1.
Knickerbocker Theatre (Broadway)
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The Knickerbocker Theatre, previously known as Abbeys Theatre and Henry Abbeys Theatre, was a Broadway theatre located at 1396 Broadway in New York City. It operated from 1893 to 1930, in 1906, the theatre introduced the first moving electrical sign on Broadway to advertise its productions. The 1500-seat theatre was designed by the firm of J. B. It opened as Abbeys Theatre, named after Broadway theatre manager and producer Henry Eugene Abbey, in the mid-1890s, Lillian Russell starred at the theatre, including in The Queen of Brilliants, a flop. Following Abbeys death in 1896, Al Hayman and the Theatrical Syndicate group took control of the theatre, in its early years, the theatre hosted productions of Shakespeares plays and Edwardian musical comedy. Several of Victor Herberts operettas premièred there, in 1906, the theatre introduced the first moving electrical sign on Broadway with an advertisement for its production of Herberts The Red Mill. Operettas by European composers, such as The Dollar Princess and The Merry Widow also played there, after World War I, the theatre continued to present a mixture of musicals, new plays and classics. Following the Wall Street Crash of 1929, the theatre closed and it was demolished in 1930, along with the nearby Casino Theatre, to make way for the expanding Garment District. 1895, An Enemy of the People 1897, The Serenade 1901, Quality Street 1902, The Toreador 1905, Mlle. Modiste 1906, The Red Mill 1908, The Girls of Gottenberg 1909, The Dollar Princess 1910, The Arcadians 1910, The Scarlet Pimpernel 1911, Kismet 1912, Oh
2.
Dublin
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Dublin is the capital and largest city of Ireland. Dublin is in the province of Leinster on Irelands east coast, the city has an urban area population of 1,345,402. The population of the Greater Dublin Area, as of 2016, was 1,904,806 people, founded as a Viking settlement, the Kingdom of Dublin became Irelands principal city following the Norman invasion. The city expanded rapidly from the 17th century and was briefly the second largest city in the British Empire before the Acts of Union in 1800, following the partition of Ireland in 1922, Dublin became the capital of the Irish Free State, later renamed Ireland. Dublin is administered by a City Council, the city is listed by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network as a global city, with a ranking of Alpha-, which places it amongst the top thirty cities in the world. It is a historical and contemporary centre for education, the arts, administration, economy, the name Dublin comes from the Irish word Dubhlinn, early Classical Irish Dubhlind/Duibhlind, dubh /d̪uβ/, alt. /d̪uw/, alt /d̪u, / meaning black, dark, and lind /lʲiɲ pool and this tidal pool was located where the River Poddle entered the Liffey, on the site of the castle gardens at the rear of Dublin Castle. In Modern Irish the name is Duibhlinn, and Irish rhymes from Dublin County show that in Dublin Leinster Irish it was pronounced Duílinn /d̪ˠi, other localities in Ireland also bear the name Duibhlinn, variously anglicized as Devlin, Divlin and Difflin. Historically, scribes using the Gaelic script wrote bh with a dot over the b and those without knowledge of Irish omitted the dot, spelling the name as Dublin. Variations on the name are found in traditionally Irish-speaking areas of Scotland, such as An Linne Dhubh. It is now thought that the Viking settlement was preceded by a Christian ecclesiastical settlement known as Duibhlinn, beginning in the 9th and 10th century, there were two settlements where the modern city stands. Baile Átha Cliath, meaning town of the ford, is the common name for the city in modern Irish. Áth Cliath is a name referring to a fording point of the River Liffey near Father Mathew Bridge. Baile Átha Cliath was an early Christian monastery, believed to have been in the area of Aungier Street, there are other towns of the same name, such as Àth Cliath in East Ayrshire, Scotland, which is Anglicised as Hurlford. Although the area of Dublin Bay has been inhabited by humans since prehistoric times and he called the settlement Eblana polis. It is now thought that the Viking settlement was preceded by a Christian ecclesiastical settlement known as Duibhlinn, beginning in the 9th and 10th century, there were two settlements where the modern city stands. The subsequent Scandinavian settlement centred on the River Poddle, a tributary of the Liffey in an area now known as Wood Quay, the Dubhlinn was a small lake used to moor ships, the Poddle connected the lake with the Liffey. This lake was covered during the early 18th century as the city grew, the Dubhlinn lay where the Castle Garden is now located, opposite the Chester Beatty Library in Dublin Castle
3.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
4.
Seating capacity
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Seating capacity is the number of people who can be seated in a specific space, in terms of both the physical space available, and limitations set by law. Seating capacity can be used in the description of anything ranging from an automobile that seats two to a stadium that seats hundreds of thousands of people. The International Fire Code, portions of which have adopted by many jurisdictions, is directed more towards the use of a facility than the construction. It specifies, For areas having fixed seating without dividing arms and it also requires that every public venue submit a detailed site plan to the local fire code official, including details of the means of egress, seating capacity, arrangement of the seating. Once safety considerations have been satisfied, determinations of seating capacity turn on the size of the venue. For sports venues, the decision on maximum seating capacity is determined by several factors, chief among these are the primary sports program and the size of the market area. Seating capacity of venues also plays a role in what media they are able to provide, in contracting to permit performers to use a theatre or other performing space, the seating capacity of the performance facility must be disclosed. Seating capacity may influence the kind of contract to be used, the seating capacity must also be disclosed to the copyright owner in seeking a license for the copyrighted work to be performed in that venue. Venues that may be leased for private functions such as ballrooms and auditoriums generally advertise their seating capacity, seating capacity is also an important consideration in the construction and use of sports venues such as stadiums and arenas. The seating capacity for restaurants is reported as covers, a restaurant that can seat 99 is said to have 99 covers, seating capacity differs from total capacity, which describes the total number of people who can fit in a venue or in a vehicle either sitting or standing. Use of the term public capacity indicates that a venue is allowed to more people than it can actually seat. Again, the total number of people can refer to either the physical space available or limitations set by law
5.
Irish language
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Irish, also referred to as Gaelic or Irish Gaelic, is a Goidelic language of the Indo-European language family originating in Ireland and historically spoken by the Irish people. Irish is spoken as a first language by a minority of Irish people. Irish enjoys constitutional status as the national and first official language of the Republic of Ireland and it is also among the official languages of the European Union. The public body Foras na Gaeilge is responsible for the promotion of the language throughout the island of Ireland and it has the oldest vernacular literature in Western Europe. The fate of the language was influenced by the power of the English state in Ireland. Elizabethan officials viewed the use of Irish unfavourably, as being a threat to all things English in Ireland and its decline began under English rule in the 17th century. In the latter part of the 19th century, there was a decrease in the number of speakers. Irish-speaking areas were hit especially hard, by the end of British rule, the language was spoken by less than 15% of the national population. Since then, Irish speakers have been in the minority, efforts have been made by the state, individuals and organisations to preserve, promote and revive the language, but with mixed results. Around the turn of the 21st century, estimates of native speakers ranged from 20,000 to 80,000 people. In the 2011 Census, these numbers had increased to 94,000 and 1.3 million, there are several thousand Irish speakers in Northern Ireland. It has been estimated that the active Irish-language scene probably comprises 5 to 10 per cent of Irelands population, there has been a significant increase in the number of urban Irish speakers, particularly in Dublin. In Gaeltacht areas, however, there has been a decline of the use of Irish. Údarás na Gaeltachta predicted that, by 2025, Irish will no longer be the language in any of the designated Gaeltacht areas. Survey data suggest that most Irish people think highly of Irish as a marker of identity. It has also argued that newer urban groups of Irish speakers are a disruptive force in this respect. In An Caighdeán Oifigiúil the name of the language is Gaeilge, before the spelling reform of 1948, this form was spelled Gaedhilge, originally this was the genitive of Gaedhealg, the form used in Classical Irish. Older spellings of this include Gaoidhealg in Classical Irish and Goídelc in Old Irish, the modern spelling results from the deletion of the silent dh in the middle of Gaedhilge, whereas Goidelic languages, used to refer to the language family including Irish, comes from Old Irish
6.
