1.
Action Comics
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Action Comics is an American comic book series that introduced Superman, one of the first major superhero characters as the term is popularly defined. The publisher was known as National Allied Publications, and later as National Comics Publications and as National Periodical Publications. Its original incarnation ran from 1938 to 2011 and stands as one of the comic books with consecutively numbered issues. A second volume of Action Comics with issue #1 ran from 2011 to 2016, Action Comics returned to its original numbering beginning with issue #957. Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster saw their creation, Superman, launched in Action Comics #1 on April 18,1938, Siegel and Shuster had tried for years to find a publisher for their Superman character originally conceived as a newspaper strip without success. Superman was originally a bald madman created by Siegel and Shuster who used his abilities to wreak havoc on mankind. He appeared in Siegel and Shusters book Science Fiction, Siegel then commented, What if this Superman was a force for good instead of evil. After seeing the published first issue, publisher Harry Donenfeld dismissed the featured strip as ridiculous, originally, Action Comics was an anthology title featuring a number of other stories in addition to the Superman story. Zatara, a magician, was one of the characters who had their own stories in early issues. There was the hero Tex Thompson, who eventually became Mr. America, vigilante enjoyed a lengthy run in this series. Sometimes stories of a humorous nature were included, such as those of Hayfoot Henry. The series saw the introduction of characters and themes which would become longstanding elements of the Superman mythos. Lois Lane made her debut in the first issue with Superman, Superman was first depicted as possessing the power of flight in issue #13. Other new superpowers depicted for the first time for the character included X-ray vision in issue #18 and telescopic vision, Luthor, a villain who would later become Supermans archenemy, was introduced in issue #23. The original Toyman was created by writer Don Cameron and artist Ed Dobrotka in issue #64, by 1942, artist Wayne Boring, who had previously been one of Shusters assistants, had become a major artist on Superman. Under editor Mort Weisinger, the Action Comics title saw an expansion of the Superman mythology. Gradually, the size of the issues was decreased as the publisher was reluctant to raise the price from the original 10 cents. For a while, Congo Bill and Tommy Tomorrow were the two features in addition to Superman, the introduction of Supergirl by Otto Binder and Al Plastino occurred in issue #252
2.
Joe Shuster
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Joseph Joe Shuster was a Canadian-American comic book artist best known for co-creating the DC Comics character Superman, with writer Jerry Siegel, in Action Comics #1. Shuster was involved in a number of battles over ownership of the Superman character. His comic book career after Superman was relatively unsuccessful, and by the mid-1970s Shuster had left the field due to partial blindness. He and Siegel were inducted into both the book industrys Will Eisner Comic Book Hall of Fame in 1992 and the Jack Kirby Hall of Fame in 1993. In 2005, the Canadian Comic Book Creator Awards Association instituted the Joe Shuster Awards, joseph Shuster was born in Toronto, to a Jewish family. His father, Julius Shuster, an immigrant from Rotterdam, had a shop in Torontos garment district. His mother, Ida, had come from Kiev in Ukraine and his family, including his sister, Jean, lived on Bathurst, Oxford, and Borden Streets, and Shuster attended Ryerson and Lansdowne Public Schools. One cousin is comedian Frank Shuster of the Canadian comedy team Wayne, as a youngster, Shuster worked as a newspaper boy for the Toronto Daily Star. The family barely made ends meet, and the young artist would scrounge for paper. He recalled in 1992, I would go from store to store in Toronto, one day, I was lucky enough to find a bunch of wallpaper rolls that were unused and left over from some job. So it was a goldmine for me, and I went home with every roll I could carry, I kept using that wallpaper for a long time. Sometime in 1924, when Shuster was 9 or 10, his family moved to Cleveland, there Shuster attended Glenville High School and befriended his later collaborator, writer Jerry Siegel, with whom he began publishing a science fiction fanzine called Science Fiction. Siegel described his friendship with the shy and bespectacled Shuster, When Joe and I first met. And DC approved them, just like that, but DC did say, We like your ideas, we like your scripts and we like your drawings. But please, copy over the stories in pen and ink on good paper. So I got my mother and father to me the money to go out and buy some decent paper. The character was not successful, and Siegel eventually devised the more familiar version of the character, lois Lane was modelled on Joanne Carter, who later became Siegels wife. Siegel and Shuster then began a six-year quest to find a publisher, titling it The Superman, Siegel and Shuster offered it to Consolidated Book Publishing, who had published a 48-page black-and-white comic book entitled Detective Dan, Secret Operative No.48
3.
DC Comics
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DC Comics, Inc. is an American comic book publisher. It is the unit of DC Entertainment, a subsidiary of Warner Bros. Entertainment, Inc. a division of Time Warner, the company has also published non-DC Universe-related material, including Watchmen, V for Vendetta and many titles under their alternative imprint Vertigo. The initials DC came from the popular series Detective Comics. Random House distributes DC Comics books to the market, while Diamond Comic Distributors supplies the comics shop specialty market. DC Comics and its major, longtime competitor Marvel Comics together shared 70% of the American comic book market in 2016, entrepreneur Major Malcolm Wheeler-Nicholson founded National Allied Publications in autumn 1934. The company debuted with the tabloid-sized New Fun, The Big Comic Magazine #1 with a date of February 1935. That title evolved into Adventure Comics, which continued through issue #503 in 1983, in 2009 DC revived Adventure Comics with its original numbering. In 1935, Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster, the creators of Superman, created Doctor Occult. Wheeler-Nicholsons third and final title, Detective Comics, advertised with a cover illustration dated December 1936, the themed anthology series would become a sensation with the introduction of Batman in issue #27. By then, however, Wheeler-Nicholson had gone, Detective Comics, Inc. was formed, with Wheeler-Nicholson and Jack S. Liebowitz, Donenfelds accountant, listed as owners. Major Wheeler-Nicholson remained for a year, but cash-flow problems continued, shortly afterward, Detective Comics, Inc. purchased the remains of National Allied, also known as Nicholson Publishing, at a bankruptcy auction. Detective Comics, Inc. soon launched a fourth title, Action Comics, Action Comics #1, the first comic book to feature the new character archetype—soon known as superheroes—proved a sales hit. The company quickly introduced such popular characters as the Sandman and Batman. That year, Gaines let Liebowitz buy him out, and kept only Picture Stories from the Bible as the foundation of his own new company, at that point, Liebowitz promptly orchestrated the merger of All-American and Detective Comics into National Comics. Next he took charge of organizing National Comics, Independent News, National Periodical Publications became publicly traded on the stock market in 1961. The company began to move aggressively against what it saw as copyright-violating imitations from other companies, such as Fox Comics Wonder Man and this extended to DC suing Fawcett Comics over Captain Marvel, at the time comics top-selling character. Despite the fact that parallels between Captain Marvel and Superman seemed more tenuous, the courts ruled that substantial and deliberate copying of copyrighted material had occurred, faced with declining sales and the prospect of bankruptcy if it lost, Fawcett capitulated in 1955 and ceased comics publication
4.
Superhero
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A female superhero is sometimes called a superheroine. Fiction centered on characters, especially in American comic books since the 1930s, is known as superhero fiction. By most definitions, characters do not require actual supernatural or superhuman powers or phenomena to be deemed superheroes, some superheroes use their powers to counter daily crime while also combating threats against humanity from supervillains, who are their criminal counterparts. Often at least one of these supervillains will be the superheros archenemy, some long-running superheroes such as Iron Man, Captain America, Superman, Wonder Woman, Batman, and Spider-Man have a rogues gallery of many villains. The word superhero dates to at least 1917, antecedents of the archetype include such folkloric heroes as Robin Hood, who adventured in distinctive clothing. The 1903 play The Scarlet Pimpernel and its spinoffs popularized the idea of a masked avenger, during the 1940s there were many superheroes, and only a few of these were female. The Flash, Green Lantern and Blue Beetle debuted in this era, most of the other female costumed crime-fighters during this era lacked superpowers. The most iconic comic book superheroine, who debuted during the Golden Age, is Wonder Woman, inspired by the Amazons of Greek mythology, she was created by psychologist William Moulton Marston, with help and inspiration from his wife Elizabeth and their mutual lover Olive Byrne. Wonder Womans first appearance was in All Star Comics #8, published by All-American Publications, in 1952, Osamu Tezukas manga Tetsuwan Atom was published. The series focused upon a robot boy built by a scientist to replace his deceased son, the 1950s saw the Silver Age of Comics. During this era DC introduced the likes of Batwoman in 1956, Supergirl, Miss Arrowette,1958 saw the debut of superhero Moonlight Mask on Japanese television. In 1963, Astro Boy was adapted into a highly influential anime television series, Phantom Agents in 1964 focused on ninjas working for the Japanese government and would be the foundation for Sentai-type series. Another important event was the debut of Mazinger Z by Go Nagai, Go Nagai also wrote the manga Cutey Honey in 1973, although the Magical Girl genre already existed, Nagais manga introduced Transformation sequences that would become a staple of Magical Girl media. The dark Skull Man manga would later get a television adaptation, the protagonist was redesigned resemble a grasshopper, becoming the renowned first masked hero of the Kamen Rider series. Kamen Rider is a motorcycle riding hero in an insect-like costume, both major publishers began introducing new superheroines with a more distinct feminist theme as part of their origin stories or character development. Examples include Big Barda, Power Girl, and the Huntress by DC comics, and from Marvel, the second Black Widow, Shanna the She-Devil, and The Cat. In 1975 Shotaro Ishinomoris Himitsu Sentai Gorenger debuted on what is now TV Asahi, it brought the concepts of multi-colored teams, in 1978, Toei adapted Spider-Man into a live-action series. In subsequent decades, popular characters like Dazzler, She-Hulk, Elektra, Catwoman, Witchblade, Spider-Girl, Batgirl, volume 4 of the X-Men comic book series featured an all-female team as part of the Marvel NOW. branding initiative in 2013
5.
Reboot (fiction)
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In serial fiction, to reboot means to discard all continuity in an established series in order to recreate its characters, timeline and backstory from the beginning. The term is used with respect to different forms of fictional media such as comic books, television series, video games. The term is thought to originate from the term for restarting a computer system. Reboots remove any non-essential elements associated with a franchise by starting the franchises continuity over, for audiences, reboots allow easier entry for newcomers unfamiliar with earlier titles in a series. With reboots, filmmakers revamp and reinvigorate a film series in order to new fans. A reboot can renew interest in a series that has grown stale, reboots also allow directors and producers to cast a new set of younger actors for the familiar roles of a film series in order to attract a younger audience. Unlike a remake, however, a reboot often presupposes a working familiarity on the part of the audience with the original work, reboots are common in the video game industry, particularly with franchises that have multiple entries in the series. Reboots in video games are used to refresh the storyline and elements of the game, comic books sometimes use an in-universe explanation for a reboot, such as merging parallel worlds and timelines together or destroying and recreating a fictional universe from the beginning. Artistic license Canon List of modernized adaptations of old works Prequel Reset button technique Retroactive continuity Sequel
6.
Comic book
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A comic book or comicbook, also called comic magazine or simply comic, is a publication that consists of comic art in the form of sequential juxtaposed panels that represent individual scenes. Panels are often accompanied by brief descriptive prose and written narrative, although comics has some origins in 18th century Japan and 1830s Europe, comic books were first popularized in the United States during the 1930s. Comic books are reliant on their organization and appearance, authors largely focus on the frame of the page, size, orientation, and panel positions. These characteristic aspects of books are necessary in conveying the content. The key elements of comic books include panels, balloons, text, balloons are usually convex spatial containers of information that are related to a character using a tail element. The tail has an origin, path, tip, and pointed direction, there are many technological formulas used to create comic books, including directions, axes, data, and metrics. Following these key formatting procedures is the writing, drawing, Comics as a print medium have existed in America since the printing of The Adventures of Mr. Obadiah Oldbuck in 1842 in hardcover, making it the first known American prototype comic book. The introduction of Jerry Siegel and Joe Shusters Superman in 1938 turned comic books into a major industry, the Golden Age originated the archetype of the superhero. Historians generally divide the timeline of the American comic book into eras, the Golden Age of Comic Books began with the introduction of Superman in 1938, spurring a period of high sales. The Silver Age of comic books is considered to date from the first successful revival of the then-dormant superhero form. The demarcation between the Silver Age and the era, the Bronze Age of Comic Books, is less well-defined. The Modern Age of Comic Books runs from the mid-1980s to the present day, in response to attention from the government and from the media, the U. S. comic book industry set up the Comics Magazine Association of America. The CMAA instilled the Comics Code Authority in 1954 and drafted the self-censorship Comics Code that year and it was not until the 1970s that comic books could be published without passing through the inspection of the CMAA. In the early 1970s, a surge of creativity emerged in what known as underground comix. Published and distributed independently of the comics industry, most of such comics reflected the youth counterculture. Underground comics were almost never sold at newsstands, but rather in such youth-oriented outlets as head shops and record stores, frank Stacks The Adventures of Jesus, published under the name Foolbert Sturgeon, has been credited as the first underground comic. The rise of comic book specialty stores in the late 1970s created/paralleled a dedicated market for independent or alternative comics in the U. S, some independent comics continued in the tradition of underground comics. A few represented experimental attempts to bring closer to the status of fine art
7.
