1.
Scottish highland dance
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Highland dancing is often performed to the accompaniment of Highland bagpipe music. It is now seen at nearly every modern-day Highland games event, Highland dancers wear specialized shoes called ghillies. Highland dance has been subject to influences from outside the Highlands. For example, it has heavily influenced by the aesthetics of the patrons of Scotland since the nineteenth century. Highland dance should not be confused with Scottish country dance, Highland dance is its own sport, with millions of dancers competing across the planet. Highland dancing is a competitive and technical dance form requiring technique, stamina, and strength, Highland dancing should not be confused with Scottish country dancing which is both a social dance like ballroom dancing, and a formation dance like square dancing. Some Highland dances do derive from traditional dances, however. Even so, in competitions, the Highland Reel dancers are judged individually, most Highland dances are danced solo. It seems that forms of dancing were performed by warriors in many parts of Europe in the prehistoric period. Forms of sword dancing are also attested in the late Medieval period, ritualistic and combative dances that imitated epic deeds and martial skills were a familiar feature in Scottish tradition and folklore. The earliest reference to these dances in Scotland is mentioned in the Scotichronicon which was compiled in Scotland by Walter Bower in the 1440s, the passage regards Alexander III and his second marriage to the French noblewoman Yolande de Dreux at Jedburgh on 14 October 1285. Bringing up the rear was a figure regarding whom it was difficult to decide whether it was a man or an apparition and it seemed to glide like a ghost rather than walk on feet. When it looked as if he was disappearing from sight, the whole frenzied procession halted, the song died away, the music faded. In 1573 Scottish mercenaries are said to have performed a Scottish sword dance before the Swedish King, John III, at a banquet held in Stockholm Castle. The dance, a feature of the festivities, was used as part of a plot to assassinate the King. Fortunately for the King, at the moment the agreed signal was never given. Which was acted and done without hurt or skaith to any, the Act was repealed in 1782 and in the early 19th century, there was something of a romanticisation of Highland culture. This revival, later boosted greatly by Queen Victorias enthusiasm for it, the nature of these displays and competitions also affected the style of the dancing itself
2.
Flora MacDonald
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Flora MacDonald, Jacobite heroine, was the daughter of Ranald MacDonald of Milton on the island of South Uist in the Outer Hebrides of Scotland, and his wife Marion, the daughter of Angus MacDonald. Her father died when she was a child, and her mother was abducted and married by Hugh MacDonald of Armadale and she was brought up under the care of the chief of her clan, the Macdonalds of Clanranald her fathers cousin, and was partly educated in Edinburgh. Throughout her life she was a practising Presbyterian, during the Jacobite Risings, in June 1746, at the age of 24, she was living on the island of Benbecula in the Outer Hebrides when Bonnie Prince Charlie took refuge there after the Battle of Culloden. The princes companion, a Captain Conn ONeill of The Feeva, County Antrim, son of Captain Conn Modera of the ONeills of Clandeboye and they were distant relatives and had met at the home of their mutual relative, Ambrose ONeill of Ballybollen. The island was controlled by the Hanoverian government using a local militia, after some hesitation, Flora promised to help the prince escape the island. The commander of the militia was her stepfather, Hugh MacDonald. The commander gave her a pass to the mainland for herself, a manservant, an Irish spinning maid, Betty Burke, the prince was disguised as Betty Burke. He had left Benbecula on 27 June, after a first repulse at Waternish, Skye, the party landed at Kilbride, Skye, within easy access of Monkstadt, the seat of Sir Alexander MacDonald. The prince was hidden in rocks while Flora MacDonald found help for him in the neighbourhood and it was arranged that he be taken to Portree, Skye and from there taken to Glam on the island of Raasay. The talk of the boatmen brought suspicion on Flora MacDonald, and she was arrested, after a short imprisonment in the Tower of London, she was allowed to live outside of it, under the guard of a messenger or gaoler. When the Act of Indemnity was passed in 1747 she was released, on 6 November 1750, at the age of 28, she married Allan MacDonald of Kingsburgh, a captain in the army and the eldest son of Alexander MacDonald VI. The couple lived at Flodigarry on the Isle of Skye where they subsequently were parents to five sons, upon the death of Allan MacDonalds father in 1772, the family moved into the MacDonald family estate at Kingsburgh. Her bravery and loyalty had gained her general sympathy, increased by her good manners, dr. Johnson, who met her in 1773, the year before she moved to America, described her as a woman of soft features, gentle manners, kind soul and elegant presence. He also paid the tribute that is engraved on her memorial at Kilmuir. a name that will be mentioned in history, in 1774, she and her husband emigrated to North Carolina. They brought with them the family McBryde who were their servants, during the American War of Independence Captain MacDonald served the British government in the 84th Regiment of Foot. He was captured after the battle and was held prisoner for two years until a prisoner exchange occurred in 1777 and he was then sent to Fort Edward in Windsor, Nova Scotia where he took command of the 84th Regiment of Foot, Second Battalion. After her husband was taken prisoner, Flora remained in hiding while the American Patriots ravaged her family plantation, when her husband was released from prison during the fall of 1778, she reunited with him at Fort Edward. In 1779 Flora returned home to Scotland in a merchant ship, during the passage, the ship was attacked by a privateer
3.