Irish Free State
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The Irish Free State was an independent state established in 1922 under the Anglo-Irish Treaty of December 1921. That treaty ended the three-year Irish War of Independence between the forces of the self-proclaimed Irish Republic, the Irish Republican Army, and British Crown forces, the Free State was established as a Dominion of the British Commonwealth of Nations. It comprised 26 of the 32 counties of Ireland, Northern Ireland, which comprised the remaining six counties, exercised its right under the Treaty to opt out of the new state. W. T. Cosgrave, who had led both of these governments since August 1922, became the first President of the Executive Council, the legislature consisted of Dáil Éireann and Seanad Éireann, also known as the Senate. Members of the Dáil were required to take an Oath of Allegiance, the oath was a key issue for opponents of the Treaty, who refused to take the oath and therefore did not take their seats. Pro-Treaty members, who formed Cumann na nGaedheal in 1923, held a majority in the Dáil from 1922 to 1927. In the first months of the Free State, the Irish Civil War was waged between the newly established National Army and the anti-Treaty IRA, who refused to recognise the state. The Civil War ended in victory for the government forces, with the anti-Treaty forces dumping its arms in May 1923, the anti-Treaty political party, Sinn Féin, refused to take its seats in the Dáil, leaving the relatively small Labour Party as the only opposition party. In 1926, when Sinn Féin president Éamon de Valera failed to have this policy reversed, he resigned from Sinn Féin, Fianna Fáil entered the Dáil following the 1927 general election, and entered government after the Irish general election,1932, when it became the largest party. De Valera abolished the Oath of Allegiance and embarked on a war with Britain. In 1937 he drafted a new constitution, which was passed by a referendum in July of that year, the Free State came to an end with the coming into force of the new constitution on 29 December 1937. Under the new constitution the Irish state was named Ireland, meanwhile, opposition increased to Irelands participation in World War I in Europe and the Middle East. This came about when the Irish Parliamentary Party supported the Allied cause in World War I in response to the passing of the Third Home Rule Bill in 1914. Many people had begun to doubt whether the Bill, passed by Westminster in September 1914 but suspended for the duration of the war, Sinn Féin, the Irish Party and all other Nationalist elements joined forces in opposition to the idea during the Conscription Crisis of 1918. At the same time the Irish Parliamentary lost in support on account of the crisis, Irish republicans felt further emboldened by successful anti-monarchical revolutions in the Russian Empire, the German Empire, and the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The Sinn Féin party, founded by Arthur Griffith in 1905, had espoused non-violent separatism, under Éamon de Valeras leadership from 1917, it campaigned aggressively and militantly for an Irish republic. On 21 January 1919, Sinn Féin MPs, refusing to sit at Westminster, assembled in Dublin and it affirmed the formation of an Irish Republic and passed a Declaration of Independence, the irish people is resolved. To promote the common weal, to re-establish justice, with equal rights and equal opportunity for every citizen
7.
Irish Literary Revival
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The Irish Literary Revival was a flowering of Irish literary talent in the late 19th and early 20th century. The literary movement was associated with a revival of interest in Irelands Gaelic heritage, the poetry of James Clarence Mangan and Samuel Ferguson and Standish James OGradys History of Ireland, Heroic Period were influential in shaping the minds of the following generations. In 1882 the Gaelic Union established the Gaelic Journal, the first important bilingual Irish periodical with the help of Douglas Hyde, the early literary revival had two geographic centres, in Dublin and in London, and William Butler Yeats travelled between the two, writing and organising. In 1888 he published Fairy and Folk Tales of the Irish Peasantry and he had been assisted by Douglas Hyde, whose Beside the Fire, a collection of folklore in Irish, was published in 1890. In London in 1892, along with T. W. Rolleston, back in Dublin he founded the National Literary Society in the same year, with Douglas Hyde as first President. Meanwhile, the more radical Arthur Griffith and William Rooney were active in the Irish Fireside Club, in 1893 Yeats published The Celtic Twilight, a collection of lore and reminiscences from the West of Ireland. The book closed with the poem Into the Twilight and it was this book and poem that gave the revival its nickname. In this year Hyde, Eugene OGrowney and Eoin MacNeill founded the Gaelic League and it was set up to encourage the preservation of Irish culture, its music, dances and language. Also in that year appeared Hydes The Love Songs of Connacht, Thomas A. Finlay founded the New Ireland Review, a literary magazine, in 1894, which he edited until 1911, when it was replaced by Studies. Many of the leading lights of the time contributed to it. In 1897 Hyde became editor, with T. W. Rolleston and Charles Gavan Duffy, of the New Irish Library, two years later Hyde published his Literary history of Ireland. Yeats, Lady Gregory and Edward Martyn published a Manifesto for Irish Literary Theatre in 1897, the Irish Literary Theatre was founded by Yeats, Lady Gregory and Martyn in 1899, with assistance from George Moore. It proposed to give performances in Dublin of Irish plays by Irish authors, the Fay brothers formed W. G. Fays Irish National Dramatic Company, focused on the development of Irish acting talent. The company produced works by Seumas OCuisin, Fred Ryan and Yeats and he then went on to write the first novel in Irish, while continuing to work on his great Irish-English dictionary. The Irish-language newspaper Banba was founded in 1901 with Tadhg Ó Donnchadha as editor, the following year he also became editor of the Gaelic Journal. In 1903 Yeats, Lady Gregory, George Russell, Edward Martyn, the Abbey Theatre was opened by this society in Abbey Street on 27 December 1904. Máire Nic Shiubhlaigh played the part in Cathleen Ni Houlihan. Yeats brother Jack painted portraits of all the figures in the society for the foyer
8.
Irish theatre
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The history of Irish theatre begins with the rise of the English administration in Dublin at the start of the 17th century. Over the next 400 years this small country was to make a contribution to drama in English. Many Dublin-based theatres developed links with their London equivalents and performers, however, almost all Irish playwrights from William Congreve to George Bernard Shaw found it necessary to leave their native island to establish themselves. At the beginning of the 20th century, theatres and theatre companies dedicated to the staging of Irish plays and this allowed many of the most significant Irish dramatists to learn their trade and establish their reputations in Ireland rather than in Great Britain or the United States. Mountjoy started a fashion, and private performances became quite commonplace in houses all over Ireland over the following thirty years. The Werburgh Street Theatre in Dublin is generally identified as the first custom-built theatre in the city, the only pre-Restoration playhouse outside London, in 1642, as a result of the English Civil War, Dublin Royalists were forced to flee the city. Many of them went to Kilkenny to join a confederacy of Old English and Irish that formed in that city, Kilkenny had a tradition of dramatic performance going back to 1366, and the Dublin company, much attenuated, set up in their new home. At least one new play was published in Kilkenny, A Tragedy of Colas Fury, OR, Lirendas Misery, with the restoration of the monarchy in 1661, John Ogilby was commissioned to design the triumphal arches and write masques for the new kings entrance into London. Ogilby was reinstated as Master of the Revels and returned to Dublin to open a new theatre in Smock Alley, although starting well, this new theatre was essentially under the control of the administration in Dublin Castle and staged mainly pro-Stuart works and Shakespearean classics. As a result, Irish playwrights and actors of real talent were drawn to London, an early example of this trend is William Congreve, one of the most important writers for the late 18th London stage. Although born in Yorkshire, Congreve grew up in Ireland and studied with Jonathan Swift in Kilkenny and at Trinity College, after graduating, Congreve moved to London to study law at the Temple and pursue a literary career. His first play, The Old Bachelor was sponsored by John Dryden, the last of these, The Way of the World is the one Congreve work regularly revived on the modern stage. However, at the time of its creation, it was a relative failure, with the accession to the throne of William of Orange, the whole ethos of Dublin Castle, including its attitude to the theatre, changed. Smock Alley stayed in existence until 1811 and new theatres, such as the Theatre Royal, Queens Theatre, however, the one constant for the next 200 years was that the main action in the history of Irish theatre happened outside Ireland itself, mainly in London. Goldsmith was born in Roscommon and grew up in rural surroundings. He entered Trinity College in 1745 and graduated in 1749 and this latter was a huge success and is still regularly revived. Sheridan was born in Dublin into a family with a strong literary and his mother was a writer and his father was manager of Smock Alley Theatre. The family moved to England in the 1750s, and Sheridan attended Harrow Public School and his first play, The Rivals 1775, was performed at Covent Garden and was an instant success
9.
W. B. Yeats
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William Butler Yeats was an Irish poet and one of the foremost figures of 20th-century literature. A pillar of both the Irish and British literary establishments, he helped to found the Abbey Theatre, Yeats was a driving force behind the Irish Literary Revival along with Lady Gregory, Edward Martyn and others. He was born in Sandymount, Ireland and educated there and in London and he spent childhood holidays in County Sligo and studied poetry from an early age when he became fascinated by Irish legends and the occult. These topics feature in the first phase of his work, which lasted roughly until the turn of the 20th century. His earliest volume of verse was published in 1889, and its slow-paced and lyrical poems display Yeatss debts to Edmund Spenser, Percy Bysshe Shelley, from 1900, his poetry grew more physical and realistic. He largely renounced the transcendental beliefs of his youth, though he remained preoccupied with physical and spiritual masks, in 1923, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature. Of Anglo-Irish descent, William Butler Yeats was born at Sandymount in County Dublin and his father, John Butler Yeats, was a descendant of Jervis Yeats, a Williamite soldier, linen merchant, and well-known painter who died in 1712. Benjamin Yeats, Jerviss grandson and Williams great-great-grandfather, had in 1773 married Mary Butler of a family in County Kildare. Following their marriage, they kept the name Butler in the family name, Mary was a descendant of the Butler of Ormond family from the Neigham Gowran branch of the family. They were descendants of the first Earls of Ormond, by his marriage, Williams father John Yeats was studying law but abandoned his studies to study art at Heatherleys Art School in London. His mother, Susan Mary Pollexfen, came from a merchant family in Sligo. Yeats was raised a member of the Protestant Ascendancy, which was at the time undergoing a crisis of identity. In 1997, his biographer R. F. Foster observed that Napoleons dictum that to understand the man you have to know what was happening in the world when he was twenty is manifestly true of W. B. Y. Yeatss childhood and young adulthood were shadowed by the power-shift away from the minority Protestant Ascendancy, the 1880s saw the rise of Charles Stewart Parnell and the home rule movement, the 1890s saw the momentum of nationalism, while the Catholics became prominent around the turn of the century. These developments had an effect on his poetry, and his subsequent explorations of Irish identity had a significant influence on the creation of his countrys biography. In 1867, the moved to England to aid their father, John. At first the Yeats children were educated at home and their mother entertained them with stories and Irish folktales. John provided an education in geography and chemistry, and took William on natural history explorations of the nearby Slough countryside
10.
