Sports, by Bill Bowerman and Phil Knight, the company takes its name from Nike, the Greek goddess of victory. Nike also owned Bauer Hockey between 1995 and 2008, and previously owned Cole Haan and Umbro, in addition to manufacturing sportswear and equipment, the company operates retail stores under the Niketown name. Nike sponsors many high-profile athletes and sports teams around the world, with the highly recognized trademarks of Just Do It, Nike, originally known as Blue Ribbon Sports, was founded by University of Oregon track athlete Phil Knight and his coach Bill Bowerman in January 1964. The company initially operated as a distributor for Japanese shoe maker Onitsuka Tiger, says Davis, I told Tom Brokaw that I was the first. I dont care all the billionaires say. Bill Bowerman made the first pair of shoes for me, in fact, I didnt like the way they felt on my feet. There was no support and they were too tight, but I saw Bowerman make them from the waffle iron, and they were mine. In 1964, in its first year in business, BRS sold 1,300 pairs of Japanese running shoes grossing $8,000, by 1965 the fledgling company had acquired a full-time employee, and sales had reached $20,000. In 1967, due to increasing sales, BRS expanded retail and distribution operations on the East Coast, in Wellesley. By 1971, the relationship between BRS and Onitsuka Tiger was nearing an end, BRS prepared to launch its own line of footwear, which would bear the Swoosh newly designed by Carolyn Davidson. The Swoosh was first used by Nike on June 18,1971, patent and Trademark Office on January 22,1974. In 1976, the company hired John Brown and Partners, based in Seattle, the following year, the agency created the first brand ad for Nike, called There is no finish line, in which no Nike product was shown. By 1980, Nike had attained a 50% market share in the U. S. athletic shoe market, together, Nike and Wieden+Kennedy have created many print and television advertisements, and Wieden+Kennedy remains Nikes primary ad agency. Walt Stack was featured in Nikes first Just Do It advertisement, wieden credits the inspiration for the slogan to Lets do it, the last words spoken by Gary Gilmore before he was executed. Throughout the 1980s, Nike expanded its line to encompass many sports
Nike, Inc.
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Old logo of Nike, Inc., still used on some retro products with red boxes
Nike, Inc.
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Nike, Inc.
Nike, Inc.
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A Nike Factory Store
Nike, Inc.
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A pair of Nike Air Jordan I basketball shoes
30.
2002 FIFA World Cup
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The 2002 FIFA World Cup was the 17th staging of the FIFA World Cup which took place from 31 May to 30 June 2002 in South Korea and Japan. Brazil won the tournament for a fifth time, winning the final against Germany 2–0. The victory meant Brazil qualified for the 2005 FIFA Confederations Cup for the fifth time, in the third place play-off match against South Korea, Turkey won 3–2 taking third place in only their second ever FIFA World Cup finals. China PR, Ecuador, Senegal and Slovenia made their first appearances at the finals with Turkey making its first appearance since 1954, additionally, Turkey took third place and South Korea managed to reach the semi-finals, beating Spain, Italy and Portugal en route. South Korea in particular, faced scrutiny and allegations of corruption due to their victories over Italy. However, the most potent team at the tournament, Brazil, prevailed, South Korea and Japan were selected as hosts by FIFA on 31 May 1996. Initially, South Korea, Japan, and Mexico presented three rival bids, however, the two Asian countries agreed to unite their bids shortly before the decision was made, and they were chosen unanimously in preference to Mexico. This was the first World Cup to be hosted by two countries, at the time the decision was made, Japan had never qualified for a World Cup finals. The only other countries to have awarded a World Cup without previously having competed in a final tournament are Italy in 1934. The unusual choice of host proved an issue for fans in Europe. With games taking place in the European morning, some schools, a total of 199 teams attempted to qualify for the 2002 World Cup which qualification process began with the preliminary draw held in Tokyo on 7 December 1999. Defending champions France and co-hosts South Korea and Japan qualified automatically and this was the final World Cup in which the defending champions qualified automatically. 14 places were contested by UEFA teams, five by CAF teams, four by CONMEBOL teams, four by AFC teams, the remaining two places were decided by playoffs between AFC and UEFA and between CONMEBOL and OFC. Four nations qualified for the finals for the first time, China, Ecuador, Senegal, as of 2014, this was the last time Turkey, China, Republic of Ireland and Senegal qualified for a FIFA World Cup finals. Turkey qualified for the first time since 1954, and both Poland and Portugal for the first time since 1986, all seven previous World Cup-winning nations qualified, the first time so many previous champions had been present at a finals tournament. The following 32 teams, shown with final pre-tournament rankings, qualified for the final tournament, the seeds comprised Pot A in the draw. Pot B contained the remaining 11 European sides, Pot C contained five unseeded qualifiers from CONMEBOL, Pot D contained unseeded sides from the CONCACAF region and Africa. This was the last FIFA World Cup with the champion in Group A
2002 FIFA World Cup
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South Korea
2002 FIFA World Cup
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2002 FIFA World Cup official logo
2002 FIFA World Cup
2002 FIFA World Cup
31.
ARIA Charts
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The ARIA Charts are the main Australian music sales charts, issued weekly by the Australian Recording Industry Association. The charts are a record of the highest selling singles and albums in various genres in Australia, ARIA became the official Australian music chart in June 1988, succeeding the Kent Music Report which had been Australias national charts since 1974. The Go-Set charts were Australias first national singles and albums charts published from 5 October 1966 until 24 August 1974, succeeding Go-Set, the Kent Music Report began issuing the national top 100 charts in Australia from May 1974. The compiler, David Kent, also published Australias national charts from 1940–1974 in a retrospective fashion using state based data, in mid 1983, the Australian Recording Industry Association commenced licensing the Kent Music Report chart. The first printed national top 50 chart available in record stores, ARIA began compiling its own charts in-house from the chart dated week ending 26 June 1988. Various artists compilation albums were included in the albums chart, as they had been on the Kent Report chart, until 2 July 1989. The ARIA Report, detailing the top 100 singles and albums charts, was first available via subscription in January 1990, the printed top 50 chart ceased publication in June 1998, but resumed publication later in the year. The printed top 50 chart again ceased publication at the end of 2000, the ARIA charts are based on data collected from physical and digital retailers in Australia. Data of physical sales come from such as Sanity and JB Hi-Fi, while data of digital sales come from online retailers such as iTunes, Bandit FM, GetMusic. Since 17 February 1997, all physical sales data contributing towards the chart has been recorded electronically at point of sale. In March 1991, Do the Bartman by The Simpsons was the first single to reach #1 in Australia that was not available on 7 inch vinyl, but cassingle only. Starting from 8 October 2006, due to low physical single sales at the time, in 2006, it was announced that the Brazin retailing group, comprising major retailers HMV, Sanity and Virgin music/DVD stores would no longer contribute sales data to the ARIA charts. However, after an absence, Brazin reportedly re-commenced contributing sales figures to the ARIA Charts on 26 November 2006. The ARIA website publishes the top 50 singles and albums charts, top 40 digital tracks chart, the ARIA Report lists all charts in full and is available via paid e-mail subscription each week. These reports are uploaded to the Pandora Archive periodically, on 5 February 2006, the ARIA Chart Show was a radio program launched on the Nova network and broadcast throughout Australia, playing the official ARIA top 50 singles. The live music program was hosted by Jabba each Sunday afternoon at 3, the show was aired before the top 50 chart, dated for the following Monday, is published on the ARIA website at 6,00 pm. The charts were published online at 6,00 pm each Sunday. The diamond certification was created for albums in November 2015 to mark 500,000 sales/shipments, for music DVDs, a gold accreditation originally represented 7,500 copies shipped, with a platinum accreditation representing 15,000 units shipped. co. uk
ARIA Charts
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ARIA logo
32.
