1.
Jassim bin Mohammed Al Thani
–
Sheikh Jassim bin Mohammed Al Thani, also known as The Founder, was the founder of the State of Qatar. He had a total of 19 children, all male, although the exact date of his birth is unknown, Jassim bin Mohammed Al Thani was born around 1825. Raised in Fuwayrit, Qatar, Jassim descended from the Tamim tribe and he acquired full capability in the management of the countrys affairs during his youth and guided its policies and steered the country during a period that witnessed major events and changes. Jassim, as a result of engaging in politics serving as deputy to his father. He later moved to Al Bidda with his father when he was around twenty-one years old, where he emerged among his mates as a young leader, at the local level, he sought to turn Qatar into a single unified and independent entity. Under his leadership, Qatar emerged as a coherent and stable country whose tribes he assembled to usher its future and thus consolidating its existence and borders. Jassim bin Mohammed Al Thani was imprisoned by the ruler of Bahrain, Faisal bin Turki and his demand for the bedouins return provoked Bahrain, which was backed by Abu Dhabi, to launch attacks on major Qatari cities, causing significant damage. In retaliation, Qatar attacked Bahrain in 1868, resulting in the deaths of a thousand men, Jassim was later released in return for captured Bahrainis. In April 1871, the expedition sent by Midhat Pasha, the Ottoman governor of Baghdad, in an attempt to secure a landing for Ottoman troops, the Ottomans sent an envoy bearing an Ottoman flag to Sheikh Jassim. He accepted and flew the flag, and by December of that year had authorized the Ottomans to send military equipment and 100 troops to Al Bidda. In January 1872, Qatar was formally incorporated into the Ottoman Empire as a province in Najd with Sheikh Jassim being appointed its kaymakam,18 December 1878 was the turning point when Sheikh Jassim took power. It was also the inception of the modern State of Qatar, despite the disapproval of local tribes, Al Thani continued supporting Ottoman rule. However, Qatari-Ottoman relations soon stagnated, and in 1882 they suffered setbacks when the Ottomans refused to aid Al Thani in his expedition of Abu Dhabi-occupied Al Khor. Al Thani fell out of favor with the Ottomans after they received complaints from Qataris regarding his oppressions from 1885 to 1886. In a further blow to relations, the Ottomans supported the Ottoman subject Mohammed bin Abdul Wahab who attempted to supplant Al Thani as kaymakam of Qatar in 1888. In early 1892, he resigned as kaymakam of Qatar and stopped paying taxes to the Ottoman Empire in August of that year, aside from being opposed against the Ottoman Empire, Sheikh Jassim was also opposed against the attempts at imperialism by the British Empire. In 1882, in addition to closing their shops, he expelled British Indian pearl traders from Doha, in October 1892, an Ottoman army comprising approximately 200 men led by the governor of Basra, Mehmed Hafiz Pasha, was sent to Qatar in response to Sheikh Jassims transgressions. They arrived in February 1893, with reinforcements on route from Kuwait
2.
Ali bin Abdullah Al Thani
–
Ali bin Abdullah Al Thani, KBE was the Emir of Qatar. Sheikh Ali is also known as the very first Emir of Qatar to have migrated and traveled abroad, visiting India, Egypt, Europe, Lebanon, Sheikh Ali bin Abdullah Al Thani was born on 25 June 1895, in Doha. His father was Sheikh Abdullah bin Jassim Al Thani and he had a younger brother, Sheikh Hamad bin Abdullah Al Thani, and a half brother, Sheikh Hassan bin Abdullah Al Thani. He became the emir of Qatar on 20 August 1949 and he is also known as the first emir of Qatar to have visited other countries abroad. His reign also saw emphasis on education and infrastructure, after his abdication, he lived a few years in Qatar during which he was very sociable in befriending many Muslim scholars. During his reign, Sheikh Ali oversaw the very first shipment of onshore Qatari oil from the city in Mesaieed on 31 December 1949. In addition to these, Sheikh Ali also oversaw the construction of the Doha International Airport, several road networks and he also established additional government departments and ministries as well as the first joint stock companies. Ronald Cochrane was made responsible for organizing the force in Qatar. Phillip Plant, a former British Royal Air Force officer, was appointed in January 1950, in the same year, in August 1950, Britain appointed Arthur John Wilton as the first Political Officer in Qatar. On 1 September 1952, a new treaty was signed between Sheikh Ali and the Iraq Petroleum Company. Under the terms of agreements, Qatar acquired 50% of profits from oil exports. In line with the exploration of oil in Qatar, Sheikh Ali took steps to establish an administrative system to manage the rising economy of oil. Numerous protests during the mid 1950s were directed at Sheikh Ali, in the early 1950s, there were many protests by dissatisfied oil workers aimed towards the oil companies. He acted as a mediator for discussions between oil companies and demonstrators, by 1956, protests appeared in Doha and started displaying a more hostile attitude towards the emir. One of the largest protests took place that year, it drew 2,000 participants, most of whom were oil workers, in May 1960, a cousin of Sheikh Ali attempted to assassinate him with a firearm at the sheikhs holiday residence in Beirut. The assassination attempt was allegedly related to finances and he abdicated in favor of Ahmad bin Ali Al Thani on October 28,1960. Sheikh Ali bin Abdullah Al Thani married two wives, Sheikha Noura Al-Thani and Sheikha Maryam bint Abdullah Al Attiyah and he has 14 children,11 sons and 3 daughters. See the list below for their names, note that this list is in descending order according to their age, from the eldest son to the youngest
3.
