1.
Abraham Lincoln
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Abraham Lincoln was an American politician and lawyer who served as the 16th President of the United States from March 1861 until his assassination in April 1865. Lincoln led the United States through its Civil War—its bloodiest war and perhaps its greatest moral, constitutional, in doing so, he preserved the Union, abolished slavery, strengthened the federal government, and modernized the economy. Born in Hodgenville, Kentucky, Lincoln grew up on the frontier in Kentucky. Largely self-educated, he became a lawyer in Illinois, a Whig Party leader, elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1846, Lincoln promoted rapid modernization of the economy through banks, tariffs, and railroads. Reentering politics in 1854, he became a leader in building the new Republican Party, in 1860, Lincoln secured the Republican Party presidential nomination as a moderate from a swing state. Though he gained little support in the slaveholding states of the South. Subsequently, on April 12,1861, a Confederate attack on Fort Sumter inspired the North to enthusiastically rally behind the Union. Politically, Lincoln fought back by pitting his opponents against each other, by carefully planned political patronage and his Gettysburg Address became an iconic endorsement of the principles of nationalism, republicanism, equal rights, liberty, and democracy. Lincoln initially concentrated on the military and political dimensions of the war and his primary goal was to reunite the nation. He suspended habeas corpus, leading to the ex parte Merryman decision. Lincoln closely supervised the war effort, especially the selection of top generals, including his most successful general, Lincoln tried repeatedly to capture the Confederate capital at Richmond, each time a general failed, Lincoln substituted another, until finally Grant succeeded. As the war progressed, his moves toward ending slavery included the Emancipation Proclamation of 1863. On April 14,1865, five days after the surrender of Confederate commanding general Robert E. Lee, Lincoln was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth, a Confederate sympathizer. Secretary of War Edwin Stanton launched a manhunt for Booth, and 12 days later on April 26, Lincoln has been consistently ranked both by scholars and the public as among the greatest U. S. presidents. Abraham Lincoln was born February 12,1809, the child of Thomas and Nancy Hanks Lincoln, in a one-room log cabin on the Sinking Spring Farm near Hodgenville. He was a descendant of Samuel Lincoln, an Englishman who migrated from Hingham, Norfolk to its namesake of Hingham, samuels grandson and great-grandson began the familys western migration, which passed through New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Virginia. Lincolns paternal grandfather and namesake, Captain Abraham Lincoln, moved the family from Virginia to Jefferson County, Captain Lincoln was killed in an Indian raid in 1786. His children, including eight-year-old Thomas, the presidents father
2.
Early life and career of Abraham Lincoln
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Abraham Lincoln was born on February 12,1809, in a one-room log cabin at Sinking Spring farm, south of Hodgenville, in Hardin County, Kentucky. After a land title dispute forced the family to leave, they relocated to Knob Creek farm, by 1814 Thomas Lincoln, Abrahams father, had lost most of his land in Kentucky in legal disputes over land titles. In 1816 Thomas and Nancy Lincoln, their daughter, Sarah, and seven-year-old Abraham moved to Indiana. Abraham spent his years, from the age of 7 to 21. As was common on the frontier, Lincoln received a formal education. However, Lincoln continued to learn on his own life experiences. In 1818, two years after their arrival in Indiana, nine-year-old Lincoln lost his mother, Nancy. Thomas returned to Kentucky the following year and married Sarah Bush Johnson, Abrahams new step-mother and her three children joined the Lincoln family in Indiana in 1819. A second tragedy befell the family in 1828, when Abrahams sister, Sarah, in 1830 twenty-one-year-old Abraham joined his extended family in a move to Illinois. After helping his father establish a farm in Macon County, Illinois, Lincoln worked as a boatman, store clerk, surveyor, militia soldier, and became a lawyer in Illinois. He was elected to the Illinois Legislature in 1834, and was reelected in 1836,1838,1840, in 1842, Lincoln married Mary Todd, the couple had four sons. In addition to his law career, Lincoln continued his involvement in politics and he was elected president of the United States in 1860. Lincolns first known ancestor in America was Samuel Lincoln, who migrated from England to Hingham, Massachusetts, Samuels son, Mordecai, remained in Massachusetts, but Samuels grandson, who was also named Mordecai, began the familys western migration. John Lincoln, Samuels great-grandson, continued the westward journey, born in New Jersey, John moved to Pennsylvania, then brought his family to Virginia. Johns son, Captain Abraham Lincoln, who earned that rank for his service in the Virginia militia, was the future presidents paternal grandfather, born in Pennsylvania, he moved with his father and other family members to Virginias Shenandoah Valley around 1766. The family settled near Linville Creek, in Augusta County, now Rockingham County, Captain Lincoln bought the Virginia property from his father in 1773. Thomas Lincoln, the presidents father, was Captain Lincolns son. Thomas was born in Virginia and moved west to Jefferson County, Kentucky, with his father, mother, and siblings in the 1780s, in 1786, at the age of forty-two, Captain Abraham was killed in an Indian ambush while working his field in Kentucky
3.
Electoral history of Abraham Lincoln
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This is the electoral history of Abraham Lincoln. Lincoln served one term in the United States House of Representatives from Illinois and he later served as the 16th President of the United States. S. When pro-Nebraska Democrats were unable to reelect Shields, they switched their allegiance to Matteson, Lincoln then withdrew and threw his support to Trumbull, so that an anti-Nebraska candidate would be assured victory. William Lewis Dayton,523 Abraham Lincoln,110 Nathaniel Prentice Banks,46 David Wilmot,43 Charles Sumner,35 Jacob Collamer,15 John Alsop King,9 Samuel C. Pomeroy,8 Thomas Ford,7 Henry Charles Carey,3 Cassius M. Clay,3 Joshua R. Giddings,2 Whitfield Johnson,2 Aaron Pennington,1 Henry Wilson,1 Wyatt Gauger,1 Note, At this time, U. S. This triggered an avalanche towards Lincoln with a count of 364 votes out of 466 cast. Source, Electoral College Box Scores 1789–1996, the popular vote figures exclude South Carolina where the Electors were chosen by the state legislature rather than by popular vote. Source, Electoral College Box Scores 1789–1996, the states in rebellion did not participate in the election of 1864. One Elector from Nevada did not vote Andrew Johnson had been a Democrat, the Republican Party called itself the National Union Party to accommodate the War Democrats in this election. Lincoln and Liberty, Lincolns 1860 campaign song Abraham Lincoln Reviews His Electoral Record Up to 1849, ALS Shapell Manuscript Foundation
4.
Cooper Union speech
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The Cooper Union speech or address, known at the time as the Cooper Institute speech, was delivered by Abraham Lincoln on February 27,1860, at Cooper Union, in New York City. Lincoln was not yet the Republican nominee for the presidency, as the convention was scheduled for May and it is considered one of his most important speeches. Some historians have argued that the speech was responsible for his victory in the election later that year. The journalist Robert J. McNamara wrote, Lincolns Cooper Union speech was one of his longest, and it is not one of his speeches with passages that are often quoted. Yet, due to the research and Lincolns forceful argument. Horace Greeleys New York Tribune hailed it as one of the most happiest and most convincing political arguments ever made in this City, no man ever made such an impression on his first appeal to a New-York audience. Lincolns speech has three parts, each building towards his conclusion. The first part concerns the founders and the positions they supported on the question of slavery in the territories. The second part is addressed to the voters of the states by clarifying the issues between Republicans and Democrats. The final section is addressed to Republicans, in the first section, in response to a statement by Illinois Democrat Stephen A. Douglas, Lincoln asks rhetorically, What is the frame of government under which we live. He answers that it must be, The Constitution of the United States and you will rule or ruin in all events. This, we know by experience, is no easy task and we have been so trying to convince them from the very beginning of our organization, but with no success. In all our platforms and speeches we have constantly protested our purpose to let them alone and he ends by saying that Republicans, if they cannot end slavery where it exists, must fight through their votes to prevent its expansion. Let us have faith that right makes might, and in faith, let us, to the end. I fully indorse this, and I adopt it as a text for this discourse, I so adopt it because it furnishes a precise and an agreed starting point for a discussion between Republicans and that wing of the Democracy headed by Senator Douglas. It simply leaves the inquiry, What was the understanding those fathers had of the question mentioned, such, unquestionably, was the understanding of our fathers who framed the original Constitution. I do not mean to say we are bound to follow implicitly in whatever our fathers did, to do so, would be to discard all the lights of current experience—to reject all progress—all improvement. This is all Republicans ask—all Republicans desire—in relation to slavery, let all the guarantees those fathers gave it, be, not grudgingly, but fully and fairly, maintained
5.
Abraham Lincoln's Farewell Address
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Abraham Lincolns Farewell Address was a speech made by president-elect Abraham Lincoln in Springfield, Illinois on February 11,1861 on his way to his inauguration in Washington, D. C. Several thousand citizens of Illinois gathered to see Lincoln depart, in response, Lincoln gave this brief, impromptu speech from his railroad car shortly before he departed, My friends, no one, not in my situation, can appreciate my feeling of sadness at this parting. To this place and the kindness of these people, I owe everything, here I have lived a quarter of a century, and have passed from a young to an old man. Here my children have been born, and one is buried, I now leave, not knowing when, or whether ever, I may return, with a task before me greater than that which rested upon Washington. Without the assistance of that Divine Being who ever attended him, with that assistance I cannot fail. Trusting in Him who can go with me, and remain with you, to His care commending you, as I hope in your prayers you will commend me, I bid you an affectionate farewell. The speech moved members of his entourage so much that after the train started, because of the difficulty of doing so on a moving train, Lincoln asked his personal secretary, John Nicolay, to finish copying it down after a few sentences. A second version of the speech was published in a Springfield newspaper a few days later, united States presidential election,1860 Presidency of Abraham Lincoln Abraham Lincoln and religion Abraham Lincoln assassination Gettysburg Address Original manuscript from the Library of Congress
6.
Presidency of Abraham Lincoln
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Lincoln was the first member of the recently-established Republican Party elected to the presidency. He was succeeded by Vice President Andrew Johnson, a former Whig politician, Lincoln ran on a political platform opposing the policies of the Pierce and Buchanan administrations that would have preserved slavery for the foreseeable future. His election served as the impetus for the outbreak of the American Civil War. During the 16 weeks between Election Day and Inauguration Day, seven slave states declared their secession from the Union, after being sworn in as president, Lincoln refused to accept any resolution that would result in Southern secession from the Union. Despite having limited experience, Lincoln was first and foremost a war president, as the Civil War began just weeks into his presidency. Lincoln was called on to both the political and military aspects of the war, facing challenges in both spheres. Lincoln also became the first president to institute a military draft, Lincolns 1863 Emancipation Proclamation freed about 3 million slaves in Confederate-held territory. In 1865, Lincoln was instrumental in the passage of the Thirteenth Amendment, Lincoln also presided over the passage of important domestic legislation, including the first of the Homestead Acts, the Morrill Land-Grant Act of 1862, and the Pacific Railroad Act of 1862. Lincoln ran for re-election in 1864 on the National Union ticket, though Lincoln feared he might lose the contest, he defeated his former subordinate, General George B. McClellan of the Democratic Party, in a landslide. Lincolns assassination five days after the surrender of General Robert E. Lee left the challenge of reconstructing the nation to others. Political historians have long held Lincoln in high regard for his accomplishments, Lincoln was in his hometown of Springfield, Illinois on election day. He voted in mid-afternoon and spent the rest of the day discussing politics, primarily local and he took a few hours off at 5,00 pm to have dinner at home with his family. He returned to the capitol, but by 9,00 p. m. he had moved to the telegraph office where he could observe first hand as the election returns were reported. It was after midnight before the news reached Lincoln that he had carried New York. As Lincoln received visitors and mail in Springfield, people expressed their concern about events in the South. Many expected Lincoln to somehow provide reassurances to the South that their interests were not being threatened, I am not at liberty to shift my ground -- that is out of the question. If I thought a repetition would do any good I would make it, but my judgment is it would do positive harm. The secessionists, per se believing they had alarmed me, would all the louder
7.