Augusta, Lady Gregory
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Isabella Augusta, Lady Gregory was an Irish dramatist, folklorist and theatre manager. With William Butler Yeats and Edward Martyn, she co-founded the Irish Literary Theatre and the Abbey Theatre, Lady Gregory produced a number of books of retellings of stories taken from Irish mythology. Lady Gregory is mainly remembered for her work behind the Irish Literary Revival, Lady Gregorys motto was taken from Aristotle, To think like a wise man, but to express oneself like the common people. Gregory was born at Roxborough, County Galway, the youngest daughter of the Anglo-Irish gentry family Persse and she married Sir William Henry Gregory, a widower with an estate at Coole Park, near Gort, on 4 March 1880 in St Matthias Church, Dublin. Sir William, who was 35 years her elder, had just retired from his position as Governor of Ceylon, having previously served several terms as Member of Parliament for County Galway. He was a man with many literary and artistic interests. Their only child, Robert Gregory, was born in 1881, the Gregorys travelled in Ceylon, India, Spain, Italy and Egypt. While in Egypt, Lady Gregory had an affair with the English poet Wilfrid Scawen Blunt, during which she wrote a series of love poems, A Womans Sonnets. She later said of this booklet, whatever political indignation or energy was born with me may have run its course in that Egyptian year and worn itself out. Despite this, in 1893 she published A Phantoms Pilgrimage, or Home Ruin and she continued to write prose during the period of her marriage. She wrote a series of pamphlets in 1887 called Over the River, in which she appealed for funds for the parish of St. Stephens in Southwark and she also wrote a number of short stories in the years 1890 and 1891, although these also never appeared in print. A number of unpublished poems from this period have also survived, when Sir William Gregory died in March 1892, Lady Gregory went into mourning and returned to Coole Park where she edited her husbands autobiography, which she published in 1894. Loneliness made me rich—full, as Bacon says, a trip to Inisheer in the Aran Islands in 1893 re-awoke an interest in the Irish language and in the folklore of the area in which she lived. She organised Irish lessons at the school at Coole and began collecting tales from the area around her home, one of the tutors she employed, was Norma Borthwick, who would visit Coole numerous times. This activity led to the publication of a number of volumes of material, including A Book of Saints and Wonders, The Kiltartan History Book. She also produced a number of collections of Kiltartanese versions of Irish myths, including Cuchulain of Muirthemne and Gods, in his introduction to the former, Yeats wrote I think this book is the best that has come out of Ireland in my time. James Joyce was to parody this claim in the Scylla and Charybdis chapter of his novel Ulysses, towards the end of 1894, encouraged by the positive reception of the editing of her husbands autobiography, Lady Gregory turned her attention to another editorial project. She decided to prepare selections from Sir William Gregorys grandfathers correspondence for publication as Mr Gregorys Letter-Box 1813–30, Edward Martyn was a neighbour of Lady Gregorys, and it was during a visit to his home, Tullira Castle, in 1896 that she first met W. B
11.
John Millington Synge
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Edmund John Millington Synge was an Irish playwright, poet, prose writer, travel writer and collector of folklore. He was a key figure in the Irish Literary Revival and was one of the co-founders of the Abbey Theatre and he is best known for his play The Playboy of the Western World, which caused riots in Dublin during its opening run at the Abbey Theatre. Synge developed Hodgkins disease, a cancer that was then untreatable. He died several weeks short of his 38th birthday as he was trying to complete his last play, Synge was born in Newtown Villas, Rathfarnham, County Dublin, on 16 April 1871. He was the youngest son in a family of eight children and his parents were members of the Protestant upper middle class. His father, John Hatch Synge, who was a barrister, came from a family of landed gentry in Glanmore Castle and he was the uncle of brothers, mathematician John Lighton Synge and optical microscopy pioneer Edward Hutchinson Synge. Synges father contracted smallpox and died in 1872 at the age of 49, Synges mother moved the family to the house next door to her mothers house in Rathgar, County Dublin. Synge, although ill, had a happy childhood there. He developed an interest in bird-watching along the banks of the River Dodder and during holidays at the seaside resort of Greystones, County Wicklow. Synge was educated privately at schools in Dublin and Bray, and later studied piano, flute, violin, music theory and he travelled to the continent to study music, but changed his mind and decided to focus on literature. He was a student and won a scholarship in counterpoint in 1891. The family moved to the suburb of Kingstown in 1888, and Synge entered Trinity College, Dublin and he graduated with a BA in 1892, having studied Irish and Hebrew, as well as continuing his music studies and playing with the Academy Orchestra in the Antient Concert Rooms. Between November 1889 and 1894 he took music lessons with Robert Prescott Stewart. Synge joined the Dublin Naturalists Field Club and read the works of Charles Darwin and he wrote, When I was about fourteen I obtained a book of Darwins. My studies showed me the force of what I read, the more I put it from me the more it rushed back with new instances and power. Soon afterwards I turned my attention to works of Christian evidence, reading them at first with pleasure, soon with doubt and he then continued, Soon after I had relinquished the kingdom of God I began to take up a real interest in the kingdom of Ireland. Synge later developed an interest in Irish antiquities and the Aran Islands and he left the League because, as he told Maud Gonne, my theory of regeneration for Ireland differs from yours. I wish to work on my own for the cause of Ireland, in 1893 he published his first known work, a poem influenced by Wordsworth, Kottabos, A College Miscellany
12.
Tourism in Ireland
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Most tourists visiting Ireland come from the United Kingdom, the United States, Germany and France. These airlines, along with others, fly into all three of Irelands international airports, Shannon Airport, Dublin Airport and Cork Airport, Dublin Airport is by far the busiest, accounting for over 80% of passenger entering and leaving Ireland in 2011. Along with these there are several other regional airports in the country including Ireland West Airport Knock and Kerry Airport. At the moment there is one light rail system in the country. This system opened in 2004 and due to the number of people availing of it it was stated as being Dublins best public transport success story by Minister for Transport, the largest city in the Republic of Ireland is Dublin. Due to its proximity to Britain, it was the most important city in Ireland during the Tudor conquest of Ireland, as the British held a presence here for over 500 years, most of the historic buildings from the 1500s on were built by them. As Dublin Airport is located just outside the city, most international visitors to Ireland begin their stay here, in 2010, Dublin was awarded the title of UNESCO City of Literature, as many famous writers such as James Joyce and Samuel Beckett are from the city. Other Attractions St. Jamess Gate Brewery, a brewery founded in 1759 that produces Guinness and it is the second most visited tourist attraction in Ireland. Bloomsday, a festival of celebration into James Joyces life, during which the events of his novel Ulysses are relived and it is held annually in Dublin on 16 June. The Hapenny Bridge, a famous Victorian bridge spanning the River Liffey, croke Park, one of Europes biggest stadiums and principal stadium of the Gaelic Athletic Association. Temple Bar, an area on the side of the city that has preserved its medieval street pattern. It is now famous for its cultural and nightlife spots, Saint Stephens Green, a city centre public park. Situated on the southern coast of Ireland, Cork is the second biggest city in the country, due to a population explosion in the 1800s, many of its most famous buildings are from this era. In this period two cathedrals were built, Cathedral of St Mary and St Anne and Saint Fin Barres Cathedral, Cork Airport is located just outside the city and connects Cork to many European cities, although most flight routes are only available in the summer. Other Attractions Fota Wildlife Park, a zoo located just outside the city on Fota Island, Elizabeth Fort, a 17th-century star fort just off Barrack Street, originally built as a defensive fortification outside the city walls, it is now a tourist attraction. Cork Opera House, a house built in the 1850s. The English Market, a market that dates back to 1610. The market draws visitors from throughout the world, including a visit by Queen Elizabeth II during her 2011 state visit in 2011, University College Cork, a National University of Ireland, the grounds are popular with visitors due to the fact the River Lee flows through it
13.