Doha
–
Doha is the capital city and most populous city of the State of Qatar. Doha has a population of 1,351,000 in a city proper with the close to 1.5 million. The city is located on the coast of the Persian Gulf in the east of the country and it is Qatars fastest growing city, with over 50% of the nations population living in Doha or its surrounding suburbs, and it is also the economic center of the country. Doha was founded in the 1820s as an offshoot of Al Bidda and it was officially declared as the countrys capital in 1971, when Qatar gained independence. As the commercial capital of Qatar and one of the emergent financial centers in the Middle East, Doha is considered a city by the Globalization. Doha accommodates Education City, a devoted to research and education. The city was host to the first ministerial-level meeting of the Doha Development Round of World Trade Organization negotiations. It was also selected as host city of a number of sporting events, including the 2006 Asian Games, in December 2011, the World Petroleum Council held the 20th World Petroleum Conference in Doha. Additionally, the city hosted the 2012 UNFCCC Climate Negotiations and is set to host a number of the venues for the 2022 FIFA World Cup. In May 2015, Doha was officially recognized as one of the New7Wonders Cities together with Vigan, La Paz, Durban, Havana, Beirut, the name Doha may have originated from the Arabic Ad-Dawḥa, the big tree. The reference might be to a prominent tree that stood at the site where the fishing village arose. Alternatively, it may have derived from dohat — Arabic for bay or gulf — referring to the Doha Bay area surrounding the Corniche. The city of Doha was formed after seceding from another local settlement known as Al Bidda, the earliest documented mention of Al Bidda was made in 1681, by the Carmelite Convent, in an account which chronicles several settlements in Qatar. In the record, the ruler and a fort in the confines of Al Bidda are alluded to, carsten Niebuhr, a European explorer who visited the Arabian Peninsula, created one of the first maps to depict the settlement in 1765 in which he labelled it as Guttur. David Seaton, a British political resident in Muscat, wrote the first English record of Al Bidda in 1801 and he refers to the town as Bedih and describes the geography and defensive structures in the area. He stated that the town had recently settled by the Sudan tribe. Seaton attempted to bombard the town with his warship, but returned to Muscat upon finding that the waters were too shallow to position his warship within striking distance. In 1820, British surveyor R. H. Colebrook, who visited Al Bidda and he wrote, The same year, an agreement known as the General Maritime Treaty was signed between the East India Company and the sheikhs of several Persian Gulf settlements
4.