Media Control Charts
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The GfK Entertainment Charts are the official music charts in Germany and are gathered and published by GfK Entertainment GmbH on behalf of Bundesverband Musikindustrie. Following a lawsuit in March 2014 by Media Control AG, Media Control® GfK International had to change its name, dissemination of the charts is conducted by various media outlets, some of which include VIVA music channel, and the Swiss charts website. Other entities that present the charts are MusicLoad and MIX1, furthermore, GfK Entertainment also runs a dedicated website providing chart-related news and access to most of the charts. Charts have been published in Germany since 1959, in a magazine called Der Musikmarkt, since 1959, the growing desire to have a well-developed music program has made Bundesverband Musikindustrie work together with charts providers to improve the way the charts are determined. For this purpose, different research institutes were tested, out of which Media Control, hence, the first official charts were made available in the magazine Der Musikmarkt in September 1977. Initially, there used to be 50 positions only, which later in January 1980, was extended to 75 slots, since 1989, however, GfK Entertainment has adapted the international standards providing 100 positions, now called Offizielle Top 100 Charts. In 2001, the Top-100 singles charts was modified to reflect the sales of the singles, Media Control developed Music Video charts in 2001, which later, in 2004, was renamed as DVD charts. While music-videos have their own charts, in 2001, GfK Entertainment made it possible for the music-video singles to have the ability to enter the Top-100 singles chart. Similarly, in 2002, it was available for music-video albums to chart on the Top-100 album chart. If not, then, the DVD album could qualify for the DVD chart only, in the same vein, if an audio CD contains at least 50% of video recording, then, it could qualify to chart on the DVD chart. In 2003, Media Control joined forces with GfK, thus the name officially being changed to Media Control GfK International GmbH. In 2004, Germany became one of the first music markets wherein sales charts were reflected by online digital downloads, digital-only releases came into existence on 13 July 2007, for online downloads only, which also altered the way the sales figures were conducted up to that point. Consequently, chart positions would no longer be affected by the number of music downloads as before. Thus, the albums would not necessarily be the ones ending up in the number-one position on the charts. In March 2014, GfK announced that the official chart providers name in Germany will change from Media Control GfK International GmbH to GfK Entertainment, there are currently 3,000 outlets that report their sales on weekly bases in Germany. The weekly sales data is transmitted to GfK Entertainment via communication network channel and this is the list of categories, for each of which charts are provided by GfK Entertainment
Media Control Charts
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GfK Entertainment GmbH
33.
Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana
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The Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana is an umbrella organization that keeps track of virtually all aspects of the music recording industry in Italy. It was established in 1992, when major corporate labels left the previously existing Associazione dei Fonografici Italiani, during the following years, most of the remaining Italian record labels left AFI to join the new organization. As of 2011, FIMI represents 2,500 companies operating in the music business, FIMI is a member of the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry and of the Italian employers federation, Confindustria. Its main purpose is to protect the interests of the Italian record industry, starting in March 1995, the Italian Music Industry Federation began providing the Italian official albums chart. In January 1997, FIMI also became the provider of the Italian official singles chart, due to the decrease of CD singles sales in Italy, FIMI replaced its physical singles chart with a digital downloads chart—based on legal internet and mobile downloads—on 1 January 2008. In July 2011, Enzo Mazza was confirmed as FIMI chairman, the Italian Music Industry Federation compiled its first album chart in March 1995. Issued on 7 March 1995, it was based on sales between 23 February 1995 and 1 March 1995 and this period coincided with the first week of sales for the albums released by the 45th Sanremo Music Festival contestants, the most important music event in Italy. The first number-one album was Bruce Springsteens Greatest Hits, between 1995 and 2009, the FIMI Album Chart was based on data provided by Nielsen. From January 2010, the FIMI Album Charts positions have been derived from GfK Retail, in 1995, the chart was based on data digitally gathered by 130 sellers. The number of sellers was later increased and, as of 2011, starting from 14 October 2011, the FIMI Albums Chart also includes digital sales. In March 1995, alongside the FIMI Album Chart, the Italian Music Industry Federation also began the FIMI Compilations Chart and these albums are not included in the FIMI Album Chart. The first number-one was Sanremo 95, released by RTI Music, in January 1997, the Italian Music Industry Federation also started an official singles chart. The first number-one single was Depeche Modes Barrel of a Gun, compiled by Nielsen, the chart listed the best-selling physical singles in Italy, but on 1 January 2008 it was replaced by the Top Digital Download, listing the best-selling digital singles. The last number one on the physical FIMI Singles Chart was The Singles Collection by Vasco Rossi, the Italian DVD Chart was established by the Italian Music Industry Federation in October 2003. The first Italian DVD Chart listed only the first ten positions, as of July 2011, it lists the 20 best-selling music DVDs in Italy, and is compiled by ACNielsen. On 10 April 2006, FIMI published the first chart listing the best-selling digital singles in Italy, compiled by Nielsen SoundScan, the chart was based on data provided by 10 digital stores. The first number-one single was Sei nellanima by Gianna Nannini, due to the decrease of CD singles sales in Italy, on 1 January 2008 the Top Digital Download became the Italian official singles chart, replacing the chart based on physical sales. A certification system has existed in Italy since the mid 1970s, during that period, albums had to sell 500,000 units to qualify for a Silver status, while for Gold, the requirement was 1,000,000 units
Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana
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Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana
34.
