Chicago Bears
The Chicago Bears are a professional American football team based in Chicago, Illinois. The Bears compete in the National Football League as a member club of the league's National Football Conference North division; the Bears have won nine NFL Championships, including one Super Bowl, hold the NFL record for the most enshrinees in the Pro Football Hall of Fame and the most retired jersey numbers. The Bears have recorded more victories than any other NFL franchise; the franchise was founded in Decatur, Illinois, on September 17, 1920, moved to Chicago in 1921. It is one of only two remaining franchises from the NFL's founding in 1920, along with the Arizona Cardinals, also in Chicago; the team played home games at Wrigley Field on Chicago's North Side through the 1970 season. The Bears have a long-standing rivalry with the Green Bay Packers; the team headquarters, Halas Hall, is in the Chicago suburb of Illinois. The Bears practice at adjoining facilities there during the season. Since 2002, the Bears have held their annual training camp, from late July to mid-August, at Ward Field on the campus of Olivet Nazarene University in Bourbonnais, Illinois.
In March of 1920 a man telephoned me... George Chamberlain and he was general superintendent of the A. E. Staley Company... In 1919, had formed a football team, it had done well against other local teams but Mr. Staley wanted to build it into a team that could compete with the best semi-professional and industrial teams in the country... Mr. Chamberlain asked if I would like to come to work for the Staley Company. Named the Decatur Staleys, the club was established by the A. E. Staley food starch company of Decatur, Illinois in 1919 as a company team; this was the typical start for several early professional football franchises. The company hired Edward "Dutch" Sternaman in 1920 to run the team; the 1920 Decatur Staleys season was their inaugural regular season completed in the newly formed American Professional Football Association. Full control of the team was turned over to Halas and Sternaman in 1921. Official team and league records cite Halas as the founder as he took over the team in 1920 when it became a charter member of the NFL.
The team relocated to Chicago in 1921. Under an agreement reached by Halas and Sternaman with Staley, Halas purchased the rights to the club from Staley for US$100. In 1922, Halas changed the team name from the Staleys to the Bears; the team moved into Wrigley Field, home to the Chicago Cubs baseball franchise. As with several early NFL franchises, the Bears derived their nickname from their city's baseball team. Halas liked the bright orange-and-blue colors of his alma mater, the University of Illinois, the Bears adopted those colors as their own, albeit in a darker shade of each; the Staleys/Bears dominated the league in the early years. Their rivalry with the Chicago Cardinals, the oldest in the NFL, was key in four out of the first six league titles. During the league's first six years, the Bears lost twice to the Canton Bulldogs, split with their crosstown rival Cardinals, but no other team in the league defeated the Bears more than a single time. During that span, the Bears posted 34 shutouts.
The Bears' rivalry with the Green Bay Packers is one of the oldest and most storied in American professional sports, dating back to 1921. In one infamous incident that year, Halas got the Packers expelled from the league in order to prevent their signing a particular player, graciously got them re-admitted after the Bears had closed the deal with that player; the franchise was an early success under Halas, capturing the NFL Championship in 1921 and remaining competitive throughout the decade. In 1924 the Bears claimed the Championship after defeating the Cleveland Bulldogs on December 7 putting the title "World's Champions" on their 1924 team photo, but the NFL had ruled that games after November 30 did not count towards league standings, the Bears had to settle for second place behind Cleveland. Their only losing season came in 1929. During the 1920s the club was responsible for triggering the NFL's long-standing rule that a player could not be signed until his college's senior class had graduated.