Kilt
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A kilt is a knee-length non-bifurcated skirt-type garment with pleats at the rear, originating in the traditional dress of men and boys in the Scottish Highlands of the 16th century. Since the 19th century, it has associated with the wider culture of Scotland. It is most often made of cloth in a tartan pattern. Particularly in North America kilts are now made for wear in a variety of materials. Alternative fastenings may be used and pockets inserted to avoid the need for a sporran, kilts have been adopted as female wear for some sports. The kilt first appeared as the kilt, the breacan or belted plaid, during the 16th century. The filleadh mòr or great kilt was a full-length garment whose upper half could be worn as a cloak draped over the shoulder, or brought up over the head. A version of the filleadh beag, or small kilt, similar to the kilt was invented by an English Quaker from Lancashire named Thomas Rawlinson some time in the 1720s. He felt that the belted plaid was cumbrous and unwieldy, and his solution was to separate the skirt and convert it into a garment with pleats already sewn. From there its use spread in the shortest space amongst the Highlanders and it has been suggested there is evidence that the philibeg with unsewn pleats was worn from the 1690s. Organisations that sanction and grade the competitions in Highland dancing and piping all have rules governing acceptable attire for the competitors and these rules specify that kilts are to be worn. The Scottish kilt displays uniqueness of design, construction, and convention which differentiate it from other garments fitting the general description. It is a garment that is wrapped around the wearers body at the natural waist starting from one side, around the front and back. A kilt covers the body from the waist down to the centre of the knees, the overlapping layers in front are called aprons and are flat, the single layer of fabric around the sides and back is pleated. A kilt pin is fastened to the front apron on the free corner, underwear may or may not be worn, as the wearer prefers, although tradition has it that a true Scotsman should wear nothing under his kilt. The Scottish Tartans Authority, however, warns that in some circumstances the practice could be childish and unhygienic, the typical kilt as seen at modern Highland games events is made of twill woven worsted wool. The twill weave used for kilts is a 2–2 type, meaning that each weft thread passes over and under two warp threads at a time, the result is a distinctive diagonal-weave pattern in the fabric which is called the twill line. This kind of twill, when according to a given sett or written colour pattern is called tartan
4.