George Moore (novelist)
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George Augustus Moore was an Irish novelist, short-story writer, poet, art critic, memoirist and dramatist. Moore came from a Roman Catholic landed family who lived at Moore Hall in Carra and he originally wanted to be a painter, and studied art in Paris during the 1870s. There, he befriended many of the leading French artists and writers of the day, as a naturalistic writer, he was amongst the first English-language authors to absorb the lessons of the French realists, and was particularly influenced by the works of Émile Zola. George Moores family had lived in Moore Hall, near Lough Carra, the house was built by his paternal great-grandfather—also called George Moore—who had made his fortune as a wine merchant in Alicante. The novelists grandfather was a friend of Maria Edgeworth, and author of An Historical Memoir of the French Revolution and his great-uncle, John Moore, was president of the Province of Connacht in the short-lived Irish Republic of 1798 during the Irish Rebellion of 1798. George Henry was renowned as a landlord, fought to uphold the rights of tenants. His estate consisted of 5000 ha in Mayo, with a further 40 ha in County Roscommon, George Moore was born in Moore Hall in 1852. As a child, Moore enjoyed the novels of Walter Scott and he spent a good deal of time outdoors with his brother, Maurice George Moore, and also became friendly with the young Willie and Oscar Wilde, who spent their summer holidays at nearby Moytura. Oscar was to later quip of Moore, He conducts his education in public, for a while George was left at Cliffs stables until his father decided to send George to his alma mater facilitated by his winnings. Moores formal education started at St. Marys College, Oscott and he spent all of 1864 at home, having contracted a lung infection brought about by a breakdown in his health. His academic performance was poor while he was hungry and unhappy, in January 1865, he returned to St. Marys College with his brother Maurice, where he refused to study as instructed and spent time reading novels and poems. That December the principal, Spencer Northcote, wrote a report that, by the summer of 1867 he was expelled, for idleness and general worthlessness, and returned to Mayo. His father once remarked, about George and his brother Maurice, in 1868, Moores father was again elected MP for Mayo and the family moved to London the following year. He was freed from any burden of education when his father died in 1870, Moore, though still a minor, inherited the family estate that was valued at £3,596. He handed it over to his brother Maurice to manage and in 1873, on attaining his majority and it took him several attempts to find an artist who would accept him as a pupil. Monsieur Jullian, who had previously been a shepherd and circus masked man, at Académie Jullian he met Lewis Weldon Hawkins who became Moores flat-mate and whose trait, as a failed artist, show up in Moores own characters. While still in Paris his first book, a collection of poems called The Flowers of Passion, was self-published in 1877. The poems were derivative, maliciously reviewed by the critics who were offended by some of the depravities in store for moralistic readers and was withdrawn by Moore
14.
Pearse Street
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Pearse Street is one of the longest streets in Dublin and varies in use along its length. It is named after the Irish revolutionaries, Patrick Pearse and his brother William and it was previously called Great Brunswick Street. Its western end meets College Street near Townsend Street, here, on the northern side, there is a Garda station, followed by the headquarters of the Dublin Fire Brigade with the Central Fire Station. The Trinity City Hotel is over and beside the fire station, office buildings are on the southern side of the street, followed by Trinity College, Dublin. These offices of the Department of Social Protection are on the site of the Queens Theatre, the DART crosses Pearse street beside St. Marks church, and east of that is the former Antient Concert Rooms where W. B, yeats’ play The Countess Cathleen was first performed 8 May 1899 and James Joyce won an award for singing at the Feis Ceoil 16 May 1904. Further east along the street is the Pearse Street Public Library, which has the Gilbert Library, the street is then named Ringsend Road, and later Bridge Street around Ringsend Bridge on its continuation into Dublin 4. The Cuban embassy is located there, architect Thomas Francis McNamara had offices at No.192 Great Brunswick Street from 1911 to 1927. Frederick Saunders, Chief Pump Monitor, the Dublin Water Department 1931-1942 List of streets, marks Church Views critical of TCDs maintenance of part of Pearse Street
15.
Gaiety Theatre, Dublin
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The Gaiety Theatre is a theatre on South King Street in Dublin, Ireland, off Grafton Street and close to St. Stephens Green. It specialises in operatic and musical productions, with occasional dramatic shows, designed by architect C. J. Patrick Wall and Louis Elliman bought the theatre in 1936 and ran it for several decades with local actors and actresses. They sold it in 1965, and in the 1960s and the 1970s the theatre was run by Fred ODonovan, in the 1990s Groundwork Productions took on the lease and the theatre was eventually bought by the Break for the Border Group. The Gaiety was purchased by music promoter Denis Desmond and his wife Caroline in the late 1990s, the Department of Arts, Sport and Tourism also contributed to this restoration fund. Performers and playwrights associated with the theatre have been celebrated with hand-prints cast in bronze and these handprints include those of Luciano Pavarotti, Brendan Grace, Maureen Potter, Twink, John B Keane, Anna Manahan, Niall Toibin and Brian Friel. The theatre played host to the 1971 Eurovision Song Contest, the first to be staged in Ireland, Clodagh Rodgers later presented her RTÉ TV series The Clodagh Rodgers Show from the theatre in the late 1970s. The Gaiety is known for its annual Christmas pantomime and has hosted a pantomime every year since 1874, actor and director Alan Stanford directed both Gaiety productions of Snow White and Sleeping Beauty. The musical director for the past several shows has been Peter Beckett, Irish entertainer June Rodgers starred in the Gaiety pantomime for years, until she began to headline the equally established Olympia Theatre panto. The Gaiety shows have included Irish performers that appeal to home grown audiences, pantomimes in the 21st century have included versions of, Mother Goose, Beauty and the Beast, Cinderella, Jack and the Beanstalk, Aladdin, Robinson Crusoe, Peter Pan, Red Riding Hood
16.
George William Russell
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George William Russell who wrote with the pseudonym Æ, was an Irish writer, editor, critic, poet, artistic painter and Irish nationalist. He was also a writer on mysticism, and a figure in the group of devotees of theosophy which met in Dublin for many years. Russell was born in Lurgan, County Armagh, second son of Thomas Russell and his father, the son of a small farmer, became an employee of Thomas Bell and Co, a prosperous firm of linen drapers. The family relocated to Dublin, where his father had a new offer of employment, the death of his much loved sister Mary, aged 18, was a blow from which it took him a long time to recover. He was educated at Rathmines School and the Metropolitan School of Art, in the 1880s, Russell lived at the Theosophical Society lodge at 3, Upper Ely Place, sharing rooms with H. M. Magee, the brother of William Kirkpatrick Magee. Russell started working as a clerk, then for many years worked for the Irish Agricultural Organisation Society. In 1897 Plunkett needed an able organiser and W. B, Yeats suggested Russell, who became Assistant Secretary of the IAOS. In 1898 he married Violet North, they had two surviving sons, Brian and Diarmuid, as well as a son who died soon after birth. While his marriage was rumoured to be unhappy, all his friends agreed that Violets death in 1932 was a blow to Russell. Russell and Plunkett made a team, with each gaining much from the association with the other. As an officer of the IAOS he could not express opinions freely. During the 1913 Dublin Lock-out he wrote an letter to the Irish Times criticizing the attitude of the employers, then spoke on it in England. He became involved in the anti-partition Irish Dominion League when Plunkett founded the body in 1919, Russell was editor from 1905 to 1923 of the Irish Homestead, the journal of the IAOS. His gifts as a writer and publicist gained him an influence in the cause of agricultural co-operation. He then became editor of the The Irish Statesman, the paper of the Irish Dominion League, unbeknownst to him meetings and collections were organized and later that year at Plunkett House he was presented by Father T. Finlay with a cheque for £800. This enabled him to visit the United States the next year and he used the pseudonym AE, or more properly, Æ. This derived from an earlier Æon signifying the lifelong quest of man and he appears as a character with Lizzie Twigg in the Scylla and Charybdis episode of Joyces Ulysses, where he dismisses Stephens theories on Shakespeare. His collected poems was published in 1913, with an edition in 1926
17.