The NFL took that action as a consequence of the Bears' aggressive signing of famous University of Illinois player Red Grange within a day of his final game as a collegian. Despite much of the on-field success, the Bears were a team in trouble, they faced the problem of flatlined attendance. The Bears would only draw 5,000–6,000 fans a game, while a University of Chicago game would draw 40,000–50,000 fans a game. By adding top college football draw Red Grange to the roster, the Bears knew that they found something to draw more fans to their games. C. C. Pyle was able to secure a $2,000 per game contract for Grange, in one of the first games, the Bears defeated the Green Bay Packers, 21–0. However, Grange remained on the sidelines while learning the team's plays from Bears quarterback Joey Sternaman. In 1925, The Bears would go on a barnstorming tour, showing off the best football player of the day. 75,000 people paid to see Grange
Blues
Blues is a music genre and musical form, originated in the Deep South of the United States around the 1870s by African Americans from roots in African musical traditions, African-American work songs and the folk music of white Americans of European heritage. Blues incorporated spirituals, work songs, field hollers, shouts and rhymed simple narrative ballads; the blues form, ubiquitous in jazz and blues and rock and roll, is characterized by the call-and-response pattern, the blues scale and specific chord progressions, of which the twelve-bar blues is the most common. Blue notes thirds or fifths flattened in pitch, are an essential part of the sound. Blues shuffles or walking bass reinforce the trance-like rhythm and form a repetitive effect known as the groove. Blues as a genre is characterized by its lyrics, bass lines, instrumentation. Early traditional blues verses consisted of a single line repeated four times, it was only in the first decades of the 20th century that the most common current structure became standard: the AAB pattern, consisting of a line sung over the four first bars, its repetition over the next four, a longer concluding line over the last bars.
Early blues took the form of a loose narrative relating the racial discrimination and other challenges experienced by African-Americans. Many elements, such as the call-and-response format and the use of blue notes, can be traced back to the music of Africa; the origins of the blues are closely related to the religious music of the Afro-American community, the spirituals. The first appearance of the blues is dated to after the ending of slavery and the development of juke joints, it is associated with the newly acquired freedom of the former slaves. Chroniclers began to report about blues music at the dawn of the 20th century; the first publication of blues sheet music was in 1908. Blues has since evolved from unaccompanied vocal music and oral traditions of slaves into a wide variety of styles and subgenres. Blues subgenres include country blues, such as Delta blues and Piedmont blues, as well as urban blues styles such as Chicago blues and West Coast blues. World War II marked the transition from acoustic to electric blues and the progressive opening of blues music to a wider audience white listeners.
In the 1960s and 1970s, a hybrid form called blues rock developed, which blended blues styles with rock music. The term Blues may have come from "blue devils", meaning sadness; the phrase blue devils may have been derived from Britain in the 1600s, when the term referred to the "intense visual hallucinations that can accompany severe alcohol withdrawal". As time went on, the phrase lost the reference to devils, "it came to mean a state of agitation or depression." By the 1800s in the United States, the term blues was associated with drinking alcohol, a meaning which survives in the phrase blue law, which prohibits the sale of alcohol on Sunday. Though the use of the phrase in African-American music may be older, it has been attested to in print since 1912, when Hart Wand's "Dallas Blues" became the first copyrighted blues composition. In lyrics the phrase is used to describe a depressed mood, it is in this sense of a sad state of mind that one of the earliest recorded references to "the blues" was written by Charlotte Forten aged 25, in her diary on December 14, 1862.
She was a free-born black from Pennsylvania, working as a schoolteacher in South Carolina, instructing both slaves and freedmen, wrote that she "came home with the blues" because she felt lonesome and pitied herself. She overcame her depression and noted a number of songs, such as Poor Rosy, that were popular among the slaves. Although she admitted being unable to describe the manner of singing she heard, Forten wrote that the songs "can't be sung without a full heart and a troubled spirit", conditions that have inspired countless blues songs; the lyrics of early traditional blues verses often consisted of a single line repeated four times. It was only in the first decades of the 20th century that the most common current structure became standard: the so-called "AAB" pattern, consisting of a line sung over the four first bars, its repetition over the next four, a longer concluding line over the last bars. Two of the first published blues songs, "Dallas Blues" and "Saint Louis Blues", were 12-bar blues with the AAB lyric structure.