1860 Republican National Convention
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Representative Abraham Lincoln of Illinois for President of the United States and Senator Hannibal Hamlin of Maine for Vice President. Lincolns nomination was a surprise, as the favorite before the convention had been former Governor of New York, Lincolns campaign manager, David Davis, is credited for Lincolns victory over Thurlow Weed, Sewards campaign manager. Lincoln-Hamlin went on to three other major tickets that year, including Democratic nominee Stephen A. Douglas, U. S. While the Republican Presidential effort on behalf of the 43-year-old Colonel John C, frémont in the 1856 election had met with failure, party gains were made throughout the Northern United States as the sectional crisis over slavery intensified. Party leaders sought to hold their 1860 nominating convention in the burgeoning Middle Western trade center of Chicago, the Convention commanded the interest and attention of a multitude of curious citizens who crowded the Wigwam to the rafters. Some 86 votes were apportioned to the six states of New England, slave and border states with substantial delegations under the rules included Kentucky, Virginia, and Missouri. The total of all credentialed delegate votes was 466, with the convention called to order on May 16, former U. S. Representative David Wilmot of Pennsylvania was elected chairman of the gathering. He had been the author in 1848 of the Wilmot Proviso which would have banned slavery from new states incorporated into the Union. That interest has wrested, and is now wresting, all the powers of this government to the one object of the extension and nationalization of slavery. It is our purpose, gentlemen, it is the mission of the Republican Party and it is our purpose and our policy to resist these new constitutional dogmas that slavery exists by virtue of the constitution wherever the banner of the Union floats. Organizational tasks filled the rest of the first days activities, including the appointment of a Credentials Committee, there were no contested seats although a delegation purporting to represent the state of Texas was ruled ineligible by the Credentials Committee. A Platform Committee was also named, including one delegate from every state and this committee began its work at once and completed its task with a report on the evening of the second day, May 17. This Amendment was initially rejected by the convention, prompting a walkout by its proposer, the matter was hastily reconsidered by the Convention, and with the addition of the amendment the disgruntled Mr. Giddings returned to his seat, crisis resolved. With the Democrats in disarray and with a sweep of the Northern states possible, Senator William H. Seward of New York was generally expected to get the nomination. Other candidates seeking the nomination at the convention included Lincoln, Governor of Ohio Salmon P. Chase, representative Edward Bates of Missouri, and U. S. As the convention developed, however, it was revealed that Seward, Chase, delegates were concerned that Seward was too closely identified with the radical wing of the party, and his moves toward the center had alienated the radicals. German-Americans in the party opposed Bates because of his past association with the Know-Nothings and it was essential to carry the West, and Lincoln was a prominent Westerner
8.
United States presidential election, 1860
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The United States presidential election of 1860 was the nineteenth quadrennial presidential election to select the President and Vice President of the United States. The election was held on Tuesday, November 6,1860, the United States had been divided during the 1850s on questions surrounding the expansion of slavery and the rights of slave owners. Incumbent President James Buchanan, like his predecessor Franklin Pierce, was a northerner with sympathies for the South and he recommended that Supreme Court Justice Robert Grier vote proslavery in the Dred Scott v. Sandford case of 1857. This was so unpopular it backfired on Buchanans presidency, allowing the Republican Party to win a majority in the House in 1858, in 1860, these issues broke the Democratic Party into Northern and Southern factions, and a new Constitutional Union Party appeared. In the face of an opposition, the newly created Republican Party secured a majority of the electoral votes. The 1860 presidential election marked the end of the Souths political dominance over the nation, moreover, since 1791, Southerners had comprised a majority of the Supreme Court. The 1860 presidential election conventions were unusually tumultuous, due in particular to a split in the Democratic Party that led to rival conventions, three other candidates, Isaac Toucey from Connecticut, James Pearce from Maryland, and Jefferson Davis from Mississippi also received votes. Douglas, a moderate on the slavery issue who favored “popular sovereignty”, was ahead on the first ballot, on the 57th ballot, Douglas was still ahead, but 51.5 votes short of nomination. In desperation, the agreed on May 3 to stop voting. The Democrats convened again at the Front Street Theater in Baltimore, Maryland and this time,110 Southern delegates walked out when the convention would not adopt a resolution supporting extending slavery into territories whose voters did not want it. Some considered Horatio Seymour a compromise candidate for the National Democratic nomination at the convention in Baltimore. Seymour wrote a letter to the editor of his local newspaper declaring unreservedly that he was not a candidate for either spot on the ticket, after two ballots, the remaining Democrats nominated the ticket of Stephen A. Douglas from Illinois for president. Benjamin Fitzpatrick from Alabama was nominated for president, but he refused the nomination. That nomination ultimately went instead to Herschel Vespasian Johnson from Georgia, Breckinridge, Vice President of the United States Daniel S. When the Democrats reconvened in Baltimore, they rejoined and this larger group met immediately in Baltimore’s Institute Hall, with Cushing again presiding. They adopted the pro-slavery platform rejected at Charleston, and nominated Vice President John C, Breckinridge for President, and Senator Joseph Lane from Oregon for Vice President. Yancey and some of the bolters, almost entirely from the Lower South, met on June 28 in Richmond, along with the South Carolina and this convention affirmed the nominations of Breckinridge and Lane. Besides the Democratic Parties in the states, the Breckinridge/Lane ticket was also supported by the Buchanan administration
9.
First inauguration of Abraham Lincoln
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The first inauguration of Abraham Lincoln as the 16th President of the United States was held on March 4,1861, on the East Portico of the United States Capitol in Washington, D. C. The inauguration marked the commencement of the first term of Abraham Lincoln as President, the presidential oath of office was administered to Lincoln by Roger B. Taney, Chief Justice of the United States and this was the first time Lincoln appeared in public with a beard, which he had begun growing after being elected president, in response to a written request by 11-year-old Grace Bedell. This effectively made him the first President to have any facial hair beyond sideburns, an entourage of family and friends left Springfield, Illinois with Lincoln on February 11 to travel by train to Washington, D. C. for the inauguration. This group including his wife, three sons, and brother-in-law, as well as John G. Nicolay, John M. Hay, Ward Hill Lamon, David Davis, Norman B. Lincoln took a carriage to the Continental Hotel, with almost 100,000 spectators waiting to catch a glimpse of the President-elect. There he met Mayor Alexander Henry, and delivered some remarks to the crowd outside from a hotel balcony. Then, because of an assassination conspiracy, Lincoln traveled through Baltimore. Presidency of Abraham Lincoln Lincoln Bible Lincolns first inaugural address More documents from the Library of Congress
10.
Abraham Lincoln's first inaugural address
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Abraham Lincolns first inaugural address was delivered on Monday, March 4,1861, as part of his taking of the oath of office for his first term as the sixteenth President of the United States. The inauguration took place on the eve of the American Civil War, desperately wishing to avoid this terrible conflict, Lincoln ended with this impassioned plea, I am loath to close. We are not enemies, but friends, though passion may have strained it must not break our bonds of affection. Lincoln was chosen to be the Republican candidate in the 1860 presidential election, between this time and his inauguration on March 4, seven Deep South cotton states—South Carolina, Mississippi, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Louisiana and Texas—would secede from the Union. Lincolns predecessor, James Buchanan, had deplored secession as illegal, the entire nation, together with several interested foreign powers, awaited the President-elects words on what exactly his policy toward the new Confederacy would be. Lincolns speech was an effort to answer this question, as well as an attempt to out to what he called his dissatisfied fellow-countrymen in an effort to avoid the coming conflict. Lincolns intention was that no statement of his policy toward the South should be made available before he had taken office. Those privy to the speechs possible contents were sworn to silence, Lincolns soon-to-be Secretary of State, William Seward, later made suggestions that softened the original tone somewhat, and contributed to the speechs famous closing. Lincoln for his part took Sewards draft of the closing and gave it a poetic, lyrical tone. We are not, we must not be aliens or enemies and we are not enemies, but friends. An entourage of family and friends left Springfield with Lincoln on February 11 to travel by train to Washington, D. C. for his inauguration. This group included Lincolns wife, three sons, and brother-in-law, as well as John G. Nicolay, John M. Hay, Ward Hill Lamon, David Davis, Norman B. Lincoln took a carriage to the Continental Hotel, with almost 100,000 spectators waiting to catch a glimpse of the president-elect. There he met Mayor Alexander Henry, and delivered some remarks to the crowd outside from a hotel balcony, during the trip, Lincolns son Robert was entrusted by his father with a carpetbag containing the speech. At one stop, Robert mistakenly handed the bag to a hotel clerk, a visibly chagrined Lincoln was compelled to go behind the desk and try his key in several bags, until finally locating the one containing his speech. Thereafter, Lincoln kept the bag in his possession until his arrival in Washington, because of an alleged assassination conspiracy, Lincoln traveled through Baltimore, Maryland on a special train in the middle of the night before finally completing his journey to the capital. Lincoln opened his speech by first indicating that he would not touch on matters of administration about which there is no special anxiety or excitement. I believe I have no right to do so, and I have no inclination to do so
11.
American Civil War
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The American Civil War was an internal conflict fought in the United States from 1861 to 1865. The Union faced secessionists in eleven Southern states grouped together as the Confederate States of America, the Union won the war, which remains the bloodiest in U. S. history. Among the 34 U. S. states in February 1861, War broke out in April 1861 when Confederates attacked the U. S. fortress of Fort Sumter. The Confederacy grew to eleven states, it claimed two more states, the Indian Territory, and the southern portions of the western territories of Arizona. The Confederacy was never recognized by the United States government nor by any foreign country. The states that remained loyal, including border states where slavery was legal, were known as the Union or the North, the war ended with the surrender of all the Confederate armies and the dissolution of the Confederate government in the spring of 1865. The war had its origin in the issue of slavery. The Confederacy collapsed and 4 million slaves were freed, but before his inauguration, seven slave states with cotton-based economies formed the Confederacy. The first six to declare secession had the highest proportions of slaves in their populations, the first seven with state legislatures to resolve for secession included split majorities for unionists Douglas and Bell in Georgia with 51% and Louisiana with 55%. Alabama had voted 46% for those unionists, Mississippi with 40%, Florida with 38%, Texas with 25%, of these, only Texas held a referendum on secession. Eight remaining slave states continued to reject calls for secession, outgoing Democratic President James Buchanan and the incoming Republicans rejected secession as illegal. Lincolns March 4,1861 inaugural address declared that his administration would not initiate a civil war, speaking directly to the Southern States, he reaffirmed, I have no purpose, directly or indirectly to interfere with the institution of slavery in the United States where it exists. I believe I have no right to do so, and I have no inclination to do so. After Confederate forces seized numerous federal forts within territory claimed by the Confederacy, efforts at compromise failed, the Confederates assumed that European countries were so dependent on King Cotton that they would intervene, but none did, and none recognized the new Confederate States of America. Hostilities began on April 12,1861, when Confederate forces fired upon Fort Sumter, while in the Western Theater the Union made significant permanent gains, in the Eastern Theater, the battle was inconclusive in 1861–62. The autumn 1862 Confederate campaigns into Maryland and Kentucky failed, dissuading British intervention, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which made ending slavery a war goal. To the west, by summer 1862 the Union destroyed the Confederate river navy, then much of their western armies, the 1863 Union siege of Vicksburg split the Confederacy in two at the Mississippi River. In 1863, Robert E. Lees Confederate incursion north ended at the Battle of Gettysburg, Western successes led to Ulysses S. Grants command of all Union armies in 1864
12.
Union (American Civil War)
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The Union was opposed by 11 southern slave states that formed the Confederate States, or the Confederacy. All of the Unions states provided soldiers for the U. S. Army, the Border states played a major role as a supply base for the Union invasion of the Confederacy. The Northeast provided the resources for a mechanized war producing large quantities of munitions and supplies. The Midwest provided soldiers, food, horses, financial support, Army hospitals were set up across the Union. Most states had Republican governors who energetically supported the war effort, the Democratic Party strongly supported the war in 1861 but in 1862 was split between the War Democrats and the anti-war element led by the Copperheads. The Democrats made major gains in 1862 in state elections. They lost ground in 1863, especially in Ohio, in 1864 the Republicans campaigned under the National Union Party banner, which attracted many War Democrats and soldiers and scored a landslide victory for Lincoln and his entire ticket. The war years were quite prosperous except where serious fighting and guerrilla warfare took place along the southern border, prosperity was stimulated by heavy government spending and the creation of an entirely new national banking system. The Union states invested a great deal of money and effort in organizing psychological and social support for soldiers wives, widows, orphans, and for the soldiers themselves. Most soldiers were volunteers, although after 1862 many volunteered to escape the draft, Draft resistance was notable in some larger cities, especially New York City with its massive anti-draft riots of 1863 and in some remote districts such as the coal mining areas of Pennsylvania. In the context of the American Civil War, the Union is sometimes referred to as the North, both then and now, as opposed to the Confederacy, which was the South. The Union never recognized the legitimacy of the Confederacys secession and maintained at all times that it remained entirely a part of the United States of America, in foreign affairs the Union was the only side recognized by all other nations, none of which officially recognized the Confederate government. The term Union occurs in the first governing document of the United States, the subsequent Constitution of 1787 was issued and ratified in the name not of the states, but of We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union. Union, for the United States of America, is repeated in such clauses as the Admission to the Union clause in Article IV. Even before the war started, the preserve the Union was commonplace. Using the term Union to apply to the non-secessionist side carried a connotation of legitimacy as the continuation of the political entity. In comparison to the Confederacy, the Union had a large industrialized and urbanized area, additionally, the Union states had a manpower advantage of 5 to 2 at the start of the war. Year by year, the Confederacy shrank and lost control of increasing quantities of resources, meanwhile, the Union turned its growing potential advantage into a much stronger military force
13.