Maud Gonne
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Maud Gonne MacBride was an English-born Irish revolutionary, suffragette and actress. Of Anglo-Irish stock and birth, she was won over to Irish nationalism by the plight of evicted people in the Land Wars and she also actively agitated for Home Rule. After her mother died while Maud was still a child, her father sent her to a school in France to be educated. The Gonnes came from Co Mayo, but my grandfather was disinherited and sought fortune abroad trading in Spanish wine. My grandfather was head of a firm with houses in London. In 1882 her father, an officer, was posted to Dublin. She accompanied him and remained with him until his death and she returned to France after a bout of tuberculosis and fell in love with a right wing politician, Lucien Millevoye. They agreed to fight for Irish independence and to regain Alsace-Lorraine for France and she returned to Ireland and worked tirelessly for the release of Irish political prisoners from jail. In 1889, she first met William Butler Yeats, who fell in love with her, in 1890 she returned to France where she once again met Millevoye. In 1889 she had a son, Georges, with Millevoye, he died, possibly of meningitis, Gonne was distraught, and buried him in a large memorial chapel built for him with money she had inherited. Her distress remained with her, in her will she asked for Georgess baby shoes to be interred with her, in Dublin, London and Paris she was attracted to the occultist and spiritualist worlds deeply important to Yeats, asking his friends about the reality of reincarnation. In 1891 she briefly joined the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn, Gonne separated from Millevoye after Georges death, but in late 1893 she arranged to meet him at the mausoleum in Samois-sur-Seine and, next to the coffin, they had sexual intercourse. Her purpose was to conceive a baby with the same father, in August 1894 Gonnes daughter Iseult was born. During the 1890s Gonne travelled extensively throughout England, Wales, Scotland, in 1899 her relationship with Millevoye ended. Gonne, in opposition to the attempts of the British to gain the loyalty of the young Irish during the early 1900s, was known to hold special receptions for children. She, along with volunteers, fought to preserve the Irish culture during the period of Britains colonization. They decided to combat in every way English influence doing so much injury to the artistic taste, in 1897, along with Yeats and Arthur Griffith, she organised protests against Queen Victorias Diamond Jubilee. In April 1902, she took a role in Yeatss play Cathleen Ní Houlihan
18.
Annie Horniman
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Annie Elizabeth Fredericka Horniman CH was an English theatre patron and manager. She established the Abbey Theatre in Dublin and founded the first regional theatre company in Britain at the Gaiety Theatre in Manchester. She encouraged the work of new writers and playwrights, including W. B, Yeats, George Bernard Shaw and members of what became known as the Manchester School of dramatists. Annie Horniman was born at Surrey Mount, Forest Hill, London, in 1860 and her father was a tea merchant and the founder of the Horniman Museum, her grandfather was John Horniman who founded the family tea business of Horniman and Company. Annie and her younger brother Elmslie were educated privately at their home, annies father allowed her to enter the Slade School of Fine Art in 1882. Here she discovered that her talent in art was limited but she developed other interests, particularly in the theatre and she took great pleasure in Wagners Ring cycle and in Ibsens plays. She cycled in London and twice over the Alps, smoked in public, the lonely rich girl had become an independent-minded woman. In 1890 she joined the society, the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn. During this time she met and became a friend of W. B, Yeats, acting as his amanuensis for some years. Their friendship endured, Frank OConnor recalled that on the day Yeats heard of her death, annies first venture into the theatre was in 1894 was made possible by a legacy from her grandfather. She anonymously supported her friend Florence Farr in a season of new plays at the Avenue Theatre and this included a new play by Yeats, The Land of Hearts Desire, and the première of George Bernard Shaws play Arms and the Man. In 1903 Yeats persuaded her to go to Dublin to back productions by the Irish National Theatre Society, here she discovered her skill as a theatre administrator. She bought a property and developed it into the Abbey Theatre, although she moved back to live in England she continued to support the theatre financially until 1910. Meanwhile, in Manchester she had purchased and renovated the Gaiety Theatre in 1908, at the Gaiety she appointed Ben Iden Payne as the director and employed actors on 40-week contracts, alternating their work between large and small parts. The plays produced included classics such as Euripides and Shakespeare, and she introduced works by playwrights such as Ibsen. She also encouraged local writers who formed what was known as the Manchester School of dramatists, the Gaiety company undertook tours of America and Canada in 1912 and 1913. Annie became a public figure in Manchester, lecturing on subjects which included womens suffrage. In 1910 she was awarded the degree of MA by Manchester University
19.
George Bernard Shaw
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He wrote more than sixty plays, including major works such as Man and Superman, Pygmalion and Saint Joan. With a range incorporating both contemporary satire and historical allegory, Shaw became the leading dramatist of his generation, born in Dublin, Shaw moved to London in 1873, where he established himself as a writer and novelist. By the mid-1880s he was a theatre and music critic. Following a political awakening, he joined the gradualist Fabian Society, Shaw had been writing plays for years before his first public success, 1894s Arms and the Man. Influenced by Henrik Ibsen, he sought to introduce a new realism into English-language drama, using his plays as vehicles to disseminate his political, social and religious ideas. By the early twentieth century his reputation as a dramatist was secured with a series of critical and popular successes that included Major Barbara, The Doctors Dilemma and Caesar, Shaws expressed views were often contentious, he promoted eugenics and alphabet reform while opposing vaccination and organised religion. He courted unpopularity by denouncing both sides in the First World War as equally culpable and he castigated British policy on Ireland in the postwar period, and became a citizen of the Irish Free State in 1934, maintaining dual citizenship. He was prolific, finishing during the years a series of often ambitious plays which achieved varying degrees of popular success. Since Shaws death, opinion has varied about his works and he has at times been rated as second only to William Shakespeare among English-language dramatists, analysts recognise his extensive influence on generations of playwrights. The word Shavian has entered the language as encapsulating Shaws ideas, Shaw was born at 3 Upper Synge Street in Portobello, a lower-middle-class part of Dublin. He was the youngest child and only son of George Carr Shaw and his elder siblings were Lucinda Frances and Elinor Agnes. The Shaw family was of English descent and belonged to the dominant Protestant Ascendancy in Ireland, George Carr Shaw and his relatives secured him a sinecure in the civil service, from which he was pensioned off in the early 1850s, thereafter he worked irregularly as a corn merchant. In 1852 he married Bessie Gurly, in the view of Shaws biographer Michael Holroyd she married to escape a tyrannical great-aunt, if, as Holroyd and others surmise, Georges motives were mercenary, then he was disappointed, as Bessie brought him little of her familys money. She came to despise her ineffectual and often drunken husband, with whom she shared what their son later described as a life of shabby-genteel poverty. By the time of Shaws birth, his mother had become close to George John Lee, Shaw retained a lifelong obsession that Lee might have been his biological father, there is no consensus among Shavian scholars on the likelihood of this. The young Shaw suffered no harshness from his mother, but he recalled that her indifference. He found solace in the music that abounded in the house, Lee was a conductor and teacher of singing, Bessie had a fine mezzo-soprano voice and was much influenced by Lees unorthodox method of vocal production. The Shaws house was filled with music, with frequent gatherings of singers and players
20.
Arms and the Man
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Arms and the Man is a comedy by George Bernard Shaw, whose title comes from the opening words of Virgils Aeneid, in Latin, Arma virumque cano. Arms and the Man was one of Shaws first commercial successes and he was called onto stage after the curtain, where he received enthusiastic applause. Amidst the cheers, one audience member booed, Shaw replied, in characteristic fashion, My dear fellow, I quite agree with you, but what are we two against so many. Arms and the Man is a play that shows the futility of war. The play takes place during the 1885 Serbo-Bulgarian War and its heroine, Raina Petkoff, is a young Bulgarian woman engaged to Sergius Saranoff, one of the heroes of that war, whom she idolizes. When Russian/Bulgarian troops burst in to search the house for him and he asks her to remember that nine soldiers out of ten are born fools. When the search dies down, Raina and her mother Catherine sneak Bluntschli out of the house, Raina begins to find Sergius both foolhardy and tiresome, but she hides it. Bluntschli unexpectedly returns so that he can give back the old housecoat, Raina and her mother are shocked, especially when her father and Sergius reveal that they have met Bluntschli before and invite him to stay for lunch. Afterwards, left alone with Bluntschli, Raina realizes that he sees through her romantic posturing, Bluntschli gets a telegram informing him of his fathers death and revealing to him his now-enormous inheritance. Louka then tells Sergius that Bluntschli is the man whom Raina protected, Sergius challenges Bluntschli to a duel, but Bluntschli avoids fighting and Sergius and Raina break off their engagement. While Raina is now unattached, Bluntschli protests that—being 34 and believing she is 17—he is too old for her, on learning that she is actually 23, he immediately proposes marriage and proves his wealth and position by listing his inheritance from the telegram. Raina, realizing the hollowness of her ideals, protests that she would prefer her poor chocolate-cream soldier to this wealthy businessman. George Orwell said that Arms and the Man was written when Shaw was at the height of his powers as a dramatist and it is probably the wittiest play he ever wrote, the most flawless technically, and in spite of being a very light comedy, the most telling. Orwell says that Arms and the Man wears well—he was writing 50 years later—because its moral—that war is not a wonderful and his other plays of the period, equally well written, are about issues no longer controversial. For example, the theme of Mrs, the first Broadway production opened on 17 September 1894 at New York Citys Herald Square Theatre. Since then there have been six Broadway revivals, two of which are listed below. Olivier thought Sergius a humbug, a buffoon, a blackguard, a coward, olivier, spurred and moustachioed, was high camp, Robert Tanitch. A revival production ran at New York Citys Arena Theatre from 19 October 1950 to 21 January 1951, the cast included Lee Grant as Raina, Francis Lederer as Bluntschli and Sam Wanamaker as Sergius
21.