Jerry Siegel
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He was inducted into the comic book industrys Will Eisner Comic Book Hall of Fame in 1992 and the Jack Kirby Hall of Fame in 1993. Siegel was born in Cleveland, Ohio, the youngest of six children of Jewish immigrants from the Russian Empire and he was preceded by sisters Minerva and Roslyn, both in Lithuania, brothers Harry and Leo, and sister Isabel. His father was a painter who opened a haberdashery and encouraged his sons artistic inclinations. Mitchell died of an attack brought on by the robbery of his store. Siegel was a fan of movies, comic strips, and especially science fiction pulp magazines and he became active in what would become known as fandom, corresponding with other science fiction fans, including the young future author Jack Williamson. In 1929, Siegel published what might have been the first SF fanzine, Cosmic Stories and he published several other booklets over the next few years. Siegel attended Glenville High School in Cleveland, Ohio and worked for its student newspaper. He was a shy, not particularly popular student, but he achieved a bit of fame among his peers for his popular Tarzan parody, at about age 16, while at Glenville, he befriended his later collaborator, Joe Shuster. Siegel described his friendship with the shy and bespectacled Shuster, When Joe and I first met. Siegel and Shuster created a bald telepathic villain referred to as the Superman and he appeared in the short story The Reign of the Superman from Science Fiction #3, a science fiction fanzine that Siegel published in 1933. Tossing and turning in bed one night in 1934, he thought of the familiar character by that name. Siegel and Shuster then began a four-year quest to find a publisher, titling it The Superman, Siegel and Shuster offered it to Consolidated Book Publishing, who had published a 48-page black-and-white comic book entitled Detective Dan, Secret Operative No.48. Although the duo received a letter, Consolidated never again published comic books. Shuster took this to heart and burned all pages of the story, Siegel and Shuster each compared this character to Slam Bradley, an adventurer the pair had created for Detective Comics #1. The following year, Siegel & Shuster initiated the syndicated Superman comic strip, Siegel also created the ghostly avenger The Spectre during this same period. As part of the deal which saw Superman published in Action Comics, Siegel and Shuster sold the rights to the company in return for $130, Siegel and Shusters status as children of Jewish immigrants is also thought to have influenced their work. One scholar has argued that they crafted an immigrant figure whose desire was to fit into American culture as an American, in 1946, Siegel and Shuster, nearing the end of their 10-year contract to produce Superman stories, sued National over rights to the characters. In 1947, the team had rejoined editor Sullivan, by now the founder and publisher of the comic-book company Magazine Enterprises, when he sued DC over the Superman rights again in 1967, his relationship with the hero he had co-created was again severed
8.
Superman
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Superman is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. The character was created by writer Jerry Siegel and artist Joe Shuster, high school living in Cleveland, Ohio. They sold Superman to Detective Comics, the future DC Comics, Superman debuted in Action Comics #1 and subsequently appeared in various radio serials, newspaper strips, television programs, films, and video games. With this success, Superman helped to create the superhero archetype, the character is also referred to by such epithets as the Man of Steel, the Man of Tomorrow, and The Last Son of Krypton. Discovered and adopted by a Kansas farm couple, the child is raised as Clark Kent, very early on he started to display various superhuman abilities, which, upon reaching maturity, he resolved to use for the benefit of humanity through a secret Superman identity. Superman resides and operates in the fictional American city of Metropolis, as Clark Kent, he is a journalist for the Daily Planet, a Metropolis newspaper. Supermans love interest is generally Lois Lane, and his archenemy is supervillain Lex Luthor and he is typically a member of the Justice League and close ally of Batman and Wonder Woman. Like other characters in the DC Universe, several versions of Superman have been depicted over the years. Supermans appearance is distinctive and iconic, he wears a blue costume with a red-and-yellow emblem on the chest, consisting of the letter S in a shield shape. This shield is used in media to symbolize the character. Superman is widely considered an American cultural icon and he has fascinated scholars, with cultural theorists, commentators, and critics alike exploring the characters impact and role in the United States and worldwide. The characters ownership has often been the subject of dispute, with Siegel, the character has been adapted extensively and portrayed in other forms of media as well, including films, television series, and video games. Several actors have portrayed Superman in motion pictures and TV series including Kirk Alyn, George Reeves, Christopher Reeve, Dean Cain, Tom Welling, Brandon Routh, Henry Cavill, Siegels fanzine did not sell well. Siegel and Shuster shifted to making comic strips, which they self-published in a book they called Popular Comics, the pair dreamed of becoming professional authors and believed that syndicated newspaper strips offered more lucrative and stable work than pulp magazines. The art quality standards were lower, making them more accessible to the inexperienced Shuster. In early 1933 or in 1934, Siegel developed a new character, also named Superman, but now a heroic character and this first prototype of Superman had no fantastic abilities and wore casual clothing. Siegel and Shuster often compared this version to Slam Bradley, a character they created in 1936. Siegel shared his idea with Shuster and they decided to turn it into a comic strip, the first publisher they solicited was Humor Publishing in Chicago, after having read one of their comic books, Detective Dan
9.
Comics Guaranty
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Certified Guaranty Company, also known as CGC, is a Sarasota, Florida comic book grading service. CGC is an independent member of the Certified Collectibles Group of companies and it is the first independent and impartial third party grading service for comic books. The company was launched in early 2000 and has gone on to become a notable part of the comic book collecting community. CGCs current President, Mark Haspel, is also the companys primary grader, comic books are sent to CGC for grading and encapsulation either directly by the owner through CGCs website or through an authorized dealer. People sending in comics themselves can get a 10% discount from CGC by using the Internet Partners links on their submission page. Comics may also be submitted to the company from an individual who signs up for one of their two membership options, associate or premium, and pays an annual membership fee. A person does not need to be a member of anything CGC-related to send books in, the company also accepts submissions in person by sending representatives to several comic book conventions. Upon receipt, the comics are inspected by 1 pre-grader for obvious defects and are graded by 3 graders in a temperature-. The grades are not averaged together, the Head Grader determines the final grade, so for example, if 2 graders rated a book at 7.0 and the Head Grader decided it was a 7.5, the book is a 7.5. The graders look for damage and signs of restoration, the comic books are then graded on a scale from 0.5 to 10. These numbers correspond with more traditional descriptive grades such as fine, near mint. Then, the comics are sealed in a hard plastic. This process is referred to in comics jargon as slabbing. A label is affixed at the top indicating the title, date, grade, page quality, books which would be damaged by encapsulation are returned without this process. Prior to advent of CGC grading and authentication services, collectors, buyers, there was a clear possibility of a conflict of interest as a seller would benefit from exaggeration of the condition to inflate the value and thus increase profits. Likewise a buyer could dispute the condition of a book with the intention of purchasing at a lower price, Restored books are another matter of debate as it can be considered misleading and an attempt to ruse a potential buyer of a comic not to disclose any restoration efforts. Authenticity of a book is another issue that can arise in comics collecting. A signed book has the potential to be valued more than the book in equal condition
10.
EBay
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EBay Inc. is a multinational e-commerce corporation, facilitating online consumer-to-consumer and business-to-consumer sales. It is headquartered in San Jose, California, eBay was founded by Pierre Omidyar in 1995, and became a notable success story of the dot-com bubble. Today it is a business with operations in about 30 countries. The company manages eBay. com, an auction and shopping website in which people and businesses buy and sell a broad variety of goods. It previously offered online money transfers, which was a wholly owned subsidiary of eBay from 2002 until 2015, the website is free to use for buyers, but sellers are charged fees for listing items and again when those items are sold. The AuctionWeb was founded in California on September 3,1995 by French-born Iranian-American computer programmer Pierre Omidyar as part of a personal site. One of the first items sold on AuctionWeb was a laser pointer for $14.83. Astonished, Omidyar contacted the winning bidder to ask if he understood that the pointer was broken. In his responding email, the buyer explained, Im a collector of broken laser pointers and this was revealed in Adam Cohens book, The Perfect Store, and confirmed by eBay. Reportedly, eBay was simply a hobby for Omidyar until his Internet service provider informed him he would need to upgrade to a business account due to the high volume of traffic to his website. The resulting price increase forced him to start charging those who used eBay and it resulted in the hiring of Chris Agarpao as eBays first employee to handle the number of checks coming in for fees. Jeffrey Skoll was hired as the first president of the company in early 1996, growth was phenomenal, in January 1997 the site hosted 2,000,000 auctions, compared with 250,000 during the whole of 1996. The company officially changed the name of its service from AuctionWeb to eBay in September 1997, originally, the site belonged to Echo Bay Technology Group, Omidyars consulting firm. Omidyar had tried to register the domain name echobay. com, but found it already taken by the Echo Bay Mines, in 1997, the company received $6.7 million in funding from the venture capital firm Benchmark Capital. Meg Whitman was hired as eBay President and CEO in March 1998, at the time, the company had 30 employees, half a million users and revenues of $4.7 million in the United States. EBay went public on September 21,1998, and both Omidyar and Skoll became instant billionaires, eBays target share price of $18 was all but ignored as the price went to $53.50 on the first day of trading. As the company expanded product categories beyond collectibles into almost any saleable item, in February 2002, the company purchased iBazar, a similar European auction web site founded in 1998, and then bought PayPal on October 3,2002. By early 2008, the company had expanded worldwide, counted hundreds of millions of registered users,15, after nearly ten years at eBay, Whitman decided to enter politics
11.
Zatara
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Giovanni John Zatara is a fictional character appearing in comics published by DC Comics. He is a magician who also practices actual magic. He married Sindella, a Homo magi, and they have a daughter, Zatanna Zatara and he first appeared in Action Comics #1, and was created by writer and artist Fred Guardineer. John Zatara is introduced as a magician in various publications of DC Comics, beginning with 1938s Action Comics #1, like the very similar Mandrake the Magician, Zatara had a large East Indian as a friend/bodyguard, called Tong, to share his early adventures. As well as being an illusionist, Zatara also had magical powers. His love of magic began early when he was given a magic kit by his uncle, although he began learning the craft in childhood, his early attempts at performing professionally were unsuccessful until he realized that he needed to work on his showmanship. His lessons in magic were bolstered by visits from the Phantom Stranger, and he had a relationship with Madame Xanadu. To that end, he acquired old diaries of Leonardo da Vinci, while reading the diaries, which Da Vinci wrote in backwards spelling as a security precaution, Zatara learned that his family had the command of magic. He discovered this inadvertently when he gave a command to a mannequin to begin waving an arm wildly. Zatara realized that he could command it to stop by giving the order in backwards spelling, with this new knowledge, Zatara developed a successful show. During the premiere performance a fire out on stage, forcing Zatara to use his command of real magic to put it out. While the audience mistook the incident as part of the act, Zatara realized that power could be invaluable in helping people. Zatara became good friends with Thomas Wayne and his excursions with Wayne led to Wayne meeting his wife, Martha. After the two were killed, Zatara left Gotham City, blaming himself for being unable to stop the orphaning of young Bruce, eventually, in Europe, Zatara would met and wed Sindella, who gave birth to their daughter, Zatanna. Sindella seemingly died after giving birth to Zatanna, prompting Zatara to become a depressed drunk, things changed for the better in Zataras life when a young Bruce Wayne arrived, requesting Zatara to teach him to become an escape artist and illusionist. Bruces appearance prompted Zatara to address his alcoholism and this adventure includes Zatara confronting an evil warlock on a world where nothing changes or grows older. Zatara steals his adversarys teleportation crystal in a attempt to stop the man from invading Earth. Zatara ends up trapped in the land of Kharma by a sorceress called Allura, Allura turned out to have a good twin, also called Allura, who forced her to remove the spell
12.