House of Thani
–
The House of Thani is the ruling family of Qatar, whose origins can be traced back to the Maadid clan of the Banu Tamim tribal confederation. Around the 17th century, the tribe lived in Ushayqir, a settlement north-east of Riyadh and they settled in Qatar around the 1740s. Their first settlement in Qatar was in the town of Sikak. They settled in Doha in the 19th century under their leader Mohammed bin Thani, the group was named after the father of Mohammad, Thani bin Mohammad. The family is made of four factions, Bani Qassim, Bani Ahmed, Bani Jaber. As of the early 1990s, the number of the members was estimated to be about 6,000. The leadership transitions in 1913,1949,1960, and 1995 were all forced abdications and these abdications were forced by a nephew in one incident and sons in the others. However, none of the forced abdications toppled the Al Thani dynasty, Sheikh Fahad bin Jassim Al Thani I2. Sheikh Khalifa bin Jassim Al Thani 3, Sheikh Thani bin Jassim Al Thani, Sheikh of Al Gharafa 4. Sheikh Abdulrahman bin Jassim Al Thani, Sheikh of Al Wakra 5, Sheikh Abdullah bin Jassim Al Thani, Former Sheikh of Al Rayyan, Ruler of Qatar 6. Sheikh Ali bin Jassim Al Thani 7, Sheikh Mohammed bin Jassim Al Thani, Sheikh of Umm Salal Mohammed 7.1. Sheikh Jassim bin Muhammed bin Jassim Al Thani 7.1.1, Sheikh Fahad bin Jassim Al Thani 7.1.1.1. Sheikh Faisal bin Fahad Al Thani 7.1.1.2, Sheikh Hamad bin Fahad Al Thani 7.1.1.3. Sheikh Abdullah bin Fahad Al Thani 7.1.2, Sheikh Nasir bin Jassim Al Thani 7.1.2.1. Sheikh Abdulaziz bin Jassim Al Thani 7.1.4, Sheikh Khalid bin Jassim Al Thani 7.1.4.1. Sheikh Hamad Bin Jassim Al Thani 7.1.5.1, Sheikh Abdulrahman bin Jassim Al Thani 7.1.6.1. Sheikh Ali bin Jassim Al Thani 7.1.8, Sheikh Abdullah bin Jassim Al Thani 7.1.8.1. Sheikh Khalifa bin Jassim Al Thani 7.1.9.1, Sheikh Jassim bin Khalifa Al Thani 7.1.9.2
5.
Dynasty
–
A dynasty is a sequence of rulers from the same family, usually in the context of a feudal or monarchical system but sometimes also appearing in elective republics. The dynastic family or lineage may be known as a house, historians periodize the histories of many sovereign states, such as Ancient Egypt, the Carolingian Empire and Imperial China, using a framework of successive dynasties. As such, the dynasty may be used to delimit the era during which the family reigned and to describe events, trends. The word dynasty itself is often dropped from such adjectival references, until the 19th century, it was taken for granted that a legitimate function of a monarch was to aggrandize his dynasty, that is, to increase the territory, wealth, and power of his family members. The longest-surviving dynasty in the world is the Imperial House of Japan, dynasties throughout the world have traditionally been reckoned patrilineally, such as under the Frankish Salic law. Succession through a daughter when permitted was considered to establish a new dynasty in her husbands ruling house, however, some states in Africa, determined descent matrilineally, while rulers have at other times adopted the name of their mothers dynasty when coming into her inheritance. It is also extended to unrelated people such as poets of the same school or various rosters of a single sports team. The word dynasty derives via Latin dynastia from Greek dynastéia, where it referred to power, dominion and it was the abstract noun of dynástēs, the agent noun of dynamis, power or ability, from dýnamai, to be able. A ruler in a dynasty is referred to as a dynast. For example, following his abdication, Edward VIII of the United Kingdom ceased to be a member of the House of Windsor. A dynastic marriage is one that complies with monarchical house law restrictions, the marriage of Willem-Alexander, Prince of Orange, to Máxima Zorreguieta in 2002 was dynastic, for example, and their eldest child is expected to inherit the Dutch crown eventually. But the marriage of his younger brother Prince Friso to Mabel Wisse Smit in 2003 lacked government support, thus Friso forfeited his place in the order of succession, lost his title as a Prince of the Netherlands, and left his children without dynastic rights. In historical and monarchist references to formerly reigning families, a dynast is a member who would have had succession rights, were the monarchys rules still in force. Even since abolition of the Austrian monarchy, Max and his descendants have not been considered the rightful pretenders by Austrian monarchists, nor have they claimed that position. The term dynast is sometimes used only to refer to descendants of a realms monarchs. The term can therefore describe overlapping but distinct sets of people, yet he is not a male-line member of the royal family, and is therefore not a dynast of the House of Windsor. Thus, in 1999 he requested and obtained permission from Elizabeth II to marry the Roman Catholic Princess Caroline of Monaco. Yet a clause of the English Act of Settlement 1701 remained in effect at that time and that exclusion, too, ceased to apply on 26 March 2015, with retroactive effect for those who had been dynasts prior to triggering it by marriage to a Catholic
6.