Letters patent
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Letters patent can be used for the creation of corporations or government offices, or for the granting of city status or a coat of arms. Letters patent are issued for the appointment of representatives of the Crown, such as governors and governors-general of Commonwealth realms, in the United Kingdom they are also issued for the creation of peers of the realm. A particular form of letters patent has evolved into the modern patent granting exclusive rights in an invention. e, the opposite of letters patent are letters close, which are personal in nature and sealed so that only the recipient can read their contents. Letters patent are thus comparable to other kinds of open letter in that their audience is wide, letters patent are so named from the Latin verb pateo, to lie open, exposed, accessible. The originators seal was attached pendent from the document, so that it did not have to be broken in order for the document to be read. Thus letters patent do not equate to a letter but rather to any form of document, deed, contract, letter, despatch, edict, decree. Letters patent are a form of open or public proclamation and an exercise of extra-parliamentary power by a monarch or president. Prior to the establishment of Parliament, the monarch ruled absolutely by the issuing of his written orders. They can thus be contrasted with the Act of Parliament, which is in effect an order by Parliament. No explicit government approval is contained within letters patent, only the seal or signature of the monarch, in their original form they were simply written instructions or orders from the sovereign, whose order was law, which were made public to reinforce their effect. According to the United Kingdom Ministry of Justice, there are 92 different types of letters patent. The Patent Rolls are made up of copies of English royal letters patent. In 1634, during the Thirty Years War, the Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II became convinced that his general Albrecht von Wallenstein was plotting treason, on 24 January 1634 the Emperor signed a secret patent removing him from his command. Finally an open patent, charging Wallenstein with high treason, was signed on 18 February, in the patent, Ferdinand II ordered to have Wallenstein brought under arrest to Vienna, dead or alive. On the basis of patent, several of Wallensteins officers assassinated him and were rewarded by the Emperor. The form of patent for creating peerages has been fixed by the Crown Office Order 1992. Part III of the schedule lays down nine pro forma texts for creating various ranks of the peerage, lords of appeal in ordinary, gender-specific differences are highlighted in italics. In Commonwealth realms, letters patent are issued under the powers of the head of state
22.
Jack Butler Yeats
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John Jack Butler Yeats was an Irish artist and Olympic medalist. Butlers early style was that of an illustrator, he began to work regularly in oils in 1906. His early pictures are simple lyrical depictions of landscapes and figures, Yeatss work contains elements of Romanticism. Yeats was born in London, England and he was the youngest son of Irish portraitist John Butler Yeats and the brother of W. B. Yeats, who received the 1923 Nobel Prize in Literature and he grew up in Sligo with his maternal grandparents, before returning to his parents home in London in 1887. In 1894 he married Mary Cottenham, also a native of England, from around 1920, he developed into an intensely Expressionist artist, moving from illustration to Symbolism. He was sympathetic to the Irish Republican cause, but not politically active, Samuel Beckett wrote that Yeats is with the great of our time. Because he brings light, as only the great dare to bring light and his favourite subjects included the Irish landscape, horses, circus and travelling players. He frequently abandoned the brush altogether, applying paint in a variety of different ways, despite his position as the most important Irish artist of the 20th century, he took no pupils and allowed no one to watch him work, so he remains a unique figure. The artist closest to him in style is his friend, the Austrian painter, besides painting, Yeats had a significant interest in theatre and in literature. He was a friend of Samuel Beckett. He designed sets for the Abbey Theatre, and three of his own plays were produced there. He wrote novels in a stream of consciousness style that Joyce acknowledged and his literary works include The Careless Flower, The Amaranthers, Ah Well, A Romance in Perpetuity, And To You Also, and The Charmed Life. Yeatss paintings usually bear poetic and evocative titles, indeed, his father recognized that Jack was a far better painter than he, and also believed that some day I will be remembered as the father of a great poet, and the poet is Jack. He was elected a member of the Royal Hibernian Academy in 1916 and he died in Dublin in 1957, and was buried in Mount Jerome Cemetery. Yeats holds the distinction of being Irelands first medalist at the Olympic Games in the wake of creation of the Irish Free State, at the 1924 Summer Olympics in Paris, Yeats painting The Liffey Swim won a silver medal in the arts and culture segment of the Games. In the competition records the painting is simply entitled Swimming, in November 2010, one of Yeatss works, A Horseman Enters a Town at Night, painted in 1948 and previously owned by novelist Graham Greene, sold for nearly £350,000 at a Christies auction in London. A smaller work, Man in a Room Thinking, painted in 1947, in 1999 the painting, The Wild Ones, had sold at Sothebys in London for over £1. 2m, the highest price yet paid for a Yeats painting
23.
Sarah Purser
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Sarah Henrietta Purser was an Irish artist mainly noted for her work with stained glass. She was born in Kingstown in County Dublin, and raised in Dungarvan and she was educated in Switzerland and afterwards studied at the Metropolitan School of Art in Dublin and in Paris at the Académie Julian. She worked mostly as a portraitist and she was also associated with the stained glass movement, founding a stained glass workshop, An Túr Gloine, in 1903. In 1977 Bruce Arnold noted some of her finest and most sensitive work was not strictly portraiture, for example, An Irish Idyll in the Ulster Museum, Sarah Purser became wealthy through astute investments, particularly in Guinness. She was very active in the art world in Dublin and was involved in the setting up of the Hugh Lane Municipal Gallery, in 1923 she became the first female member of the Royal Hibernian Academy. Until her death she lived for years in Mespil House, a Georgian mansion with beautiful plaster ceilings on Mespil Road and it was demolished after she died and developed into apartments. She was buried in Mount Jerome Cemetery, list of Irish artists Sarah Purser at the Princess Grace Irish Library Bruce Arnold. Irish art, a concise history London, Thames and Hudson, the Life and Work of Sarah Purser Four Courts Press. 4 Painting by or after Sarah Purser at the Art UK site
24.
Ben Iden Payne
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Ben Iden Payne, also known as B. Iden Payne, was an English actor, director and teacher and his name lives on as the name of a theater at the University of Texas as well as annual acting awards presented in Austin, Texas. Born September 5,1881, in Newcastle-on-Tyne, he was raised and educated in Manchester and he was the youngest of four children. His father, a Unitarian minister, died at age 52, as a young child, the first Shakespeare play he saw was a touring production of Twelfth Night. Too young to understand much of the play, he described himself as being enchanted by the actress who played Viola, during his second year at the Manchester Grammar School he appeared in his first Shakespearean role, as Bassanio in The Merchant of Venice. Soon thereafter, he saw a production of the play performed in Manchester by the touring company of Henry Irving. Mr. Irving played Shylock and Ellen Terry performed as Portia, after a four-week trial engagement with Benson, Payne spent a season touring Britain with a much smaller company, Mademoiselle Gratienne. He returned to Benson the next year, but this engagement was cut short when a fire at the Theatre Royal in Newcastle upon Tyne destroyed the stock of scenery. Payne signed on with the troupe of Carlyon and Charlton. In 1902, he returned to Benson, where he worked both as an actor and an assistant stage manager, his first non-acting theatrical experience, and Mrs. A. B. Tapping, Norman V. Norman, Madge McIntosh and the Shakespearean actor Ian Maclarean. During that period, he married the actress Mona Limerick and had a son, as the tour with McIntosh petered out, Payne interviewed with the famous director and producer, Harley Granville-Barker. Granville-Barker referred him to Cyril Keightley, who took him on tour to Ireland, shortly thereafter, and unexpectedly, Payne was approached by William Butler Yeats, one of the Directors of the Abbey Theatre, Dublin. Payne met with Yeats and the two directors of the Abbey, Lady Gregory and J. M. Synge, for an interview the weekend that Synges masterpiece, The Playboy of the Western World. Payne was engaged as director of The Abbey Theatre. The engagement lasted only a few months, after taking the company on a British tour from Glasgow, Scotland to London and he maintained a friendship with Yeats. The day after resigning his position with the Abbey, he received a note from Horniman and she was unhappy with her relationship with the Irish National Theatre and she wanted to sponsor a new theatrical venture, under Paynes direction. Payne proposed establishing a company in Manchester, a major provincial city in England. With Hornimans funding he established the Manchester Repertory Company, the first true repertory company in theatre in England and he directed many of the early plays of George Bernard Shaw and John Galsworthy
25.