Tex Thompson
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Tex Thompson is a fictional superhero owned by DC Comics who has used the costumed identities Mr. America and The Americommando. Created by Ken Fitch and Bernard Baily, his first appearance was in Action Comics #1, Thompson is originally a blond-haired Texas boy who leaves a possible future as an oil baron to pursue a more adventurous lifestyle with his friend, Bob Daley. This changes in 1940 when the Nazis sink an American liner carrying food to Europe, Thompson is watching over this liner and is believed dead. The disaster inspires him to don a costume, dye his hair black. He also had a carpet, which was altered with chemicals, for some time and his friend Bob Daley dons a homemade costume and becomes his sidekick Fatman. Mr. Thompson does this by becoming Hauptmann Riker and infiltrating the Gestapo and his most frequent adversaries are Mister Ito, a German/Japanese diminutive assassin, and The Queen Bee. He works for the Americans for several years behind enemy lines, after Thompson reveals to Mr. Terrific that there are no munitions factories in Dresden for the Allies to bomb, Thompson enters a burning building to save a small girl. The building collapses around him and he is never seen again, once again Thomson managed to escape death, he later emerges to create the Hero Hotline organization. While leading this organization, Thomson goes by the name The Coordinator and he only appeared as a shadowy figure on a communication screen, so no one knew that it was Thomson until it was revealed by the writer of Hero Hotline, Bob Rozakis. Tex Thompson has no superpowers but hes a well trained spy and he sometimes used a whip as his main weapon and a carpet, that he altered with chemicals, which allows him to fly and doubles as a cape when not in use. In Freedom Fighters #7, the villainous Silver Ghost poses as a fictional Americommando and this version of the character was the inspiration for the Earth-8 version and the modern Freedom Fighters villain. In Lord Havok and the Extremists #1-6, the Earth-8 version of Americommando is leader of a group called the Meta-Militia, an analogue of the Avengers. In Uncle Sam and the Freedom Fighters, a new Americommando appears as an agent of S. H. A. D. E. and he kills his own speedster, Spin Doctor, for talking back to him. In Kingdom Come, an Americommando appears as a minor villain, after the destruction of Kansas, Americommando, along with Braintrust and the Minutemen, attempt to stop all immigration to the United States. He and his team are stopped by Superman and the Justice League, in Justice Society of America #1, a new Mr. America — Trey Thompson, an ex-FBI agent who took justice into his own hands — debuts in the first issue and dies in the same issue. It is implied by Dr. Mid-Nite that Trey was related to the original Mr. America, however, Treys former FBI contact, Jeffrey Graves, is later seen donning Mr. Americas mask after he is fired when his connection with Trey is discovered. He later joins the Justice Society, and remains an active member and he also uses a whip, which is later upgraded by Mister Terrific so that the tip explodes on impact. Tex Thompson played a role in the Golden Age miniseries
13.
Antonio del Pollaiolo
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Antonio del Pollaiuolo, also known as Antonio di Jacopo Pollaiuolo or Antonio Pollaiuolo, was an Italian painter, sculptor, engraver and goldsmith during the Italian Renaissance. His brother, Piero, was also an artist, and the two worked together. Their work shows both influences and an interest in human anatomy, reportedly, the brothers carried out dissections to improve their knowledge of the subject. They took their nickname from the trade of their father, who in fact sold poultry, antonios first studies of goldsmithing and metalworking were under either his father or Andrea del Castagno, the latter probably taught him also in painting. Other sources relate that he worked in the Florence workshop of Bartoluccio di Michele, during this time, he also took an interest in engraving. Some of Pollaiuolos painting exhibits strong brutality, of which the characteristics can be studied in the his portrayal of Saint Sebastian, painted in 1473-1475 for the Pucci Chapel of the SS. However, in contrast, his female portraits exhibit a calmness and he achieved his greatest successes as a sculptor and metal-worker. The exact ascription of his works is doubtful, as his brother Piero did much in collaboration with him, the fifteenth-century addition of the infant twins Romulus and Remus to an existing bronze sculpture of the Ancient Roman mythological she-wolf who nursed them has been attributed by some to him. In 1496 he went to Florence in order to put the finishing touches to the work begun in the sacristy of Santo Spirito. His main contribution to Florentine painting lay in his analysis of the body in movement or under conditions of strain. Giorgio Vasari includes a biography of Pollaiuolo in his Lives of the Artists
14.
National Allied Publications
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National Comics Publications, Inc. was the comic book company that would become DC Comics. Wheeler-Nicholson remained for a year before being forced out in 1938, National Allied and Detective Comics, Inc. merged to become National Comics Publications, Inc. on September 30,1946, which absorbed Max Gaines and Liebowitzs All-American Publications as well. National Comics was renamed National Periodical Publications, Inc. in 1961, National Comics Publications, Inc. v. Fawcett Publications, Inc. Charles Wooley. Wooleys History of the Comic Book, 1899-1936, The Origin of the Superhero
15.
Jack Liebowitz
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Jacob S. Jack Liebowitz was an American accountant and publisher, known primarily as the co-owner with Harry Donenfeld of National Allied Publications. Jack Liebowitz was born Yakov in Proskurov, present-day Ukraine in October 1900 and his mother, Mindl, never identified his biological father, her first husband, but married Yulyus Lebovitz when her son was three. Yakov soon adopted his stepfathers surname, and in 1910 the family emigrated to the United States, Jack was a hardworking child and became a newsboy amongst other small jobs. In high school, he became adept at accountancy, a career he thought would help him escape his poor background, by age 24, Liebowitz had earned his accounting degree from New York University, and by 1927 had married and moved to The Bronx. By 1925, Liebowitz was in charge of the strike fund. His business acumen placed Liebowitz in a position of standing with the union officials. Toward the end of the decade, Liebowitz had taken on more clients and his initial dealings worked well for the union, but after the Wall Street Crash of 1929, funds plummeted and Liebowitz and the ILGWU parted company. In 1929, Julius Liebowitz approached Harry Donenfeld, whom he had befriended through ILGWU ties, Donenfeld, a rising businessperson who felt a sense of loyalty to those from the old neighborhood, took Jack on as his personal accountant. In 1931, Eastern News faced bankruptcy and could no longer pay its publishers, as a publisher, Donenfeld had managed to dodge creditors and break deals, but as a distributor, he came to rely more on Liebowitz to ensure that the company ran smoothly. Liebowitz ensured bills were paid on time and began to build a trust with clients that Donenfelds enterprises had never experienced, in 1935, Major Malcolm Wheeler-Nicholson came to Independent News seeking a new distributor for the comic book projects his company, National Allied Publications, was producing. Although comic books were not Donenfelds main field, he took on Wheeler-Nicholson, in 1938, Donenfeld managed to remove Wheeler-Nicholson from the equation, pushing Detective Comics, Inc. into bankruptcy and buying its assets. Liebowitz, now in control of the company, devised the title for what was to become National/DCs most important comic book. In the late 1930s, Max Gaines, who had past experience as a book publisher, approached Donenfeld for finances. Donenfeld agreed, on the condition that Gaines take Liebowitz on as partner, by the end of 1938, Gaines and Liebowitz were principal and minority owner, respectively, of All-American Publications, an independent sister-company to National/DC. In 1945/46, Gaines left All-American to found his own company — initially called Educational Comics, Liebowitz promptly merged All-American with DC/National, and he and Donenfeld continued publishing the best of both companies titles. DC Comics went public in 1961, and became known as National Periodical Publications with Liebowitz remaining president of what was by then Americas foremost comics publisher. Six years later, Kinney National Services acquired the company, the following year, Liebowitz continued to be an active member of the Warner Communications board, visiting his office daily even into his 91st year, finally relinquishing his place in 1991. This not only affected the popular horror and crime comics, in 1956 the comics market had shrunk by fifty percent compared to its early 1950 levels
16.
Our Gods Wear Spandex
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Our Gods Wear Spandex, The Secret History of Comic Book Heroes is a 2007 book by Christopher Knowles, the former editor of Comic Book Artist, with illustrations by Joe Linsner. The book examines superheroes as an evolution of mythological archetypes. The book looks at the evolution of the superhero through the early Egyptian, Greek, in particular Knowles highlights the significance of Edward Bulwer-Lyttons novel The Coming Race and its concept of the Vril-ya, a super human race occupying the hollow earth. This was adopted and adapted by Theosophy into their concept of Ascended Masters which when mixed with Friedrich Nietzsches Übermensch, became the template for the early superheroes. Messiahs - the noble self-sacrificing hero who acts to save others out of a sense of altruism with main example being one of the first, Superman, amazons - the female counterpart, like Wonder Woman. Golems - the antiheroes who either act out of need for vengeance or are berserkers and it also examines the religious, mystical and occult influences on comics writers like Jack Kirby, Alan Moore and Grant Morrison. Knowles has further expanded on his ideas, in looking at Action Comics #1. The themes the book raises have also been the focus of a number of panels at comics conventions. A. David Lewis, who has organised similar panels looking at religion and comics, organised one at New York Comic Con in 2008, with G. Willow Wilson, Douglas Rushkoff, another was held on February 24,2008 at WonderCon. Sequential Tart was impressed by the amount of information saying that after reading it I believe I could perform well in a comic book history trivia contest. Steve Bennett, at ICv2, said it was the best book on the subject Ive read since Gerard Jones landmark Men of Tomorrow, however, other reviewers were less impressed. Christopher Knowles, A Thousand faces, The Quarterly Journal of Superhuamn Fiction #3, Winter 2008
17.
The Reign of the Superman
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The Reign of the Superman is a short story written by Jerry Siegel and illustrated by Joe Shuster. It was the first published use by the writer/artist duo of the name Superman, the title character of this story is a telepathic villain rather than a physically powerful hero. High school friends Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster tried selling their stories to magazines in order to escape Depression era poverty, according to a 1983 interview with Siegel, he first wrote the short story The Reign of the Superman in 1932. Inspired by Friedrich Nietzsches idea of an Übermensch, Siegels original story featured his first Superman as a powerful villain bent on dominating the entire world, Siegels short story appeared in Science Fiction, The Advance Guard of Future Civilization Issue #3, with accompanying artwork by Shuster. For this publication, Siegel used the pen name Herbert S. Fine, the term Superman was popularized by George Bernard Shaw with his 1903 play Man and Superman. When Smalleys experimental potion grants Dunn telepathic powers, the man becomes intoxicated by his power and this superpowered man uses these abilities for evil, only to discover that the potions effects are temporary. Having killed the evil Smalley, who had intended to kill Dunn and give himself the same powers, as the story ends, Dunns powers wear off and he realizes he will be returning to the bread line to be a forgotten man once more. Siegel rewrote the character in 1933 as a hero bearing little or no resemblance to his villainous namesake, when Siegel saw the 48-page black-and-white comic book titled Detective Dan, Secret Operative No. 48, he decided that a Superman who was a hero could make a comic character. He went on to write a story which Shuster would draw in comic format. Titling it The Superman, Siegel and Shuster offered it to Consolidated Book Publishing, although the duo received an encouraging letter, Consolidated never again published comic books. Discouraged, Shuster burned all pages of the story, the cover surviving only because Siegel rescued it from the fire, Siegel and Shuster compared the character to Slam Bradley, a private detective the pair later created for Detective Comics #1. We had a character, Siegel later said, and were determined it would be published. Siegel and Shuster would next use the name in June 1938s Action Comics #1, in DCs year-long weekly series 52 #35, numerous superhero characters abruptly lose their powers and fall from the sky in a story titled Rain of the Supermen. DCs Tangent Universe features an alternate conception of Superman as an evolved human. Few intact copies of Science Fiction #3, the publication for this story. Collectors value it both because of its rarity and because of its importance in the history behind the development of the DC Comics character Superman, in September 2006, Heritage Auction Galleries in Dallas, Texas, auctioned off a copy for $47,800. The Official Overstreet Comic Book Price Guide #18 reprints the first two pages with opening text and Shusters splash art, nemo, the Classic Comics Library #2 p. 20-28 reprints the entire story
18.
