1.
Pitcher
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In the numbering system used to record defensive plays, the pitcher is assigned the number 1. The pitcher is often considered the most important defensive player, there are many different types of pitchers, such as the starting pitcher, relief pitcher, middle reliever, lefty specialist, setup man, and closer. The National League in Major League Baseball and the Japanese Central League are among the leagues that have not adopted the designated hitter position. In most cases, the objective of the pitcher is to deliver the pitch to the catcher without allowing the batter to hit the ball with the bat. A successful pitch is delivered in such a way that the batter either allows the pitch to pass through the zone, swings the bat at the ball and misses it. If the batter elects not to swing at the pitch, it is called a strike if any part of the passes through the strike zone. A check swing is when the batter begins to swing, If the batter successfully checks the swing and the pitch is out of the strike zone, it is called a ball. There are two legal pitching positions, the windup and the set position or stretch, either position may be used at any time, typically, the windup is used when the bases are empty, while the set position is used when at least one runner is on base. Each position has certain procedures that must be followed, a balk can be called on a pitcher from either position. A power pitcher is one who relies on the velocity of his pitches to succeed, generally, power pitchers record a high percentage of strikeouts. A control pitcher succeeds by throwing accurate pitches and thus records few walks, nearly all action during a game is centered on the pitcher for the defensive team. A pitchers particular style, time taken between pitches, and skill heavily influence the dynamics of the game and can determine the victor. Meanwhile, a batter stands in the box at one side of the plate. The type and sequence of pitches chosen depend upon the situation in a game. The relationship between pitcher and catcher is so important that some teams select the starting catcher for a game based on the starting pitcher. Together, the pitcher and catcher are known as the battery, although the object and mechanics of pitching remain the same, pitchers may be classified according to their roles and effectiveness. The starting pitcher begins the game, and he may be followed by relief pitchers, such as the long reliever, the left-handed specialist, the middle reliever. In Major League Baseball, every team uses Baseball Rubbing Mud to rub game balls in before their pitchers use them in games, a skilled pitcher often throws a variety of different pitches to prevent the batter from hitting the ball well
2.
Toledo, Ohio
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Toledo is a city in and the county seat of Lucas County, Ohio, United States. Toledo is in northwest Ohio, at the end of Lake Erie bordering the state of Michigan. The city was founded by United States citizens in 1833 on the west bank of the Maumee River and it was re-founded in 1837, after conclusion of the Toledo War, when it was incorporated in Ohio. After construction of the Miami and Erie Canal, Toledo grew quickly and it has since become a city with an art community, auto assembly businesses, education, healthcare, and local sports teams. The citys glass industry has earned it the nickname, The Glass City, the population of Toledo as of the 2010 Census was 287,208, making it the 71st-largest city in the United States. It is the fourth most populous city in the U. S. state of Ohio after Columbus, Cleveland, and Cincinnati. The Toledo metropolitan area had a 2010 population of 651,429, and was the sixth-largest metropolitan area in the state of Ohio, behind Cleveland, Columbus, Cincinnati, Dayton, and Akron. Varying cultures of indigenous peoples lived along the rivers and lakefront of what is now northwestern Ohio for thousands of years, when the city of Toledo was preparing to pave its streets, it surveyed two prehistoric semicircular earthworks, presumably for stockades. One was at the intersection of Clayton and Oliver streets on the bank of Swan Creek. Such earthworks were typical of mound-building peoples and this region was part of a larger area controlled by the historic tribes of the Wyandot and the people of the Council of Three Fires. The first European to visit the area was Étienne Brûlé, a French-Canadian guide and explorer, the French established trading posts in the area by 1680 to take advantage of the lucrative fur trade. The Odawa moved from Manitoulin Island and the Bruce Peninsula at the invitation of the French and they settled an area extending into northwest Ohio. By the early 18th century, the Odawa occupied areas along most of the Maumee River to its mouth and they served as middlemen between the French and tribes further to the west and north. The Wyandot occupied central Ohio, and the Shawnee and Lenape occupied the southern areas, the area was not settled by European-Americans until 1795 and after. They were finally defeated in 1794 at the Battle of Fallen Timbers and this loose affiliation of tribes included the Wyandot and Council of Three Fires. By a treaty in 1795, they ceded large areas of territory in Ohio to the United States, according to Charles E. Slocum, the American military built Fort Industry at the mouth of the Maumee about 1805, but as a temporary stockade. No official reports support the 19th-century tradition of its history there. The United States continued to work to extinguish land claims of Native Americans, in the Treaty of Detroit, the above four tribes ceded a large land area to the United States of what became southeastern Michigan and northwestern Ohio, to the mouth of the Maumee River
3.
