Abdurauf Fitrat was an Uzbek author, journalist, politician and public intellectual in Central Asia under Russian and Soviet rule.
Abdurauf Fitrat on an Uzbek stamp published in honour of his 110th birthday (1996)
Image: Fitrat signature
The Mir-i-Arab Madrasa in Bukhara
Fitrat's signature (in the form فيطرەت) on a 2.500 Soʻm banknote of the Bukharan People's Republic (1922)
The Jadids were a political, religious, and cultural movement of Muslim modernist reformers within the Russian Empire in the late 19th and early 20th century. They normally referred to themselves by the Turkic terms Taraqqiparvarlar ("progressives"), Ziyalilar ("intellectuals"), or simply Yäşlär/Yoshlar ("youth"). The Jadid movement advocated for an Islamic social and cultural reformation through the revival of pristine Islamic beliefs and teachings, while simultaneously engaging with modernity. Jadids maintained that Turks in Tsarist Russia had entered a period of moral and societal decay that could only be rectified by the acquisition of a new kind of knowledge and modernist, European-modeled cultural reform.
Caricature of the Crimean Tatar educator and intellectual Ismail Gasprinsky (on the right), depicted holding the newspaper Terjuman ("The Translator") and the textbook Khoja-i-Sübyan ("The Teacher of Children") in his hand. Two men, respectively Tatar and Azerbaijani Muslim clerics, are threatening him with takfīr and sharīʿah decrees (on the left). From the satirical magazine Molla Nasreddin, N. 17, 28 April 1908, Tbilisi (illustrator: Oskar Schmerling).