Billboard (magazine)
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Billboard is an American entertainment media brand owned by the Hollywood Reporter-Billboard Media Group, a division of Eldridge Industries. It publishes pieces involving news, video, opinion, reviews, events and it is also known for its music charts, including the Billboard Hot 100 and Billboard 200, tracking the most popular singles and albums in different genres. It also hosts events, owns a publishing firm, and operates several TV shows, Billboard was founded in 1894 by William Donaldson and James Hennegan as a trade publication for bill posters. Donaldson later acquired Hennegens interest in 1900 for $500, in the 1900s, it covered the entertainment industry, such as circuses, fairs and burlesque shows. It also created a service for travelling entertainers. Billboard began focusing more on the industry as the jukebox, phonograph. Many topics it covered were spun-off into different magazines, including Amusement Business in 1961 to cover outdoor entertainment so that it could focus on music. After Donaldson died in 1925, Billboard was passed down to his children and Hennegans children, until it was sold to investors in 1985. The first issue of Billboard was published in Cincinnati, Ohio, on November 1,1894 by William Donaldson, initially, it covered the advertising and bill posting industry and was called Billboard Advertising. At the time, billboards, posters and paper advertisements placed in public spaces were the means of advertising. Donaldson handled editorial and advertising, while Hennegan, who owned Hennegan Printing Co. managed magazine production, the first issues were just eight pages long. The paper had columns like The Bill Room Gossip and The Indefatigable, a department for agricultural fairs was established in 1896. The title was changed to The Billboard in 1897, after a brief departure over editorial differences, Donaldson purchased Hennegans interest in the business in 1900 for $500, to save it from bankruptcy. That May, Donaldson changed it from a monthly to a paper with a greater emphasis on breaking news. He improved editorial quality and opened new offices in New York, Chicago, San Francisco, London and he also re-focused the magazine on outdoor entertainment like fairs, carnivals, circuses, vaudeville and burlesque shows. A section devoted to circuses was introduced in 1900, followed by more prominent coverage of events in 1901. Billboard also covered topics including regulation, a lack of professionalism, economics and it had a stage gossip column covering the private lives of entertainers, a tent show section covering traveling shows and a sub-section called Freaks to order. According to The Seattle Times, Donaldson also published articles attacking censorship, praising productions exhibiting good taste
Billboard (magazine)
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An 1896 issue of Billboard
Billboard (magazine)
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Cover of Billboard (January 26, 2013).
35.
List of music recording certifications
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Music recording certifications are typically awarded by the global music industry based on the total units sold or shipped to the retailers. These awards and their requirements are defined by the certifying bodies representing the music industry in various countries and territories worldwide. The standard certification awards given consist of Gold, Platinum, and sometimes Diamond awards, in ascending order, in most cases, a Multi-Platinum or Multi-Diamond award is given for multiples of the Platinum or Diamond requirements. Many music industries around the globe are represented by the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry, the IFPI operates in 66 countries and services affiliated industry associations in 45 countries. Still other countries not represented by the IFPI have certifying bodies operating independently, though all certifying bodies give awards for album sales or shipments, many also certify singles, paid digital downloads, music videos, music DVDs, and master ringtones. Additionally, some certifying bodies have separate threshold scales for works of domestic or international origins, varying genres, lengths, from the 2010s digital streaming was included in some territories. Note, Top numbers represent sales for domestic material, italicized numbers in parentheses represent sales for international material if different from the domestic requirement, other notes and exceptions are provided in footnotes below each table. For albums released until September 24,1999 the thresholds are 250,000 for Gold and 500,000 for Platinum, for albums released between September 25,1999 and December 31,2002 the thresholds are 150,000 for Gold and 300,000 for Platinum. Also, for Jazz albums, the thresholds are 10,000 for Gold and 20,000 for Platinum, Diamond-award is applicable to titles released on/after January 1,2013. ^ IV Hungarian sales figures provided refer to Pop albums. However, there are six separate release scales in all, each scale is provided here with Gold and Platinum sales thresholds in parentheses, Hindi Films, Regional Films, Regional Basic, National Basic, Classical/Non-Classical, and International. For albums released before 1 July 2009, sales exceeding 10,000 and 20,000 for Gold and Platinum awards, a separate scale is used for digital album sales via digital download, sales exceeding 5,000 and 10,000 for Gold and Platinum awards respectively. Thresholds for productions before 1 July 2009 differ,40,000,80,000, and 400,000 for Gold, Platinum, separate scales are used for jazz/classical albums, and soundtracks. Each scale is provided here with Gold, Platinum, and Diamond sales thresholds in parentheses, Jazz/Classical, from 1973–79 the thresholds were based on monetary revenue, Platinum, Gold and Silver. For singles released prior to that thresholds are 250,000 for Gold and 500,000 for Platinum, as of June 1,2014, the German thresholds for the single-titles, are 200,000 for Gold and 400,000 for Platinum. German industry also introduced a Diamond-award which is applicable to all titles released on/after January 1,2013, for Jazz singles, the thresholds are 10,000 for Gold and 20,000 for Platinum. Prior to this the thresholds were Silver, Gold, and Platinum, for EP-length configurations including the 12-inch single, the thresholds were lowered to Gold and Platinum, previously the thresholds were Gold and Platinum. From then on, the lowered thresholds applied to certification of all singles, ^ XIX Japanese awards refer to online singles and mobile singles. ^ XX Japanese physical and digital download sales exceeding 1,000,000 are given the Million award. ^ XXI Danish DVD sales figures provided refer to Music/Single DVDs, a separate scale is used for Long form videos and Multi-Box Music Video Sets, sales exceeding 50,000 and 100,000 for Gold and Platinum awards respectively
List of music recording certifications
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A "gold record" of
The Beatles ' compilation album,
Hey Jude
36.
Australian Recording Industry Association
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It oversees the collection, administration and distribution of music licenses and royalties. The association has more than 100 members, including small labels typically run by one to five people, medium size organisations, ARIA is administered by a Board of Directors comprising senior executives from record companies, both large and small. As of October 2010, the directors were Denis Handlin, George Ash, Mark Poston, Sebastian Chase, David Vodica, in 1956, the Association of Australian Record Manufacturers was formed by Australias major record companies. It later included smaller record companies representing independent acts/labels and has over 100 members, by 1997, the six major labels provided 90% of all recordings made in Australia. ARIA is administered by a Board of Directors comprising senior executives from record companies, as of October 2010, the directors were Denis Handlin, George Ash, Mark Poston, Sebastian Chase, David Vodica and Tony Harlow. Australian TV pop music show Countdown presented its own awards ceremony, Countdown Music and Video Awards. ARIA provided peer voting for awards, while Countdown provided coupons in the related Countdown Magazine for viewers to vote for populist awards. At the 1985 Countdown awards ceremony, held on 14 April 1986, fans of INXS and Uncanny X-Men scuffled during the broadcast and as a result ARIA decided to hold their own awards. Since 2 March 1987, ARIA administered its own entirely peer-voted ARIA Music Awards, to recognise excellence, initially included in the same awards ceremonies, it established the ARIA Hall of Fame in 1988 and has held separate annual ceremonies since 2005. The ARIA Hall of Fame honours Australian musicians achievements have had a significant impact in Australia or around the world, in February 2004, the Australian Record Industry Association announced its own legal action against Kazaa, alleging massive copyright breaches. The trial began on 29 November 2004, on 6 February 2005, the homes of two Sharman Networks executives and the offices of Sharman Networks in Australia were raided under a court order by ARIA to gather evidence for the trial. In 2006, ARIA formed sponsorship deals with Motorola and Nova and changed the appearance, Motorola took naming-rights sponsorship seeing the charts referred to in the media as the Motorola ARIA Charts. ARIA, have commented that as part of the same marketing printed charts would be reintroduced into media retailing shops, as part of the deal Nova began broadcasting the charted singles in reverse order on a Sunday afternoon show before it was released on the ARIA charts website. The ARIA Charts is the main Australian music sales charts, issued weekly by the Australian Recording Industry Association, the charts are a record of the highest selling singles and albums in various genres. All charts are compiled from data of both physical and digital sales from retailers in Australia, the ARIA No.1 Chart Awards were established in 2002 to recognise Australian recording artists, who reached number one on the ARIA albums, singles and music DVDs charts. The ARIA Music Awards is a series of awards nights celebrating the Australian music industry. This criticism is stauncher in Australia due to the absence of an equivalent Digital Millennium Copyright Act or state crimes acts which clearly establish copyright infringement as a crime, in February 2004, the Australian Record Industry Association took legal action against Kazaa, alleging massive copyright breaches. The trial began on 29 November 2004, on 6 February 2005, the homes of two Sharman Networks executives and the offices of Sharman Networks in Australia were raided under a court order by ARIA to gather evidence for the trial
Australian Recording Industry Association
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ARIA logo
37.