Earned run average
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In baseball statistics, earned run average is the mean of earned runs given up by a pitcher per nine innings pitched. It is determined by dividing the number of earned runs allowed by the number of innings pitched, runs resulting from defensive errors are recorded as unearned runs and omitted from ERA calculations. Henry Chadwick is credited with devising the statistic, which caught on as a measure of pitching effectiveness after relief pitching came into vogue in the 1900s. Some criterion was needed to capture the apportionment of earned-run responsibility for a pitcher in games that saw contributions from other pitchers for the same team, a pitcher is assessed an earned run for each run scored by a batter who reaches base while batting against that pitcher. The National League first tabulated official earned run average statistics in 1912, recently written baseball encyclopedias display ERAs for earlier years, but these were computed retroactively. Negro League pitchers are often rated by RA, or total runs allowed, as with batting average, the definition of a good ERA varies from year to year. During the dead-ball era of the 1900s and 1910s, an ERA below 2.00 was considered good, in the 1960s, sub-2.00 ERAs returned, as other influences such as ballparks with different dimensions were introduced. Today, an ERA under 4.00 is again considered good, the all-time record for the lowest single season earned run average by a pitcher pitching 300 or more innings is 1.12, set by Bob Gibson in 1968. The record for the lowest career earned run average is 1.82, held by Ed Walsh, but a purported record based on so few innings pitched is highly misleading. Over the years, more than a dozen part-time pitchers have pitched 105 or more innings and had a run average lower than 0.86. Some sources may list players with infinite ERAs and this can happen if a pitcher allows one or more earned runs without retiring a batter. Additionally, an undefined ERA occasionally occurs at the beginning of a baseball season and it is sometimes incorrectly displayed as zero or as the lowest ranking ERA, even though it is more akin to the highest. At times it can be misleading to judge relief pitchers solely on ERA, because they are charged only for runs scored by batters who reached base while batting against them. Thus, if a pitcher enters the game with his team leading by 1 run, with 2 outs and the bases loaded. If he retires the batter, his ERA for that game will be 0.00 despite having surrendered the lead. Starting pitchers operate under the rules but are not called upon to start pitching with runners already on base. The relievers freedom to use their energy for a few innings, or even for just a few batters. ERA, taken by itself, can also be misleading when trying to objectively judge starting pitchers, the advent of the designated hitter rule in the American League in 1973 made the pitching environment significantly different
4.
Strikeout
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In baseball or softball, a strikeout occurs when a batter accumulates three strikes during a time at bat. It usually means the batter is out, a strikeout is a statistic recorded for both pitchers and batters, and is denoted by K. Although a strikeout suggests that the pitcher dominated the batter, the style that generates home runs also leaves batters susceptible to striking out. Some of the greatest home run hitters of all time — such as Alex Rodriguez, Gorman Thomas, Reggie Jackson, and Sammy Sosa — were notorious for striking out. A pitched ball is ruled a ball by the if the batter did not swing at it and, in that umpires judgment. Any pitch at which the batter swings or, that in that umpires judgment passes through the zone, is ruled a strike. Each ball and strike affects the count, which is incremented for each pitched ball with the exception of a ball on any count with two strikes. That is, a strike may only occur by the batter swinging and missing at a pitched ball. A pitched ball that is struck by the batter with the bat on any count, a batter may also strike out by bunting, even if the ball is hit into foul territory. In Japan, this is called furinige, or swing and escape, in Major League Baseball, it is known as an uncaught third strike. When this happens, a strikeout is recorded for both the pitcher and the batter, but no out is recorded, because of this, a pitcher may occasionally be able to record more than three strikeouts in one half-inning. In baseball scorekeeping, a strikeout is recorded as a K. A strikeout looking is often scored with a backward K, and sometimes as a K-L, CK, despite the scorekeeping custom of using K for strikeout, SO is the official abbreviation used by Major League Baseball. K is still used by fans and enthusiasts for purposes other than official record-keeping. The K may be placed backward in cases where the batter strikes out looking, the use of K for a strikeout was invented by Henry Chadwick, a newspaper journalist who is widely credited as the originator of the box score and the baseball scorecard. As is true in much of baseball, both the box score and scorecard remain largely unchanged to this day, Chadwick decided to use K, the last letter in struck, since the letter S was used for sacrifice. Chadwick was responsible for several other scorekeeping conventions, including the use of numbers to designate player positions and those unaware of Chadwicks contributions have speculated that K was derived from the last name of 19th century pitcher Matt Kilroy. If not for the evidence supporting Chadwicks earlier use of K, Kilroy raised the prominence of the strikeout, setting an all-time single-season record of 513 strikeouts in 1886, only two years after overhand pitching was permitted
5.