Emancipation Proclamation
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The Emancipation Proclamation was a presidential proclamation and executive order issued by President Abraham Lincoln on January 1,1863. It purported to change the legal status of more than 3 million enslaved people in the designated areas of the South from slave to free. It had the effect that as soon as a slave escaped the control of the Confederate government, by running away or through advances of federal troops. Eventually it reached and liberated all of the designated slaves and it was issued as a war measure during the American Civil War, directed to all of the areas in rebellion and all segments of the executive branch of the United States. It proclaimed the freedom of slaves in ten states, because it was issued under the Presidents authority to suppress rebellion, it necessarily excluded areas not in rebellion – it applied to more than 3 million of the 4 million slaves at the time. The Proclamation was based on the constitutional authority as commander in chief of the armed forces. The Proclamation was issued in January 1863 after U, the Proclamation did not compensate the owners, did not outlaw slavery, and did not grant citizenship to the ex-slaves. It made the eradication of slavery a war goal, in addition to the goal of reuniting the Union. Around 20,000 to 50,000 slaves in regions where rebellion had already been subdued were immediately emancipated. Prior to the Proclamation, in accordance with the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850, also specifically excluded were some regions already controlled by the Union army. On September 22,1862, Lincoln issued a warning that he would order the emancipation of all slaves in any state that did not end its rebellion against the Union by January 1,1863. None of the Confederate states restored themselves to the Union, and Lincolns order was signed, the Emancipation Proclamation outraged white Southerners who envisioned a race war. It angered some Northern Democrats, energized anti-slavery forces, and undermined elements in Europe that wanted to intervene to help the Confederacy, the Proclamation lifted the spirits of African Americans both free and slave. It led many slaves to escape from their masters and get to Union lines to obtain their freedom, the Emancipation Proclamation broadened the goals of the Civil War. While slavery had been an issue that led to the war. The Proclamation made freeing the slaves an explicit goal of the Union war effort, establishing the abolition of slavery as one of the two primary war goals served to deter intervention by Britain and France. The Emancipation Proclamation was never challenged in court, to ensure the abolition of slavery in all of the U. S. Lincoln pushed for passage of the Thirteenth Amendment. Congress passed it by the necessary two-thirds vote on January 31,1865, the United States Constitution of 1787 did not use the word slavery but included several provisions about unfree persons
14.
Ten percent plan
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During the American Civil War, the ten percent plan was a proposal put forward by President Abraham Lincoln for the reinstatement of Southern states. S. and pledged to abide by Emancipation. Voters could then elect delegates to draft revised state constitutions and establish new state governments, all southerners except for high-ranking Confederate army officers and government officials would be granted a full pardon. Lincoln guaranteed southerners that he would protect their property, though not their slaves. By 1864, Louisiana, Tennessee, and Arkansas had established fully functioning unionist governments and this policy was meant to shorten the war by offering a moderate peace plan. It was also intended to further his policy by insisting that the new governments abolished slavery. Congress reacted sharply to this proclamation of Lincolns plan, Lincolns reconstructive policy toward the South was lenient because he wanted to popularize his Emancipation Proclamation. Lincoln feared that enforcement of the proclamation could lead to the defeat of the Republican Party in the election of 1864. The Radical Republicans opposed Lincolns plan, as thought it too lenient toward the South. Although the Radical Republicans were the minority party in Congress, they managed to sway many moderates in the postwar years, in the summer of 1864, the Radical Republicans passed a new bill to counter the plan, known as the Wade–Davis Bill. These radicals believed that Lincolns plan was too lenient, and this new bill would make readmission into the Union more difficult, the Bill stated that for a state to be readmitted, the majority of the state would have to take a loyalty oath, not just ten percent. Lincoln later pocket-vetoed this new bill, forever Free, The Story of Emancipation & Reconstruction
15.
Gettysburg Address
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The Gettysburg Address is a speech by U. S. President Abraham Lincoln, one of the best-known in American history. Abraham Lincolns carefully crafted address, secondary to other presentations that day, was one of the greatest and most influential statements of national purpose, Lincoln also redefined the Civil War as a struggle not just for the Union, but also for the principle of human equality. Despite the speechs prominent place in the history and popular culture of the United States, the five known manuscripts of the Gettysburg Address in Lincolns hand differ in a number of details, and also differ from contemporary newspaper reprints of the speech. Following the Battle of Gettysburg on July 1–3,1863, reburial of Union soldiers from the Gettysburg Battlefield graves began on October 17, Lincolns address followed the oration by Edward Everett, who subsequently included a copy of the Gettysburg Address in his 1864 book about the event. During the train trip from Washington, D. C. to Gettysburg on November 18, on the morning of November 19, Lincoln mentioned to John Nicolay that he was dizzy. Hay noted that during the speech Lincolns face had a ghastly color, after the speech, when Lincoln boarded the 6,30 pm train for Washington, D. C. he was feverish and weak, with a severe headache. A protracted illness followed, which included a vesicular rash and was diagnosed as a case of smallpox. It thus seems likely that Lincoln was in the prodromal period of smallpox when he delivered the Gettysburg address. The program organized for that day by Wills and his committee included, Music, by Birgfelds Band Prayer, by Reverend T. H. Stockton, D. D. Music, by the Marine Band, directed by Francis Scala Oration, by Hon. Edward Everett Music, but the duty to which you have called me must be performed, —grant me, I pray you, your indulgence and your sympathy. Lengthy dedication addresses like Everetts were common at cemeteries in this era, the tradition began in 1831 when Justice Joseph Story delivered the dedication address at Mount Auburn Cemetery in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Those addresses often linked cemeteries to the mission of Union, shortly after Everetts well-received remarks, Lincoln spoke for only a few minutes. With a few appropriate remarks, he was able to summarize his view of the war in just ten sentences, of these versions, the Bliss version, written well after the speech as a favor for a friend, is viewed by many as the standard text. Its text differs, however, from the versions prepared by Lincoln before. It is the version to which Lincoln affixed his signature. Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battle-field of that war and we have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this, but, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate—we can not consecrate—we can not hallow—this ground
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1864 National Union National Convention
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The party name was created in May 1864, during the American Civil War, ahead of the 1864 presidential election, in which President Abraham Lincoln, then a Republican, was running for reelection. Frémont, who had been the Republicans first presidential nominee during the 1856 election, the convention dropped then-Vice President Hannibal Hamlin, a Radical Republican from the ticket, and chose War Democrat Andrew Johnson as Lincolns running mate. The National Unionists hoped that the new party and the Lincoln-Johnson ticket would stress the national character of the war and it also praised the use of black troops and Lincolns management of the war. On the first ballot, Missouri delegates cast their 22 votes for General Ulysses S. Grant, the Missourians quickly changed their votes to make Lincoln’s renomination unanimous. Andrew Johnson, the former Senator from and current Military Governor of Tennessee, was named as Lincolns running-mate, in keeping with the tradition of the time, Lincoln did not attend the convention
17.
United States presidential election, 1864
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The United States presidential election of 1864 was the 20th quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 8,1864. In this match, incumbent president Republican Abraham Lincoln ran for re-election against Democratic candidate George B, McClellan, who tried to portray himself to the voters as the peace candidate who wanted to bring the American Civil War to a speedy end. Lincoln was re-elected president by a landslide in the Electoral College, since the election of 1860, the Electoral College had expanded with the admission of Kansas, West Virginia, and Nevada as free-soil states. As the Civil War was still raging, no electoral votes were counted from any of the southern states that had joined the Confederate States of America. The second inauguration of Abraham Lincoln took place on March 4,1865, Lincolns second term is the second shortest term served by any U. S. president, next to the 31-day presidency of William Henry Harrison. The Presidential election of 1864 took place during the American Civil War, according to the Miller Center for the study of the presidency, the election was noteworthy for occurring at all, an unprecedented democratic exercise in the midst of a civil war. A group of Republican dissidents who called themselves Radical Republicans formed a party named the Radical Democracy Party, Frémont as their candidate for president. Frémont later withdrew and endorsed Lincoln, in the Border States, War Democrats joined with Republicans as the National Union Party, with Lincoln at the head of the ticket. The National Union Party was a name used to attract War Democrats. It faced off against the regular Democratic Party, including Peace Democrats, the 1864 presidential election conventions of the parties are considered below in order of the partys popular vote. Senators Charles Sumner and Henry Wilson from Massachusetts wanted the Republican Party to advocate constitutional amendments to prohibit slavery, initially, not all northern Republicans supported such measures. Democratic leaders hoped that the radical Republicans would put forth their own ticket in the election, Frémont supporters in New York City established a newspaper called the New Nation, which declared in one of its initial issues that the National Union Convention would be a nonentity. Before the election, some War Democrats joined the Republicans to form the National Union Party, the party platform included these goals. It also praised the use of troops and Lincolns management of the war. Andrew Johnson, the senator from and current military governor of Tennessee, was named as Lincolns vice presidential running-mate. Moderate Peace Democrats who supported the war against the Confederacy, such as Horatio Seymour, were preaching the wisdom of a negotiated peace, after the Union victory at the Battle of Gettysburg in 1863, moderate Peace Democrats proposed a negotiated peace that would secure Union victory. They believed this was the best course of action, because an armistice could finish the war without devastating the South. Radical Peace Democrats known as Copperheads, such as Thomas H. Seymour, declared the war to be a failure, George B. McClellan vied for the presidential nomination
18.
Second inauguration of Abraham Lincoln
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The second inauguration of Abraham Lincoln as President of the United States took place on March 4,1865. The inauguration marked the commencement of the term of Abraham Lincoln as President. Lincoln died 42 days into this term, and Johnson succeeded to the presidency, chief Justice Salmon P. Chase administered the Oath of office. Before the president was sworn in, Vice President-elect Andrew Johnson took his oath, at the ceremony Johnson, who had been drinking to offset the pain of typhoid fever, gave a rambling address in the Senate chamber and appeared obviously intoxicated. Historian Eric Foner has labeled the inauguration a disaster for Johnson, at the time Johnson was ridiculed in the press as a drunken clown. This was the first inauguration to be photographed, and the pictures have since become iconic. One is widely thought to show John Wilkes Booth, who would later assassinate Lincoln, while Lincoln did not believe his address was particularly well received at the time, it is now generally considered one of the finest speeches in American history. Historian Mark Noll has deemed it among the handful of semisacred texts by which Americans conceive their place in the world, fellow-Countrymen, At this second appearing to take the oath of the Presidential office there is less occasion for an extended address than there was at the first. Then a statement somewhat in detail of a course to be pursued seemed fitting and proper. The progress of our arms, upon which all else chiefly depends, is as known to the public as to myself. With high hope for the future, no prediction in regard to it is ventured, on the occasion corresponding to this four years ago all thoughts were anxiously directed to an impending civil war. All dreaded it, all sought to avert it, both parties deprecated war, but one of them would make war rather than let the nation survive, and the other would accept war rather than let it perish, and the war came. One-eighth of the population were colored slaves, not distributed generally over the Union. These slaves constituted a peculiar and powerful interest, all knew that this interest was somehow the cause of the war. Neither party expected for the war the magnitude or the duration which it has already attained, neither anticipated that the cause of the conflict might cease with or even before the conflict itself should cease. Each looked for a triumph, and a result less fundamental. Both read the same Bible and pray to the same God and it may seem strange that any men should dare to ask a just Gods assistance in wringing their bread from the sweat of other mens faces, but let us judge not, that we be not judged. The prayers of both could not be answered and that of neither has been answered fully
19.