Highland games
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Highland games are events held in spring and summer in Scotland and other countries as a way of celebrating Scottish and Celtic culture, especially that of the Scottish Highlands. Certain aspects of the games are so well known as to have become emblematic of Scotland, such as the bagpipes, the kilt, and the heavy events, especially the caber toss. While centred on competitions in piping and drumming, dancing, and Scottish heavy athletics and this event is currently held on Labor Day weekend in Pleasanton, California, and their Sesquicentennial Games held on September 5–6,2015, attracted record crowds close to 50,000. The games are claimed to have influenced Baron Pierre de Coubertin when he was planning the revival of the Olympic Games, de Coubertin saw a display of Highland games at the Paris Exhibition of 1889. The origin of human games and sports predates recorded history, an example of a possible early games venue is at Fetteresso, although that location is technically a few miles south of the Scotland Highlands. It is reported in numerous Highland games programs, that King Malcolm III of Scotland, in the 11th century, King Malcolm created this foot race in order to find the fastest runner in the land to be his royal messenger. Some have seen this apocryphal event to be the origin of todays modern Highland games, there is a document from 1703 summoning the clan of the Laird of Grant, Clan Grant. They were to arrive wearing Highland coats and also with gun, sword, pistol, from this letter, it is believed that the competitions would have included feats of arms. However, the modern Highland games are largely a Victorian invention, in their original form many centuries ago, Highland games revolved around athletic and sports competitions. Regardless, it remains true today that the competitions are at least an integral part of the events. Although quite a range of events can be a part of the Highland athletics competition, caber toss, A long log is stood upright and hoisted by the competitor who balances it vertically holding the smaller end in his hands. Then the competitor runs forward attempting to toss it in such a way that it end over end with the upper end striking the ground first. The smaller end that was held by the athlete then hits the ground in the 12 oclock position measured relative to the direction of the run. If successful, the athlete is said to have turned the caber, cabers vary greatly in length, weight, taper, and balance, all of which affect the degree of difficulty in making a successful toss. Competitors are judged on how closely their throws approximate the ideal 12 oclock toss on an imaginary clock, Stone put, This event is similar to the modern-day shot put as seen in the Olympic Games. Instead of a shot, a large stone of variable weight is often used. There are also some differences from the Olympic shot put in allowable techniques, there are two versions of the stone toss events, differing in allowable technique. The Braemar Stone uses a 20–26 lb stone for men and does not allow any run up to the toeboard or trig to deliver the stone, most athletes in the open stone event use either the glide or the spin techniques
5.
Waistcoat
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A waistcoat is a sleeveless upper-body garment. It is usually worn over a shirt and necktie and below a coat as a part of most mens formal wear. It is also sported as the piece in the traditional three-piece male business suit. A waistcoat has a vertical opening in the front, which fastens with buttons or snaps. Both single-breasted and double-breasted waistcoats exist, regardless of the formality of dress, in a three piece suit, the cloth used matches the jacket and trousers. Waistcoats can also have lapels or revers depending on the style, before wristwatches became popular, gentlemen kept their pocket watches in the front waistcoat pocket, with the watch on a watch chain threaded through a buttonhole. Sometimes an extra hole was made in line with the buttonholes for this use, a bar on the end of the chain held it in place to catch the chain if it were dropped or pulled. Waistcoats are now worn less, so the pocket watch may more likely be stored in a trouser pocket, wearing a belt with a waistcoat, and indeed any suit, is not traditional. To give a more comfortable hang to the trousers, the waistcoat instead covers a pair of braces underneath it, a custom still sometimes practised is to leave the bottom button undone. This is said to have started by King Edward VII. Variations on this include that he forgot to fasten the lower button when dressing and it has also been suggested that the practice originated to prevent the waistcoat riding up when on horseback. This convention only applies to single-breasted day waistcoats and not double breasted, evening, waistcoats worn with lounge suits normally match the suit in cloth, and have four to six buttons. Double breasted waistcoats are rare compared to single, as formalwear, it used to be common to wear a contrastingly coloured waistcoat, such as in buff or dove linen. This is still seen in morning dress, which requires a waistcoat, the waistcoats worn with white- and black- tie are different from standard daytime single-breasted waistcoats, being much lower in cut. The variant of the clergy cassock may be cut as a vest and it differs in style from other waistcoats in that the garment buttons to the neck and has an opening that displays the clerical collar. In the Church of England, a particular High Church clerical vest introduced in the 1830s was nicknamed the M. B, waistcoat with M. B. standing for the Mark of the Beast. In the Girl Scouts of the USA, vests are used as an alternative to the sash for the display of badges, in many stock exchanges, traders who engage in open outcry may wear colored sleeveless waistcoats, or trading jackets, with insignia on the back. The waistcoat is one of the few articles of clothing whose origin historians can date precisely, King Charles II of England, Scotland and Ireland introduced the waistcoat as a part of correct dress after the Restoration of the British monarchy in 1660
6.