W. C. Handy wrote; the lines are sung following a pattern closer to rhythmic talk than to a melody. Early blues took the form of a loose narrative. African-American singers voiced his or her "personal woes in a world of harsh reality: a lost love, the cruelty of police officers, oppression at the hands of white folk, hard times"; this melancholy has led to the suggestion of an Igbo origin for blues because of the reputation the Igbo had throughout plantations in the Americas for their melancholic music and outlook on life when they were enslaved. The lyrics relate troubles experienced within African American society. For instance Blind Lemon Jefferson's "Rising High Water Blues" tells of the Great Mississippi Flood of 1927: "Backwater rising, Southern peoples can't make no time I said, backwater rising, Southern peoples can't make no time And I can't get no hearing from that Memphis girl of mine."Although the blues gained an association with misery and oppression, the lyrics could be humorous and raunchy: "Rebecca, get your big legs off of me, Rebecca, get your big legs off of m
Larry Joe Campbell
Lawrence Joseph Campbell is an American actor and comedian best known for his role as "Andy" on the ABC sitcom According to Jim. Born in Cadillac, Campbell graduated from high school at Pine River Area Schools and received a Bachelor of Applied Arts in theater at Central Michigan University and a Master of Arts in theater at Wayne State University. In 2005, Campbell returned to Central Michigan University to serve as the grand marshal of the homecoming parade, his first high-profile TV guest star role was as "the fan" in a February 2000 episode of Friends. The next year he was cast as "Andy" on According to Jim, he has appeared in movies, such as Wedding Crashers, Showtime, as "locker room cop #2," and in commercials, such as Ballpark hot dog commercials as "Frank," and a PSA for the V-chip on ABC, as Jim's "Andy." In 2007, he appeared in two episodes of My Name Is Earl as a security prison guard. He appeared as a cop on the take in a few episodes of Weeds. Campbell played Detective Crockers in the 2007 horror film Drive-Thru.
In the same year he had a guest appearance on the show Supernatural in the episode "Bedtime Stories". Campbell performed improvisational comedy with the Second City Detroit, it was there where he was discovered when Bob Saget performed with the group and was impressed enough by Campbell to let his manager know about him. Campbell dabbles in playwriting, he's a member of the comedy troupe the 313, he has starred in a one-man play he wrote, Terry vs. the Towel Lady at Planet Ant in Hamtramck, Michigan. As of late, Campbell had a small participation on Showtime's Weeds. Larry appeared as Pete Denham in the 2010 film "Killers" and as Vigs in "Fitful." He appeared in the Disney Channel shows I Didn't Do It as Deputy Doug, Good Luck Charlie as Hugo, Dog With a Blog as "The Hawk", Best Friends Whenever as Mr. Doyle, CBS's New Adventures of Old Christine and Rules of Engagement. Campbell played the role of Hog Head in the 2011 film Hall Pass, he had a recurring role in the series The Protector. In 2013, he began touring with a group of comedians known as "Jim Belushi and the Chicago Board of Comedy."
The group consists of Belushi, Belushi's son Robert, Jon Barinholtz and Brad Morris. In 2015 Campbell appears in the Draft Kings commercial titled "The Sleeper". In 2017 Campbell had a recurring role as Chief Engineer Newton in the first season of the Fox sci-fi TV series The Orville, at the end of which his character was written out. In 2017 Campbell has a recurring role as step-father to a troubled high schooler in the documentary American Vandal on Netflix. Heidi Press, "Alumni Profile: According to Larry" Wayne State: The Magazine for Members of the WSU Alumni Association Fall 2006, p. 33 Larry Joe Campbell on IMDb
Brad Grey
Brad Alan Grey was an American television and film producer. He co-founded the Brillstein-Grey Entertainment agency, afterwards became the chairman and CEO of Paramount Pictures, a position he held from 2005 until 2017. Grey graduated from the State University of New York at Buffalo School of Management. Under Grey's leadership, Paramount finished No. 1 in global market share in 2011 and No. 2 domestically in 2008, 2009, 2010, despite releasing fewer films than its competitors. He produced eight out of Paramount's 10 top-grossing pictures of all time after having succeeded Sherry Lansing in 2005. Grey was born to a Jewish family in the youngest child of a garment district salesman, he majored in business and communications at the University at Buffalo. While attending the university, he became a gofer for a young Harvey Weinstein, a concert promoter; the first show Grey produced was a concert by Frank Sinatra at Buffalo's Buffalo Memorial Auditorium in 1978. Grey traveled to Manhattan on weekends to look for young comics at The Improv.
Grey brought comedian Bob Saget to New York. In 1984, Grey met talent manager Bernie Brillstein in San Francisco, California at a television convention. Having convinced Brillstein that he could deliver fresh talent, he was taken on as a partner and the Bernie Brillstein Company was re-christened Brillstein-Grey Entertainment. Grey began producing for television in 1986 with the Showtime hit, It's Garry Shandling's Show. In the late 1990s, Shandling sued Grey for breach of related claims. Shandling complained that his TV show lost its best writers and producers when Brad Grey got them deals to do other projects, that Grey commissioned these other deals, while Shandling did not benefit from them. Grey denied the allegations and countersued, saying the comedian breached his contract on The Larry Sanders Show by failing to produce some episodes and indiscriminately dismissing writers, among other actions. Both suits were settled avoiding a trial. Shandling did testify about Grey during the 2008 trial of private investigator Anthony Pellicano who worked on Grey's defense team.