Telepathy
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Telepathy is the purported transmission of information from one person to another without using any of our known sensory channels or physical interaction. Telepathy experiments have historically been criticized for lack of proper controls, there is no convincing evidence that telepathy exists, and the topic is generally considered by the scientific community to be pseudoscience. Telepathy is a theme in modern fiction and science fiction, with many extraterrestrials, superheroes. As the physical sciences made significant advances, scientific concepts were applied to mental phenomena, the modern concept of telepathy emerged in this context. The skeptic Eric Dingwall criticized SPR founding members Frederic W. H. Myers, in the late 19th century the magician Washington Irving Bishop would perform thought reading demonstrations. Bishop claimed no supernatural powers and ascribed his powers to muscular sensitivity, Bishop was investigated by a group of scientists including the editor of the British Medical Journal and the psychologist Francis Galton. Bishop performed several feats such as correctly identifying a selected spot on a table. During the experiment Bishop required physical contact with a subject who knew the correct answer and he would hold the hand or wrist of the helper. The scientists concluded that Bishop was not a telepath but using a highly trained skill to detect ideomotor movements. Another famous thought reader was the magician Stuart Cumberland, Cumberland claimed to possess no genuine psychic ability and his thought reading performances could only be demonstrated by holding the hand of his subject to read their muscular movements. He came into dispute with psychical researchers associated with the Society for Psychical Research who were searching for genuine cases of telepathy. Cumberland argued that telepathy and communication with the dead were impossible and that the mind of man can not be read through telepathy. In the late 19th century the Creery Sisters were tested by the Society for Psychical Research, however, during a later experiment they were caught utilizing signal codes and they confessed to fraud. G. A. Smith and myself have been accepted and cited as the evidence of the truth of thought transference. The psychologist Leonard T. Troland had carried out experiments in telepathy at Harvard University which were reported in 1917, the subjects produced below chance expectations. Arthur Conan Doyle and W. T, Stead were duped into believing Julius and Agnes Zancig had genuine psychic powers. Both Doyle and Stead wrote the Zancigs performed telepathy, the results revealed no evidence for telepathy. She attempted to duplicate 290 pictures which were drawn by her husband, Sinclair claimed Mary successfully duplicated 65 of them, with 155 partial successes and 70 failures
19.
Detective Comics
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Detective Comics is the title of an American comic book series published by DC Comics. The first volume, published from 1937 to 2011, is best known for introducing the superhero Batman in Detective Comics #27, a second series of the same title was launched in the fall of 2011 but in 2016 reverted to the original volume numbering. The series is the source of its companys name, and — along with Action Comics. The series published 881 issues between 1937 and 2011 and is the longest continuously published comic book in the United States. His second effort, New Comics #1, would be retitled twice to become Adventure Comics, another series that ran for decades until issue #503 in 1983. Wheeler-Nicholson was forced out a year later and its first editor, Vin Sullivan, also drew the debut issues cover. The Crimson Avenger debuted in issue #20, Detective Comics #27 featured the first appearance of Batman. That superhero would eventually become the star of the title, the logo of which is often written as Detective Comics featuring Batman. Because of its significance, issue #27 is widely considered one of the most valuable books in existence. Batmans origin is first revealed in a story in issue #33. Batman became the cover feature of the title beginning with issue #35. Issue #38 introduced Batmans sidekick Robin, billed as The Sensational Character Find of 1940 on the cover and the first of several characters that would make up the Batman Family. Several of Batmans best known villains debuted in the pages of Detective Comics during this era including the Penguin in issue #58, Two-Face in issue #66, a female was chosen first, to offset the charges made by Fredric Wertham that Batman and Robin were homosexual. Writer Bill Finger and artist Sheldon Moldoff introduced Bat-Mite in issue #267, in 1964, Julius Schwartz was made responsible for reviving the faded Batman titles. Schwartz, Gardner Fox, and Infantino introduced Barbara Gordon as a new version of Batgirl in a story titled The Million Dollar Debut of Batgirl. in issue #359, Mike Friedrich wrote the 30th anniversary Batman story in Detective Comics #387 which was drawn by Bob Brown. Writer Dennis ONeil and artist Neal Adams had their first collaboration on Batman on the story The Secret of the Waiting Graves in issue #395, Adams introduced Man-Bat with writer Frank Robbins in Detective Comics #400. ONeil and artist Bob Brown crafted Batmans first encounter with the League of Assassins in Detective Comics #405, after publishing on a monthly schedule throughout its run, Detective Comics became a bi-monthly book from issues #435 to #445. Issues #438 to #445 of the series were in the 100 Page Super Spectacular format, ONeil and artist Dick Giordano created the Batman supporting character Leslie Thompkins in the story There Is No Hope in Crime Alley appearing in issue #457
20.
Vin Sullivan
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Vincent Vin Sullivan was a pioneering American comic book editor, artist and publisher. In addition, Sullivan drew the cover of Detective Comics. After leaving National in 1940, Sullivan was hired by the McNaught Newspaper Syndicate to form a new book publishing house. This became the Columbia Comic Corporation, where Sullivan launched the superhero omnibus Big Shot Comics, publishing early work by Gardner Fox, Creig Flessel, Columbia Comics several superhero features included Skyman. Unhappy with the reluctance of the owners to more original series, Sullivan left Columbia in 1943. This company lasted until 1958, after which Sullivan left comics, Sullivan was a guest at the August 1998 Comic-Con International in San Diego, California, where he was reunited with some of his former colleagues. WBAI, transcript published in Alter Ego vol
21.
Jor-El
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Jor-El is a fictional character appearing in titles published by DC Comics. A Kryptonian, Jor-El is Supermans biological father, the husband of Lara, and he foresaw the planets fate but was unable to convince his colleagues in time to save the inhabitants. Jor-El was able to save his infant son Kal-El by sending him in a homemade spaceship towards Earth just moments before Krypton exploded, after constructing his Fortress of Solitude, Superman honored his deceased biological parents with a statue of Jor-El and Lara holding up a globe of Krypton. Physically, Jor-El is usually portrayed as resembling his son Kal-El/Clark Kent/Superman. Created by writer Jerry Siegel and artist Joe Shuster, Jor-El first appeared in a comic strip in 1939 with Superman. Shuster and Siegel, Supermans creators, first introduced a character named Jor-L in 1936, Jor-El was first referred to indirectly in Action Comics #1 in 1938, which only mentioned a scientist who sends his son to Earth. He made his first full-fledged appearance in the Superman newspaper comic strip in 1939 and his name first appeared as being spelled Jor-el in the Superman novel The Adventures of Superman written by George Lowther. Later comic books capitalized the E in El, Jor-Els first appearance in an actual comic book was in More Fun Comics #101. However, Jor-El was the father of the Silver Age version of Superman, a retelling of Supermans origin story in 1948 first delved into detail about Jor-El. However, his formal and more familiar Silver Age aspects were firmly established starting in the late 1950s, over the course of the next several decades, there was a definitive summarization in the miniseries World of Krypton in 1979. This device got him a seat on the Science Council, Kryptons ruling body and he lived in Kryptons major city of Kryptonopolis. Even before Jor-Els birth, the El family was renowned across Krypton for its various contributions to Kryptonian society. Jor-El had two brothers, Zor-El, who lived in Argo City and eventually became the father of Kara Zor-El, alias Supergirl, and a twin brother named Nim-El. In several stories, Jor-Els father was established as Jor-El I, Jor-El eventually met and married Lara, the daughter of Lor-Van and a young astronaut in Kryptons fledgling space program, the two had an infant son, Kal-El. When Krypton began experiencing a series of earthquakes, Jor-El investigated, however, the Council was dismissive of Jor-Els findings and refused to comply with his plan. Some even accused him of treachery, trying to cause chaos so he could take over, around the time he discovered his homeworlds impending doom, Jor-El met his own son Kal-El without realizing it. There were supporters of Jor-Els theory, but when a ship was constructed to evacuate them, frustrated, Jor-El continued his work on space travel on his own, hoping to build a spacecraft to save his own family. This work included launching several smaller test rockets, one of these included the family dog
22.
Clark Kent
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Clark Joseph Kent is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. Created by Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster, he debuted in Action Comics #1 and serves as the civilian, over the decades there has been considerable debate as to which personality the character identifies with most. From his first introduction in 1938 to the mid-1980s, Clark Kent was seen mostly as a disguise for Superman and this was the view in most comics and other media such as movie serials and TV and radio. In 1986, during John Byrnes revamping of the character, Clark Kent became more emphasized, different takes persist in the present, with the character typically depicted as being clumsy and mild-mannered. Another, perhaps more likely possibility, is that Jerry Siegel pulled from his own love of pulp heroes Doc Clark Savage and this idea was notably stated in the book Men of Tomorrow, Geeks, Gangsters, and the Rise of the American Comic Book. He is also cousin to Kara Zo-El, also known as Supergirl, Clarks middle name is given variously as either Joseph, Jerome or Jonathan, all being allusions to creators Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster. In the earliest Superman comics, Clark Kents primary purpose was to fulfill the perceived dramatic requirement that a costumed superhero cannot remain on duty all the time. Clark thus acted as more than a front for Supermans activities. He sees his job as a journalist as an extension of his Superman responsibilities—bringing truth to the forefront and he believes that everybody has the right to know what is going on in the world, regardless of who is involved. To deflect suspicion that he is Superman, Clark Kent adopted a passive and introverted personality with conservative mannerisms, a higher-pitched voice. This personality is described as mild-mannered, perhaps most famously by the opening narration of Max Fleischers Superman animated theatrical shorts. These traits extended into Clarks wardrobe, which consists of a bland-colored business suit, a red necktie, black-rimmed glasses, combed-back hair. Fellow reporter Lois Lane became the object of Clarks/Supermans romantic affection, Lois affection for Superman and her rejection of Clarks clumsy advances have been a recurring theme in Superman comics, as well as in movies and on television. Superman usually stores his Clark Kent clothing compressed in a secret pouch within his cape, in the Pre-Crisis Superman comic book, Clark appears in occasional back-up stories called The Private Life of Clark Kent, wherein he solves problems subtly as Clark without changing into Superman. The feature was shown in the Superman Family title. Adopted by Jonathan and Martha Kent from the Kansas town of Smallville, Clark was raised with the values of a typical rural American town, most continuities state that the Kents never had biological children of their own and were usually depicted as middle-aged or elderly when they found Clark. In the Silver Age comics continuity, Clarks superpowers manifested upon his landing on Earth and he learned to master them. He subsequently developed Clarks timid demeanor as a means of ensuring no one would suspect any connection between the two alter-egos
23.
Lois Lane
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Lois Lane is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. Created by writer Jerry Siegel and artist Joe Shuster, she first appeared in Action Comics #1, Lois is a reporter for the Metropolis newspaper, the Daily Planet, an award-winning journalist and the primary love interest of Superman. Her physical appearance was based on Joanne Carter, a model hired by Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster. For her character, Siegel was inspired by actress Glenda Farrell, Siegel took her name from actress Lola Lane. She was also influenced by the real-life journalist Nellie Bly, depictions of the character have varied spanning the comics and other media adaptations. The original Golden Age version of Lois Lane, as well as versions of her from the 1970s onwards, portrays Lois as a tough-as-nails journalist and intellectually equal to Superman. During the Silver Age of Comics, she was the star of Supermans Girl Friend, Lois Lane, beginning in 2015, she stars as the protagonist in the young adult novel series, Lois Lane, by writer Gwenda Bond. Lois is among the female comic book characters. She has appeared in various Superman media adaptations, Actress Noel Neill first portrayed Lois Lane in the 1940s Superman film series and late reprise her role in the 1950s television series Adventures of Superman. Margot Kidder played the character in four Superman films in the 1970s and 80s, Teri Hatcher portrayed her in the 1990s television series Lois & Clark, The New Adventures of Superman and Erica Durance in the 00s series, Smallville. In the 2006 film Superman Returns, she was played by Kate Bosworth, the character was most recently portrayed by actress Amy Adams in the films Man of Steel and Batman v Superman, Dawn of Justice. Lois Lane was one of the first female comic book characters introduced in the superhero comics, Lois is the daughter of Ella and Sam Lane. In earlier comics, her parents were farmers in a town called Pittsdale and she has one younger sibling, her sister Lucy Lane. Lois is a journalist for the Daily Planet, one of the best investigative reporters, in some stories, she has been shown obtaining superpowers and becoming a superhero. Some of her superhero identities are Superwoman and Red Tornado of Earth 2, aspects of Lois personality have varied over the years, depending on the comic book writers handling of the character and American social attitudes toward women at the time. In most incarnations, Lois has been depicted as a smart, determined, strong-willed and her physical appearance has varied over the years, depending either on contemporary fashion, or media adaptations. Traditionally in the comics, the character has shown with black hair, however, from the late 1980s through the 90s. In other media, shes been shown with blonde hair on the television series Smallville
24.
Washington, D.C.