Reconstruction Era
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Johnson followed a lenient policy toward ex-Confederates. Lincolns last speeches show that he was leaning toward supporting the enfranchisement of all freedmen, whereas Johnson was opposed to this. A Republican coalition came to power in all the southern states and set out to transform the society by setting up a free labor economy, using the U. S. Army. The Bureau protected the rights of freedmen, negotiated labor contracts. Thousands of Northerners came South as missionaries, teachers, businessmen, rebuilding the rundown railroad system was a major strategy, but it collapsed when a nationwide depression struck the economy. The Radicals in the House of Representatives, frustrated by Johnsons opposition to Congressional Reconstruction, filed impeachment charges, in early 1866, Congress passed the Freedmens Bureau and Civil Rights Bills and sent them to Johnson for his signature. Meanwhile, self-styled Conservatives strongly opposed reconstruction and they alleged widespread corruption by the Carpetbaggers, excessive state spending and ruinous taxes. Southern democrats and conservatives violently counterattacked and had regained power in each redeemed Southern state by 1877, meanwhile, public support for Reconstruction policies, requiring continued supervision of the South, faded in the North, as voters decided that the Civil War and years of conflict should stop. Reconstruction was a significant chapter in the history of civil rights in the United States, in the different states Reconstruction began and ended at different times, federal Reconstruction ended with the Compromise of 1877. In recent decades most historians follow Foner in dating the Reconstruction of the south as starting in 1863 rather than 1865, Reconstruction policies were debated in the North when the war began, and commenced in earnest after Lincolns Emancipation Proclamation, issued on January 1,1863. As Confederate states came back under control of the US Army, President Abraham Lincoln set up reconstructed governments in Tennessee, Arkansas and he experimented by giving land to blacks in South Carolina. By fall 1865, the new President Andrew Johnson declared the war goals of national unity, Republicans in Congress, refusing to accept Johnsons lenient terms, rejected new members of Congress, some of whom had been high-ranking Confederate officials a few months before. Johnson broke with the Republicans after vetoing two key bills that supported the Freedmens Bureau and provided federal civil rights to the freedmen and that same year, Congress removed civilian governments in the South, and placed the former Confederacy under the rule of the U. S. Army. In ten states, coalitions of freedmen, recent black and white arrivals from the North, Conservative opponents called the Republican regimes corrupt and instigated violence toward freedmen and whites who supported Reconstruction. Most of the violence was carried out by members of the Ku Klux Klan, Klan members attacked and intimidated blacks seeking to exercise their new civil rights, as well as Republican politicians in the south favoring those civil rights. One such politician murdered by the Klan on the eve of the 1868 presidential election was Republican Congressman James M. Hinds of Arkansas, widespread violence in the south led to federal intervention by President Ulysses S. Grant in 1871, which suppressed the Klan. Nevertheless, white Democrats, calling themselves Redeemers, regained control of the state by state, sometimes using fraud. The end of Reconstruction was a process, and the period of Republican control ended at different times in different states
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Assassination of Abraham Lincoln
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Lincoln was the third American president to die in office, and the first to be murdered. An unsuccessful attempt had made on Andrew Jackson 30 years prior, in 1835. The assassination of Lincoln was planned and carried out by the stage actor John Wilkes Booth. By simultaneously eliminating the top three people in the administration, Booth and his co-conspirators hoped to disrupt the United States government. As the President was watching the play, Booth shot Lincoln from behind at a distance of three or four feet, hitting him in the back of the head. At 7,22 a. m. the following day, the rest of the conspirators plot failed, Powell only managed to wound Seward, while Atzerodt, Johnsons would-be assassin, lost his nerve and fled. Booth made an escape, resulting in a lengthy manhunt that ended in his death. Several other conspirators were tried and hanged. The funeral and burial of Abraham Lincoln was a period of extended national mourning, John Wilkes Booth, originally from Maryland, was a proud Southerner and an outspoken Confederate sympathizer. In late 1860, Booth was initiated in the pro-Confederate Knights of the Golden Circle in Baltimore, born into a family of well-known stage actors, Booth had become a famous actor and a nationally recognized celebrity in his own right by the time of the assassination. In March 1864, Ulysses S. Grant, the general of all the Unions armies. As harsh as it may have been on the prisoners of both sides, Grant realized the exchange was prolonging the war by returning soldiers to the outnumbered and manpower-starved South. John Wilkes Booth conceived a plan to kidnap President Lincoln and deliver him to the Confederate Army, Booth recruited Samuel Arnold, George Atzerodt, David Herold, Michael OLaughlen, Lewis Powell, and John Surratt to help him. Surratts mother, Mary Surratt, left her tavern in Surrattsville, Maryland and moved to a house in Washington, while Booth and Lincoln were not personally acquainted, Lincoln had seen Booth in The Marble Heart at Fords on November 9,1863. Subsequently Lincoln sent a invitation backstage inviting Booth to visit the White House, afterwards, actor Frank Mordaunt stated that Booth evaded multiple invitations from the president. Lincoln was an admirer of the man who assassinated him and that actor was John Wilkes Booth. Booth attended Lincolns second inauguration on March 4,1865, as the invited guest of his secret fiancée Lucy Hale, daughter of John P. Hale, soon to become United States Ambassador to Spain. Booth afterwards wrote in his diary, What an excellent chance I had, if I wished, on March 17,1865, Booth informed his conspirators that Lincoln would be attending a play, Still Waters Run Deep, at Campbell Military Hospital
21.
Funeral and burial of Abraham Lincoln
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The funeral and burial of Abraham Lincoln included a three-week series of events in 1865 held to mourn the Presidents death and memorialize him. The body was accompanied by dignitaries, Lincolns eldest son Robert Todd rode the train to Baltimore and then disembarked and returned to the White House. Lincolns wife Mary Todd Lincoln remained at the White House because she was too distraught to make the trip, Robert took a later train to Springfield for his fathers final funeral and burial. Several stops were made along the way, in which Lincolns body lay in state, the train retraced the route Lincoln had traveled to Washington as the president-elect on his way to his first inauguration. Millions of Americans viewed the train along the route, and participated in the ceremonies, Lincoln was interred at Oak Ridge Cemetery in Springfield. Mary Todd Lincoln and three of their four sons are buried there. Because of the length of the funeral, historians have called this event The Greatest Funeral in the History of the United States. After the assassination of Abraham Lincoln by John Wilkes Booth, his body was carried by a guard to the White House on Saturday April 15,1865. He lay in state in the East Room of the White House which was open to the public on Tuesday, the body again laid in state on the 20th and on the early morning of the following day a prayer service was held for the Lincoln cabinet. At 7 a. m. on Friday, April 21, Edwin M. Stanton, Gideon Welles, Hugh McCulloch, John Palmer Usher, Lieutenant General Ulysses S. Grant, and Montgomery C. Meigs left the escort at the depot, and at 8 A. M. the train departed, at least 10,000 people witnessed the trains departure from Washington. The funeral train consisted of nine cars, including a baggage, the car had been draped in mourning and contained the coffins of Lincoln and his son. Different locomotives were used on different stretches of the trip, the train was preceded by a pilot locomotive with one car to see that the track ahead was unobstructed. No person was allowed to be transported on the cars except those authorized by the War Department, M. Smith, Brigadier General John Blair Smith Todd, a cousin of Mary Todd Lincoln, and Charles Alexander Smith, the brother of C. M. Smith. Caldwell, Alfred Terry, George D. Ramsey, and Daniel McCallum, Union Navy Rear Admiral Charles Henry Davis and Captain William Rogers Taylor, and Marine Corps Major Thomas H. Field. Four accompanied the train in a capacity, Captain Charles Penrose, as quartermaster and commissary of subsistence, Ward Hill Lamon, Lincolns longtime bodyguard and friend. Marshal for the District of Columbia, and Dr. Charles B. Brown and Frank T. Sands, embalmer and undertaker, respectively. Governor Oliver P. Morton of Indiana, Governor John Brough of Ohio, Lincolns funeral train was the first national commemoration of a presidents death by rail
22.
Memorials to Abraham Lincoln
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Abraham Lincoln, U. S. president 1861–65, has been memorialized in many town, city, and county names, Along with George Washington, he is an iconic image of American democracy and nationalism. During the Great Depression, he asays, Lincoln served as a means for seeing the worlds disappointments, franklin D. Roosevelt, preparing America for war, used the words of the Civil War president to clarify the threat posed by Germany and Japan. Americans asked, What would Lincoln do, however, he also finds that since World War II, Lincolns symbolic power has lost relevance, and this fading hero is symptomatic of fading confidence in national greatness. He suggested that postmodernism and multiculturalism have diluted greatness as a concept, while Lincoln remains in the very top tier of presidential rankings, all of the presidents have slipped in historical prestige in the publics mind. Lincoln sites remain popular tourist attractions, but crowds have thinned, in the late 1960s,650,000 people a year visited the home in Springfield, slipping to 393,000 in 2000–2003. Likewise visits to New Salem fell by half, probably because of the draw of the new museum in Springfield. Visits to the Lincoln Memorial in Washington peaked at 4.3 million in 1987 and have since declined, however crowds at Fords Theatre in Washington have grown sharply. The Association has held a banquet in Jersey City every year on Lincolns birthday, the Association has been addressed by a number of people of national importance, including political figures, military veterans, educators and civil rights leaders. The Association celebrated its 150th anniversary on February 12,2015, the Associations annual dinner featured speaker Todd Brewster, author of Lincolns Gamble, about the struggle to create the Emancipation Proclamation. The memorials include the name of the capital of Nebraska, the first public monument to Abraham Lincoln, after his death, was a statue erected in front of the District of Columbia City Hall in 1868, three years after his assassination. C. Lincolns name and image appear in other places, such as the Lincoln Memorial in Washington. Fords Theatre and Petersen House are maintained as museums, as is the Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum, located in Springfield. The Lincoln Tomb in Oak Ridge Cemetery in Springfield, Illinois, contains his remains, springfields airport is named for him, the Abraham Lincoln Capital Airport. The group entered his tomb, but had succeeded in partially dislodging its marble lid before a US Secret Service agent who had infiltrated their number alerted law enforcement authorities. Although several escaped, most served a prison term. For much of the decade, Lincolns tomb was mobile. Within a year of death, Lincolns image began to be disseminated throughout the world on stamps. Pictured on many United States postage stamps, Lincoln is the only U. S. President to appear on a U. S. airmail stamp, Lincoln was one of five people to be depicted on United States paper currency during their lifetime
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Abraham Lincoln cultural depictions
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Since his death in 1865, Abraham Lincoln has been an iconic American figure depicted—usually favorably or heroically—in many forms. Lincoln has often portrayed by Hollywood, almost always in a flattering light. Statues of Abraham Lincoln can be found in other countries, in Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, Mexico, is a 13-foot high bronze statue, a gift from the United States, dedicated in 1966 by President Lyndon B. Johnson. The U. S. received a statue of Benito Juárez in exchange, Juárez and Lincoln exchanged friendly letters during the American Civil War, Mexico remembers Lincolns opposition to the Mexican-American War. There is also a statue in Tijuana, Mexico, showing Lincoln standing and destroying the chains of slavery, there is also a bust of the President at St Andrews Church in Hingham, Norfolk, where Lincolns ancestors lived. In Havana, Cuba, there is a bust of Abraham Lincoln in the Museum of the Revolution, a statue of him in front of the Abraham Lincoln School. In Quito, Ecuador, a statue of Lincoln can be found in the Plaza Abraham Lincoln, avenida Abraham Lincoln, in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic is one of the capital citys most important and trafficked streets. Walt Whitman was especially fascinated by Lincoln during the Civil War, Lincoln was fond of Whitmans poetry even before the war. By David S. Reynolds O Captain, Abraham, Martin and John, written by Dick Holler, recorded by Dion. This popular song first appeared under a sheet music cover picturing Mount Rushmore, Lincoln has been portrayed in many films and TV shows since 1908. Lincoln himself wrote poetry and at least one piece of fiction based upon one of the murder cases he defended as a young lawyer. In April 1846, The Quincy Whig published Lincolns short story under the title A Remarkable Case of Arrest for Murder, the story was republished in March 1952 by Ellery Queens Mystery Magazine and retitled The Trailor Murder Mystery. Lincoln refers to his own unnamed character as the defense and the writer of this, Captain Nemo also has a portrait of Lincoln hanging in his study on board the Nautilus. In the prequel The Mysterious Island, the five shipwrecked Union prisoners name the island which they discover, the German writer Karl May wrote two stories concerning Canada Bill Jones, Ein Self-man and Three carde monte. The narrator meets several times with the young Abraham Lincoln and together they oppose Kanada-Bill, both stories have in common the first meeting of the heroes, The narrator finds Lincoln in a forest training to orate. The first motion picture based on Lincoln was 1908 film The Reprieve, directed by Van Dyke Brooke, the film shows Lincoln pardoning a sentry who fell asleep on duty, a theme that would be depicted repeatedly in other silent era shorts. This era is also when the first Abraham Lincoln impersonators originated, as with the first picture on Lincoln, most of the films in this decade featured Lincoln pardoning soldiers charged with falling asleep on sentry duty. Films included Abraham Lincolns Clemency, When Lincoln Paid, The Sleeping Sentinel, John Drinkwaters play, Abraham Lincoln, was successful on both sides of the Atlantic, reaching Broadway and the West End
24.