The value of the settlement to Shandling was disputed by attorneys as being either $4 million or $10 million. In 1996, Brillstein sold his shares of the Brillstein-Grey company to Grey, giving Grey full rein over operations. Grey produced shows such as The Wayne Brady Show. Other shows developed in the 1990s under the Brillstein-Grey banner included Good Sports, The Larry Sanders Show, Mr. Show, Real Time with Bill Maher, The Sopranos, NewsRadio, Just Shoot Me! Grey ventured into film by producing the Adam Sandler hit, Happy Gilmore. In 1996, actress Linda Doucett alleged that Brad Grey and Garry Shandling fired her from The Larry Sanders Show after her personal relationship with Shandling ended. Doucett received a $1 million settlement in this matter in 1997. In July 2000 - on the day of Scary Movie’s opening - Grey and Brillstein-Grey were sued by Bo Zenga and his Boz Productions in what became known as the ‘Scary’ suit. Zenga, at the time an unknown bit-part actor “claimed he had an oral agreement with Grey’s management firm Brillstein-Grey Entertainment, giving him equal profits on the film”.
‘Scary Movie’ went on to make $278m worldwide. The pre-trial discovery process "revealed. Brillstein-Grey said in a court filing that Zenga presented himself as a successful investment banker who became a prize-winning screenwriter to satisfy his creative urges.” “Far from being a successful investment banker, Zenga once filed for personal bankruptcy” and “according to court papers, the only writing award he won was in a phony contest he set up himself.” After denying under oath that he knew who owned the company that ran the contest, Bo Zenga recanted a day admitting his ownership of the company and “saying he had been "overmedicated.”” When questioned about “an accusation from his former business partner that he coerced her to lie for him” Zenga “in a unusual move for a plaintiff in a film-profits case — asserted his Fifth Amendment right not to answer hundreds of questions.” Bo Zenga's suit was thrown out of court for lack of evidence. L. A. Superior Court Judge Robert O’Brien “noted it was only the second time in all his years on the bench that he had granted a non-suit and taken a case away from a jury.”
In 2002, Grey formed Plan B with Brad Pitt and Jennifer Aniston, with a first-look deal at Warner Bros. The company produced two films for Warner Bros: Tim Burton's Charlie and the Chocolate Factory with Johnny Depp, Martin Scorsese's The Departed, starring Leonardo DiCaprio, Matt Damon, Jack Nicholson. After Pitt and Aniston separated and Pitt moved the company to Paramount Pictures in 2005. In May 2006 Bo Zenga “filed a new suit against Grey personally," in which he charged Grey with using notorious private investigator Anthony Pellicano to illegally wiretap and conduct illegal background checks on Zenga during the original case. Grey denied any knowledge, testifying that "his dealings with Pellicano “all came through Bert Fields” and that “in every instance” Grey had never been given updates on the investigations by Pellicano." The suit was “dismissed, due to Zenga having lied and to statute of limitations issues.“ Bo Zenga's appeal continued after Grey's death, until that too was dismissed in December 2017.
On 17 October 2017, writer Janis Hirsch alleged that her response to workplace sexual harassment resulted in a meeting with Brad Grey, during which he pressured her to quit her job during the late 1980
CBS Studio Center
CBS Studio Center is a television and film studio located in the Studio City district of Los Angeles in the San Fernando Valley. The lot has 18 sound stages from 7,000 to 25,000 square feet, 220,000 square feet of office space, 223 dressing rooms, it is the headquarters of CBS Television Studios but is not open to the public for tours. The triangular site is bisected by the Los Angeles River; the company previously had ownership of three other studios in the area: CBS Television City, Columbia Square and the Paramount Pictures lot. Mack Sennett, a silent film producer and director, came to the San Fernando Valley and opened his new movie studio at this location in May 1928, he operated a smaller studio on Glendale Boulevard in Echo Park where he produced films featuring the Keystone Kops, Charlie Chaplin, Mabel Normand, Buster Keaton, W. C. Fields, Fatty Arbuckle. After creating the Studio City lot, Sennett in five years was forced to file bankruptcy and the studio lot was sold off to another film company, Mascot Pictures.