Belgian Entertainment Association
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The Belgian Entertainment Association is the organization that represents the interests of the music, video and video game industries in Belgium. BEA is listed as the record industry association in Belgium by the IFPI. The publication of sales charts in Belgium is done through Ultratop, due to the cultural differences in Belgium, separate charts are published for the Dutch-speaking Flanders region and the French-speaking Wallonia region. In Flanders the most important charts are the Ultratop 50 singles, in Wallonia the most important charts are the Ultratop 40 singles. Through Ultratop, BEA certifies albums, singles and DVDs, the current thresholds for albums, in effect at least since April 2008, distinguish between local, French or Dutch speaking albums, and international or non French or Dutch speaking ones. For domestic repertoire the threshold for Gold album is 10,000 units, for international repertoire the threshold for Gold is 15,000 units and the threshold for Platinum is 30,000. Jazz and Classical repertoire shares the thresholds with the domestic repertoire, the same levels apply for singles as well. The IFPI award certification list of October 2007 lists the same thresholds for albums, for domestic repertoire the threshold for Gold single was 15,000 units and the threshold for Platinum single was 30,000 units. For international repertoire the threshold for Gold was 25,000 units, an earlier list from the beginning of 2006 lists these older thresholds for albums as well. The current thresholds for DVDs distinguish between Belgian products sold in one locality, Belgian products sold nationwide, and foreign products, for Belgian-local products, the thresholds are 7,500 units for Gold,15,500 units for Platinum and 25,500 units for Diamond. For Belgian-nationwide products, the thresholds are 15,000 units for Gold,30,000 units for Platinum and 50,000 units for Diamond. For foreign products, the thresholds are 25,000 units for Gold,50,000 units for Platinum and 100,000 units for Diamond, the same levels are listed since at least October 2007. An archive of past certifications going back to 1997 is available at the Ultratop website, the following is a list of albums that have been certified by the Belgian Entertainment Association. List of music recording certifications Official website
Belgian Entertainment Association
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The logo of the Belgian Entertainment Association
38.
British Phonographic Industry
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The BPI Limited, commonly known as the British Phonographic Industry or BPI, is the British recorded music industrys trade association. Its membership comprises hundreds of companies including all three major record companies in the UK, and hundreds of independent music labels and small to medium-sized music businesses. It has represented the interests of British record companies since being formally incorporated in 1973 when the aim was to promote British music. In 2007, the legal name was changed from British Phonographic Industry Limited. It founded the annual BRIT Awards for the British music industry in 1977, the organizing company, BRIT Awards Limited, is a fully owned subsidiary of the BPI. Proceeds from both shows go to the BRIT Trust, the arm of the BPI that has donated almost £15m to charitable causes nationwide since its foundation in 1989. In September 2013, the BPI presented the first ever BRITs Icon Award to Sir Elton John, the BPI also endorsed the launch of the Mercury Prize for the Album of the Year in 1992. In September 2008, the BPI became one of the members of UK Music. The BRIT Trust is the music charity actively supporting all types of education across the entire spectrum of music. Through the projects it supports, which include Nordoff-Robbins Music Therapy and the BRIT School, proceeds from the BRIT Awards and the Classic BRITs shows go to the BRIT Trust, which has donated almost £15m to charitable causes nationwide since its foundation. Opened in September 1991, the BRIT School is a joint venture between The BRIT Trust and the Department for Education and Skills, based at Selhurst in Croydon, the school is the only non fee-paying performing arts school in the UK. It teaches up to 1,100 students each year aged from 14–19 years in music, dance, drama, musical theatre, production, media and art & design. Students are from diverse backgrounds and are not required to stick to their own discipline, dancers learn songwriting. Nor do students have to work/perform in the evening to pay for the tuition, the BPI administers the Platinum, Gold and Silver awards scheme for music releases in the United Kingdom. The level of the award varies depending on the format of the release, member companies do, however, still have the option to certify titles based on shipment levels if they choose to. Since July 2014, audio streaming has also included for singles at a ratio of 100 streams equivalent to 1 unit. From June 2015, audio streams were added to album certifications, according to BPI, they would take the 12 most-streamed tracks from the standard version of an album, with the top two songs down-weighted in line with the average of the rest. The total of these streams will be divided by 1,000, additionally, personnel are also seconded to the City of London Police Intellectual Property Crime Unit top support anti-piracy operations
British Phonographic Industry
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A gold certification for
Eric Clapton 's album
August.
39.
Recording Industry Association of America
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The Recording Industry Association of America is a continental North and South American trade organization that represents the recording industry in the United States. Its members consist of record labels and distributors, which the RIAA says create, the RIAA headquarters is in Washington, D. C. The RIAA was formed in 1952 and its original mission was to administer recording copyright fees and problems, work with trade unions, and do research relating to the record industry and government regulations. Early RIAA standards included the RIAA equalization curve, the format of the record groove and the dimensions of 33 1/3 rpm,45 rpm. Since 2001, the RIAA has spent $2 to $6 million each year on lobbying in the United States, the RIAA also participates in the collective rights management of sound recordings, and it is responsible for certifying Gold and Platinum albums and singles in the United States. Cary Sherman has been the RIAAs chairman and CEO since 2011, Sherman joined the RIAA as its general counsel in 1997 and became president of the board of directors in 2001, serving in that position until being made chairman and CEO. Mitch Glazier has been the RIAAs senior executive vice president since 2011 and he served as executive vice president for public policy and industry relations from 2000 to 2011. The past RIAA chairman and CEO is Mitch Bainwol, who served from 2003 to 2011 and he left in 2011 to become president and CEO of the Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers. The board of directors consists of 26 members of the board, the RIAA operates an award program for albums that sell a large number of copies. The program originally began in 1958, with a Gold Award for singles, the criterion was changed in 1975 to the number of copies sold, with albums selling 500,000 copies awarded the Gold Award. In 1976, a Platinum Award was added for one million sales, the awards are open to both RIAA members and non-members. Since 2000, the RIAA also operates a program for Latin music sales. Currently, a Disco De Oro is awarded for 30,000 units, the RIAA defines Latin music as a type of release with 51% or more of its content recorded in Spanish. In 2006, digital ringtones were added to branch of certification. In the same year, the RIAA introduced the Latin Digital Award for digital recordings in Spanish and this release format includes DVD and VHS releases, and certain live albums and compilation albums. The certification criteria is different from other styles. Gold,50,000 Platinum,100,000 Multi-Platinum,200,000 copies The RIAA opposes unauthorized sharing of its music, studies conducted since the association began its campaign against peer-to-peer file-sharing have concluded that losses incurred per download range from negligible to moderate. The association has commenced high-profile lawsuits against file sharing service providers and it has also commenced a series of lawsuits against individuals suspected of file sharing, notably college students and parents of file sharing children
Recording Industry Association of America
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Recording Industry Association of America
40.