Abraham Lincoln and slavery
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Abraham Lincolns position on slavery is one of the central issues in American history. Lincoln often expressed moral opposition to slavery in public and private, initially, he expected to bring about the eventual extinction of slavery by stopping its further expansion into any U. S. territory, and by proposing compensated emancipation in his early presidency. Lincoln stood by the Republican Partys platform of 1860, which stated that slavery should not be allowed to expand into any more territories. He believed that the extension of slavery in new lands would block free labor on free soil. As early as the 1850s, Lincoln was politically attacked as an abolitionist, Howard Jones says that n the prewar period, as well as into the first months of the American Civil War itself. S. Until the proposed 13th Amendment became part of his party platform for the 1864 election, in 1842, Abraham Lincoln married Mary Todd, who was a daughter of a slave-owning family from Kentucky. Lincoln returned to the stage as a result of the 1854 Kansas–Nebraska Act. Lincoln saw this as a repeal of the 1820 Missouri Compromise which had outlawed slavery above the 36-30 parallel, during the Civil War, Lincoln used the war powers of the presidency to issue the Emancipation Proclamation, in January 1863. As a practical matter, at first the Proclamation could only be enforced to free slaves who had already escaped to the Union side. However, millions more were freed as more areas of the Confederacy came under the Unions control, Lincoln pursued various plans to voluntarily colonize free blacks outside the United States, but none of these had a major effect. Historians disagree over whether or not his plans to colonize blacks were sincere or political posturing, regardless, by the end of his life, Lincoln had come to support black suffrage, a position that would lead him to be assassinated by John Wilkes Booth. Lincoln was born on February 12,1809, in Hardin County and his family attended a Separate Baptists church, which had strict moral standards and opposed alcohol, dancing, and slavery. The family moved north across the Ohio River to free territory and made a new start in Perry County, Lincoln later noted that this move was partly on account of slavery but mainly due to land title difficulties. As a young man, he settled in the state of Illinois. C. In 1841, he won a case, representing a black woman and her children who claimed she had already been freed. In 1845, he successfully defended Marvin Pond for harboring the fugitive slave John Hauley, in 1847, he lost a case representing a slave owner claiming return of fugitive slaves. While a congressman from Illinois in 1846 to 1848, Lincoln supported the Wilmot Proviso, Lincoln had left politics until he was drawn back into it by the Kansas–Nebraska Act of 1854, which allowed territories to decide for themselves whether they would allow slavery. Lincoln was morally opposed to slavery and politically opposed to any expansion of it, at issue was extension into the western territories
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Bibliography of Abraham Lincoln
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This bibliography of Abraham Lincoln is a comprehensive list of written and published works about or by Abraham Lincoln, 16th President of the United States. In terms of primary sources containing Lincolns letters and writings, scholars rely on The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln, edited by Roy Basler and it only includes writings by Lincoln, and omits incoming correspondence. In the six decades since Basler completed his work, some new documents written by Lincoln have been discovered, currently, a project is underway at the Papers of Abraham Lincoln to provide a freely accessible comprehensive electronic edition of documents written by and to Abraham Lincoln. The Papers of Abraham Lincoln completed Series I of their project The Law Practice of Abraham Lincoln in 2000 and they electronically launched The Law Practice of Abraham Lincoln, Second Edition in 2009, and published a selective print edition of this series. At present they are engaged in locating, digitizing, and transcribing documents for Series II, there have been 16,000 books published on Lincoln—125 on the assassination alone—more than any other American. This listing is therefore highly selective and is based on the reviews in the scholarly journals, beveridge, Albert J. Abraham Lincoln, 1809-1858. 2 vol. to 1858, notable for strong, political coverage tends to favor Stephen Douglas online edition Burlingame. Abraham Lincoln, A Life, 2024pp, the most highly detailed life excerpt and text search Carwardine, Lincoln The most useful scholarly biography. Excerpt and text search Gienapp, William E. Abraham Lincoln and Civil War America, A Biography, short bio by scholar, online edition Goodwin, team of Rivals, The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln, winner of the Lincoln Prize, basis for Lincoln. Abraham Lincoln, Redeemer President online edition Harris, William C, Lincolns Rise to the Presidency conservative author argues Lincoln was basically conservative excerpt and text search Nicolay, John George and John Hay. Abraham Lincoln, a History, online at Volume 1 and Volume 2 vol 610 volumes in all, highly detailed narrative of era written by Lincolns top aides Luthin, Reinhard H. The Real Abraham Lincoln, emphasis on politics McPherson, James M. Abraham Lincoln, short excerpt and text search Neely, the Abraham Lincoln Encyclopedia, detailed articles on many men and movements associated with AL Neely, Mark E. The Last Best Hope of Earth, Abraham Lincoln and the Promise of America, Pulitzer Prize–winning author Oates, Stephen B. With Malice Toward None, The Life of Abraham Lincoln excerpt and text search Randall, Abraham Lincoln, The Prairie Years, The War Years. Pulitzer Prize–winning biography by famous poet vol.1 online vol 2 online Thomas, Abraham Lincoln, A Biography online edition White, Jr. Ronald C. A. Lincoln, A Biography. Here I Have Lived, A History of Lincolns Springfield, 1821–1865, online edition Belz, Abraham Lincoln, Constitutionalism, and Equal Rights in the Civil War Era Boritt, Gabor S. Lincoln and the Economics of the American Dream. Lincoln and Black Freedom, A Study in Presidential Leadership, Lincoln Reconsidered, Essays on the Civil War Era Donald, David Herbert. We Are Lincoln Men, Abraham Lincoln and His Friends Simon & Schuster, the Fiery Trial, Abraham Lincoln and American Slavery, Pulitzer Prize excerpt and text search Guelzo, Allen C
26.
President of the United States
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The President of the United States is the head of state and head of government of the United States. The president directs the executive branch of the government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces. The president is considered to be one of the worlds most powerful political figures, the role includes being the commander-in-chief of the worlds most expensive military with the second largest nuclear arsenal and leading the nation with the largest economy by nominal GDP. The office of President holds significant hard and soft power both in the United States and abroad, Constitution vests the executive power of the United States in the president. The president is empowered to grant federal pardons and reprieves. The president is responsible for dictating the legislative agenda of the party to which the president is a member. The president also directs the foreign and domestic policy of the United States, since the office of President was established in 1789, its power has grown substantially, as has the power of the federal government as a whole. However, nine vice presidents have assumed the presidency without having elected to the office. The Twenty-second Amendment prohibits anyone from being elected president for a third term, in all,44 individuals have served 45 presidencies spanning 57 full four-year terms. On January 20,2017, Donald Trump was sworn in as the 45th, in 1776, the Thirteen Colonies, acting through the Second Continental Congress, declared political independence from Great Britain during the American Revolution. The new states, though independent of each other as nation states, desiring to avoid anything that remotely resembled a monarchy, Congress negotiated the Articles of Confederation to establish a weak alliance between the states. Out from under any monarchy, the states assigned some formerly royal prerogatives to Congress, only after all the states agreed to a resolution settling competing western land claims did the Articles take effect on March 1,1781, when Maryland became the final state to ratify them. In 1783, the Treaty of Paris secured independence for each of the former colonies, with peace at hand, the states each turned toward their own internal affairs. Prospects for the convention appeared bleak until James Madison and Edmund Randolph succeeded in securing George Washingtons attendance to Philadelphia as a delegate for Virginia. It was through the negotiations at Philadelphia that the presidency framed in the U. S. The first power the Constitution confers upon the president is the veto, the Presentment Clause requires any bill passed by Congress to be presented to the president before it can become law. Once the legislation has been presented, the president has three options, Sign the legislation, the bill becomes law. Veto the legislation and return it to Congress, expressing any objections, in this instance, the president neither signs nor vetoes the legislation
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Slavery
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A slave is unable to withdraw unilaterally from such an arrangement and works without remuneration. Many scholars now use the chattel slavery to refer to this specific sense of legalised. In a broader sense, however, the word slavery may also refer to any situation in which an individual is de facto forced to work against his or her will. Scholars also use the generic terms such as unfree labour or forced labour. However – and especially under slavery in broader senses of the word – slaves may have some rights and/or protections, Slavery began to exist before written history, in many cultures. A person could become a slave from the time of their birth, capture, while slavery was institutionally recognized by most societies, it has now been outlawed in all recognized countries, the last being Mauritania in 2007. Nevertheless, there are still more slaves today than at any point in history. The most common form of the trade is now commonly referred to as human trafficking. Chattel slavery is still practiced in the Islamic State of Iraq. An older interpretation connected it to the Greek verb skyleúo to strip a slain enemy, there is a dispute among historians about whether terms such as unfree labourer or enslaved person, rather than slave, should be used when describing the victims of slavery. Chattel slavery, also called traditional slavery, is so named because people are treated as the chattel of the owner and are bought, although it dominated many societies in the past, this form of slavery has been formally abolished and is very rare today. Even when it can be said to survive, it is not upheld by the system of any internationally recognized government. Indenture, otherwise known as bonded labour or debt bondage is a form of labour under which a person pledges himself or herself against a loan. The services required to repay the debt, and their duration, debt bondage can be passed on from generation to generation, with children required to pay off their parents debt. It is the most widespread form of slavery today, debt bondage is most prevalent in South Asia. This may also include institutions not commonly classified as slavery, such as serfdom, conscription, Human trafficking primarily involves women and children forced into prostitution. And is the fastest growing form of forced labour, with Thailand, Cambodia, India, Brazil, in 2007, Human Rights Watch estimated that 200,000 to 300,000 children served as soldiers in current conflicts. A forced marriage may be regarded as a form of slavery by one or more of the involved in the marriage
28.
Reconstruction era of the United States
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Johnson followed a lenient policy toward ex-Confederates. Lincolns last speeches show that he was leaning toward supporting the enfranchisement of all freedmen, whereas Johnson was opposed to this. A Republican coalition came to power in all the southern states and set out to transform the society by setting up a free labor economy, using the U. S. Army. The Bureau protected the rights of freedmen, negotiated labor contracts. Thousands of Northerners came South as missionaries, teachers, businessmen, rebuilding the rundown railroad system was a major strategy, but it collapsed when a nationwide depression struck the economy. The Radicals in the House of Representatives, frustrated by Johnsons opposition to Congressional Reconstruction, filed impeachment charges, in early 1866, Congress passed the Freedmens Bureau and Civil Rights Bills and sent them to Johnson for his signature. Meanwhile, self-styled Conservatives strongly opposed reconstruction and they alleged widespread corruption by the Carpetbaggers, excessive state spending and ruinous taxes. Southern democrats and conservatives violently counterattacked and had regained power in each redeemed Southern state by 1877, meanwhile, public support for Reconstruction policies, requiring continued supervision of the South, faded in the North, as voters decided that the Civil War and years of conflict should stop. Reconstruction was a significant chapter in the history of civil rights in the United States, in the different states Reconstruction began and ended at different times, federal Reconstruction ended with the Compromise of 1877. In recent decades most historians follow Foner in dating the Reconstruction of the south as starting in 1863 rather than 1865, Reconstruction policies were debated in the North when the war began, and commenced in earnest after Lincolns Emancipation Proclamation, issued on January 1,1863. As Confederate states came back under control of the US Army, President Abraham Lincoln set up reconstructed governments in Tennessee, Arkansas and he experimented by giving land to blacks in South Carolina. By fall 1865, the new President Andrew Johnson declared the war goals of national unity, Republicans in Congress, refusing to accept Johnsons lenient terms, rejected new members of Congress, some of whom had been high-ranking Confederate officials a few months before. Johnson broke with the Republicans after vetoing two key bills that supported the Freedmens Bureau and provided federal civil rights to the freedmen and that same year, Congress removed civilian governments in the South, and placed the former Confederacy under the rule of the U. S. Army. In ten states, coalitions of freedmen, recent black and white arrivals from the North, Conservative opponents called the Republican regimes corrupt and instigated violence toward freedmen and whites who supported Reconstruction. Most of the violence was carried out by members of the Ku Klux Klan, Klan members attacked and intimidated blacks seeking to exercise their new civil rights, as well as Republican politicians in the south favoring those civil rights. One such politician murdered by the Klan on the eve of the 1868 presidential election was Republican Congressman James M. Hinds of Arkansas, widespread violence in the south led to federal intervention by President Ulysses S. Grant in 1871, which suppressed the Klan. Nevertheless, white Democrats, calling themselves Redeemers, regained control of the state by state, sometimes using fraud. The end of Reconstruction was a process, and the period of Republican control ended at different times in different states
29.
Lincoln Memorial
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The Lincoln Memorial is an American national monument built to honor the 16th President of the United States, Abraham Lincoln. It is located on the end of the National Mall in Washington. Dedicated in 1922, it is one of several built to honor an American president. It has always been a major tourist attraction and since the 1930s has been a symbolic center focused on race relations and it has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since October 15,1966. It is open to the public 24 hours a day, in 2007, it was ranked seventh on the List of Americas Favorite Architecture by the American Institute of Architects. Since 2010, approximately 6 million people visit the memorial annually, the first public memorial to Abraham Lincoln in Washington, D. C. was a statue by Lot Flannery erected in front of the District of Columbia City Hall in 1868, three years after Lincolns assassination. Demands for a national memorial had been voiced since the time of Lincolns death. In 1867, Congress passed the first of many bills incorporating a commission to erect a monument for the sixteenth president, an American sculptor, Clark Mills, was chosen to design the monument. Subscriptions for the project were insufficient, the first five bills, proposed in the years 1901,1902, and 1908, met with defeat because of opposition from Speaker Joe Cannon. The sixth bill, introduced on December 13,1910, passed, the Lincoln Memorial Commission had its first meeting the following year and U. S. President William H. Taft was chosen as the commissions president. Progress continued at a pace and by 1913 Congress had approved of the Commissions choice of design. There were questions regarding the commissions plan, many thought that architect Henry Bacons Greek temple design was far too ostentatious for a man of Lincolns humble character. Instead they proposed a simple log cabin shrine, the site too did not go unopposed. The recently reclaimed land in West Potomac Park was seen by many to be too swampy or too inaccessible. Other sites, such as Union Station, were put forth, furthermore, the Potomac Park site had already been designated in the McMillan Plan of 1901 to be the location of a future monument comparable to that of the Washington Monument. With Congressional approval and a $300,000 allocation, the project got underway, on February 12,1914, a dedication ceremony was conducted and the following month the actual construction began. Work progressed steadily according to schedule, some changes were made to the plan. The statue of Lincoln, originally designed to be 10 feet tall, was enlarged to 19 feet to prevent it from being overwhelmed by the huge chamber
30.