Cleveland Indians
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The Cleveland Indians are an American professional baseball team based in Cleveland, Ohio. The Indians compete in Major League Baseball as a club of the American League Central division. Since 1994, they have played at Progressive Field, the teams spring training facility is at Goodyear Ballpark in Goodyear, Arizona. The Indians current World Series championship drought is the longest active drought, the name Indians originated from a request by club owner Charles Somers to baseball writers to choose a new name to replace Cleveland Naps following the departure of Nap Lajoie after the 1914 season. The name referenced the nickname Indians that was applied to the Cleveland Spiders baseball club during the time when Louis Sockalexis, common nicknames for the Indians include the Tribe and the Wahoos, the latter being a reference to their logo, Chief Wahoo, a controversial Native American caricature. The teams mascot is named Slider, the franchise originated in Grand Rapids, Michigan, in 1894 as the Grand Rapids Rustlers, a minor league team in the Western League. The team moved to Cleveland in 1900 and changed its name to the Cleveland Lake Shores, one of the American Leagues eight charter franchises, the major league incarnation of the club was founded in Cleveland in 1901. Originally called the Cleveland Bluebirds, the played in League Park until moving permanently to Cleveland Stadium in 1946. At the end of the 2016 season, they had a regular season record of 9. In 1857 baseball games were a spectacle in Clevelands Public Squares. City authorities tried to find an ordinance forbidding it, to the joy of the crowd, – Harold Seymour 1865–1868 Forest Citys of Cleveland 1869–1872 Forest Citys of Cleveland From 1865 to 1868 Forest Citys was an amateur ball club. During the 1869 season, Cleveland was among several cities which established professional baseball teams following the success of the 1869 Cincinnati Red Stockings, the first fully professional team. In the newspapers before and after 1870, the team was called the Forest Citys. In 1871 the Forest Citys joined the new National Association of Professional Base Ball Players, ultimately, two of the leagues western clubs went out of business during the first season and the Chicago Fire left that citys White Stockings impoverished, unable to field a team again until 1874. Cleveland was thus the NAs westernmost outpost in 1872, the year the club folded, Cleveland played their full schedule to July 19 followed by two games versus Boston in mid-August and disbanded at the end of the season. 1879–1881 Cleveland Forest Citys 1882–1884 Cleveland Blues In 1876, the National League supplanted the NA as the professional league. Cleveland were not among its members, but by 1879 the league was looking for new entries. The Cleveland Forest Citys baseball team was then re-created, the National League required distinct colors for the 1882 season, so the Cleveland Forest Citys became the Cleveland Blues
6.
Perfect game
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A perfect game is defined by Major League Baseball as a game in which a pitcher pitches a victory that lasts a minimum of nine innings and in which no opposing player reaches a base. Thus, the pitcher cannot allow any hits, walks, hit batsmen, or any opposing player to reach safely for any other reason. The feat has been achieved 23 times in MLB history –21 times since the era began in 1900. A perfect game is also a no-hitter and a shutout, a fielding error that does not allow a batter to reach base, such as a misplayed foul ball, does not spoil a perfect game. Weather-shortened contests in which a team has no baserunners and games in which a team reaches first base only in extra innings do not qualify as perfect games under the present definition. The first confirmed use of the perfect game was in 1908. Although it is possible for multiple pitchers to combine for a game, to date. In Nippon Professional Baseball, no-hitters or perfect games that use two or more pitchers are considered unofficial, the first known use in print of the term perfect game occurred in 1908. Several sources have claimed that the first recorded usage of the perfect game was by Ernest J. Lanigan in his Baseball Cyclopedia. The Chicago Tribune came close to the term in describing Richmonds game in 1880, Richmond was most effectively supported, similarly, in writing up Wards perfect game, the New York Clipper described the perfect play of Providences defense. The definition of game was made to parallel this new definition of the no-hitter. There has been one game in the World Series, thrown by Don Larsen for the New York Yankees against the Brooklyn Dodgers on October 8,1956. By coincidence, the second Yankee pitcher to throw a game, David Wells in 1998, graduated from the same high school as Larsen - Point Loma High School in San Diego. The most recent perfect game pitched in Major League Baseball was thrown by Félix Hernández of the Seattle Mariners against the Tampa Bay Rays on August 15,2012 and he struck out the side twice and struck out twelve total batters in the 1-0 victory over Tampa Bay. Since the beginning of the 2009 MLB season, it was the time that the Tampa Bay Rays were on the losing end of a perfect game. The only perfect game thrown in a Little League World Series championship was by Angel Macias of the Monterrey, Mexico, the Perfect Game, A Classic Collection of Facts, Figures, Stories and Characters from the Society for American Baseball Research. More Than Merkle, A History of the Best and Most Exciting Baseball Season in Human History, Perfect, The Inside Story of Baseballs Seventeen Perfect Games. The Greatest Game Ever Pitched, Sports Illustrated,27 Men Out, Baseballs Perfect Games
7.