Without Me (Eminem song)
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Without Me is a song by American rapper Eminem from his fourth studio album The Eminem Show. Without Me was released as the single from the album. Without Me is one of Eminems most successful singles, reaching number two in the U. S. Billboard Hot 100, and number one in fifteen countries and it is one of his most well-known and most recognizable songs. The song is included in the soundtrack for the 2016 film Suicide Squad, the song was Eminems return after the successful The Marshall Mathers LP, intended as a sequel to The Real Slim Shady and essentially saying that he is back to save the world. It also refers to Eminems role in the industry and his cultural effects. It also lampoons comparisons of him to Elvis Presley as a white man succeeding commercially in a black art form. A line also attacks his mother Debbie Mathers for the lawsuit she filed for the lyrics of his debut single My Name Is, the background saxophone riff was sampled in Drunkenmunkys 2002 club hit E. Some of the lyrics are altered on the version, such as This is about to get heavy replaced This shits about to get heavy. Also, Fuck that, cum on your lips, and some on your tits is changed to Jump back, jiggle your hips, the censored version also replaces fag with Stan when referring to Moby, a reference to the popular track from The Marshall Mathers LP. Stephen Thomas Erlewine marked it as one of the best tracks on The Eminem Show, david Browne was positive, Ive created a monster, cuz no one wants to hear Marshall no more, he whines, partly in jest, in the beat-crazy single Without Me. HipHopDX noted that the blazing single Without Me is one of the only light-hearted songs in album, NME magazine noted that this song is tackling disco. RapReviews wrote, His fearlessness continues on the lead single Without Me when he lambasts everyone from Dick Cheneys wife to the electronic artists of the day. Without Me is one of Eminems most successful singles, the song reached the number one position in the charts in numerous countries, including the United Kingdom, Australia, Ireland and New Zealand for 7 weeks. Without Me was nominated for Record of the Year at the Grammy Awards of 2003 and it also received a nomination for Best Male Rap Solo Performance but lost that award as well to the song Hot in Herre by rapper Nelly. In 2009, the song was honored by Pitchfork Media as the 251st greatest song of the 2000s, the song was the 69th best-selling single of the 2000s in the United Kingdom. Eminem and his band of rush to the rescue before the child puts the CD in and he snatches it away from him. The comic panel contains the rabbit from Youre a Superstar, early on, Eminem appears throughout some of the video where he is on a hospital bed being pushed through a ward. Porn star Jenna Jameson and fitness model Kiana Tom appear in bed with Eminem at the beginning of the video, nate Mathers, Eminems brother, D12, and Xzibit also appear in the talk show scene
Without Me (Eminem song)
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"Without Me"
41.
Eminem
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Marshall Bruce Mathers III, known professionally as Eminem, is an American rapper, record producer, and actor. Eminem is the best-selling artist of the 2000s in the United States, throughout his career, he has had 10 number-one albums on the Billboard 200 and five number-one singles on the Billboard Hot 100. Globally, he has more than 172 million albums, thus being one of the worlds best-selling artists. Rolling Stone ranked him 83rd on its list of 100 Greatest Artists of All Time and they were followed by Encore in 2004, another critical and commercial success. Eminem went on hiatus after touring in 2005, releasing Relapse in 2009, both won Grammy Awards and Recovery was the best-selling album of 2010 worldwide, the second time he had the international best-selling album of the year. Eminems eighth album, 2013s The Marshall Mathers LP2, won two Grammy Awards, including Best Rap Album, it expanded his record for the most wins in that category and his Grammy total to 15. In addition to his career, Eminem is an original member of the Midwest hip hop groups Soul Intent. He is also known for his collaborations with fellow Detroit-based rapper Royce da 59, Eminem has developed other ventures, including Shady Records, with manager Paul Rosenberg, which helped launch the careers of artists such as 50 Cent. Eminem has also established his own channel, Shade 45, on Sirius XM Radio. In November 2002, he starred in the hip hop film 8 Mile, Eminem has made cameo appearances in the films The Wash, Funny People, The Interview and the television series Entourage. Eminem was born on October 17,1972, in St. Joseph, Missouri, Debbie was 14 when she met 18-year-old Bruce, at age 17, she nearly died during her 73-hour labor. Eminems parents were in a band called Daddy Warbucks, playing in Ramada Inns along the Dakotas–Montana border before their separation, Bruce left the family, moving to California and having two other children, Michael and Sarah. Debbie had son Nathan Nate Kane Samara on February 3,1986, during his childhood, Eminem and Debbie shuttled between Michigan and Missouri, rarely staying in one house for more than a year or two and living primarily with family members. In Missouri, they lived in places, including St. Joseph, Savannah. As a teenager Eminem wrote letters to his father, according to Debbie, friends and family remember Eminem as a happy child, but a bit of a loner who was often bullied. One bully, DeAngelo Bailey, severely injured Eminems head, Debbie filed a lawsuit against the school in 1982, Eminem spent much of his youth in a working-class, primarily black, Detroit neighborhood. He and Debbie were one of three white households on their block, and Eminem was beaten by black youths several times, as a child he was interested in storytelling, aspiring to be a comic-book artist before discovering hip hop. Eminem heard his first rap song on the Breakin soundtrack, a gift from Debbies half-brother Ronnie Polkinghorn, when Polkinghorn committed suicide in 1991, Eminem stopped speaking for days and did not attend his funeral
Eminem
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Eminem performing in June 2009
Eminem
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Eminem in Germany, 1999
Eminem
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Eminem and Proof at
Voodoo Experience in October 2000
Eminem
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On the Anger Management Tour promoting Encore
42.