Divine providence
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In theology, divine providence, or just providence, is Gods intervention in the world. The term Divine Providence is also used as a title of God, miracles generally fall in the latter category. The word comes from Latin providentia foresight, prudence, from pro- ahead, the current use of the word has the sense of knowledge of the future or omniscience, understood as an attribute of God. In Acts 17 Paul says, t is he who gives to life and breath. In him we live and move and have our being, augustine of Hippo is perhaps most famously associated with the doctrine of Divine Providence in the Latin West. However, Christian teaching on providence in the high Middle Ages was most fully developed by Thomas Aquinas in the Summa Theologica. The concept of providence as care exercised by God over the universe, his foresight, in it, he presents and solves, according to Catholic doctrine, the most difficult issues as related to providence. This term is an part of John Calvins theological framework known as Calvinism, which emphasizes the total depravity of man. Gods plan for the world and every soul that he has created is guided by his will, in this mode of thought, providence is related to predestination. This concept remains prominent among many Protestant denominations that identify with Calvinism, in Lutheran theology, divine providence refers to Gods preservation of creation, his cooperation with everything that happens, and his guiding of the universe. While God cooperates with both good and evil deeds, with the deeds he does so only inasmuch as they are deeds. God concurs with an effect, but he does not cooperate in the corruption of an act or the evil of its effect. Lutherans believe everything exists for the sake of the Christian Church, according to Martin Luther, divine providence began when God created the world with everything needed for human life, including both physical things and natural laws. Of the services others provide us through family, government, and work, he writes, we receive these blessings not from them, since God uses everyones useful tasks for good, people should look not down upon some useful vocations as being less worthy than others. Instead people should honor others, no matter how lowly, as being the means God uses to work in the world, Divine Providence is a book published by Emanuel Swedenborg in 1764 which describes his systematic theology regarding providence, free will, theodicy, and other related topics. Both meanings of providence are applicable in Swedenborgs theology, in that providence encompasses understanding, intent, Divine providence relative to man is foresight, and relative to the Lord is providence. Swedenborg proposes that one law of divine providence is that man should act from freedom according to reason, Divine providence is discussed throughout Rabbinic literature, and in particular by the classical Jewish philosophers. These writings maintain that divine providence means that God is directing every minute detail of creation and this analysis thus underpins much of Orthodox Judaisms world view, particularly as regards questions of interaction with the natural world
31.
God
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In monotheism, God is conceived of as the Supreme Being and principal object of faith. The concept of God as described by most theologians includes the attributes of omniscience, omnipotence, omnipresence, divine simplicity, many theologians also describe God as being omnibenevolent and all loving. Furthermore, some religions attribute only a purely grammatical gender to God, incorporeity and corporeity of God are related to conceptions of transcendence and immanence of God, with positions of synthesis such as the immanent transcendence of Chinese theology. God has been conceived as personal or impersonal. In theism, God is the creator and sustainer of the universe, while in deism, God is the creator, in pantheism, God is the universe itself. In atheism, God is not believed to exist, while God is deemed unknown or unknowable within the context of agnosticism, God has also been conceived as the source of all moral obligation, and the greatest conceivable existent. Many notable philosophers have developed arguments for and against the existence of God, there are many names for God, and different names are attached to different cultural ideas about Gods identity and attributes. In the ancient Egyptian era of Atenism, possibly the earliest recorded monotheistic religion, this deity was called Aten, premised on being the one true Supreme Being and creator of the universe. In the Hebrew Bible and Judaism, He Who Is, I Am that I Am, in the Christian doctrine of the Trinity, God, consubstantial in three persons, is called the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit. In Judaism, it is common to refer to God by the titular names Elohim or Adonai, in Islam, the name Allah is used, while Muslims also have a multitude of titular names for God. In Hinduism, Brahman is often considered a concept of God. In Chinese religion, God is conceived as the progenitor of the universe, intrinsic to it, other religions have names for God, for instance, Baha in the Baháí Faith, Waheguru in Sikhism, and Ahura Mazda in Zoroastrianism. The earliest written form of the Germanic word God comes from the 6th-century Christian Codex Argenteus, the English word itself is derived from the Proto-Germanic * ǥuđan. The reconstructed Proto-Indo-European form * ǵhu-tó-m was likely based on the root * ǵhau-, in the English language, the capitalized form of God continues to represent a distinction between monotheistic God and gods in polytheism. The same holds for Hebrew El, but in Judaism, God is also given a proper name, in many translations of the Bible, when the word LORD is in all capitals, it signifies that the word represents the tetragrammaton. Allāh is the Arabic term with no plural used by Muslims and Arabic speaking Christians and Jews meaning The God, Ahura Mazda is the name for God used in Zoroastrianism. Mazda, or rather the Avestan stem-form Mazdā-, nominative Mazdå and it is generally taken to be the proper name of the spirit, and like its Sanskrit cognate medhā, means intelligence or wisdom. Both the Avestan and Sanskrit words reflect Proto-Indo-Iranian *mazdhā-, from Proto-Indo-European mn̩sdʰeh1, literally meaning placing ones mind, Waheguru is a term most often used in Sikhism to refer to God
32.
Bible
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The Bible is a collection of sacred texts or scriptures that Jews and Christians consider to be a product of divine inspiration and a record of the relationship between God and humans. Many different authors contributed to the Bible, what is regarded as canonical text differs depending on traditions and groups, a number of Bible canons have evolved, with overlapping and diverging contents. The Christian Old Testament overlaps with the Hebrew Bible and the Greek Septuagint, the New Testament is a collection of writings by early Christians, believed to be mostly Jewish disciples of Christ, written in first-century Koine Greek. These early Christian Greek writings consist of narratives, letters, among Christian denominations there is some disagreement about the contents of the canon, primarily the Apocrypha, a list of works that are regarded with varying levels of respect. Attitudes towards the Bible also differ amongst Christian groups and this concept arose during the Protestant Reformation, and many denominations today support the use of the Bible as the only source of Christian teaching. With estimated total sales of over 5 billion copies, the Bible is widely considered to be the book of all time. It has estimated sales of 100 million copies, and has been a major influence on literature and history, especially in the West. The English word Bible is from the Latin biblia, from the word in Medieval Latin and Late Latin. Medieval Latin biblia is short for biblia sacra holy book, while biblia in Greek and it gradually came to be regarded as a feminine singular noun in medieval Latin, and so the word was loaned as a singular into the vernaculars of Western Europe. Latin biblia sacra holy books translates Greek τὰ βιβλία τὰ ἅγια ta biblia ta hagia, the word βιβλίον itself had the literal meaning of paper or scroll and came to be used as the ordinary word for book. It is the diminutive of βύβλος byblos, Egyptian papyrus, possibly so called from the name of the Phoenician sea port Byblos from whence Egyptian papyrus was exported to Greece, the Greek ta biblia was an expression Hellenistic Jews used to describe their sacred books. Christian use of the term can be traced to c.223 CE, bruce notes that Chrysostom appears to be the first writer to use the Greek phrase ta biblia to describe both the Old and New Testaments together. The division of the Hebrew Bible into verses is based on the sof passuk cantillation mark used by the 10th-century Masoretes to record the verse divisions used in oral traditions. The oldest extant copy of a complete Bible is an early 4th-century parchment book preserved in the Vatican Library, the oldest copy of the Tanakh in Hebrew and Aramaic dates from the 10th century CE. The oldest copy of a complete Latin Bible is the Codex Amiatinus and he states that it is not a magical book, nor was it literally written by God and passed to mankind. In Christian Bibles, the New Testament Gospels were derived from traditions in the second half of the first century CE. Riches says that, Scholars have attempted to reconstruct something of the history of the oral traditions behind the Gospels, the period of transmission is short, less than 40 years passed between the death of Jesus and the writing of Marks Gospel. This means that there was time for oral traditions to assume fixed form
33.
Fall of Man
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The fall of man, or the fall, is a term used in Christianity to describe the transition of the first man and woman from a state of innocent obedience to God to a state of guilty disobedience. Although not named in the Bible, the doctrine of the fall comes from an interpretation of Genesis chapter 3. At first, Adam and Eve lived with God in the Garden of Eden, but the serpent tempted them into eating the fruit from the tree of knowledge of good and evil, which God had forbidden. After doing so, they became ashamed of their nakedness and God expelled them from the Garden to prevent them from eating from the tree of life, for many Christian denominations, the doctrine of the fall is closely related to that of original sin. Calvinist Protestants believe that Jesus gave his life as a sacrifice for the elect, judaism does not have a concept of the fall or original sin and has varying other interpretations of the Eden narrative. Lapsarianism, the order of Gods decrees in relation to the Fall, is the distinction, by some Calvinists. The story of the Garden of Eden and the Fall of Man represents a tradition among the Abrahamic peoples, with a more or less symbolical of certain moral. The doctrine of the fall of man is extrapolated from Christian exegesis of Genesis 3, according to the narrative, God creates Adam and Eve, the first man and woman. God places them in the Garden of Eden and forbids them to eat fruit from the tree of knowledge of good, the serpent tempts Eve to eat fruit from the forbidden tree, which she shares with Adam and they immediately become ashamed of their nakedness. Subsequently, God banishes Adam and Eve from the Garden of Eden and it also states that they were removed from the Garden on the new moon of the 4th month of that year. Christian exegetes of Genesis 2,17 have applied the principle to explain how Adam died within a day. Psalms 90,4,2 Peter 3,8 and Jubilees 4, 29–31 explained that, to God, one day is equivalent to a thousand years, the Greek Septuagint, on the other hand, has day translated into the Greek word for a twenty-four-hour period. According to the Genesis narrative, during the age, human longevity approached a millennium. Thus, to die has been interpreted as to become mortal, however, the grammar does not support this reading, nor does the narrative, Adam and Eve are expelled from the Garden lest they eat of the second tree, the tree of life, and gain immortality. Catholic exegesis of Genesis 3 claims that the fall of man was a primeval event, a deed that took place at the beginning of the history of man. This first sin was transmitted by Adam and Eve to all of their descendants as original sin, causing humans to be subject to ignorance, suffering and the dominion of death, and inclined to sin. Baptism is considered to erase original sin, though the effects on human nature remain, even children partake in the guilt or sin of Adam, but not in the responsibility of original sin, as sin is always a personal act. Traditionally, the fall of Adam and Eve is said to have brought “four wounds” to human nature and these are enumerated by St Bede and others, especially St Thomas Aquinas They are Original sin, Concupiscence, Physical frailty and death, and a darkened intellect and ignorance
34.
Book of Genesis
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The Book of Genesis is the first book of the Hebrew Bible and the Christian Old Testament. The basic narrative expresses the theme, God creates the world and appoints man as his regent. The new post-Flood world is also corrupt, God does not destroy it, instead calling one man, Abraham, to be the seed of its salvation. At Gods command Abraham descends from his home into the land of Canaan, given to him by God, Genesis ends with Israel in Egypt, ready for the coming of Moses and the Exodus. The narrative is punctuated by a series of covenants with God, the books author or authors appear to have structured it around ten toledot sections, but modern commentators see it in terms of a primeval history followed by the cycle of Patriarchal stories. In Judaism, the importance of Genesis centers on the covenants linking God to his chosen people. It is not clear, however, what this meant to the original authors, while the first is far shorter than the second, it sets out the basic themes and provides an interpretive key for understanding the entire book. The primeval history has a symmetrical structure hinging on chapters 6–9, God creates the world in six days and consecrates the seventh as a day of rest. God creates the first humans Adam and Eve and all the animals in the Garden of Eden but instructs them not to eat the fruit of the tree of knowledge of good and evil. A talking serpent portrayed as a creature or trickster, entices Eve into eating it anyway. Eve bears two sons, Cain and Abel, Cain kills Abel after God accepts Abels offering but not Cains. Eve bears another son, Seth, to take Abels place, after many generations of Adam have passed from the lines of Cain and Seth, the world becomes corrupted by the sin of man and Nephilim, and God determines to wipe out mankind. First, he instructs the righteous Noah and his family to build a huge boat, then God sends a great flood to wipe out the rest of the world. When the waters recede, God promises that he not destroy the world a second time with water with the rainbow as the symbol of his promise. But upon seeing mankind cooperating to build a great tower city, God instructs Abram to travel from his home in Mesopotamia to the land of Canaan. Abrams name is changed to Abraham and that of his wife Sarai to Sarah, because Sarah is old, she tells Abraham to take her Egyptian handmaiden, Hagar, as a second wife. God resolves to destroy the cities of Sodom and Gomorrah for the sins of their people, Abraham protests and gets God to agree not to destroy the cities if 10 righteous men can be found. Angels save Abrahams nephew Lot and his family, but his wife back on the destruction against their command and is turned into a pillar of salt
35.