No-hitter
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In baseball, a no-hitter is a game in which a team was not able to record a single hit. Major League Baseball officially defines a no-hitter as a game in which a team that batted in at least nine innings recorded no hits. A pitcher who prevents the team from achieving a hit is said to have thrown a no-hitter. This is an accomplishment for a pitcher or pitching staff, only 295 have been thrown in Major League Baseball history since 1876. In most cases in MLB, no-hitters are recorded by a pitcher who throws a complete game. The most recent no-hitter by a pitcher was thrown on April 21,2016 by Jake Arrieta of the Chicago Cubs against the Cincinnati Reds at Cincinnatis Great American Ball Park. The most recent combined no-hitter was thrown by Cole Hamels, Jake Diekman, Ken Giles and it is possible to reach base without a hit, most commonly by a walk, error, or being hit by a pitch. A no-hitter in which no batters reach base at all is a perfect game, on two occasions, a team has thrown a nine-inning no-hitter and still lost the game. It is theoretically possible for opposing pitchers to throw no-hitters in the same game, although this has never happened in the majors. A no-hitter is defined by Major League Baseball as follows, An official no-hit game occurs when a pitcher allows no hits during the course of a game. Games lost by the team in 8½ innings but without allowing any hits do not qualify as no-hitters. Major League Baseball has officially recognized 295 no-hitters thrown since 1876, two no-hitters have been thrown on the same day twice, Ted Breitenstein and Jim Hughes on April 22,1898, and Dave Stewart and Fernando Valenzuela on June 29,1990. Eight no-hitters were thrown by major league pitchers in the 1884 season, in the modern era, seven no-hitters were thrown in 1990,1991,2012, and 2015. The longest period between any two no-hitters in the era is 3 years,44 days between Bobby Burke on August 8,1931, and Paul Daffy Dean on September 21,1934. There was a drought of 3 years,11 months, without a no-hitter after the first National League no-hitter on July 15,1876, the most recent year without any no-hitters is 2005. The previous record was a 4, 015-game streak without a no-hitter from September 30,1984, the pitcher who holds the record for the most no-hitters is Nolan Ryan, who threw seven in his long career. His first two came exactly two months apart, while he was with the California Angels, the first on May 15,1973, and he had two more with the Angels on September 28,1974, and June 1,1975. Ryans fifth no-hitter with the Houston Astros on September 26,1981 and his sixth and seventh no-hitters came with the Texas Rangers on June 1,1990, and May 1,1991
8.
National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum
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The National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum is an American history museum and hall of fame, located at 25 Main Street in Cooperstown, New York, and operated by private interests. The Halls motto is Preserving History, Honoring Excellence, Connecting Generations, the word Cooperstown is often used as shorthand for the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum. The Hall of Fame was established in 1939 by Stephen Carlton Clark, Clark had sought to bring tourists to a city hurt by the Great Depression, which reduced the local tourist trade, and Prohibition, which devastated the local hops industry. A new building was constructed, and the Hall of Fame was dedicated on June 12,1939, the erroneous claim that U. S. Civil War hero Abner Doubleday invented baseball in Cooperstown was instrumental in the early marketing of the Hall. An expanded library and research facility opened in 1994, dale Petroskey became the organizations president in 1999. In 2002, the Hall launched Baseball As America, an exhibit that toured ten American museums over six years. The Hall of Fame has since also sponsored educational programming on the Internet to bring the Hall of Fame to schoolchildren who might not visit, the Hall and Museum completed a series of renovations in spring 2005. The Hall of Fame also presents an annual exhibit at FanFest at the Major League Baseball All-Star Game, Jeff Idelson replaced Petroskey as president on April 16,2008. In 2012, Congress passed and President Barack Obama signed a law ordering the United States Mint to produce and sell commemorative, non-circulating coins to benefit the private, non-profit Hall. The bill, House Bill H. R.2527, was introduced in the United States House of Representatives by Rep. Richard Hanna, a Republican from New York, the coins, which depict baseball gloves and balls, are the first concave designs produced by the Mint. The mintage included 50,000 gold coins,400,000 silver coins, the Mint released them on March 27,2014, and the gold and silver editions quickly sold out. The Hall receives money from surcharges included in the sale price,114 members of the Hall of Fame have been inducted posthumously, including four who died after their selection was announced. Of the 35 Negro league members,29 were