Blouse
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A blouse is a loose-fitting upper garment that was formerly worn by workmen, peasants, artists, women, and children. It is typically gathered at the waist or hips so that it hangs loosely over the wearers body, today, the word most commonly refers to a girls or womans dress shirt but can also refer to a mans shirt if it is a loose-fitting style. Traditionally, the term has been used to refer to a shirt which blouses out or has a feminine appearance. The term is used for some mens military uniform jackets. Blouse is a loanword to English from French, blouse means dust coat and it possibly was brought back from their travels by French Crusaders. They moved on their armor a so-called plusisian shirt, a blue-colored gowns to the dust, the derivation may also be from wool, blouso short wool and blos, blouse deprived, naked taken off. It is first officially noted in 1828, from French blouse, blouses are historically a cask style, mostly mail-like garment, that were rarely part of the fashionable womans wardrobe until the 1890s. Before that time, they were popular for informal wear in styles that echoed peasant or traditional clothing. Blouses usually consist of light such as silk or thin cotton fabrics. Sometimes they are decorated with frills, embroidery or loops, the classic of the ladies blouses is the white shirt blouse. Here the combination possibilities are particularly diverse, the open spade or reverse collar is another common type of classic ladies blouse. At the end of the 19th century the sailor blouses derived from sailor suits were popular for girls to the pleated skirt. In the time of National Socialism this piece of clothing was rejected as a bourgeois-decadent, in the 1950s, the sailors look then entered the leisure mode for adults. The high collar in blouses was pushed out during time by the halsferne variant. Specialist shops also offered ladies cloaks, the KdW in Berlin applied in his illustrated main catalog,1913 among other things a backfisch-confection, with eight blouses between 2.75 and 9.50 Marks. The simplest model was a blouse, navy, white spotted. A simple blouse with a plain skirt was the dress for the newly expanded female workforce of the 1890s. In the 1900s and 1910s, elaborate blouses, such as the lingerie blouse, since then, blouses have remained a wardrobe staple, so by now blouses have not ceased to be fixed in the popular cloakroom style
7.
Skirt
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A skirt is the lower part of a dress or gown, covering the person from the waist downwards, or a separate outer garment serving this purpose. Most skirts are self-standing garments, but some skirt-looking panels may be part of another garment such as leggings, shorts, some fashion designers, such as Jean Paul Gaultier, have shown mens skirts. Modern skirts are made of light to mid-weight fabrics, such as denim, jersey, worsted. Skirts of thin or clingy fabrics are often worn with slips to make the material of the skirt drape better, a straw-woven skirt dating to 3900 BC was discovered in Armenia at the Areni-1 cave complex. Skirts have been worn by men and women from many cultures, such as the lungi, lehnga, kanga and sarong worn in South Asia and Southeast Asia, and the kilt worn in Scotland and Ireland. The earliest known culture to have females wear clothing resembling miniskirts were the Duan Qun Miao and this was in reference to the short miniskirts that barely cover the buttocks worn by women of the tribe, and which were probably shocking to observers in medieval and early modern times. In the Middle Ages, some upper-class women wore skirts over three metres in diameter at the bottom, at the other extreme, the miniskirts of the 1960s were minimal garments that may have barely covered the underwear when seated. Costume historians typically use the word petticoat to describe skirt-like garments of the 18th century or earlier, during the 19th century, the cut of womens dresses in western culture varied more widely than in any other century. Waistlines started just below the bust and gradually sank to the natural waist, skirts started fairly narrow and increased dramatically to the hoopskirt and crinoline-supported styles of the 1860s, then fullness was draped and drawn to the back by means of bustles. In the 1890s the rainy daisy skirt was introduced for walking or sportswear and it had a significantly shorter hemline measuring as much as six inches off the ground and would eventually influence the wider introduction of shorter hemlines in the early 20th century. Beginning around 1915, hemlines for daytime dresses left the floor for good, broomstick skirt, a light-weight ankle-length skirt with many crumpled pleats formed by compressing and twisting the garment while wet, such as around a broomstick. Bubble dress/skirt, a voluminous skirt whose hem is tucked back under to create a “bubble effect” at the bottom, Cargo skirt, a plain utilitarian skirt with belt loops and numerous large pockets, based on the military style of Cargo pants and popularised in the 1990s. Crinoline, a full skirt supported by hoops or multiple petticoats. Hobble skirt, a long and tight skirt with a hem narrow enough to impede the wearers stride Kilt-skirt. Though traditionally designed as womens wear, it is fashioned to mimic the appearance of a mans kilt. Leather skirt, a made of leather Lehenga, a long, pleated skirt, often embroidered, worn mostly as the bottom part of the Gagra choli in North India. Mini-crini, a version of the crinoline, designed by Vivienne Westwood in the mid 1980s. Poodle skirt, a circle or near-circle skirt with an appliqued poodle or other decoration Puffball skirt, popular in the mid-late 1980s when it was inspired by Westwoods mini-crini
8.