Manchester
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Manchester is a major city and metropolitan borough in Greater Manchester, England, with a population of 514,414 as of 2013. It lies within the United Kingdoms second-most populous urban area, with a population of 2.55 million, Manchester is fringed by the Cheshire Plain to the south, the Pennines to the north and east and an arc of towns with which it forms a continuous conurbation. The local authority is Manchester City Council and it was historically a part of Lancashire, although areas of Cheshire south of the River Mersey were incorporated during the 20th century. Throughout the Middle Ages Manchester remained a township but began to expand at an astonishing rate around the turn of the 19th century. Manchesters unplanned urbanisation was brought on by a boom in textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution, Manchester achieved city status in 1853. The Manchester Ship Canal opened in 1894, creating the Port of Manchester and its fortunes declined after the Second World War, owing to deindustrialisation. The city centre was devastated in a bombing in 1996, but it led to extensive investment, in 2014, the Globalization and World Cities Research Network ranked Manchester as a beta world city, the highest-ranked British city apart from London. Manchester is the third-most visited city in the UK and it is notable for its architecture, culture, musical exports, media links, scientific and engineering output, social impact, sports clubs and transport connections. Manchester Liverpool Road railway station was the worlds first inter-city passenger railway station and in the city scientists first split the atom, the name Manchester originates from the Latin name Mamucium or its variant Mancunium and the citizens are still referred to as Mancunians. These are generally thought to represent a Latinisation of an original Brittonic name, both meanings are preserved in languages derived from Common Brittonic, mam meaning breast in Irish and mother in Welsh. The suffix -chester is a survival of Old English ceaster and their territory extended across the fertile lowland of what is now Salford and Stretford. Central Manchester has been settled since this time. A stabilised fragment of foundations of the version of the Roman fort is visible in Castlefield. After the Roman withdrawal and Saxon conquest, the focus of settlement shifted to the confluence of the Irwell, much of the wider area was laid waste in the subsequent Harrying of the North. Thomas de la Warre, lord of the manor, founded and constructed a church for the parish in 1421. The church is now Manchester Cathedral, the premises of the college house Chethams School of Music. The library, which opened in 1653 and is open to the public today, is the oldest free public reference library in the United Kingdom. Manchester is mentioned as having a market in 1282, around the 14th century, Manchester received an influx of Flemish weavers, sometimes credited as the foundation of the regions textile industry
26.
Padraic Colum
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Padraic Colum was an Irish poet, novelist, dramatist, biographer, playwright, childrens author and collector of folklore. He was one of the figures of the Irish Literary Revival. Colum was born Patrick Columb in a County Longford workhouse, where his father worked and he was the first of eight children born to Patrick and Susan Columb. When the father lost his job in 1889, he moved to the United States to participate in the Colorado gold rush, Padraic and his mother and siblings remained in Ireland. When the father returned in 1892, the moved to Glasthule, near Dublin. His son attended the national school. When Susan Columb died in 1897, the family was split up. Padraic and one remained in Dublin, while their father. Colum finished school the year and at the age of seventeen. He stayed in this job until 1903, during this period, Colum started to write and met a number of the leading Irish writers of the time, including W. B. He also joined the Gaelic League and was a member of the first board of the Abbey Theatre and he became a regular user of the National Library of Ireland, where he met James Joyce and the two became lifelong friends. During the riots caused by the Abbey Theatres production of The Playboy of the Western World, Padraic Colums father, Padraic himself was not engaged in the protests, although he did pay his fathers fine afterwards. He collected Irish folk songs, and sometimes rewrote them almost in their entirety, Colum based his poem on one surviving line, while his collaborator, the musicologist Herbert Hughes noted the tune. He was awarded a scholarship by a wealthy American benefactor. He used it to read, study and write and he did not attend University College Dublin, or any other University as a student. He was awarded a prize by Cumann na nGaedheal for his anti-enlistment play, through his plays he became involved with the National Theatre Society and became involved in the founding of the Abbey Theatre, writing several of its early productions. His first play, Broken Soil was performed by W. G. Fays Irish National Dramatic Company, the Land, was one of that theatres first great public successes. He wrote another important play for the Abbey named Thomas Muskerry and his earliest published poems appeared in The United Irishman, a paper edited by Arthur Griffith
27.
Oliver St. John Gogarty
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Oliver Joseph St John Gogarty was an Irish poet, author, otolaryngologist, athlete, politician, and well-known conversationalist. He served as the inspiration for Buck Mulligan in James Joyces novel Ulysses, Gogarty was born 17 August 1878 in Rutland Square, Dublin, the eldest child of Henry Gogarty, a well-to-do Dublin physician, and Margaret Gogarty, the daughter of a Galway mill owner. In 1887 Gogartys father died of a burst appendix, and Gogarty was sent to Mungret College, a boarding school near Limerick. He was unhappy in his new school, and the year he transferred to Stonyhurst College in Lancashire, England. Gogarty returned to Ireland in 1896 and boarded at Clongowes Wood College while studying for examinations with the Royal University of Ireland. He was an athlete, in England he had briefly played for the Preston North End FC Reserve. He also played on Clongowess soccer and cricket elevens, as one of Dublins medicos, Gogarty was known to be fond of public pranks and midnight carousing in the Kips, Dublins red-light district. He had a talent for humorous and bawdy verse, which made the rounds through the city. He also enjoyed a highly successful cycling career before being banned from the tracks in 1901 for bad language and he became interested in Irish nationalism after meeting Arthur Griffith in 1899, and contributed propaganda pieces to The United Irishman over subsequent years. A serious interest in poetry and literature began to manifest itself during his years at Trinity. In 1900 he made the acquaintance of W. B, yeats and of George Moore and began to frequent Dublin literary circles. He also formed friendships with other up-and-coming young poets, such as Seamus OSullivan. In 1904 he spent two terms at Oxford to compete for the Newdigate Prize, but lost to G. K. A, bell, the future Bishop of Chichester, who became a friend and frequent correspondent over the next few years. Upon returning to Dublin in the summer of 1904, Gogarty made arrangements to rent the famous Martello Tower in Sandycove, the primary goal of this scheme, as described by Gogarty in a letter to G. K. A. Bell, was to house the Bard, who was without money, the two friends quarrelled in August, however, and Joyce either failed to move in or left shortly after doing so. Joyce briefly took up residence in the Tower the following month, together with Gogarty and his Oxford friend Samuel Chenevix Trench, forty years later in America, Gogarty would attribute Joyces abrupt departure to his and S. C. Trenchs midnight antics with a loaded revolver, Gogarty made use of the Martello Tower during the following year as a writing retreat and party venue, and officially held the lease until 1925. In 1904 and 1905 Gogarty published several poems in the London publication The Venture
28.
Thomas MacDonagh
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Thomas MacDonagh was an Irish political activist, poet, playwright, educationalist and revolutionary leader. He was executed for his part in the Rising at the age of thirty-eight, MacDonagh was assistant headmaster at St. Endas School, Scoil Éanna, and lecturer in English at University College Dublin. He was a member of the Gaelic League, where he befriended Patrick Pearse and he was a founding member of the Irish Volunteers with MacNeill and Pearse. He was born, as Joseph McDonagh, in Cloughjordan, County Tipperary, to Joseph McDonagh, a schoolmaster and he grew up in a household filled with music, poetry and learning and was instilled with a love of both English and Irish culture from a young age. Both his parents were teachers, who strongly emphasised education, while there MacDonagh spent several years as a scholastic, sometimes a preparation for a missionary career, however, after a few years he realised that it wasnt the life for him, and left. Very soon after, he published his first book of poems, Through the Ivory Gate, while in Fermoy, MacDonagh was one of the founding members of ASTI, the secondary teachers association which was formed in the Fermoy College in 1908. He moved to Dublin, soon establishing strong friendships with men as Eoin MacNeill. He was one of the founders of the trade union ASTI. MacDonagh was essential to the early success, on his marriage he took the position of lecturer in English at the National University. MacDonagh remained devoted to the Irish language, and in 1910 he became tutor to a member of the Gaelic League. The two were both poets with an interest in the Irish Theatre, and formed a lifelong friendship, on 3 January 1912 he married Muriel Gifford, their son, Donagh, was born that November, and their daughter, Barbara, in March 1915. Muriels sister, Grace Gifford, was to marry Joseph Mary Plunkett hours before his execution in 1916, in 1913 both MacDonagh and Plunkett attended the inaugural meeting of the Irish Volunteers and joined its Provisional Committee. MacDonagh was later appointed Commandant of Dublins 2nd battalion, and eventually made commandant of the entire Dublin Brigade. Around this time Tom Clarke asked him to plan the funeral of Jeremiah ODonovan Rossa. Though credited as one of the Easter Risings seven leaders, MacDonagh was an addition to that group. He didnt join the secret Military Council that planned the rising until April 1916, the reason for his admittance at such a late date is uncertain. Still a relative newcomer to the IRB, men such as Clarke may have been hesitant to elevate him to such a position too soon. His close ties to Pearse and Plunkett may have been the cause, nevertheless, MacDonagh was a signatory of the Proclamation of the Republic
29.