Adam
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Adam is a figure from the Book of Genesis who is also mentioned in the New Testament, the deuterocanonical books, the Quran, the Book of Mormon, and the Book of Iqan. According to the myth of the Abrahamic religions, he was the first human. In the Genesis creation narratives, he was created by God, Christian churches differ on how they view Adams subsequent behavior of disobeying God, and to the consequences that those actions had on the rest of humanity. Christian and Jewish teachings sometimes hold Adam and Eve to a different level of responsibility for the Fall, in addition, Islam holds that Adam was eventually forgiven, while Christianity holds that redemption occurred only later through the sacrifice of Jesus. The Baháí Faith, Islam and some Christian denominations consider Adam to be the first prophet, Adam as a proper name, predates its generic use in Semitic languages. Its earliest known use as a name in historicity is Adamu. Its use as a word in the Hebrew language is ׳āḏām. Coupled with the article, it becomes the human. Its root is not attributed to the Semitic root for man --sh, rather, ׳āḏām is linked to its triliteral root אָדָם, meaning red, fair, handsome. As a masculine noun, adam means man, mankind usually in a context as in humankind. The noun adam is also the form of the word adamah which means ground or earth. It is related to the words, adom, admoni, according to a number of observers, the word Adam derives from Sanskrit word Adima, meaning progenitor, first, primitive in Sanskrit. In the Book of Genesis, the Hebrew word ׳āḏām is often rendered mankind in the most generic sense, the use of mankind in Genesis, gives the reflection that Adam was the ancestor of all men. Kabbalistic works indicate that Adam also comes from the Hebrew word Adame, in the first five chapters of Genesis the word אָדָם is used in all of its senses, collectively, individually, gender nonspecific, and male. According to the Jewish Encyclopedia, its use in Genesis 1 is generic, while in Genesis 2 and Genesis 3 the generic and personal usages are mixed. In Genesis 1,27 adam is used in the sense, whereby not only the individual Adam. Genesis 2,7 is the first verse where Adam takes on the sense of an individual man, the gender distinction of adam is then reiterated in Genesis 5, 1–2 by defining male and female. A recurring literary motif that occurs, is the bond between Adam and the earth, Gods cursing of Adam also results in the ground being cursed, causing him to have to labour for food, and Adam returns to the earth from which he was taken
36.
Jesus
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Jesus, also referred to as Jesus of Nazareth or Jesus Christ, was a Jewish preacher and religious leader who became the central figure of Christianity. Christians believe him to be the Son of God and the awaited Messiah prophesied in the Old Testament, Jesus was a Galilean Jew who was baptized by John the Baptist and subsequently began his own ministry, preaching his message orally and often being referred to as rabbi. He was arrested and tried by the Jewish authorities, and was crucified by the order of Pontius Pilate, Jesus debated fellow Jews on how to best follow God, performed healings, taught in parables and gathered followers. After his death, his followers believed he rose from the dead, and his birth is celebrated annually on December 25 as a holiday known as Christmas, his crucifixion is honored on Good Friday, and his resurrection is celebrated on Easter. The widely used calendar era AD, from the Latin anno Domini, most Christians believe Jesus enables humans to be reconciled to God. The Nicene Creed asserts that Jesus will judge the living and the dead either before or after their bodily resurrection, the great majority of Christians worship Jesus as the incarnation of God the Son, the second of three persons of a Divine Trinity. A minority of Christian denominations reject Trinitarianism, wholly or partly, in Islam, Jesus is considered one of Gods important prophets and the Messiah. Muslims believe Jesus was a bringer of scripture and was born of a virgin but was not the Son of God, the Quran states that Jesus himself never claimed divinity. To most Muslims, Jesus was not crucified but was raised into Heaven by God. Judaism rejects the belief that Jesus was the awaited Messiah, arguing that he did not fulfill Messianic prophecies, a typical Jew in Jesus time had only one name, sometimes supplemented with the fathers name or the individuals hometown. Thus, in the New Testament, Jesus is commonly referred to as Jesus of Nazareth, Jesus neighbors in Nazareth refer to him as the carpenter, the son of Mary and brother of James and Joses and Judas and Simon, the carpenters son, or Josephs son. In John, the disciple Philip refers to him as Jesus son of Joseph from Nazareth, the name Jesus is derived from the Latin Iesus, a transliteration of the Greek Ἰησοῦς. The Greek form is a rendering of the Hebrew ישוע, a variant of the earlier name יהושע, the name Yeshua appears to have been in use in Judea at the time of the birth of Jesus. The 1st century works of historian Flavius Josephus, who wrote in Koine Greek, the etymology of Jesus name in the context of the New Testament is generally given as Yahweh is salvation. Since early Christianity, Christians have commonly referred to Jesus as Jesus Christ, the word Christ is derived from the Greek Χριστός, which is a translation of the Hebrew משיח, meaning the anointed and usually transliterated into English as Messiah. Christians designate Jesus as Christ because they believe he is the Messiah, whose arrival is prophesied in the Hebrew Bible, in postbiblical usage, Christ became viewed as a name—one part of Jesus Christ—but originally it was a title. The term Christian has been in use since the 1st century, the four canonical gospels are the only substantial sources for the life and message of Jesus. Acts of the Apostles refers to the ministry of Jesus
37.
King James Version
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The King James Version, also known as Authorized Version or simply King James Bible, is an English translation of the Christian Bible for the Church of England begun in 1604 and completed in 1611. The books of the King James Version include the 39 books of the Old Testament, a section containing 14 books of the Apocrypha. It was first printed by the Kings Printer Robert Barker and was the translation into English approved by the English Church authorities. The first had been the Great Bible, commissioned in the reign of King Henry VIII, the translation is noted for its majesty of style, and has been described as one of the most important books in English culture. The translation was done by 47 scholars, all of whom were members of the Church of England. In common with most other translations of the period, the New Testament was translated from Greek, the Old Testament from Hebrew and Aramaic, and the Apocrypha from Greek and Latin. In the Book of Common Prayer, the text of the Authorized Version replaced the text of the Great Bible for Epistle and Gospel readings, over the course of the 18th century, the Authorized Version supplanted the Latin Vulgate as the standard version of scripture for English-speaking scholars. Today the unqualified title King James Version usually indicates that this Oxford standard text is meant, the title page carries the words Appointed to be read in Churches, and F. F. For many years it was not to give the translation any specific name. In his Leviathan of 1651, Thomas Hobbes referred to it as the English Translation made in the beginning of the Reign of King James. Similarly, a History of England, whose edition was published in 1775, writes merely that new translation of the Bible, viz. that now in Use, was begun in 1607. King Jamess Bible is used as the name for the 1611 translation in Charles Butlers Horae Biblicae and this name was also found as King James Bible, for example in a book review from 1811. The phrase King Jamess Bible is used as far back as 1715, the use of Authorized Version or Authorised Version, capitalized and used as a name, is found as early as 1814. For some time before this, descriptive phrases such as our present, and only publicly authorised version, our Authorised version, the Oxford English Dictionary records a usage in 1824. In Britain, the 1611 translation is known as the Authorised Version today. As early as 1814, we find King James version, evidently a descriptive phrase, the King James Version is found, unequivocally used as a name, in a letter from 1855. The next year King James Bible, with no possessive, appears as a name in a Scottish source, in the United States, the 1611 translation is generally known as the King James Version today. The followers of John Wycliffe undertook the first complete English translations of the Christian scriptures in the 14th century and these translations were banned in 1409 due to their association with the Lollards
38.
Julia Ward Howe
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Julia Ward Howe was an American poet and author, best known for writing The Battle Hymn of the Republic. She was also an advocate for abolitionism and was a social activist, Howe was born in New York City. She was the fourth of seven born to an upper middle class couple. Her father Samuel Ward III was a Wall Street stockbroker, well-to-do banker and her mother was the poet Julia Rush Cutler, related to Francis Marion, the Swamp Fox of the American Revolution. She died of tuberculosis when her daughter was five years old and she was educated by private tutors and in schools for young ladies until she was sixteen. Her eldest brother Samuel Cutler Ward traveled in Europe and brought home a private library and she had access to these modern works, many contradicting the Calvinistic world view presented by her father. She became well read and intelligent, though as much a social butterfly as she was a scholar and she was brought into contact with some of the greatest minds of her time because of her father’s status as a successful banker. She interacted with Charles Dickens, Charles Sumner, and Margaret Fuller, sam married into the prominent Astor family, allowing him great social freedom that he shared with his sister. The siblings were cast into mourning time when their father died in 1839, shortly afterwards, brother Henry died, then Samuels wife Emily died, along with their newborn child. Julia was visiting Boston in 1841 when she met Samuel Gridley Howe and they announced their engagement quite suddenly on February 21. Howe had courted her for a time, but he had recently shown an interest in her sister Louisa. In 1843, they married despite their age difference. She gave birth to their first child while honeymooning in Europe and she bore their last child in 1858 at the age of forty. They had six children, Julia Romana Howe, Florence Marion Howe, Henry Marion Howe, Laura Elizabeth Howe, Maud Howe, Julia was likewise an aunt of novelist Francis Marion Crawford. Howe lived and raised her children in South Boston, while her husband pursued his advocacy work and she hid her unhappiness with their marriage behind a cheerful demeanor and singing at parties, earning the nickname the family champagne from her children. She made frequent visits to Gardiner, Maine where she stayed at The Yellow House and she was unhappy with her surroundings, so she took lectures, and studied foreign languages, and wrote plays and dramas. Julia had published essays on Goethe, Schiller and Lamartine before her marriage to Howe, in the New York Review and her book Passion-Flowers was published in December 1853. The book collected intensely personal poems and was written without the awareness of her husband and her second anonymous collection, Words for the Hour, appeared in 1857
39.
Battle Hymn of the Republic
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The Battle Hymn of the Republic, also known as Mine Eyes Have Seen the Glory outside of the United States, is a song by American writer Julia Ward Howe using the music from the song John Browns Body. Howes more famous lyrics were written in November 1861, and first published in The Atlantic Monthly in February 1862, the song links the judgment of the wicked at the end of the age with the American Civil War. Since that time, it has become a popular and well-known American patriotic song. The Glory, Hallelujah tune was a folk hymn developed in the oral tradition of camp meetings in the southern United States. In the first known version, Canaans Happy Shore, the text includes the verse Oh, Brothers will you meet me /On Canaans happy shore. And chorus There well shout and give him glory /For glory is his own, the tune and variants of these words spread across both the southern and northern United States. At a flag-raising ceremony at Fort Warren, near Boston, Massachusetts on Sunday May 12,1861, Brothers tune and the Glory, Hallelujah chorus, was publicly played perhaps for the first time. The American Civil War had begun the previous month, in 1890, George Kimball wrote his account of how the 2nd Infantry Battalion of the Massachusetts militia, known as the Tiger Battalion, collectively worked out the lyrics to John Browns Body. Kimball wrote, We had a jovial Scotchman in the battalion, named John Brown. and as he happened to bear the name of the old hero of Harpers Ferry. These ditties underwent various ramifications, until eventually the lines were reached, — John Browns body lies a-mouldering in the grave, and, — Hes gone to be a soldier in the army of the Lord, His souls marching on. These lines seemed to give satisfaction, the idea that Browns soul was marching on receiving recognition at once as having a germ of inspiration in it. They were sung over and over again with a deal of gusto. Some leaders of the battalion, feeling the words were coarse and irreverent, tried to urge the adoption of more fitting lyrics, the lyrics were soon prepared for publication by members of the battalion, together with publisher C. S. Hall. They selected and polished verses they felt appropriate, and may even have enlisted the services of a poet to help polish. Kimballs battalion was dispatched to Murray, Kentucky early in the Civil War, rufus R. Dawes, then in command of Company K of the 6th Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry, stated in his memoirs that the man who started the singing was Sergeant John Ticknor of his company. Howes companion at the review, The Reverend James Freeman Clarke, of the writing of the lyrics, Howe remembered, I went to bed that night as usual, and slept, according to my wont, quite soundly. I awoke in the gray of the twilight, and as I lay waiting for the dawn. Having thought out all the stanzas, I said to myself, I must get up and write these verses down, lest I fall asleep again and forget them
40.