Petticoat
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A petticoat or underskirt is an article of clothing, specifically an undergarment to be worn under a skirt or a dress. The petticoat is a separate garment hanging from the waist, in historical contexts, petticoat refers to any separate skirt worn with a gown, bedgown, bodice or jacket, these petticoats are not, strictly speaking, underwear as they were made to be seen. In both historical and modern contexts, petticoat refers to skirt-like undergarments worn for warmth or to give the skirt or dress the desired fashionable shape, in this context a petticoat may be called a waist slip or underskirt or half slip, with petticoat restricted to extremely full garments. Petticoat can also refer to a slip in the UK. Petticoat is the name in English for any underskirt worn as part of non-Western clothing such as the lehenga with the sari. The practice of wearing petticoats as undergarments was well established by 1585, Petticoats were worn throughout history by women who wanted to have the currently fashionable shape created by their clothing. The petticoats, if sufficiently full or stiff, would hold the overskirt out in a domed shape. It would also complement the large bust. Elaborately decorated petticoats were worn under open-fronted gowns and looped overskirts from the mid-16th century and these ankle-length petticoats remained a rural fashion, especially in the UK, into the 19th century and are a part of the traditional Welsh costume. In the 18th century, among the upper class women of Europe and America, in the early 19th century, dresses became narrower and simpler with much less lingerie. Then, as the waltz became popular in the 1820s, full-skirted gowns with petticoats were revived in Europe, by the mid 19th century, petticoats were worn over hoops, which were placed over other underwear like a corset cover, a corset, and drawers. The popular novel Gone with the Wind provides considerable, detailed descriptions of these fashions, in the 1939 film adaptation, the character played by Vivien Leigh gives a good idea of the layers of petticoats and underwear that were worn in the 1860s. The sheer weight of the clothing, along with the tightness of the corsets, the use of multiple petticoats continued to be popular until the 1870s, when the bustle was introduced, resulting in a return of narrower skirts. Some full-skirted gowns with petticoats were revived in the 1890s into the early 20th century, the Gibson Girl look with white blouses and long, narrow skirts was very popular during the late 19th and early 20th century. For the first two decades of the 20th century, multiple petticoats fell out of fashion, narrow, sometimes tight, then, in the late 1920s, chiffon dresses with several sheer petticoats became fashionable. With the Great Depression in the 1930s, narrow skirts returned and petticoats again were unpopular until the end of the decade when revived for some evening, prom, world War II, with its rationing and general shortage of materials, brought an end to petticoats. Petticoats were revived by Christian Dior in his full-skirted New Look of 1947 and tiered, ruffled, stiffened petticoats remained extremely popular during the 1950s, most of the petticoats were netlike crinoline, sometimes made of horsehair. Increasingly, nylon chiffon, taffeta, and organdy were used in petticoats, many department stores carried an extensive variety of styles and colors of petticoats until the early 1960s
9.