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Washington, D. C. formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D. C. is the capital of the United States. The signing of the Residence Act on July 16,1790, Constitution provided for a federal district under the exclusive jurisdiction of the Congress and the District is therefore not a part of any state. The states of Maryland and Virginia each donated land to form the federal district, named in honor of President George Washington, the City of Washington was founded in 1791 to serve as the new national capital. In 1846, Congress returned the land ceded by Virginia, in 1871. Washington had an population of 681,170 as of July 2016. Commuters from the surrounding Maryland and Virginia suburbs raise the population to more than one million during the workweek. The Washington metropolitan area, of which the District is a part, has a population of over 6 million, the centers of all three branches of the federal government of the United States are in the District, including the Congress, President, and Supreme Court. Washington is home to national monuments and museums, which are primarily situated on or around the National Mall. The city hosts 176 foreign embassies as well as the headquarters of international organizations, trade unions, non-profit organizations, lobbying groups. A locally elected mayor and a 13‑member council have governed the District since 1973, However, the Congress maintains supreme authority over the city and may overturn local laws. D. C. residents elect a non-voting, at-large congressional delegate to the House of Representatives, the District receives three electoral votes in presidential elections as permitted by the Twenty-third Amendment to the United States Constitution, ratified in 1961. Various tribes of the Algonquian-speaking Piscataway people inhabited the lands around the Potomac River when Europeans first visited the area in the early 17th century, One group known as the Nacotchtank maintained settlements around the Anacostia River within the present-day District of Columbia. Conflicts with European colonists and neighboring tribes forced the relocation of the Piscataway people, some of whom established a new settlement in 1699 near Point of Rocks, Maryland. 43, published January 23,1788, James Madison argued that the new government would need authority over a national capital to provide for its own maintenance. Five years earlier, a band of unpaid soldiers besieged Congress while its members were meeting in Philadelphia, known as the Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783, the event emphasized the need for the national government not to rely on any state for its own security. However, the Constitution does not specify a location for the capital, on July 9,1790, Congress passed the Residence Act, which approved the creation of a national capital on the Potomac River. The exact location was to be selected by President George Washington, formed from land donated by the states of Maryland and Virginia, the initial shape of the federal district was a square measuring 10 miles on each side, totaling 100 square miles. Two pre-existing settlements were included in the territory, the port of Georgetown, Maryland, founded in 1751, many of the stones are still standing
25.
South America
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South America is a continent located in the western hemisphere, mostly in the southern hemisphere, with a relatively small portion in the northern hemisphere. It may also be considered a subcontinent of the Americas, which is the used in nations that speak Romance languages. The reference to South America instead of other regions has increased in the last decades due to changing geopolitical dynamics. It is bordered on the west by the Pacific Ocean and on the north and east by the Atlantic Ocean, North America and it includes twelve sovereign states, a part of France, and a non-sovereign area. In addition to this, the ABC islands of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, Trinidad and Tobago, South America has an area of 17,840,000 square kilometers. Its population as of 2005 has been estimated at more than 371,090,000, South America ranks fourth in area and fifth in population. Brazil is by far the most populous South American country, with more than half of the population, followed by Colombia, Argentina, Venezuela. In recent decades Brazil has also concentrated half of the regions GDP and has become a first regional power, most of the population lives near the continents western or eastern coasts while the interior and the far south are sparsely populated. Most of the continent lies in the tropics, the continents cultural and ethnic outlook has its origin with the interaction of indigenous peoples with European conquerors and immigrants and, more locally, with African slaves. Given a long history of colonialism, the majority of South Americans speak Portuguese or Spanish. South America occupies the portion of the Americas. The continent is delimited on the northwest by the Darién watershed along the Colombia–Panama border. Almost all of mainland South America sits on the South American Plate, South Americas major mineral resources are gold, silver, copper, iron ore, tin, and petroleum. These resources found in South America have brought high income to its countries especially in times of war or of rapid growth by industrialized countries elsewhere. However, the concentration in producing one major export commodity often has hindered the development of diversified economies and this is leading to efforts to diversify production to drive away from staying as economies dedicated to one major export. South America is one of the most biodiverse continents on earth, South America is home to many interesting and unique species of animals including the llama, anaconda, piranha, jaguar, vicuña, and tapir. The Amazon rainforests possess high biodiversity, containing a proportion of the Earths species. Brazil is the largest country in South America, encompassing around half of the land area
26.
Comics Buyer's Guide
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Comics Buyers Guide, established in 1971, was the longest-running English-language periodical reporting on the American comic book industry. It awarded its annual Comics Buyers Guide Fan Awards from 1982–2008, the publication ceased with the March 2013 issue. The magazine was headquartered in Iola, Wisconsin, CBG was founded in February 1971 by Alan Light under the title The Buyers Guide to Comics Fandom as a monthly newspaper in a tabloid format. TBG began primarily as an advertising venue – known in comics fandom as an adzine, frantz also provides background on Lights interaction with the WE Seal of approval program, with which he cooperated in order to help combat mail fraud. Frantz in addition describes the infamous long-running feud between Light and Comics Journal founder Gary Groth, tBGs frequency was changed to twice-monthly with issue #18. Besides occasional letter columns, beginning with issue #19, prominent fans Don and Maggie Thompson began a monthly column, a news column, What Now. by Murray Bishoff, was added with #26. These provided the editorial content required by the United States Postal Service to qualify for second class mail, TBG went weekly with issue #86. Cat Yronwode succeeded Bishoff as news reporter with issue #329, renaming the column “Fit to Print, in 1983 The Buyers Guide was purchased by Krause Publications. Columnists Don and Maggie Thompson were hired as editors, Krause changed the name with their first issue #482 to Comics Buyers Guide. At that time Krause instituted the controversial CBG Customer Service Award, writer Peter Davids column, But I Digress. The magazine added Mark Evaniers column P. O. V. in late 1994, in 1992, the magazine spun off its distributor and retailer news into a separate periodical, Comics & Games Retailer. Co-editor Don Thompson died in May 23,1994, in 1998, Krause brought on John Jackson Miller as managing editor and Brent Frankenhoff as projects editor, with Maggie Thompson remaining as editor. Frankenhoff was promoted to CBG Editor in 2006, with Maggie Thompson assuming the title of Senior Editor, in July 2002, Krause was acquired by F+W Publications. With issue #1595, CBG changed its format from a tabloid to a monthly perfect bound magazine. In July 2005, the magazine began archiving past features at its CBGXtra. com service, in late 2009, CBGs page count was reduced, the perfect binding ended, and some of the features changed, including the removal of the price guide listings. On January 9,2013, Krause Publications announced the cancellation of Comics Buyer’s Guide effective with issue #1699, the website CBGXtra and its Facebook page will continued as archived resources. Alter Ego #122 is an issue devoted to Comics Buyers Guide with features regarding what would have made the 1700th CBG issue if the magazine had continued. A complete collection of CBG and its predecessor is held by the Michigan State University Comic Art Collection, CBG hosted many columns over the years in addition to Don and Maggie Thompsons Beautiful Balloons, Murray Bishoffs What Now. and Cat Yronwodes Fit to Print
27.
Auction
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An auction is a process of buying and selling goods or services by offering them up for bid, taking bids, and then buying the item to the highest bidder. The open ascending price auction is arguably the most common form of auction in use today, participants bid openly against one another, with each subsequent bid required to be higher than the previous bid. An auctioneer may announce prices, bidders may call out their bids themselves, in economic theory, an auction may refer to any mechanism or set of trading rules for exchange. The word auction is derived from the Latin augeō which means I increase or I augment, for most of history, auctions have been a relatively uncommon way to negotiate the exchange of goods and commodities. In practice, both haggling and sale by set-price have been more common. Indeed, before the century the few auctions that were held were sporadic. Nonetheless, auctions have a history, having been recorded as early as 500 B. C. According to Herodotus, in Babylon auctions of women for marriage were held annually, the auctions began with the woman the auctioneer considered to be the most beautiful and progressed to the least. It was considered illegal to allow a daughter to be sold outside of the auction method, during the Roman Empire, following military victory, Roman soldiers would often drive a spear into the ground around which the spoils of war were left, to be auctioned off. Later slaves, often captured as the spoils of war, were auctioned in the forum under the sign of the spear, the Romans also used auctions to liquidate the assets of debtors whose property had been confiscated. For example, Marcus Aurelius sold household furniture to pay off debts, One of the most significant historical auctions occurred in the year 193 A. D. when the entire Roman Empire was put on the auction block by the Praetorian Guard. On March 23 The Praetorian Guard first killed emperor Pertinax, then offered the empire to the highest bidder, didius Julianus outbid everyone else for the price of 6,250 drachmas per guard, an act that initiated a brief civil war. Didius was then beheaded two months later when Septimius Severus conquered Rome, from the end of the Roman Empire to the eighteenth century auctions lost favor in Europe, while they had never been widespread in Asia. In some parts of England during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries auction by candle began to be used for the sale of goods and leaseholds, sometimes, other unpredictable processes, such as a footrace, were used in place of the expiration of a candle. This type of auction was first mentioned in 1641 in the records of the House of Lords, the practice rapidly became popular, and in 1660 Samuel Pepyss diary recorded two occasions when the Admiralty sold surplus ships by an inch of candle. The London Gazette began reporting on the auctioning of artwork at the coffeehouses, the first known auction house in the world was Stockholm Auction House, Sweden, founded by Baron Claes Rålamb in 1674. Other early auction houses that are still in operation include Dorotheum, Mallams, Bonhams, Phillips de Pury & Company, Freemans, by the end of the 18th century, auctions of art works were commonly held in taverns and coffeehouses. These auctions were held daily, and auction catalogs were printed to announce available items, in some cases these catalogs were elaborate works of art themselves, containing considerable detail about the items being auctioned
28.
United States dollar
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The United States dollar is the official currency of the United States and its insular territories per the United States Constitution. It is divided into 100 smaller cent units, the circulating paper money consists of Federal Reserve Notes that are denominated in United States dollars. The U. S. dollar was originally commodity money of silver as enacted by the Coinage Act of 1792 which determined the dollar to be 371 4/16 grain pure or 416 grain standard silver, the currency most used in international transactions, it is the worlds primary reserve currency. Several countries use it as their currency, and in many others it is the de facto currency. Besides the United States, it is used as the sole currency in two British Overseas Territories in the Caribbean, the British Virgin Islands and Turks and Caicos Islands. A few countries use the Federal Reserve Notes for paper money, while the country mints its own coins, or also accepts U. S. coins that can be used as payment in U. S. dollars. After Nixon shock of 1971, USD became fiat currency, Article I, Section 8 of the U. S. Constitution provides that the Congress has the power To coin money, laws implementing this power are currently codified at 31 U. S. C. Section 5112 prescribes the forms in which the United States dollars should be issued and these coins are both designated in Section 5112 as legal tender in payment of debts. The Sacagawea dollar is one example of the copper alloy dollar, the pure silver dollar is known as the American Silver Eagle. Section 5112 also provides for the minting and issuance of other coins and these other coins are more fully described in Coins of the United States dollar. The Constitution provides that a regular Statement and Account of the Receipts and that provision of the Constitution is made specific by Section 331 of Title 31 of the United States Code. The sums of money reported in the Statements are currently being expressed in U. S. dollars, the U. S. dollar may therefore be described as the unit of account of the United States. The word dollar is one of the words in the first paragraph of Section 9 of Article I of the Constitution, there, dollars is a reference to the Spanish milled dollar, a coin that had a monetary value of 8 Spanish units of currency, or reales. In 1792 the U. S. Congress passed a Coinage Act, Section 20 of the act provided, That the money of account of the United States shall be expressed in dollars, or units. And that all accounts in the offices and all proceedings in the courts of the United States shall be kept and had in conformity to this regulation. In other words, this act designated the United States dollar as the unit of currency of the United States, unlike the Spanish milled dollar the U. S. dollar is based upon a decimal system of values. Both one-dollar coins and notes are produced today, although the form is significantly more common
29.