Australian Record Industry Association
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It oversees the collection, administration and distribution of music licenses and royalties. The association has more than 100 members, including small labels typically run by one to five people, medium size organisations, ARIA is administered by a Board of Directors comprising senior executives from record companies, both large and small. As of October 2010, the directors were Denis Handlin, George Ash, Mark Poston, Sebastian Chase, David Vodica, in 1956, the Association of Australian Record Manufacturers was formed by Australias major record companies. It later included smaller record companies representing independent acts/labels and has over 100 members, by 1997, the six major labels provided 90% of all recordings made in Australia. ARIA is administered by a Board of Directors comprising senior executives from record companies, as of October 2010, the directors were Denis Handlin, George Ash, Mark Poston, Sebastian Chase, David Vodica and Tony Harlow. Australian TV pop music show Countdown presented its own awards ceremony, Countdown Music and Video Awards. ARIA provided peer voting for awards, while Countdown provided coupons in the related Countdown Magazine for viewers to vote for populist awards. At the 1985 Countdown awards ceremony, held on 14 April 1986, fans of INXS and Uncanny X-Men scuffled during the broadcast and as a result ARIA decided to hold their own awards. Since 2 March 1987, ARIA administered its own entirely peer-voted ARIA Music Awards, to recognise excellence, initially included in the same awards ceremonies, it established the ARIA Hall of Fame in 1988 and has held separate annual ceremonies since 2005. The ARIA Hall of Fame honours Australian musicians achievements have had a significant impact in Australia or around the world, in February 2004, the Australian Record Industry Association announced its own legal action against Kazaa, alleging massive copyright breaches. The trial began on 29 November 2004, on 6 February 2005, the homes of two Sharman Networks executives and the offices of Sharman Networks in Australia were raided under a court order by ARIA to gather evidence for the trial. In 2006, ARIA formed sponsorship deals with Motorola and Nova and changed the appearance, Motorola took naming-rights sponsorship seeing the charts referred to in the media as the Motorola ARIA Charts. ARIA, have commented that as part of the same marketing printed charts would be reintroduced into media retailing shops, as part of the deal Nova began broadcasting the charted singles in reverse order on a Sunday afternoon show before it was released on the ARIA charts website. The ARIA Charts is the main Australian music sales charts, issued weekly by the Australian Recording Industry Association, the charts are a record of the highest selling singles and albums in various genres. All charts are compiled from data of both physical and digital sales from retailers in Australia, the ARIA No.1 Chart Awards were established in 2002 to recognise Australian recording artists, who reached number one on the ARIA albums, singles and music DVDs charts. The ARIA Music Awards is a series of awards nights celebrating the Australian music industry. This criticism is stauncher in Australia due to the absence of an equivalent Digital Millennium Copyright Act or state crimes acts which clearly establish copyright infringement as a crime, in February 2004, the Australian Record Industry Association took legal action against Kazaa, alleging massive copyright breaches. The trial began on 29 November 2004, on 6 February 2005, the homes of two Sharman Networks executives and the offices of Sharman Networks in Australia were raided under a court order by ARIA to gather evidence for the trial
Australian Record Industry Association
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ARIA logo
43.
Without Me
–
Without Me is a song by American rapper Eminem from his fourth studio album The Eminem Show. Without Me was released as the single from the album. Without Me is one of Eminems most successful singles, reaching number two in the U. S. Billboard Hot 100, and number one in fifteen countries and it is one of his most well-known and most recognizable songs. The song is included in the soundtrack for the 2016 film Suicide Squad, the song was Eminems return after the successful The Marshall Mathers LP, intended as a sequel to The Real Slim Shady and essentially saying that he is back to save the world. It also refers to Eminems role in the industry and his cultural effects. It also lampoons comparisons of him to Elvis Presley as a white man succeeding commercially in a black art form. A line also attacks his mother Debbie Mathers for the lawsuit she filed for the lyrics of his debut single My Name Is, the background saxophone riff was sampled in Drunkenmunkys 2002 club hit E. Some of the lyrics are altered on the version, such as This is about to get heavy replaced This shits about to get heavy. Also, Fuck that, cum on your lips, and some on your tits is changed to Jump back, jiggle your hips, the censored version also replaces fag with Stan when referring to Moby, a reference to the popular track from The Marshall Mathers LP. Stephen Thomas Erlewine marked it as one of the best tracks on The Eminem Show, david Browne was positive, Ive created a monster, cuz no one wants to hear Marshall no more, he whines, partly in jest, in the beat-crazy single Without Me. HipHopDX noted that the blazing single Without Me is one of the only light-hearted songs in album, NME magazine noted that this song is tackling disco. RapReviews wrote, His fearlessness continues on the lead single Without Me when he lambasts everyone from Dick Cheneys wife to the electronic artists of the day. Without Me is one of Eminems most successful singles, the song reached the number one position in the charts in numerous countries, including the United Kingdom, Australia, Ireland and New Zealand for 7 weeks. Without Me was nominated for Record of the Year at the Grammy Awards of 2003 and it also received a nomination for Best Male Rap Solo Performance but lost that award as well to the song Hot in Herre by rapper Nelly. In 2009, the song was honored by Pitchfork Media as the 251st greatest song of the 2000s, the song was the 69th best-selling single of the 2000s in the United Kingdom. Eminem and his band of rush to the rescue before the child puts the CD in and he snatches it away from him. The comic panel contains the rabbit from Youre a Superstar, early on, Eminem appears throughout some of the video where he is on a hospital bed being pushed through a ward. Porn star Jenna Jameson and fitness model Kiana Tom appear in bed with Eminem at the beginning of the video, nate Mathers, Eminems brother, D12, and Xzibit also appear in the talk show scene
Without Me
–
"Without Me"
44.
A Thousand Miles
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A Thousand Miles is the debut single written and recorded by American pop singer Vanessa Carlton. Produced by Curtis Schweitzer and Ron Fair, the song was released as the single for Carltons album Be Not Nobody. Her signature song, it became Carltons breakthrough hit and one of the most popular songs of the year, to date, it remains Carltons biggest hit in the United States, and her only single to reach the top ten of the Billboard Hot 100. Due to its success, it was featured on the 2002 US compilation album Now Thats What I Call Music. It has been covered by artists including Icarus the Owl, Victoria Justice, David Archuleta, Terry Crews and the Glee Cast. A Thousand Miles is a pop song supported by a string orchestral arrangement. Carlton said that she wrote the song about her grandfather, who had died earlier and she has also called the song a combination of reality and fantasy. Its about a love that so consumes you that you do anything for it, Thats how I felt at that time. A Thousand Miles is written in the key of B major, Carlton wrote the songs piano riff in the summer of 1998 at her parents house in Philadelphia, her mother, who had been listening to her, said, Vanessa, thats a hit song. Carlton was unable to finish the song because of a case of writers block, while looking for a record label that would sign her, Carlton played the beginning of the song for a record producer, who said, You have to finish that. She returned to her parents home and finished it in a one evening, naming it Interlude. Some years later, Carlton recorded a tape and sent it to various producers. Some expressed interest, but Carlton did not agree with their suggestions for alternative titles for the song. One of the tapes found its way to Ron Fair, head of A&M Records, who recalled that It was extraordinary and it didnt press the emotional buttons the way I envisioned it. Carlton met with Fair for a session to alter the arrangement of the song, so the heartbeat came in a different way. During the session, more time signatures and transitions were inserted into the song, additionally, the instrumental opening was shortened and an orchestra section was added by Fair, the lyrics, however, remained the same. He explained, It has a lot of starts and stops to it, which makes it hard to achieve a flow, the song is like a mini musical of its own. A Thousand Miles took fourteen sessions to record, and was the first song recorded for Be Not Nobody
A Thousand Miles
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"A Thousand Miles"
45.