Confederate States of America
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The Confederate States, officially the Confederate States of America, commonly referred to as the Confederacy, was a breakaway country of 11 secessionist slave states existing from 1861 to 1865. It was never recognized as an Independent country, although it achieved belligerent status by Britain. A new Confederate government was established in February 1861 before Lincoln took office in March, after the Civil War began in April, four slave states of the Upper South – Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina – also declared their secession and joined the Confederacy. The government of the United States rejected the claims of secession, the Civil War began with the April 12,1861, Confederate attack upon Fort Sumter, a Union fort in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina. In spring 1865, after four years of fighting which led to an estimated 620,000 military deaths, all the Confederate forces surrendered. Jefferson Davis later lamented that the Confederacy had disappeared in 1865, Missouri and Kentucky were represented by partisan factions from those states, while the legitimate governments of those two states retained formal adherence to the Union. Also fighting for the Confederacy were two of the Five Civilized Tribes located in Indian Territory and a new, but uncontrolled, Confederate Territory of Arizona. Efforts by certain factions in Maryland to secede were halted by federal imposition of law, while Delaware, though of divided loyalty. A Unionist government in parts of Virginia organized the new state of West Virginia. With the Emancipation Proclamation on January 1,1863, the Union made abolition of slavery a war goal, as Union forces moved southward, large numbers of plantation slaves were freed. Many joined the Union lines, enrolling in service as soldiers, teamsters and laborers, the most notable advance was Shermans March to the Sea in late 1864. Much of the Confederacys infrastructure was destroyed, including telegraphs, railroads, plantations in the path of Shermans forces were severely damaged. Internal movement became increasingly difficult for Southerners, weakening the economy and these losses created an insurmountable disadvantage in men, materiel, and finance. Public support for Confederate President Jefferson Daviss administration eroded over time due to repeated military reverses, economic hardships, after four years of campaigning, Richmond was captured by Union forces in April 1865. Shortly afterward, Confederate General Robert E. Lee surrendered to Union General Ulysses S. Grant, President Davis was captured on May 10,1865, and jailed in preparation for a treason trial that was ultimately never held. The U. S. government began a process known as Reconstruction which attempted to resolve the political and constitutional issues of the Civil War. By 1877, the Compromise of 1877 ended Reconstruction in the former Confederate states, Confederate veterans had been temporarily disenfranchised by Reconstruction policy. The prewar South had many areas, the war left the entire region economically devastated by military action, ruined infrastructure
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Motto
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A motto is a maxim, a phrase meant to formally summarize the general motivation or intention of an individual, family, social group or organization. A motto may be in any language, but Latin has been widely used, especially in the Western world. In heraldry, a motto is depicted below the shield in a banderole, this placement stems from the Middle Ages, in which the vast majority of nobles possessed a coat of arms. In the case of Scottish heraldry it is mandated to appear above the crest, spanish coats of arms may display a motto in the bordure of the shield. In heraldic literature, the rallying cry respectively battle banner are also common, which date back to the battle cry. In English heraldry mottos are not granted with armorial bearings, in Scottish heraldry, mottos can only be changed by re-matriculation, with the Lord Lyon King of Arms. Although very unusual and perhaps outside standard heraldic practice, there are examples of the particular appearance of the motto scroll. Ships and submarines in the Royal Navy each have a badge and motto, Latin has been very common for mottos, but for nation states their official language is generally chosen. A canting motto is one that contains word play, for example, the motto of the Earl of Onslow is Festina lente, punningly interpreting on-slow. In literature, a motto is a sentence, phrase, poem, or word prefixed to an essay, chapter, novel and it is a short, suggestive expression of a guiding principle for the written material that follows. For example, Robert Louis Stevensons Travels with a Donkey in the Cévennes uses mottos at the start of each section, epigram Hendiatris Inscription List of Latin phrases List of mottos List of national mottos Slogan Tagline United in diversity United we stand, divided we fall
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Thurlow Weed
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Thurlow Weed was a New York newspaper publisher and Whig and Republican politician. Weed was born into a family of farmers in Cairo, Greene County, New York on November 15,1797. He received little schooling, and spent much of his youth working as a cabin boy on boats that traveled the Hudson River, as a blacksmiths helper. After his family moved to central New York Weed was apprenticed to a printer, after the war he ran the printing presses for the Albany Register. Weed became interested in politics working with the newspaper, and was an early supporter of DeWitt Clinton. In 1824, he was a supporter of the presidential bid of John Quincy Adams. Weed was elected that year to the New York State Assembly, while serving in the Assembly, he met and befriended William H. Seward, whose legal and political careers were just beginning. In 1825, he bought the Rochester Telegraph, but was forced out in 1828 by Masonic interests and he subsequently founded the Enquirer, which became the voice of the Anti-Masonic movement in New York. That year, Weed again supported John Quincy Adams and worked to align the strong Anti-Masonic movement in New York with the national Adams organization, in 1829, Weed was again elected to the Assembly, this time as an Anti-Mason. He also started the Albany Evening Journal, the Evening Journal was the largest Anti-Masonic newspaper, Weed was editor, chief reporter, proof reader, and political expert. In 1832, Weed supported Adams ally Henry Clay, who ran for President as a National Republican and he was a strong advocate of Clays American System for economic development, including a national bank, internal improvements such as roads and railroads, and a protective tariff. By 1834, the Adams-Clay organization was forming into the Whig Party and his Evening Journal became the main Whig newspaper, and by the 1840s it had the largest circulation of any political newspaper in the United States. Weed and other Whigs worked to blame Van Buren and the Democratic Party for the Panic of 1837, in 1838, he was one of William H. Sewards main supporters in Sewards successful campaign for governor, and was largely credited with Sewards victory. Weed was also a supporter of William Henry Harrisons successful presidential bid in 1840. Under Weeds leadership, the Whigs became the dominant force in politics for several years. As a practical politician, Weed was a pragmatist, rather than an idealist, always taking care to avoid controversial issues and positions that would decrease Whig support on election day. One exception was the issue of slavery, a subject on which Weed made public statements in opposition while trying to avoid the most radical language of those seen as uncompromising abolitionists. Harrison died only a month after taking office, and was succeeded by John Tyler, a former Democrat, Weeds frustration continued with Clays narrow defeat in the 1844 presidential election
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Steven Spielberg
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Steven Allan Spielberg, KBE, OMRI is an American director, producer, and screenwriter. He is considered one of the pioneers of the New Hollywood era. He is also one of the co-founders of DreamWorks Studios, in a career spanning more than four decades, Spielbergs films have spanned many themes and genres. His other films include Jurassic Park, A. I, artificial Intelligence, and War of the Worlds. Spielberg won the Academy Award for Best Director for Schindlers List and Saving Private Ryan, three of Spielbergs films—Jaws, E. T. the Extra-Terrestrial, and Jurassic Park—achieved box office records, originated and came to epitomize the blockbuster film. The unadjusted gross of all Spielberg-directed films exceeds $9 billion worldwide and his personal net worth is estimated to be more than $3 billion. Spielberg was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, to an Orthodox Jewish family and his mother, Leah Posner, was a restaurateur and concert pianist, and his father, Arnold Spielberg, was an electrical engineer involved in the development of computers. His paternal grandparents were immigrants from Ukraine who settled in Cincinnati in the first decade of the 1900s, in 1950, his family moved to Haddon Township, New Jersey when his father took a job with RCA. Three years later, the moved to Phoenix, Arizona. Spielberg attended Hebrew school from 1953 to 1957, in classes taught by Rabbi Albert L. Lewis, as a child, Spielberg faced difficulty reconciling being an Orthodox Jew with the perception of him by other children he played with. It isnt something I enjoy admitting, he said, but when I was seven, eight, nine years old, God forgive me. I was embarrassed by the perception of my parents Jewish practices. I was never really ashamed to be Jewish, but I was uneasy at times, Spielberg also said he suffered from acts of anti-Semitic prejudice and bullying, In high school, I got smacked and kicked around. His first home movie was of a wreck involving his toy Lionel trains. Throughout his early teens, and after entering school, Spielberg continued to make amateur 8 mm adventure films. In 1958, he became a Boy Scout and fulfilled a requirement for the merit badge by making a nine-minute 8 mm film entitled The Last Gunfight. Years later, Spielberg recalled to an interviewer, My dads still-camera was broken. He said yes, and I got an idea to do a Western, I made it and got my merit badge
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Lincoln (2012 film)
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Lincoln is a 2012 American epic historical drama film directed by Steven Spielberg, starring Daniel Day-Lewis as United States President Abraham Lincoln. The film also features Sally Field, David Strathairn, Joseph Gordon-Levitt, James Spader, Hal Holbrook, the film was produced by Spielberg and frequent collaborator Kathleen Kennedy, through their respective production companies, Amblin Entertainment and the Kennedy/Marshall Company. Filming began October 17,2011, and ended on December 19,2011, Lincoln premiered on October 8,2012 at the New York Film Festival. The film was co-produced by DreamWorks Pictures, 20th Century Fox, and Participant Media, the film was distributed by Fox in international territories. Lincoln received widespread acclaim, with major praise directed to the acting, especially Day-Lewis performance. In December 2012, the film was nominated for seven Golden Globe Awards including Best Motion Picture – Drama, Best Director for Spielberg and winning Best Actor for Day-Lewis. At the 85th Academy Awards, the film was nominated for twelve Academy Awards including Best Picture and Best Director, it won for Best Production Design, the film was also a commercial success, grossing over $275 million at the box office. In January 1865, President Abraham Lincoln expects the Civil War to end soon – perhaps within a month – with the defeat of the Confederate States. Lincoln feels it is imperative to pass the amendment before that, even if all of them are ultimately brought on board, the amendment will still require the support of several Democratic congressmen if it is to pass. Lincoln, however, remains adamant about having the amendment in place and the issue of slavery settled before the war is concluded, therefore, in return for his support, Blair insists that Lincoln allow him to immediately engage the Confederate government in peace negotiations. Unable to proceed without Blairs support, however, Lincoln reluctantly authorizes Blairs mission, in the meantime, Lincoln and Secretary of State William Seward work on the issue of securing the necessary Democratic votes for the amendment. Furthermore, those members will soon be in need of employment, and Lincoln will have many federal jobs to fill as he begins his second term, which he sees as a tool he can use to his advantage. Meanwhile, Confederate envoys are ready to meet with Lincoln to discuss terms for peace, a rumor of their mission circulates, prompting both Democrats and conservative Republicans to advocate postponing the vote on the amendment. But in a carefully worded statement, Lincoln denies that there are envoys in Washington, black visitors to the gallery celebrate, and Stevens returns home to his housekeeper and lover, a mixed-race woman. On April 3, Lincoln visits the battlefield at Petersburg, Virginia, six days later, Grant receives General Robert E. Lees surrender at Appomattox Courthouse. The next morning at the Petersen House, Lincoln dies, Secretary of War Edwin Stanton declares, Lincoln is seen again delivering his second inaugural address. His performance as Abraham Lincoln earned him his third Academy Award for Best Actor, Sally Field as First Lady Mary Todd LincolnField was first announced to join the cast as early as September 2007, but officially joined the cast in April 2011. Field said, To have the opportunity to work with Steven Spielberg and Daniel Day-Lewis and to one of the most complicated
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Daniel Day-Lewis
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Sir Daniel Michael Blake Day-Lewis is an English actor who holds both British and Irish citizenship. Born and raised in London, he excelled on stage at the National Youth Theatre, before being accepted at the Bristol Old Vic Theatre School, which he attended for three years. Despite his traditional training at the Bristol Old Vic, he is considered to be a method actor, known for his constant devotion to. He often remains completely in character for the duration of the schedules of his films. He is one of the most selective actors in the industry, having starred in only five films since 1998. Protective of his life, he rarely gives interviews and makes very few public appearances. He starred in My Beautiful Laundrette, his first critically acclaimed role and he then assumed leading man status with The Unbearable Lightness of Being. He was also nominated in category for In the Name of the Father. He has also won four BAFTA Awards for Best Actor, three Screen Actors Guild Awards and two Golden Globe Awards, in November 2012, Time named Day-Lewis the Worlds Greatest Actor. In June 2014, he received a knighthood at Buckingham Palace for services to drama, Day-Lewis was born in Kensington, London, the son of poet Cecil Day-Lewis and English actress Jill Balcon. Day-Lewiss mother was Jewish, and his maternal great-grandparents Jewish families emigrated to England from Latvia and his maternal grandfather, Sir Michael Balcon, was the head of Ealing Studios. Living in Greenwich, Day-Lewis found himself among tough South London children and he mastered the local accent and mannerisms and credits that as being his first convincing performance. Later in life, he has known to speak of himself as very much a disorderly character in his younger years, often in trouble for shoplifting. In 1968, Day-Lewiss parents, finding his behaviour to be too wild, at the school, he was introduced to his three most prominent interests, woodworking, acting, and fishing. The transfer led to his debut at the age of 14 in Sunday Bloody Sunday in which he played a vandal in an uncredited role. He described the experience as heaven, for getting paid £2 to vandalise expensive cars parked outside his local church, for a few weeks in 1972, he and his parents and sister lived at Lemmons, the north London home of Kingsley Amis and Elizabeth Jane Howard. Cecil Day-Lewis had cancer and Howard invited the family to Lemmons as a place they could use to rest, Cecil died there in May that year. Leaving Bedales in 1975, Day-Lewiss unruly attitude had diminished and he needed to make a career choice, although he had excelled on stage at the National Youth Theatre in London, he applied for a five-year apprenticeship as a cabinet-maker, but was rejected due to lack of experience