Manhattan
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Manhattan is the most densely populated borough of New York City, its economic and administrative center, and the citys historical birthplace. The borough is coextensive with New York County, founded on November 1,1683, Manhattan is often described as the cultural and financial capital of the world and hosts the United Nations Headquarters. Many multinational media conglomerates are based in the borough and it is historically documented to have been purchased by Dutch colonists from Native Americans in 1626 for 60 guilders which equals US$1062 today. New York County is the United States second-smallest county by land area, on business days, the influx of commuters increases that number to over 3.9 million, or more than 170,000 people per square mile. Manhattan has the third-largest population of New York Citys five boroughs, after Brooklyn and Queens, the City of New York was founded at the southern tip of Manhattan, and the borough houses New York City Hall, the seat of the citys government. The name Manhattan derives from the word Manna-hata, as written in the 1609 logbook of Robert Juet, a 1610 map depicts the name as Manna-hata, twice, on both the west and east sides of the Mauritius River. The word Manhattan has been translated as island of hills from the Lenape language. The United States Postal Service prefers that mail addressed to Manhattan use New York, NY rather than Manhattan, the area that is now Manhattan was long inhabited by the Lenape Native Americans. In 1524, Florentine explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano – sailing in service of King Francis I of France – was the first European to visit the area that would become New York City. It was not until the voyage of Henry Hudson, an Englishman who worked for the Dutch East India Company, a permanent European presence in New Netherland began in 1624 with the founding of a Dutch fur trading settlement on Governors Island. In 1625, construction was started on the citadel of Fort Amsterdam on Manhattan Island, later called New Amsterdam, the 1625 establishment of Fort Amsterdam at the southern tip of Manhattan Island is recognized as the birth of New York City. In 1846, New York historian John Romeyn Brodhead converted the figure of Fl 60 to US$23, variable-rate myth being a contradiction in terms, the purchase price remains forever frozen at twenty-four dollars, as Edwin G. Burrows and Mike Wallace remarked in their history of New York. Sixty guilders in 1626 was valued at approximately $1,000 in 2006, based on the price of silver, Straight Dope author Cecil Adams calculated an equivalent of $72 in 1992. In 1647, Peter Stuyvesant was appointed as the last Dutch Director General of the colony, New Amsterdam was formally incorporated as a city on February 2,1653. In 1664, the English conquered New Netherland and renamed it New York after the English Duke of York and Albany, the Dutch Republic regained it in August 1673 with a fleet of 21 ships, renaming the city New Orange. Manhattan was at the heart of the New York Campaign, a series of battles in the early American Revolutionary War. The Continental Army was forced to abandon Manhattan after the Battle of Fort Washington on November 16,1776. The city, greatly damaged by the Great Fire of New York during the campaign, became the British political, British occupation lasted until November 25,1783, when George Washington returned to Manhattan, as the last British forces left the city
30.
EC Comics
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In 1954–55, censorship pressures prompted it to concentrate on the humor magazine Mad, leading to the companys greatest and most enduring success. Initially, EC was privately owned by Maxwell Gaines and specialized in educational, later, during its period of notoriety, it was owned by his son, William Gaines. The firm, first known as Educational Comics, was founded by Max Gaines, when Max Gaines died in 1947 in a boating accident, his son William inherited the comics company. After four years in the Army Air Corps, Gaines had returned home to school at New York University. He never taught but instead took over the family business, in 1949 and 1950, Bill Gaines began a line of new titles featuring horror, suspense, science fiction, military fiction and crime fiction. With input from Gaines, the stories were written by Kurtzman, Feldstein, other writers including Carl Wessler, Jack Oleck and Otto Binder were later brought on board. EC had success with its approach and pioneered in forming relationships with its readers through its letters to the editor and its fan organization. EC published distinct lines of titles under its Entertaining Comics umbrella, most notorious were its horror books, Tales from the Crypt, The Vault of Horror and The Haunt of Fear. These titles reveled in a gruesome joie de vivre, with grimly ironic fates meted out to many of the stories protagonists, the companys war comics Frontline Combat and Two-Fisted Tales often featured weary-eyed, unheroic stories out of step with the jingoistic times. Shock SuspenStories tackled weighty political and social issues such as racism, sex, drug use, EC always claimed to be proudest of our science fiction titles, with Weird Science and Weird Fantasy publishing stories unlike the space opera found in such titles as Fiction Houses Planet Comics. Crime SuspenStories had many parallels with film noir, superior illustrations of stories with surprise endings became ECs trademark. Gaines would generally stay up late and read large amounts of material while seeking springboards for story concepts, the next day he would present each premise until Feldstein found one that he thought he could develop into a story. At ECs peak, Feldstein edited seven titles while Kurtzman handled three, Artists were assigned stories specific to their styles. Davis and Ingels often drew gruesome, supernatural-themed stories, while Kamen, with hundreds of stories written, common themes surfaced. Some of ECs more well-known themes include, An ordinary situation given an ironic and gruesome twist, in Collection Completed a man takes up taxidermy in order to annoy his wife. When he kills and stuffs her beloved cat, the snaps and kills him. In Revulsion, a pilot is bothered by insects due to a past experience when he found one in his food. At the conclusion of the story, a giant alien insect screams in horror at finding the pilot in his salad
31.
Mad (magazine)
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Mad is an American humor magazine founded in 1952 by editor Harvey Kurtzman and publisher William Gaines, launched as a comic book before it became a magazine. As of January 2017, Mad has published 544 regular issues, as well as hundreds of reprint Specials, original material paperbacks, compilation books and other print projects. The magazine is the last surviving title from the EC Comics line, offering satire on all aspects of life and popular culture, politics, entertainment and its format is divided into a number of recurring segments such as TV and movie parodies, as well as freeform articles. Mads mascot, Alfred E. Neuman, is typically the point of the magazines cover. Mad began as a book published by EC, debuting in August 1952. In the early 1960s, the Mad office moved to 485 Madison Avenue, the title is trademarked in capitals as MAD. The first issue was written almost entirely by Harvey Kurtzman, and featured illustrations by Kurtzman, along with Wally Wood, Will Elder, Jack Davis, Wood, Elder, and Davis were the three main illustrators throughout the 23-issue run of the comic book. To retain Kurtzman as its editor, the comic book converted to magazine format as of issue #24, the switchover only induced Kurtzman to remain for one more year, but crucially, the move had removed Mad from the strictures of the Comics Code Authority. The magazines circulation more than quadrupled during Feldsteins tenure, peaking at 2,132,655 in 1974, when Feldstein retired in 1984, he was replaced by the team of Nick Meglin and John Ficarra, who co-edited Mad for the next two decades. Since Meglins retirement in 2004, Ficarra has continued to edit the magazine, Gaines sold his company in the early 1960s to the Kinney Parking Company, which also acquired National Periodicals and Warner Bros. by the end of that decade. Gaines was named a Kinney board member, and was permitted to run Mad as he saw fit without corporate interference. Following Gaines death, Mad became more ingrained within the Time Warner corporate structure, eventually, the magazine was obliged to abandon its long-time home at 485 Madison Avenue, and in the mid-1990s it moved into DC Comics offices at the same time that DC relocated to 1700 Broadway. In 2001, the magazine broke its long-standing taboo and began running paid advertising, the outside revenue allowed the introduction of color printing and improved paper stock. In its earliest incarnation, new issues of the magazine appeared erratically, by the end of 1958, Mad had settled on an unusual eight-times-a-year schedule, which lasted almost four decades. Gaines felt the timing was necessary to maintain the magazines level of quality. Mad then began producing additional issues, until it reached a monthly schedule with the January 1997 issue. With its 500th issue, amid company-wide cutbacks at Time Warner, though there are antecedents to Mads style of humor in print, radio and film, Mad became a pioneering example of it. Bob and Ray, Kovacs and Freberg all became contributors to Mad, Mads consciousness of itself, as trash, as comic book, as enemy of parents and teachers, even as money-making enterprise, thrilled kids
32.
William Gaines
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William Maxwell Bill Gaines, was an American publisher and co-editor of EC Comics. Following a shift in ECs direction in 1950, Gaines presided over what became an artistically influential and he published the popular satirical magazine Mad for over 40 years. He was posthumously inducted into the book industrys Will Eisner Comic Book Hall of Fame. In 2012, he was inducted into the Ghastly Awards Hall of Fame, Gaines was the son of Max Gaines, who as publisher of the All-American Comics division of DC Comics was also an influential figure in the history of comics. The elder Gaines tested the idea of packaging and selling comics on newsstands in 1933, in 1941, Max Gaines accepted William Moulton Marstons proposal for the first successful female superhero, Wonder Woman. As World War II began, Bill Gaines was rejected by the United States Army, United States Coast Guard and United States Navy, so he went to his draft board and he trained as an Army Air Corps photographer at Lowry Field in Denver. However, when he was assigned to an Oklahoma City field which did not have a photographic facility, as he explained in 1976 to Bill Craig of Stars and Stripes, Being an eater, this assignment was a real pleasure for me. There were four of us, and we found all the choice bits the cooks had hidden away. Wed be frying up filet mignon and ham steaks every night, I think it was eight hours on and 40 off. Gaines was stationed at DeRidder Army Airfield in Louisiana, at Marshall Field in Kansas, leaving the service in 1946, he returned home to complete his chemistry studies at Brooklyn Polytech, but soon transferred to New York University, intent on obtaining a teaching certificate. In 1947, he was in his year at NYU when his father was killed in a motorboat accident on Lake Placid. Instead of becoming a teacher, Bill Gaines took over the family business. The EC initials stood for both Educational Comics and Entertaining Comics, and the company was at that point best known for its adaptations of Bible stories, Bill Gaines found his niche in publishing horror, science fiction, satire and war comics. His comic books, including Tales from the Crypt, The Vault of Horror, Shock SuspenStories, Weird Science and Two-Fisted Tales, for a complete roster of titles, see the List of Entertaining Comics publications. Begun in 1952, Mad was the companys biggest and longest-lasting success and its popularity inspired dozens of similar publications, including ECs own Panic. EC horror comics were not generic compilations of ghoulish clichés, but subtle, satiric approaches to horror with genuine dilemmas, likewise, ECs science fiction and fantasy titles dealt with adult issues like the meaning of progress. In part because of the higher-quality material, EC soon assembled a stable of artists unparalleled in the industry then, the company treated its illustrators as selling points, profiling them in full-page biographies and permitting them to sign their work, a rarity in 1950s comic books. EC was notable for its lack of a style, as the artists were encouraged to pursue distinctive techniques
33.
The Comics Journal
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The Comics Journal, often abbreviated TCJ, is an American magazine of news and criticism pertaining to comic books, comic strips and graphic novels. In 1976, Gary Groth and Michael Catron acquired The Nostalgia Journal, the publication was relaunched as The New Nostalgia Journal with issue No. 32, it became The Comics Journal, issue No.37 adopted a magazine format. In addition to interviews with comics industry figures, the Journal has always published criticism—and received it in turn. Starting in the early 2000s, the Journal published a series of annual specials combining its usual critical format with extended samples of comics from specially selected contributors,300, The Comics Journal ceased its semi-monthly print publication. TCJ shifted from an eight-times a year publishing schedule to a larger, more elaborate, over the years The Journal has been involved in a handful of lawsuits. Artist Rich Buckler attempted legal action for a review called him a plagiarist while printing his panels next to earlier. A Groth interview with science fiction writer Harlan Ellison sparked a lawsuit by writer Michael Fleisher, over a discussion of Fleishers work. Co-defendants Groth and Ellison won the case, but emerged from the suit estranged, the Journal has on occasion published, as cover features, lengthy court transcripts of comics-related civil suits. Notable instances include the Fleisher suit and Marv Wolfmans failed suit against Marvel Comics over ownership of the character Blade, the Journal features critical essays, articles on comics history and lengthy interviews, conducted by Gary Groth and others. Noteworthy interviews include Gil Kane in No,113, and Charles M. Schulz in #200. In 1995, publisher Gary Groth joked that his magazine occupied a niche that nobody wants, Gary Groth has been the Journals publisher and nominal editor for almost all of its existence. Staff members and regular contributors have included Kim Thompson, Greg Stump, Eric Millikin, Eric Reynolds, Ng Suat Tong, R. Fiore, guest contributors have included Dave Sim and Trina Robbins. 1987–1988, Thom Powers 1988–1989, Greg S. Baisden 1989–1990, Robert Boyd 1990–September 1991, Helena Harvilicz September 1991 –1993, to compile the list, eight contributors and editors made eight separate top 100 lists of American works. These eight lists were then combined, and tweaked into an ordered list. Krazy Kat topped the list, followed by Peanuts, Pogo, harvey Kurtzman had the most entries of any creator, five, his original run on Mad, his New Trend EC war comics, the 1959 Jungle Book graphic novel, his Hey Look. Gag cartoons, and the Goodman Beaver stories, among the controversial omissions to the Top 100 was Dave Sims Cerebus series. Sim and the Journal had periodically found themselves at odds in the preceding the lists formulation
34.