Edward Plunkett, 18th Baron of Dunsany
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Edward John Moreton Drax Plunkett, 18th Baron of Dunsany was an Anglo-Irish writer and dramatist, notable for his work, mostly in fantasy, published under the name Lord Dunsany. More than eighty books of his work were published, and his oeuvre includes many hundreds of published stories, as well as successful plays, novels. He is best known for his 1924 fantasy novel The King of Elflands Daughter and he achieved great fame and success with his early short stories and plays, and during the 1910s was considered one of the greatest living writers of the English-speaking world. Born and raised in London, to the second-oldest title in the Irish peerage, Dunsany lived much of his life at what may be Irelands longest-inhabited house, Dunsany Castle near Tara, worked with W. B. Yeats and Lady Gregory, received a doctorate from Trinity College, Dublin, was chess and pistol-shooting champion of Ireland. He died in Dublin after an attack of appendicitis, from a historically wealthy and famous family, Dunsany was related to many well-known Irish figures. He was a kinsman of the Catholic Saint Oliver Plunkett, the martyred Archbishop of Armagh and he was also related to the prominent Anglo-Irish unionist and later nationalist, Home Rule politician the Hon. Sir Horace Curzon Plunkett PC, KCVO, FRS, DL, JP and George Noble Plunkett, Papal Count and Republican politician, father of Joseph Mary Plunkett and his mother was a cousin of Sir Richard Burton, and he inherited from her considerable height, being 64. Plunketts only sibling, a brother, from whom he was later estranged, was the noted British naval officer. Edward Plunkett grew up at the properties, most notably Dunstall Priory in Shoreham, Kent and Dunsany Castle in County Meath. His schooling was at Cheam, Eton College and finally the Royal Military College, Sandhurst, the title passed to him at his fathers death at a fairly young age, in 1899, and Dunsany returned to Dunsany Castle after war duty, in 1901. In 1903, he met Lady Beatrice Child Villiers, youngest daughter of the 7th Earl of Jersey, living at Osterley Park and their only child, Randal, was born in 1906. The Dunsanys were socially active in both Dublin and London, and travelled between their homes in Meath, London and Kent, other than during World Wars I and II, and the Irish War of Independence. He was friendly with, for example, George William Russell, Oliver St. John Gogarty and, for a time, Dunsany was a keen hunter and sportsman, and was at one time the pistol-shooting champion of Ireland. He enjoyed cricket, provided the local cricket ground situated near Dunsany Crossroads and he was president of both the Irish Chess Union and the Kent County Chess Association for some years, and of Sevenoaks Chess Club for 54 years. Dunsany campaigned for animal rights, being known especially for his opposition to the docking of dogs tails and he was a supporter of Scouting over many years, serving as President of the Sevenoaks district Boy Scouts Association. He also supported the drama group, the Shoreham Players. Dunsany provided support for the British Legion in both Ireland and Kent, including grounds in Trim and poetry for the Irish branchs annual memorial service on a number of occasions, Dunsanys fame arose chiefly from his prolific writings, and he was involved with the Irish Literary Revival
30.
T. C. Murray
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Thomas Cornelius Murray was an Irish dramatist who was closely associated with the Abbey Theatre. He was born in Macroom, County Cork, and educated at St Patricks Teacher Training College in Drumcondra and he worked as a schoolteacher and in 1900 was appointed headmaster of the national school in Rathduff, Co. His first play, The Wheel of Fortune, was produced by the Little Theatre in Cork in 1909 and it was revised and renamed Sovereign Love in 1913. Murray had co-founded the theatre with Daniel Corkery, Con OLeary, in 1915, he moved to Dublin as headmaster of the Model Schools at Inchicore, where he remained until his retirement from teaching in 1932. His play Birthright was performed in the Abbey Theatre in 1910, in all, he wrote 15 plays, all of which were produced by the Abbey. His two most highly regarded works are Maurice Harte and Autumn Fire, both of these and Birthright were performed in New York on Broadway, with Autumn Fire having a run of 71 performances. Murray also wrote an autobiographical novel Spring Horizon and it has been stated both by A. DeGiacomo and by R. Allen Cave that, in the Art competitions at the 1924 Olympics in Paris, France, Murray was awarded a bronze medal for his play Birthright. However, according to the record for the games, although Murray was a participant in the literature category with this play. The Pipe in the Fields 1927, print R. Allen Cave - Selected Plays of T. C. Murray ISBN 0-86140-143-3 DeGiacomo, Albert J. - T. C, Murray, Dramatist, Voice of Rural Ireland ISBN 0-8156-2945-1 Igoe, Vivien - A Literary Guide to Dublin ISBN 0-413-69120-9 Murray, Thomas C. - Spring Horizon, A Novel ASIN, B00177YTFM Online T. C. Murray at Ricorso
31.
Lennox Robinson
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Esmé Stuart Lennox Robinson was an Irish dramatist, poet and theatre producer and director who was involved with the Abbey Theatre. Robinson was born in Westgrove, Douglas, County Cork and raised in a Protestant and his father, Andrew Robinson, was a middle-class stockbroker who in 1892 decided to become a clergyman in the Church of Ireland in the small Ballymoney parish, near Ballineen in West Cork. A sickly child, Robinson was educated by private tutor and at Bandon Grammar School, in August 1907, his interest in the theatre began after he went to see an Abbey production of plays by W. B. Yeats and Lady Gregory at the Cork Opera House and he published his first poem that same year. His first play, The Cross Roads, was performed in the Abbey in 1909 and he resigned in 1914 as a result of a disastrous tour of the United States but returned in 1919. On the other hand, he belonged to a part of Irish society which was not seen as fully Irish, robinsons most popular play was The Whiteheaded Boy. Other plays included Crabbed Youth and Age, The Far Off Hills, Drama at Inish, and Church Street. Drama at Inish, which was presented in London and on Broadway as Is Life Worth Living. was revived as part of the 2011 season at the Shaw Festival, robinsons fiction includes Eight Short Stories. In 1931 he published a biography of Bryan Cooper, who had recently died, in 1951, he published Irelands Abbey Theatre, the first full-length history of the company. He published an edition of Lady Gregorys diaries in 1947. In 1958 he co-edited The Oxford Book of Irish Verse and he was also a director and producer, in 1930 he produced a play by Irish playwright Teresa Deevy called The Reapers and in 1931 he was co-director of A Disciple along with W. B. Robinson was married to the daughter of spiritualist Hester Dowden, the daughter of Irish literary scholar Edward Dowden, awarded annually at the Lennox Robinson Literary Festival, held in Douglas, Cork, first awarded in 2014. 2015 winner - Chang Ying-tai 2014 winner - Eoghan Harris The Reapers A Disciple Igoe, ISBN 0-413-69120-9 Selected Plays - Lennox Robinson. Chosen and Introduced by Christopher Murray
32.
The Playboy of the Western World
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The Playboy of the Western World is a three-act play written by Irish playwright John Millington Synge and first performed at the Abbey Theatre, Dublin, on 26 January 1907. It is set in Michael James Flahertys public house in County Mayo during the early 1900s and it tells the story of Christy Mahon, a young man running away from his farm, claiming he killed his father. The play is best known for its use of the poetic, evocative language of Hiberno-English, heavily influenced by the Irish language, there he claims that he is on the run because he killed his own father by driving a loy into his head. Flaherty praises Christy for his boldness, and Flahertys daughter, Pegeen, falls in love with Christy, to the dismay of her betrothed, because of the novelty of Christys exploits and the skill with which he tells his own story, he becomes something of a town hero. Many other women also become attracted to him, including the Widow Quin, Christy also impresses the village women by his victory in a donkey race, using the slowest beast. Eventually Christys father, Mahon, who was wounded, tracks him to the tavern. When the townsfolk realize that Christys father is alive, everyone, including Pegeen, shuns him as a liar, to regain Pegeens love and the respect of the town, Christy attacks his father a second time. This time it seems that Old Mahon really is dead, but instead of praising Christy, Christys life is saved when his father, beaten and bloodied, crawls back onto the scene, having improbably survived his sons second attack. As Christy and his leave to wander the world, Shawn suggests he and Pegeen get married soon. Pegeen laments betraying and losing Christy, Ive lost the only playboy of the western world, the Playboy Riots occurred in January 1907 during and following the opening performance of the play. The riots were stirred up by Irish nationalists who viewed the contents of the play as an offence to public morals, the riots took place in Dublin, spreading out from the Abbey Theatre and finally being quelled by the actions of the Dublin Metropolitan Police. The fact that the play was based on a story of apparent patricide also attracted a hostile public reaction, nevertheless, press opinion soon turned against the rioters and the protests petered out. Yeats declared to rioters against Seán OCaseys pacifist drama The Plough, is this to be the recurring celebration of the arrival of Irish genius. The production of Synges play met with more disturbances in the United States in 1911, on opening night in New York, hecklers booed, hissed and threw vegetables and stink bombs while men scuffled in the aisles. The company was arrested in Philadelphia and charged with putting on an immoral performance. In September 2007, the returned to the Abbey in a modern adaptation by Bisi Adigun. Set in a suburb of West Dublin, it tells the story of Christopher Malomo, in 2011, The Old Vic in London, UK, played host to a classic adaptation directed by John Crowley starring Robert Sheehan, Niamh Cusack and Ruth Negga. Theatrical In 1912 Sil-Vara and Charles H, in 1973 the Irish language national theatre group Taibhdhearc na Gaillimhe produced an adaptation in the Irish language by Seán Ó Carra entitled Buachaill Báire an Domhain Thiar