Sunni Islam
–
Sunni Islam is the largest group of Islam. Its name comes from the word Sunnah, referring to the behavior of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. According to Sunni tradition, Muhammad did not clearly designate a successor and this contrasts with the Shia view, which holds that Muhammad intended his son-in-law and cousin Ali ibn Abi Talib to succeed him. Political tensions between Sunnis and Shias continued with varying intensity throughout Islamic history and they have been exacerbated in recent times by ethnic conflicts, as of 2009, Sunni Muslims constituted between 87–90% of the worlds Muslim population. Sunni Islam is the worlds largest religious denomination, followed by Catholicism and its adherents are referred to in Arabic as ahl as-sunnah wa l-jamāʻah or ahl as-sunnah for short. In English, its doctrines and practices are sometimes called Sunnism, while adherents are known as Sunni Muslims, Sunnis, Sunnites, Sunni Islam is sometimes referred to as orthodox Islam. The Quran, together with hadith and binding juristic consensus form the basis of all traditional jurisprudence within Sunni Islam, sunnī, also commonly referred to as Sunnīism, is a term derived from sunnah meaning habit, usual practice, custom, tradition. The Muslim use of this term refers to the sayings and living habits of the prophet Muhammad, in Arabic, this branch of Islam is referred to as ahl as-sunnah wa l-jamāʻah, the people of the sunnah and the community, which is commonly shortened to ahl as-sunnah. One common mistake is to assume that Sunni Islam represents a normative Islam that emerged during the period after Muhammads death, and that Sufism and Shiism developed out of Sunni Islam. This perception is due to the reliance on highly ideological sources that have been accepted as reliable historical works. Both Sunnism and Shiaism are the end products of centuries of competition between ideologies. Both sects used each other to further cement their own identities and doctrines, the first four caliphs are known among Sunnis as the Rashidun or Rightly-Guided Ones. Sunni recognition includes the aforementioned Abu Bakr as the first, Umar who established the Islamic calendar as the second, Uthman as the third, Sunnis believe that the companions of Muhammad were the best of Muslims. Support for this view is found in the Quran, according to Sunnis. Sunnis also believe that the companions were true believers since it was the companions who were given the task of compiling the Quran, furthermore, narrations that were narrated by the companions are considered by Sunnis to be a second source of knowledge of the Muslim faith. A study conducted by the Pew Research Center in 2010 and released January 2011 found that there are 1.62 billion Muslims around the world, Islam does not have a formal hierarchy or clergy. Leaders are informal, and gain influence through study to become a scholar of Islamic law, according to the Islamic Center of Columbia, South Carolina, anyone with the intelligence and the will can become an Islamic scholar. During Midday Mosque services on Fridays, the congregation will choose a person to lead the service
7.
Arabic
–
Arabic is a Central Semitic language that was first spoken in Iron Age northwestern Arabia and is now the lingua franca of the Arab world. Arabic is also the language of 1.7 billion Muslims. It is one of six languages of the United Nations. The modern written language is derived from the language of the Quran and it is widely taught in schools and universities, and is used to varying degrees in workplaces, government, and the media. The two formal varieties are grouped together as Literary Arabic, which is the language of 26 states. Modern Standard Arabic largely follows the standards of Quranic Arabic. Much of the new vocabulary is used to denote concepts that have arisen in the post-Quranic era, Arabic has influenced many languages around the globe throughout its history. During the Middle Ages, Literary Arabic was a vehicle of culture in Europe, especially in science, mathematics. As a result, many European languages have borrowed many words from it. Many words of Arabic origin are found in ancient languages like Latin. Balkan languages, including Greek, have acquired a significant number of Arabic words through contact with Ottoman Turkish. Arabic has also borrowed words from languages including Greek and Persian in medieval times. Arabic is a Central Semitic language, closely related to the Northwest Semitic languages, the Ancient South Arabian languages, the Semitic languages changed a great deal between Proto-Semitic and the establishment of the Central Semitic languages, particularly in grammar. Innovations of the Central Semitic languages—all maintained in Arabic—include, The conversion of the suffix-conjugated stative formation into a past tense, the conversion of the prefix-conjugated preterite-tense formation into a present tense. The elimination of other prefix-conjugated mood/aspect forms in favor of new moods formed by endings attached to the prefix-conjugation forms, the development of an internal passive. These features are evidence of descent from a hypothetical ancestor. In the southwest, various Central Semitic languages both belonging to and outside of the Ancient South Arabian family were spoken and it is also believed that the ancestors of the Modern South Arabian languages were also spoken in southern Arabia at this time. To the north, in the oases of northern Hijaz, Dadanitic and Taymanitic held some prestige as inscriptional languages, in Najd and parts of western Arabia, a language known to scholars as Thamudic C is attested