Foreclosure
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Formally, a mortgage lender, or other lienholder, obtains a termination of a mortgage borrower s equitable right of redemption, either by court order or by operation of law. Usually a lender obtains a security interest from a borrower who mortgages or pledges an asset like a house to secure the loan. If the borrower defaults and the lender tries to repossess the property, while this equitable right exists, it is a cloud on title and the lender cannot be sure that they can successfully repossess the property. Therefore, through the process of foreclosure, the lender seeks to foreclose the equitable right of redemption, other lien holders can also foreclose the owners right of redemption for other debts, such as for overdue taxes, unpaid contractors bills or overdue homeowners association dues or assessments. Commonly, the violation of the mortgage is a default in payment of a promissory note, the mortgage holder can usually initiate foreclosure at a time specified in the mortgage documents, typically some period of time after a default condition occurs. Within the United States, Canada and many countries, several types of foreclosure exist. In the U. S. two of them – namely, by sale and by power of sale – are widely used. Under this system, the lender initiates foreclosure by filing a lawsuit against the borrower, as with all other legal actions, all parties must be notified of the foreclosure, but notification requirements vary significantly from state to state. A judicial decision is announced after the exchange of pleadings at a hearing in a state or local court, in some rather rare instances, foreclosures are filed in federal courts. In some states, like California and Texas, nearly all so-called mortgages are actually deeds of trust and this process involves the sale of the property by the mortgage holder without court supervision. This process is much faster and cheaper than foreclosure by judicial sale. As in judicial sale, the holder and other lien holders are respectively first. Other types of foreclosure are considered minor because of their limited availability, should the mortgagor fail to do so, the mortgage holder gains the title to the property with no obligation to sell it. This type of foreclosure is available only when the value of the property is less than the debt. Historically, strict foreclosure was the method of foreclosure. Acceleration is a clause that is found in Sections 16,17. Not all accelerations are the same for each mortgage, as it depends on the terms, when a term in the mortgage has been broken, the acceleration clause goes into effect. It can declare the entire debt to the Lender if the Borrower were to transfer the title at a future date to a purchaser
35.
Nicolas Cage
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Nicolas Kim Coppola, known professionally as Nicolas Cage, is an American actor and producer. He has performed in leading roles in a variety of films, ranging from romantic comedies and he earned his second Academy Award nomination for his performance as Charlie and Donald Kaufman in Adaptation. In 2002, he directed the film Sonny, for which he was nominated for Grand Special Prize at Deauville Film Festival, Cage owns the production company Saturn Films and has produced films such as Shadow of the Vampire and The Life of David Gale. He has also appeared in National Treasure, Lord of War, Bad Lieutenant, Port of Call New Orleans, Films such as Ghost Rider and Knowing were box office successes. Cage has been criticized in recent years for his choice of roles. However, he starred in The Croods and Joe, both of which were warmly received by critics. Cage was born in Long Beach, California, to August Coppola, a professor of literature, and Joy Vogelsang and he was raised in a Catholic family. His father was of Italian descent and his mothers ancestry was German and his paternal grandparents were composer Carmine Coppola and actress Italia Pennino, and his paternal great-grandparents were immigrants from Bernalda, Basilicata. Cages two brothers are New York radio personality Marc The Cope Coppola and director Christopher Coppola and he attended Beverly Hills High School, which is known for its many alumni who became entertainers. He aspired to act from an age and also attended UCLA School of Theater, Film. His first non-cinematic acting experience was in a production of Golden Boy. He cites James Dean as the key inspiration for his career, saying, I saw him in Rebel Without a Cause, East of Eden. Nothing affected me—no rock song, no classical music—the way Dean affected me in Eden, I was like, Thats what I want to do. To avoid the appearance of nepotism as the nephew of Francis Ford Coppola, he changed his name early in his career to Nicolas Cage, inspired in part by the Marvel Comics superhero Luke Cage. Since his film debut with a role in Fast Times at Ridgemont High, opposite Judge Reinhold and Sean Penn, Cage has appeared in a wide range of films. He auditioned for the role of Dallas Winston in his uncles film The Outsiders, hintons novel, but lost to Matt Dillon. He was also in Coppolas films Rumble Fish and Peggy Sue Got Married, Cage has been nominated twice for an Academy Award, winning once for his performance as a suicidal alcoholic in Leaving Las Vegas. His other nomination was for his portrayal of real-life screenwriter Charlie Kaufman, despite these successes, most of his lower-profile films have performed poorly at the box office compared to his mainstream action/adventure roles
36.
San Fernando Valley
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The San Fernando Valley is an urbanized valley located in Los Angeles County, California, defined by the mountains of the Transverse Ranges circling it. Home to 1.8 million people, it lies north of the larger, nearly two thirds of the valleys land area is part of the city of Los Angeles. The other incorporated cities in the valley are Glendale, Burbank, San Fernando, Hidden Hills, the Los Angeles River begins at the confluence of Calabasas Creek and Bell Creek, between Canoga Park High School and Owensmouth Ave. in Canoga Park. These creeks headwaters are in the Santa Monica Calabasas foothills, the Simi Hills Hidden Hills, Santa Susana Field Laboratory, the river flows eastward along the southern regions of the Valley. One of the rivers two unpaved sections can be found at the Sepulveda Basin, a seasonal river, the Tujunga Wash, drains much of the western facing San Gabriel Mountains and passes into and then through the Hansen Dam Recreation Center in Lake View Terrace. It flows south along the Verdugo Mountains through the communities of the valley to join the Los Angeles River in Studio City. Other notable tributaries of the river include Dayton Creek, Caballero Creek, Bull Creek, Pacoima Wash, the elevation of the floor of the valley varies from about 600 ft to 1,200 ft above sea level. Universal City, an enclave in the part of the valley, is unincorporated land housing the Universal Studios filming lot. Mulholland Drive, which runs along the ridgeline of the Santa Monica Mountains, in this Mediterranean climate, post-1790s European agriculture for the missions support consisted of grapes, figs, olives, and general garden crops. The San Fernando Valley contains five incorporated cities—Glendale, Burbank, San Fernando, Hidden Hills and Calabasas—and part of a sixth, Los Angeles, the unincorporated communities are governed by the County of Los Angeles. The Los Angeles city section of the valley is divided into seven city districts,2,3,4,5,6,7 and 12. Of the 95 neighborhood councils in the city,34 are in the valley, the valley is represented in the California State Legislature by seven members of the State Assembly and five members of the State Senate. The valley is divided into five congressional districts, the San Fernando Valley, for the most part, tends to support Democrats in state and national elections. This is especially true in the areas which include Sherman Oaks. The Los Angeles satellite administrative center for the valley, The Civic Center Van Nuys, is in Van Nuys. The area in and around the Van Nuys branch of Los Angeles City Hall is home to a station, municipal and superior courts. Northridge is home to California State University, Northridge, many branches of the Los Angeles Public Library are located in the valley. For independent libraries see Incorporated Cities in the Municipalities and districts list below, Los Angeles Police Department, Los Angeles County Sheriffs Department, and independent valley city departments
37.
The Hollywood Reporter
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Headquartered in Los Angeles, THR is part of the Hollywood Reporter-Billboard Media Group, a group of properties that includes Billboard and SpinMedia. It is owned by Eldridge Industries, a company owned by an executive of its previous owner. Under Janice Min, a faltering THR was relaunched in 2010 as a weekly print magazine with a revamped, continuously updated website, as well as mobile. THR was founded in 1930 by William R, billy Wilkerson as Hollywoods first daily entertainment trade newspaper. The first edition appeared on September 3,1930, and featured Wilkersons front-page Tradeviews column, the newspaper appeared Monday to Saturday for the first 10 years, except for a brief period, then Monday to Friday from 1940. Wilkerson ran the THR until his death in September 1962, although his final column appeared 18 months prior, from the late 1930s, Wilkerson used THR to push the view that the industry was a communist stronghold. In particular, he opposed the screenplay writers trade union, the Screen Writers Guild, in 1946 the Guild considered creating an American Authors Authority to hold copyright for writers, instead of ownership passing to the studios. Wilkerson devoted his Tradeviews column to the issue on July 29,1946 and he went to confession before publishing it, knowing the damage it would cause, but was apparently encouraged by the priest to go ahead with it. The column contained the first industry names, including Dalton Trumbo and Howard Koch, on became the Hollywood blacklist. Eight of the 11 people Wilkerson named were among the Hollywood Ten who were blacklisted after hearings in 1947 by the House Un-American Activities Committee. In 1997 THR reporter David Robb wrote a story about the newspapers involvement, for the blacklists 65th anniversary in 2012, the THR published a lengthy investigative piece about Wilkersons role, by reporters Gary Baum and Daniel Miller. The same edition carried an apology from Wilkersons son, W. R. Wilkerson III and he wrote that his father had been motivated by revenge for his thwarted ambition to own a studio. Wilkersons wife, Tichi Wilkerson Kassel, took over as publisher and she sold the paper on April 11,1988, to Affiliated Publications, parent company of Billboard Publications, for $26.7 million. Robert J. Dowling became THR president in 1988 and editor-in-chief, Dowling brought in Alex Ben Block as editor in 1990, and editorial quality of both news and specials steadily improved. Block and Teri Ritzer dampened much of the coverage and cronyism that had infected the paper under Wilkerson. After Block left, former editor at Variety, Anita Busch, was brought in as editor between 1999 and 2001. Busch was credited with making the paper competitive with Variety, tony Uphoff assumed the publisher position in November 2005. Uphoff was replaced in October 2006 by John Kilcullen, the publisher of Billboard, Kilcullen was a defendant in Billboards infamous dildo lawsuit, in which he was accused of race discrimination and sexual harassment
38.
Reno 911!
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Reno 911. is an American comedy television series on Comedy Central that ran from 2003 to 2009. It is a parody of law enforcement documentary shows, specifically Cops. Most of the material is improvised, using a broad outline, the series spawned a film, Reno 911. Thomas Lennon, Robert Ben Garant and Kerri Kenney-Silver all starred in and are billed as creators of the series, the show is a direct satire of the iconic Fox Television series, Cops. In the course of their duties patrolling both the city of Reno and the rest of Washoe County, Nevada, the deputies sometimes address the camera directly. The show deals heavily in politically incorrect and racy humor, including jokes about race, sexual orientation, substance abuse, rape, pedophilia. Another main comedic aspect of the show is the outlandishly severe incompetence of the resulting in their being outsmarted by the very criminals they are attempting to control. Only the basic elements of the show are scripted, while the dialogue is improvised—enhancing the illusion of reality. Unlike Cops, which the show parodies, Reno 911, sheriffs deputies are constantly cursing, causing much of their dialogue to be censored for broadcast. The actors often perform their own stunts, the shows characters occasionally refer to their own program. The many good incidents, they allege, are out of the final edit. Also, some suspects in the show refer to the crew. In Thomas Lennons words, Reno 911, came about, like the best of ideas, through total desperation. Following the end of Viva Variety, The State alumni worked on a series of pilots for Fox Television, one of which and it was scheduled to begin in the fall of 2000. With a month left before the pilot was expected to be due, the team asked if they could produce another pilot with the resources. Working quickly to take advantage of this, the initial Reno 911, pilot was conceived and shot in five days. Cedric Yarbrough, who had hired for the cast of the canceled pilot, said that the cast was advised to come up with own characters. Nevertheless, Fox turned down the completed pilot, according to Lennon, their decision not to pick the show up was influenced by a scene, preserved in the eventual Comedy Central pilot, involving Lt. Dangle passionately kissing a man
39.
Robert Ben Garant
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Robert Ben Garant is an American screenwriter, producer, director, actor and comedian. Garant was born in Cookeville, Tennessee, and grew up in Farragut and he lived in New York City for several years and attended the Tisch School of the Arts at New York University. He currently resides in Los Angeles, California and he is known for his work on Reno 911. in which he plays Deputy Travis Junior, and for being a cast member on the MTV sketch comedy series The State. Garant and writing partner Thomas Lennon have written several successful screenplays together and their films have earned over $1.4 billion in box office revenue alone. Garant and Lennon created and starred in a 2010 sitcom pilot for NBC called The Strip, however, in May 2010 it was announced that NBC had decided not to order it as a series. Later in 2010, Garant and Lennon created a pilot for FX called USS Alabama, a set a thousand years in the future, aboard a United Nations Peacekeeping spaceship. In 2011, Garant and Lennon released a book about their careers called Writing Movies for Fun and Profit, How We Made a Billion Dollars at The Box Office and he is married to actress Cathy Shim, and they have two children. The State – Co-Creator, Actor Viva Variety – Co-Creator, Actor Reno 911. – Co-Creator, Actor, Director Taxi – Writer The Pacifier – Writer Herbie, Fully Loaded – Writer Lets Go to Prison – Writer Night at the Museum – Writer Balls of Fury – Director, Writer Reno 911
40.