Mascot, which specialized in serials, renamed the studio after itself. By 1935, another film company, Monogram Pictures, along with Mascot and Consolidated Film Corporation merged to form Republic Pictures Corporation; the studio lot was renamed Republic Studios. The new studio specialized in B-movies, including many Westerns starring the likes of Roy Rogers, Gene Autry, John Wayne, all of whom got their first breaks with Republic. In the 1950s, Republic leased studio space to Revue Productions, which filmed many early television series on the lot before Revue's owner, MCA acquired Universal Pictures and moved Revue's television production to Universal City. Four Star Productions leased the lot for many of its series like The Rifleman, Dick Powell's Zane Grey Theater, The Big Valley. Republic Pictures ceased production in 1958 and Victor M. Carter became its president in 1959. Carter built Republic into a diversified business with foci outside of the television and film business, so began leasing its lot to CBS.
In 1963, CBS Television became the primary lessee of the lot. After leasing the Republic Pictures lot, CBS began to place their network-produced filmed shows there, including Gunsmoke, My Three Sons, Gilligan's Island.. The Gilligan's Island lagoon was located at the northwestern edge of the lot. While under lease, the facility was renamed the CBS Studio Center; the network purchased the 70-acre lot outright from Republic in February 1967, for $9.5 million. That same month, Republic sold off its film library. CBS built new sound stages, office buildings, technical facilities. To make up for these investments, CBS began to rent out its studio lot for independent producers, the newly created MTM Enterprises became the Studio Center's primary tenant, beginning in 1970. Moore's memorable sitcom, The Mary Tyler Moore Show, began filming here in 1970, along with its spinoffs, Rhoda and Lou Grant. In July 1982, CBS formed a partnership with 20th Century Fox to share ownership of the Studio Center, thus once again renaming, this time as CBS/Fox Studios.
However, that relationship was short-lived as Fox sold its interest of the Studio Center to MTM, it became CBS-MTM Studios. In March 1992, the studio once again became CBS Studio Center, when MTM sold back its interest in the studio lot to CBS. From 1991 to 1996, American Gladiators was videotaped at CBS Studio Center; the original "Gladiator Arena" remains preserved in its original form in its original location, with tours and group events available. Today, the studio is one of the most active in the city for producing sitcoms, it is the base for "Semester in L. A.", a six-week course by Columbia College Chicago. Since 2007, the Studio Center serves as the home to CBS's Los Angeles flagship TV station, KCBS-TV, along with sister station KCAL-TV, as they vacated Columbia Square to move into a newly built, digitally-enhanced office and studio facility located where the house for the CBS reality series, Big Brother, once stood, it enables the stations to broadcast their local news in High Definition.
The CBS Studio City Broadcast Center houses the Los Angeles bureau of CBS News, shared with the KCBS/KCAL local newsroom. In 2008, Entertainment Tonight and The Insider moved from the Paramount Pictures studios to the Studio Center. CBS News KCBS-TV/KCAL-TV CBS Studio Center Seeing Stars: CBS Studio Center CBS Studios and Beverly
Tracy Newman
Tracy Ann Newman is an American television producer and musician. Newman is a founding member of the improvisational theater troupe The Groundlings, she was executive producer of the 2001-09 sitcom According to Jim. She is a singer-songwriter, as well as an original member of The New Christy Minstrels and lead singer of Tracy Newman and The Reinforcements, she is the mother of artist/writer Charlotte Dean, with whom she co-directs the live comedy show Charlotte's Shorts. With writing partner Jonathan Stark, Tracy's credits include Cheers, The Nanny, The Drew Carey Show and Ellen for which she won a Primetime Emmy Award for co-writing "The Puppy Episode". and a Peabody Award. In 2001, Newman and Stark created the sitcom According to Jim starring Jim Belushi. Newman is the lead singer/songwriter of the folk music band Tracy Newman and the Reinforcements. In 2007, she released the album A Place in the Sun, her second album, I Just See You, was released in 2012. Her third album, " I Can Swing Forever" was released in 2014.