Apron
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An apron is a functional accessory that layers over ones outfit to protect ones clothes and skin from incidental stains and marks. As a top layer that covers the front body, the apron is worn as a uniform, adornment. Apron styles adapt to the tastes of the times to suite the values, the practical, fashionable sentimental nature of the apron has made it a cherished accessory for centuries. Because aprons provide comfort, protection and a sense of preparedness—the apron will always be a garment for people who work, clean, entertain. Because the apron is a top layer, the apron will continue to be worn as a fashion accessory both inside—and outside—the home, aprons were used by both the Native Indians and the pilgrims when America was first colonized—and have been well worn in America ever since. The apron fell out of favor in the 1960s after its rise to celebrity in the 50’s when it became the symbol for family. As women started looking outside the home for satisfaction and work, people started doing their work without an apron entirely or they choose to wear a bib apron. The bib apron remains the dominate apron on the market and is offered in a multitude of variations, colors, detailing, simple, functional aprons were already a staple by the time the Pilgrims docked on the shore of Plymouth Rock. American Indians wore aprons for both practical and ceremonial purposes, early female settlers wore plain, long white aprons. Later, Quaker women wore long and colorful silk aprons, as cities in New England grew, more elaborate options began to appear. The “Hooverette” or “Hoover apron” emerged in the 1910s, named after the man in charge of the U. S. Food Administration at the time and this wraparound apron was popular into the 1920s when fancy half-aprons became fashionable. Stores began selling patterns and kits to make and adorn aprons, aprons of this period followed the silhouette of dapper fashions—long, with no waist line. Women working outside the home wore whatever protective garments their jobs required, including coveralls, smocks, at home, they worked in full-length aprons with hefty pockets and a cinched waistline that were often decorated with buttons, pockets and contrasting colors. Aprons became plain during the Great Depression, since fabric was scarce, women would make aprons out of Flour Sacks and feed sacks to protect their clothing. Pinafore aprons, or “pinnies” as they were called, began to gain popularity. Dorothy famously wore a blue and white gingham pinafore in The Wizard of Oz, post-war family values made the apron the symbol of home, family, mother and wife. As Sewing machines and cloth became available, aprons—both commercial and homemade—became the uniform of the professional housewife, magazines from the 1940s and 50s feature apron-adorned women in nearly every advertisement that is related to housework or cooking. Aprons were a feature for irons, kitchen appliances, food products
10.
Tartan
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Tartan is a pattern consisting of criss-crossed horizontal and vertical bands in multiple colours. Tartans originated in woven wool, but now they are made in other materials. Tartan is particularly associated with Scotland, Scottish kilts almost always have tartan patterns. Tartan is often called plaid in North America, but in Scotland, Tartan is made with alternating bands of coloured threads woven as both warp and weft at right angles to each other. The weft is woven in a simple twill, two over—two under the warp, advancing one thread at each pass and this forms visible diagonal lines where different colours cross, which give the appearance of new colours blended from the original ones. The resulting blocks of colour repeat vertically and horizontally in a pattern of squares and lines known as a sett. The Dress Act of 1746 attempted to bring the clans under government control by banning the tartan. When the law was repealed in 1782, it was no longer ordinary Highland dress, until the middle of the nineteenth century, the highland tartans were only associated with either regions or districts, rather than any specific Scottish clan. Today tartan is no longer limited to textiles, but is used on non-woven mediums, such as paper, plastics, packaging, the English word tartan is most likely derived from the French tartarin meaning Tartar cloth. It has also suggested that tartan may be derived from modern Scottish Gaelic tarsainn. Today tartan usually refers to coloured patterns, though originally a tartan did not have to be made up of any pattern at all, as late as the 1830s tartan was sometimes described as plain coloured. Patterned cloth from the Gaelic-speaking Scottish Highlands was called breacan, meaning many colours, over time the meanings of tartan and breacan were combined to describe certain type of pattern on a certain type of cloth. The pattern of a tartan is called a sett, the sett is made up of a series of woven threads which cross at right angles. Today tartan is used to describe the pattern, not limited to textiles. In North America the term plaid is commonly used to describe tartan, the word plaid, derived from the Scottish Gaelic plaide, meaning blanket, was first used of any rectangular garment, sometimes made up of tartan, particularly that which preceded the modern kilt. In time, plaid was used to describe blankets themselves, each thread in the warp crosses each thread in the weft at right angles. Thus, a set of two base colours produces three different colours including one mixture and this means that the more stripes and colours used, the more blurred and subdued the tartans pattern becomes. The sequence of threads, known as the sett, starts at an edge, in diagram A, the sett reverses at the first pivot, then repeats, then reverses at the next pivot, and will carry on in this manner horizontally
11.
