Achaemenid Macedonia refers to the period in which the ancient Greek Kingdom of Macedonia was under the sway of the Achaemenid Persians. In 512/511 BC, the Persian general Megabyzus forced the Macedonian king Amyntas I to make his kingdom a vassal of the Achaemenids. In 492 BC, following the Ionian Revolt, the Persian general Mardonius firmly re-tightened the Persian grip in the Balkans, making Macedon a fully subordinate kingdom within the Achaemenid domains and part of its administrative system. Macedonia served the Achaemenid Empire during the Greco-Persian Wars in their invasion of mainland Greece. They regained independence following the defeat and withdrawal of the Achaemenid Empire in 479 BC.
Coinage around the end of the reign of Amyntas I, under the Achaemenids, Aegae, c. 510–480 BC. Goat kneeling right, head reverted; pellet above and before / Quadripartite incuse square.
"Ionian with shield-hat" (possibly Macedonian wearing the petasos or kausia), as soldier of the Achaemenid army, c. 480 BC. Xerxes I tomb relief.
Coinage in the early years of the reign of Alexander I, under the Achaemenids, Aegae, c. 500–480 BC. Goat kneeling right, head reverted; pellet above and before / Quadripartite incuse square.
"Ionian with shield-hat" on the tomb of Darius II (c. 410 BC).
The Scythian campaign of Darius I was a military expedition into parts of European Scythia by Darius I, the king of the Achaemenid Empire, in 513 BC. The Scythians were an East Iranian-speaking people who had invaded Media, revolted against Darius and threatened to disrupt trade between Central Asia and the shores of the Black Sea as they lived between the Danube and Don Rivers and the Black Sea. The campaigns took place in parts of what is now the Balkans, Ukraine, and southern Russia.
Junction of the Ionian fleet and the Persian army at the Bosphorus, in preparation for the Scythian campaign. 19th century illustration.
Darius crossing the Bosphorus.
Achaemenid soldiers fighting against either Scythians or Sogdians. Cylinder seal impression (drawing).
The Greeks of Histiaeus preserve the bridge of Darius I across the Danube river. 19th century illustration.