Thomas Lennon
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He is the writing partner of Robert Ben Garant. Lennon was born in Oak Park, Illinois, of Irish descent, he is the son of Kathleen and Timothy Lennon. Lennon graduated from Oak Park and River Forest High School in 1988, at age 16, he met friend and future co-worker Kerri Kenney at Theatre Camp at Northwestern University. The two later attended NYU, where they joined a troupe called The New Group. While a member of The New Group, the troupe changed its name to The State. As they performed their material at theaters and clubs in New York City, they worked on the MTV show You Wrote It and this led to the self-titled series The State, which was nominated for a 1995 Cable Ace Award for Best Comedy Series. That same year, they created a special for CBS called The States 43rd Annual All-Star Halloween Special. Following the cancellation of The State, Lennon, along with Kenney, Robert Ben Garant and Michael Ian Black, went on to create and star in the Comedy Central program Viva Variety. The show was based on a sketch that Lennon had written for the season of The State, called The Mr. Viva Variety received a 1997 Cable Ace Award nomination for Best Comedy Series, after Viva Variety, Lennon, Kenney and Garant created and starred in Reno 911. Initially slated for Fox, the program debuted on Comedy Central. One of his notable guest starring roles was as Joey Tribbianis blackjack dealing, additionally, he has appeared on Jimmy Kimmel Live. The Tonight Show, The Daily Show, Late Night with Jimmy Fallon, in 2008, Lennon started doing stand-up comedy, occasionally playing guitar and incorporating music. He has appeared on The Meltdown with Jonah and Kumail, John Olivers New York Stand-Up Show, The Jeselnik Offensive and he was the guest on the first episode of Chris Hardwicks The Nerdist Podcast, which was recorded in Lennons garage. In 2010, Lennon and Garant created and starred in a pilot for NBC called The Strip. In May that year it was announced that NBC had decided not to produce it as a series, in November and December 2011, Lennon filled in as guest voice for the robot sidekick Geoff Peterson on the CBS show The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson. In both Christopher Nolans film Memento and The Dark Knight Rises, Lennon played the role of a doctor, Lennons voice acting work includes Kim Possible, Bobs Burgers, Archer and Planet Sheen, in which he played the character of Pinter. He played Scribble in Tinkerbell and the Secret of the Wings and Tinkerbell and he is also the voice of Munk on Dawn of the Croods and the voice of Chief OHara in the Warner Brothers animated film, Batman, Return of the Caped Crusaders
41.
Lionsgate
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Lions Gate Entertainment Corp. doing business as Lionsgate, is an American, Canadian-domiciled entertainment & media company. The company was formed on July 10,1997, in Vancouver, British Columbia and it owns a variety of subsidiaries such as the American film production company Summit Entertainment, and Debmar-Mercury, a television syndication company acquired by Lionsgate in 2006. Giustra had recently retired as CEO from Yorkton, an investment bank, Giustra then merged Lionsgate with Toronto Stock Exchange listed Beringer Gold Corp. to take the company public. Beringers mining assets were sold off. Lionsgate then began a series of acquisitions to get into the film industry, the company bought a number of small production facilities and distributors, starting with Montreal-based Cinépix Film Properties and North Shore Studios in Vancouver, British Columbia. Mandalay Television was acquired by Lionsgate from Peter Guber for a 4% Lionsgate stake, in 1998, Lionsgate helped Guber form Mandalay Pictures with a 45% investment in Mandalay. Lionsgate followed that up with a June purchase of International Movie Group, Inc. a bankrupt film distributor previously invested in by Guber and Yorktown Securities, iMGs CEO Peter Strauss became president of Lions Gate Entertainment, Inc. Lionsgates U. S. film & TV production & distribution subsidiary, Lions Gate Media subsidiary was also formed to produce for television. Completing its first year of operation, Lionsgate had revenue of $42.2 million with loss of $397,000, the company share price dropped to a low of $1.40. This limited the ability to make acquisitions via stock swaps. Lionsgate instead made its acquisition of Termite Art Productions, a reality-based television production company. Lionsgate created US based Avalanche Films and acquired half of Sterling Home Entertainment, again, Lionsgate registered losses in its second year of $9.3 million on revenues of $78.3 million with most of the losses were from its stake in Mandalay Pictures. Thus in the summer, Lionsgate placed its studios up for sale with no buyers, TV operations were changed to non-network hourlong series over riskier network shows and ended its relationship with Mandalay Television. The corporation sought out more capital and cash with a filing of a prospectus for the sale of preferred stock and common stock warrants. This led to Feltheimer taking over as CEO from Giustra thus the passed over Doroniuk left the company, Feltheimer increased film making including several $1 million films at Avalanche. However, Federgreen still remains one of the owners of the company and is extremely involved in the making of all their major movies. In June, Lionsgate acquired Trimark Holdings, Inc. for approximately $50 million in stock, Lionsgate continued making acquisitions during the decade to boost distribution and its film library. On December 15,2003, Lionsgate acquired Artisan Entertainment for $220 million, in 2004, Erik Nelson reacquired Termite Art and renamed it to Creative Differences
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Federal Way, Washington
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Federal Way is a city in King County, Washington, United States. Federal Way is located between Seattle and Tacoma and its northwestern boundary is Puget Sound. The population was 95,171 at the 2015 United States Census, Federal Way is currently the 9th largest city in Washington State and the 5th largest in King County, according to the Census Bureaus 2015 population estimate. Originally a logging settlement, the area was first called Federal Way in 1929, the name derived from Federal Highway U. S.99, which ran from Everett and Seattle to Tacoma. Federal Way High School opened in 1930, and the local Chamber of Commerce adopted the name in the early 1950s, the city was incorporated on February 28,1990. Until 2014, Federal Way was home to Weyerhaeuser, the largest private owner of timberland in the world. Weyerhaeuser has opened much of its land to the public, including two botanical gardens, the Rhododendron Species Foundation and Botanical Garden, and the Pacific Rim Bonsai Collection, in 2014, the company announced it would vacate its Federal Way headquarters. City leaders have suggested promoting the location as a community college. Federal Way is also home to the US office headquarters of World Vision, the city has also developed many lake front and neighborhood parks and playgrounds. The 40 acre PowellsWood Garden, known for its outstanding structural plantings and this land, on a portion of the Cold Creek ravine, was purchased by Monte and Diane Powell in 1993 in order to preserve green space in an increasingly urbanized area. Wild Waves Theme Park, the largest amusement park in the region, is known as Wild Waves and it is located on the south side of the city and is the Seattle areas only permanent amusement park. Six Flags purchased Wild Waves in December 2000, however, after low sales, Six Flags sold the park in April 2007 to Parc Management LLC of Jacksonville, Florida for $31.75 million. Federal Way is locally identified by its 1990s semi-urban development, characterized by landscaped off-street multi-structure apartment complexes, the Commons at Federal Way, the citys only indoor shopping center, is located on S 320th St. and Pacific Hwy South near the citys main Interstate 5 exit. Steel Lake Park – located on S 312th St east of Pacific Hwy S, large lakefront area with picnic areas, playground, Celebration Park – on 11th Ave S just south of S 324th St, with sports fields and wooded trails, and Independence Day fireworks. Dash Point State Park – 53rd Ave SW & SW Dash Point Rd, five Mile Lake – on Military Rd S and S 364th St in the unincorporated area east side of city. West Hylebos Wetlands Park – at S 348th St and 4th Ave S, the Denny Cabin was built by David Denny in 1889 as a real-estate office and was made from trees cut down on Queen Anne Hill. The BPA Trail extending from the entrance to Celebration Park west to approximately 18th Ave SW, the trail is paved and lies under the Bonneville Power Administration transmission line. Such a project follows in the steps of similar multi-use developments such as Kent Station in nearby Kent, transfer of the land to United Properties followed by construction of the first tower was scheduled to start in mid-2008
43.
West Virginia
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West Virginia /ˌwɛst vərˈdʒɪnjə/ is a state located in the Appalachian region of the Southern United States. It is bordered by Virginia to the southeast, Kentucky to the southwest, Ohio to the northwest, Pennsylvania to the north, West Virginia is the 9th smallest by area, is ranked 38th in population, and has the second lowest household income of the 50 United States. The capital and largest city is Charleston, West Virginia was admitted to the Union on June 20,1863, and was a key Civil War border state. The Census Bureau and the Association of American Geographers classify West Virginia as part of the Southern United States, the unique position of West Virginia means that it is often included in several geographical regions, including the Mid-Atlantic, the Upland South, and the Southeastern United States. It is the state that is entirely within the area served by the Appalachian Regional Commission. The state is noted for its mountains and rolling hills, its historically significant logging and coal mining industries and it is one of the most densely karstic areas in the world, making it a choice area for recreational caving and scientific research. The karst lands contribute to much of the states cool trout waters and it is also known for a wide range of outdoor recreational opportunities, including skiing, whitewater rafting, fishing, hiking, backpacking, mountain biking, and hunting. Many ancient man-made earthen mounds from various mound builder cultures survive, especially in the areas of Moundsville, South Charleston. The artifacts uncovered in these give evidence of village societies and they had a tribal trade system culture that crafted cold-worked copper pieces. The Iroquois drove out other American Indian tribes from the region to reserve the upper Ohio Valley as a ground in the 1670s. Siouan language tribes such as the Moneton had also recorded in the area previously. West Virginia was originally part of the British Virginia Colony from 1607 to 1776, residents of the western and northern counties set up a separate government under Francis Pierpont in 1861, which they called the restored government. Most voted to separate from Virginia and the new state was admitted to the Union in 1863, in 1864 a state constitutional convention drafted a constitution, which was ratified by the legislature without putting it to popular vote. West Virginia abolished slavery and temporarily disfranchised men who had held Confederate office or fought for the Confederacy, West Virginias history has been profoundly affected by its mountainous terrain, numerous and vast river valleys, and rich natural resources. These were all factors driving its economy and the lifestyles of its residents, a 2010 analysis of a local stalagmite revealed that Native Americans were burning forests to clear land as early as 100 BC. Some regional late-prehistoric Eastern Woodland tribes were involved in hunting and fishing, practicing the slash. Another group progressed to the more time-consuming, advanced companion crop fields method of gardening, also continuing from ancient indigenous people of the state, field space and time was given to tobacco growing through to early historic. Maize did not make a contribution to the diet until after 1150 BP
44.
Christopher and Dana Reeve Foundation
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It also works to improve the quality of life for people living with disabilities. In 2002, Christopher Reeve said, “Nothing of any consequence happens unless people get behind an idea. It begins with an individual and they share the idea with more individuals…and eventually it becomes a movement. ”The Reeve Foundation was started in 1982 as a community response to a crisis that has grown into a national movement. The founders of the organization, originally known as the American Paralysis Foundation, in 1995, Reeve became a quadriplegic as a result of a horse riding accident. Reeve sought out the help of the APF and lent them his name and funding and eventually turned it into the Christopher Reeve Paralysis Foundation, as of early 2013, the Foundation has awarded more than $110 million in research grants and more than $16 million in quality-of-life grants. After Reeves death in October 2004, his widow, Dana Reeve, Dana Reeve herself died 17 months later, in March 2006, of lung cancer after which Peter D. Kiernan, III became Chair. On March 11,2007, the Foundation announced that it changed its name to Christopher & Dana Reeve Foundation on the first anniversary of Dana Reeves death. The change, according to a release by the Foundation, was to reflect the partnership, courage. Peter T. Wilderotter, formerly the Foundations vice president of Development, was named its president in March 2007, the Christopher & Dana Reeve Foundation, together with neuroscientist Susan Harkema, Ph. D. We have the opportunity to change the lives of individuals who were told nothing could be done for them and these ‘cures’ – plural – are victories over paralysis. For the first time, there will be a treatment to some of the health-. What is epidural spinal cord stimulation, epidural stimulation is the application of a continuous electrical current, at varying frequencies and intensities, to specific locations on the lower part of the spinal cord. It involves an implanted microarray over the dura of the lumbar cord and it is believed that epidural stimulation reawakens the nerve networks in the spinal cord. Note, epidural stimulation is not the same as electrical stimulation. Epidural stimulation does not activate muscle, it activates nerve networks, in June 2006, the Christopher & Dana Reeve Foundation launched a campaign to raise public awareness of the Reeve Foundation and its mission by selling Superman Tags. The dogtags feature the Superman S-Shield logo and the foundations motto, because all proceeds from the sale of the tags support the Foundations work in finding treatments and cures for paralysis, Warner Bros. allowed the Foundation to use the Superman logo royalty-free. The Reeve Foundation hoped to achieve the level of success. Christopher and Dana Reeve Foundation Official Site