Vanessa Carlton
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Vanessa Lee Carlton is an American singer-songwriter. Upon completion of her education at the School of American Ballet, Carlton chose to pursue singing instead, performing in New York City bars, three months after recording a demo with producer Peter Zizzo, she signed with A&M Records. She began recording her album, which was unsuccessful until Ron Fair took over. Her debut single, A Thousand Miles, reached the top five on the Billboard Hot 100 in 2002 and her debut album, Be Not Nobody, followed and received a platinum certification in the United States. Her subsequent albums, Harmonium and Heroes & Thieves, failed to match the success of the first. She produced an album, Rabbits on the Run, independently before seeking a record label to release it. Carlton released a holiday EP titled Hear the Bells in November 2012, Carlton was born in Milford, Pennsylvania, the first of three children of Edmund Ed Carlton, a pilot, and Heidi Lee, a pianist and school music teacher. Her two younger siblings are a sister, Gwen, and a brother, Edmund, Carlton is of half Russian Jewish and half Scandinavian ancestry. Her interest in music began at an early age, at the age of 2, she visited Disneyland Park and played Its a Small World on the piano when she came home. Her mother then began to tutor her and she was introduced to classical music from a young age. By the age of 9, she had become passionate about ballet, in 1994, when Carlton was 14 years old, she enrolled at the School of American Ballet. Upon graduation, she put on performances at nightclubs in the community, beginning to feel more comfortable. Carlton was signed to A&M Records in 2001, Carlton first met songwriter/producer Peter Zizzo at a singer-songwriter circle. A few months later, Zizzo invited Carlton to his studio to record a demo, three months after recording the demo, Carlton was signed by Jimmy Iovine and began to record the album, Rinse. It was never released, but a few tracks were reworked for Be Not Nobody, one song, Carnival, was re-recorded as Dark Carnival for the video game SpyHunter 2. Other tracks included in Rinse are Interlude, Rinse, Ordinary Days, Twilight, Pretty Baby, All I Ask, of these, only the first five are included in her first album, Be Not Nobody. Other unreleased tracks from her early demo tapes include Faces, Meggie Sue, Little Mary, Burden, Wonder, Devil Dance, with her previous unsuccessful recording efforts, Carlton felt there was a lack of direction at her label. However, A&M president Ron Fair upon hearing her demo to A Thousand Miles, Fair would produce the rest of the album
Vanessa Carlton
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Vanessa Carlton
Vanessa Carlton
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Carlton at the Tribeca Film Festival in 2008
Vanessa Carlton
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Carlton performing live in August 2011
46.
Light My Fire (Will Young song)
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Light My Fire is a song by the Doors, which was recorded in August 1966 and released in January 1967 on their self-titled debut album. Released as a single in May 1967, it spent three weeks at number one on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in late July, and one week on the Cash Box Top 100. A year later, it re-entered the Billboard Hot 100 in 1968 following the success of José Felicianos version of the song, peaking at number 87, the song was largely written by the bands guitarist Robby Krieger, and credited to the entire band. The single was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America in September 1967 for one million units shipped, as of December 1971 it was the bands best-selling single, with over 927,000 copies sold. A live version was released in 1983 on their album Alive, She Cried, Light My Fire achieved modest success in Australia, where it peaked at number 22 on the ARIA chart. The single originally reached number 49 in the UK in 1967, but experienced belated success in country in 1991. This reissue was more successful in Ireland, peaking atop the IRMA chart for two weeks in June, the reissue occurred on the back of revived interest in the band following Oliver Stones film biopic The Doors. The song is number 35 on Rolling Stones list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time and it was included in the Songs of the Century list. Felicianos cover version won a 1969 Grammy Award for Best Male Pop Vocal Performance, the song originated as an unfinished Robby Krieger composition. Ray Manzarek played the bass line with his left hand on a Fender Rhodes Piano Bass. For the recording session, producer Paul A. Rothchild brought in session musician Larry Knechtel to play Fender Precision Bass guitar to double the bass line. When the Doors played the song at concerts, Manzarek used the Fender Rhodes Piano Bass without augmentation. The band appeared on various TV shows, such as American Bandstand, however, Light My Fire was performed live by the Doors on The Ed Sullivan Show broadcast on September 17,1967. The Doors were asked by producer Bob Precht, Sullivans son-in-law, to change the line girl, we couldnt get much higher, Ed Sullivan did not shake Morrisons hand as he left the stage. Morrisons response was We just did Sullivan, john Densmore recalled that Buick offered $75,000 in October 1968 to adapt the song for use in a Buick Opel TV commercial. Morrison, however, was still in London after a European tour had just ended on September 20 and could not be reached by the group members. The 40th Anniversary mix of the album presents a stereo version of Light My Fire in speed-corrected form for the first time. Until the 2006 remasters, only the original 45 RPM singles were produced at the correct speed, vocalist and guitarist José Feliciano experienced significant international success when he released his version of Light My Fire in 1968 as a single on the RCA Victor label
Light My Fire (Will Young song)
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"Light My Fire"
Light My Fire (Will Young song)
47.
Will Young
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His double A-sided debut single Anything Is Possible / Evergreen was released two weeks after the shows finale and became the fastest-selling debut single in the UK. Young also came in place in World Idol performing his single Light My Fire. As a teenager, Young studied politics at the University of Exeter before moving to London, Young put his studies on hold in late 2001 to become a contestant on Pop Idol. After winning the competition the year, he released his debut album From Now On which went straight to number one. Fridays Child followed and enjoyed success, eventually going platinum five times in the UK. His following albums Keep On and Let It Go and Echoes also went multi-platinum and his albums have spawned many songs that have accomplished top ten positions in the UK, four of which went to the number one spot. Young has also undertaken numerous concert tours and he has also accumulated multiple honours, including two BRIT Awards from 12 nominations, and the estimated worldwide sale of over eight million albums. Youngs net worth was estimated at £13.5 million in April 2012, alongside his music career, Young has acted in film, on stage and in television. For his performance in the 2013 London revival of the musical Cabaret and he has also participated in philanthropy and released books Anything is Possible, On Camera, Off Duty and his autobiography Funny Peculiar. Will Young was born on 20 January 1979 in Wokingham, and is the second-oldest child of Robin Young, a director of an engineering firm, and Annabel Young. Born six weeks prematurely, he is ten minutes older than his twin brother and he also has an older sister, Emma. Young was born into an affluent, middle-class family, whose ancestry has strong ties to the British government. Aretas was later stationed in Trinidad and eventually took charge of the Trinidadian government, aretas became the sixth Governor of Prince Edward Island in 1831, and three years later was knighted by King William IV. His first appearance on stage was at the age of four when he played a fir tree in a production and had one line to speak. At Horris Hill, Young was head chorister in the school choir, at thirteen, Young and his brother were enrolled in Wellington College, Crowthorne, a public boarding school. Young appeared in school productions and often gave speeches in assembly. He became captain of the basketball and athletics teams, and also represented the school in the triple jump, long jump, football. The only sport he says he felt uncomfortable playing was cricket, Young left school with ten GCSEs, but achieved disappointing A-Level results and had to enroll in DOverbroecks College, Oxford, to re-sit his exams
Will Young
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Will Young performing in 2011
48.