Scotland
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Scotland is a country that is part of the United Kingdom and covers the northern third of the island of Great Britain. It shares a border with England to the south, and is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, with the North Sea to the east. In addition to the mainland, the country is made up of more than 790 islands, including the Northern Isles, the Kingdom of Scotland emerged as an independent sovereign state in the Early Middle Ages and continued to exist until 1707. By inheritance in 1603, James VI, King of Scots, became King of England and King of Ireland, Scotland subsequently entered into a political union with the Kingdom of England on 1 May 1707 to create the new Kingdom of Great Britain. The union also created a new Parliament of Great Britain, which succeeded both the Parliament of Scotland and the Parliament of England. Within Scotland, the monarchy of the United Kingdom has continued to use a variety of styles, titles, the legal system within Scotland has also remained separate from those of England and Wales and Northern Ireland, Scotland constitutes a distinct jurisdiction in both public and private law. Glasgow, Scotlands largest city, was one of the worlds leading industrial cities. Other major urban areas are Aberdeen and Dundee, Scottish waters consist of a large sector of the North Atlantic and the North Sea, containing the largest oil reserves in the European Union. This has given Aberdeen, the third-largest city in Scotland, the title of Europes oil capital, following a referendum in 1997, a Scottish Parliament was re-established, in the form of a devolved unicameral legislature comprising 129 members, having authority over many areas of domestic policy. Scotland is represented in the UK Parliament by 59 MPs and in the European Parliament by 6 MEPs, Scotland is also a member nation of the British–Irish Council, and the British–Irish Parliamentary Assembly. Scotland comes from Scoti, the Latin name for the Gaels, the Late Latin word Scotia was initially used to refer to Ireland. By the 11th century at the latest, Scotia was being used to refer to Scotland north of the River Forth, alongside Albania or Albany, the use of the words Scots and Scotland to encompass all of what is now Scotland became common in the Late Middle Ages. Repeated glaciations, which covered the land mass of modern Scotland. It is believed the first post-glacial groups of hunter-gatherers arrived in Scotland around 12,800 years ago, the groups of settlers began building the first known permanent houses on Scottish soil around 9,500 years ago, and the first villages around 6,000 years ago. The well-preserved village of Skara Brae on the mainland of Orkney dates from this period and it contains the remains of an early Bronze Age ruler laid out on white quartz pebbles and birch bark. It was also discovered for the first time that early Bronze Age people placed flowers in their graves, in the winter of 1850, a severe storm hit Scotland, causing widespread damage and over 200 deaths. In the Bay of Skaill, the storm stripped the earth from a large irregular knoll, when the storm cleared, local villagers found the outline of a village, consisting of a number of small houses without roofs. William Watt of Skaill, the laird, began an amateur excavation of the site, but after uncovering four houses
12.
Sock
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A sock is an item of clothing worn on the feet and often covering the ankle or some part of the calf. Some type of shoe or boot is typically worn over socks, in ancient times, socks were made from leather or matted animal hair. In the late 16th century, machine-knit socks were first produced, until 1800 both hand knitting and machine knitting were used to produce socks, but after 1800, machine knitting became the predominant method. One of the roles of socks is absorbing perspiration, in cold environments, socks made from wool insulate the foot and decrease the risk of frostbite. Socks are worn with shoes and dress shoes. In addition to the numerous practical roles played by socks, they are also a fashion item, the modern English word sock is derived from the Old English word socc, meaning light slipper. This comes from the Latin soccus, a term to describe a light, low-heeled shoe worn by Roman comic actors, Socks have evolved over the centuries from the earliest models, which were made from animal skins gathered up and tied around the ankles. In the 8th century BC, the Ancient Greeks wore socks from matted animal hair for warmth, the Romans also wrapped their feet with leather or woven fabrics. By the 5th century AD, socks called puttees were worn by people in Europe to symbolize purity. By 1000 AD, socks became a symbol of wealth among the nobility, from the 16th century onwards, an ornamental design on the ankle or side of a sock has been called a clock. The invention of a machine in 1589 meant that socks could be knitted six times faster than by hand. Nonetheless, knitting machines and hand knitters worked side by side until 1800, the next revolution in sock production was the introduction of nylon in 1938. Until then socks were made from silk, cotton and wool. Nylon was the start of blending two or more yarns in the production of socks, a process still continues. Socks can be created from a variety of materials such as, cotton, wool, nylon, acrylic, polyester, olefins. To get an increased level of other materials that might be used during the process can be silk, bamboo, linen, cashmere. The color variety of choices can be any color that the designers intend to make the sock upon its creation. Sock coloring can come in a range of colors
The dictionary definition of Aboyne dress at Wiktionary