It is for children. It was released with a coloring book done by Charlotte Dean. Newman appeared on Ken Reid's TV Guidance Counselor podcast on October 11, 2016. What’s New They Came from Outer Space Cheers Bob The Nanny The Barefoot Executive Ellen Hiller and Diller The Drew Carey Show According to Jim A Place in the Sun I Just See You I Can Swing Forever Primetime Emmy Award Peabody Award Official website Tracy Newman on IMDb
Suburb
A suburb is a mixed-use or residential area, existing either as part of a city or urban area or as a separate residential community within commuting distance of a city. In most English-speaking countries, suburban areas are defined in contrast to central or inner-city areas, but in Australian English and South African English, suburb has become synonymous with what is called a "neighborhood" in other countries and the term extends to inner-city areas. In some areas, such as Australia, China, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, a few U. S. states, new suburbs are annexed by adjacent cities. In others, such as Saudi Arabia, Canada and much of the United States, many suburbs remain separate municipalities or are governed as part of a larger local government area such as a county. Suburbs first emerged on a large scale in the 19th and 20th centuries as a result of improved rail and road transport, which led to an increase in commuting. In general, they have lower population densities than inner city neighborhoods within a metropolitan area, most residents commute to central cities or other business districts.
Suburbs tend to proliferate around cities that have an abundance of adjacent flat land. The English word is derived from the Old French subburbe, in turn derived from the Latin suburbium, formed from sub and urbs; the first recorded usage of the term in English, was made by John Wycliffe in 1380, where the form subarbis was used, according to the Oxford English Dictionary. In Australia and New Zealand, suburbs have become formalised as geographic subdivisions of a city and are used by postal services in addressing. In rural areas in both countries, their equivalents are called localities; the terms inner suburb and outer suburb are used to differentiate between the higher-density areas in proximity to the city center, the lower-density suburbs on the outskirts of the urban area. The term'middle suburbs' is used. Inner suburbs, such as Te Aro in Wellington, Eden Terrace in Auckland, Prahran in Melbourne and Ultimo in Sydney, are characterised by higher density apartment housing and greater integration between commercial and residential areas.
In New Zealand, most suburbs are not defined which can lead to confusion as to where they may begin and end. Although there is a geospatial file defining suburbs for use by emergency services developed and maintained by Fire and Emergency New Zealand, in collaboration with other government agencies, to date this file has not been released publicly. New Zealand company Koordinates Limited requested access to the geospatial file under the Official Information Act 1982 but this request was rejected by the New Zealand Fire Service on the basis that it would prejudice the health & safety of, or cause material loss, to the public. In September 2014 a decision was made by the Ombudsman of New Zealand ruling that the New Zealand Fire Service refusal to release the geospatial file without agreeing to terms which included, among other restrictions, a prohibition on redistribution of the geospatial file, was reasonable. In the United Kingdom and in Ireland, suburb refers to a residential area outside the city centre, regardless of administrative boundaries.
Suburbs, in this sense, can range from areas that seem more like residential areas of a city proper to areas separated by open countryside from the city centre. In large cities such as London and Leeds, suburbs include separate towns and villages that have been absorbed during a city's growth and expansion, such as Ealing and Guiseley. In the United States and Canada, suburb can refer either to an outlying residential area of a city or town or to a separate municipality or unincorporated area outside a town or city; the earliest appearance of suburbs coincided with the spread of the first urban settlements. Large walled towns tended to be the focus around which smaller villages grew up in a symbiotic relationship with the market town; the word'suburbani' was first used by the Roman statesman Cicero in reference to the large villas and estates built by the wealthy patricians of Rome on the city's outskirts. Towards the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the capital, was occupied by the emperor and important officials.
As populations grew during the Early Modern Period in Europe, urban towns swelled with a steady influx of people from the countryside. In some places, nearby settlements were swallowed up as the main city expanded; the peripheral areas on the outskirts of the city were inhabited by the poorest. Due to the rapid migration of the rural poor to the industrialising cities of England in the late 18th century, a trend in the opposite direction began to develop; this trend accelerated through the 19th century in cities like London and Manchester that were growing and the first suburban districts sprung up around the city centres to accommodate those who wanted to escape the squalid conditions of the industrial towns. Toward the end of the century, with the development of public transit systems such as the underground railways and buses, it became possible for the majority of the city's population to reside outside the city and to commute into the