Anyone of Us (Stupid Mistake)
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Anyone of Us is the second single from English pop singer Gareth Gates debut studio album What My Heart Wants to Say. The song was written by Nik Kershaw and produced by Magnusson, the single was released in July 2002, entering the UK Singles Chart at No. 1, while his first single, Unchained Melody, was still in the charts, the single spent three weeks at No.1 in the UK, as well as reaching number one in the Netherlands, Norway and Sweden. The video for the single was filmed in Venice, Italy, in 2002, singer Mathias Holmgren covered the song as Något Som Kan Hända, with Swedish lyrics by Ulf Georgsson. In 2004 the song was covered by South African singer Nicholis Louw
Anyone of Us (Stupid Mistake)
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"Anyone of Us (Stupid Mistake)"
49.
Glee (TV series)
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Glee is an American musical comedy-drama television series that aired on the Fox network in the United States from May 19,2009, to March 20,2015. In subsequent seasons, the main cast has expanded to fourteen and fifteen members, the series was created by Ryan Murphy, Brad Falchuk, and Ian Brennan, the latter of whom first conceived of Glee as a film. The three wrote all of the episodes for the first two seasons, and Murphy and Falchuk initially served as the shows main directors. The pilot episode was broadcast on May 19,2009, subsequent seasons aired in September through May. The sixth and final season aired from January to March 2015, Glee features on-screen performance-based musical numbers that were selected by Murphy, who aimed to maintain a balance between show tunes and chart hits, and produced by Adam Anders and Peer Åström. Songs covered in the show were released through the iTunes Store during the week of broadcast, the music of Glee has been a commercial success, with over thirty-six million digital single sales and eleven million album sales worldwide through October 2011. The series merchandise also includes DVD and Blu-ray releases, an iPad application, during its first season, Glee received generally favorable reviews from critics, with Metacritics weighted average of 77 out of 100 based on eighteen critical reviews. The show was chosen by Fox to fill the coveted time slot that followed the networks coverage of Super Bowl XLV in 2011. After 121 episodes and over 728 music performances, Glee came to an end on March 20,2015, the series focuses on a high school show choir, also known as a glee club, in the fictional William McKinley High School in Lima, Ohio. Will Schuester takes over the club after the former teacher Sandy Ryerson is fired for inappropriate contact with a male student. The seasons stories revolve around the same Glee club members as first season, with Santana Lopez and Brittany Pierce added to the main cast, Season 3 follows the club through wins at Sectionals and Regionals competitions, before they win the Nationals competition in Chicago. The characters deal with identity, adoption, domestic abuse, teenage suicide, bullying, disabilities, texting while driving, college. The McKinley High class of 2012 graduates at the end of the season, in the meantime, Rachel Berry and Kurt Hummel navigate NYADA and their lives as aspiring performers, plus their relationships with Finn and Blaine. Issues during the season include sex, bulimia, gender identity, child molestation, dyslexia, school violence, former main cast members Emma Pillsbury and Quinn Fabray were credited as guest stars, while previously recurring glee club member Sam Evans was promoted to the main cast. Season 5, unlike previous seasons, continues the school begun in the previous season. The show then jumps several months forward in time and deals entirely with the lives in New York City for the remainder of the season. Throughout this season, the club and its alumni deal with relationships, death and mourning, body image, gay bashing, intimacy, and other social issues. Several main cast members dropped to recurring guest stars as of season, Amber Riley as Mercedes, Mark Salling as Puck, Harry Shum Jr. as Mike
Glee (TV series)
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Matthew Morrison was cast after Murphy spent three months observing actors on Broadway.
Glee (TV series)
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Glee
Glee (TV series)
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The late
Cory Monteith portrayed glee club member Finn Hudson.
Glee (TV series)
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A promotional balloon for Glee in New York City.
50.
Matthew Morrison
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Matthew James Matt Morrison is an American actor, dancer, and singer-songwriter. Morrison is signed with Adam Levines 222 Records, Morrison received a Tony Award nomination for his featured role as Fabrizio Nacarelli in the musical The Light in the Piazza. From March 2015 to January 2016, Morrison starred in the role of J. M. Barrie in the Broadway production of Finding Neverland. Morrison was born in Fort Ord, California, to Mary, Morrison was raised in Chico, California, and is of Scottish heritage. He was part of the Collaborative Arts Project 21 and the Orange County High School of the Arts, while in high school, Morrison did a musical with actress Jodie Sweetin. He attended New York Universitys Tisch School of the Arts for two years before dropping out and joining the Broadway adaptation of Footloose, by freshman year of college, Morrison already was a regular performer on Broadway. He said in Details, There were all beautiful, beautiful dancers. As a straight guy I had some room, There were the shared interests in singing and dancing, and I always find dancing with someone very erotic and sexual. I definitely hooked up with a lot of girls when I was a guy on Broadway. Morrisons career began when he made his theatre debut on Broadway in the musical version of Footloose. Morrisons big break came, however, when Morrison landed the role of Link Larkin in the Broadway production of John Waters, Hairspray. After performing in the role for some time, Morrison started working in television, guest-starring on shows such as Ghost Whisperer, Numb3rs, CSI, Miami, Morrison also had small roles in films such as Marci X, Primary Colors, Music and Lyrics, and Simply Funk. Morrison followed up these performances by performing the role of Sir Harry in the ABC-TV production of Once Upon a Mattress, starring Tracey Ullman, Zooey Deschanel, in 2001, Morrison was recruited to complete the quartet for the band LMNT. Morrison was replaced instead by Jonas Persch by the time its first album was released, Morrison commented in an interview about his experience in the boy band by remarking, It was the worst year of my life. You know when youre a performer and youre out there on stage, in 2005 Morrison changed gears, playing the role of Fabrizio Nacarelli in Adam Guettels The Light in the Piazza. Morrison was nominated for a Tony Award for his performance and he left the show August 28,2005. He earned a Drama Desk Nomination for his role in the Off Broadway show 10 Million Miles which ran at the Atlantic Theater Company in 2007 and that same year he appeared in two films, Dan in Real Life, followed by Music and Lyrics as Cora Cormans manager. In 2008, he played Lieutenant Cable in a Lincoln Center production of the musical South Pacific and he left the production at the end of 2008 and in early 2009 returned to California to shoot the first season of Glee
Matthew Morrison
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Morrison at the 2010 Peabody Awards
Matthew Morrison
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Morrison with Glee co-star
Jane Lynch
Matthew Morrison
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Morrison (center) with LGBT activist couple
Kevin and Don Norte at a
PFLAG fundraiser in 2010
Matthew Morrison
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Matthew Morrison visiting
Barnes & Noble for CD release party, 2013