inducted posthumously, the Hall of Fame includes one female member, Effa Manley. The newest inductees, enshrined on July 24,2016, are players Mike Piazza, the incoming class of 2017, to be formally enshrined on July 30, consists of executives John Schuerholz and Bud Selig and players Jeff Bagwell, Tim Raines, and Iván Rodríguez. In addition to honoring Hall of Fame inductees, the National Baseball Hall of Fame has presented 40 men with the Ford C, while Frick and Spink Award honorees are not members of the Hall of Fame, they are recognized in an exhibit in the Hall of Fames library. ONeil Award honorees are also not Hall of Fame members, but are listed alongside a permanent statue of the namesake and first recipient, Buck ONeil. From a final ballot typically including 25–40 candidates, each writer may vote for up to 10 players, until the late 1950s, any player named on 75% or more of all ballots cast is elected. A player who is named on fewer than 5% of ballots is dropped from future elections, players receiving 5% or more of the votes but fewer than 75% are reconsidered annually until a maximum of ten years of eligibility
9.
Major League Baseball
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Major League Baseball is a professional baseball organization, the oldest of the four major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada. A total of 30 teams now play in the National League and American League, the NL and AL operated as separate legal entities from 1876 and 1901 respectively. After cooperating but remaining legally separate entities since 1903, the merged into a single organization led by the Commissioner of Baseball in 2000. The organization also oversees Minor League Baseball, which comprises about 240 teams affiliated with the Major League clubs, with the World Baseball Softball Confederation, MLB manages the international World Baseball Classic tournament. Baseballs first professional team was founded in Cincinnati in 1869,30 years after Abner Doubleday supposedly invented the game of baseball, the first few decades of professional baseball were characterized by rivalries between leagues and by players who often jumped from one team or league to another. The period before 1920 in baseball was known as the dead-ball era, Baseball survived a conspiracy to fix the 1919 World Series, which came to be known as the Black Sox Scandal. The sport rose in popularity in the 1920s, and survived potential downturns during the Great Depression, shortly after the war, baseballs color barrier was broken by Jackie Robinson. The 1950s and 1960s were a time of expansion for the AL and NL, then new stadiums, Home runs dominated the game during the 1990s, and media reports began to discuss the use of anabolic steroids among Major League players in the mid-2000s. In 2006, an investigation produced the Mitchell Report, which implicated many players in the use of performance-enhancing substances, today, MLB is composed of thirty teams, twenty-nine in the United States and one in Canada. Baseball broadcasts are aired on television, radio, and the Internet throughout North America, MLB has the highest season attendance of any sports league in the world with more than 73 million spectators in 2015. MLB is governed by the Major League Baseball Constitution and this document has undergone several incarnations since 1875, with the most recent revisions being made in 2012. Under the direction of the Commissioner of Baseball, MLB hires and maintains the sports umpiring crews, and negotiates marketing, labor, MLB maintains a unique, controlling relationship over the sport, including most aspects of Minor League Baseball. This ruling has been weakened only slightly in subsequent years, the weakened ruling granted more stability to the owners of teams and has resulted in values increasing at double-digit rates. There were several challenges to MLBs primacy in the sport between the 1870s and the Federal League in 1916, the last attempt at a new league was the aborted Continental League in 1960. The chief executive of MLB is the commissioner, Rob Manfred, the chief operating officer is Tony Petitti. There are five other executives, president, chief officer, chief legal officer, chief financial officer. The multimedia branch of MLB, which is based in Manhattan, is MLB Advanced Media and this branch oversees MLB. com and each of the 30 teams websites. Its charter states that MLB Advanced Media holds editorial independence from the league, MLB Productions is a similarly structured wing of the league, focusing on video and traditional broadcast media
10.
History of the Cleveland Indians
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The Cleveland Indians are a professional baseball team based in Cleveland, Ohio. They are in the Central Division of Major League Baseballs American League, since 1994, they have played in Progressive Field. The Cleveland team originated in 1900 as the Lake Shores, when the American League was officially a minor league, one of the ALs eight charter franchises, the major league incarnation of the club was founded in Cleveland in 1901. The Grand Rapids Rustlers was founded in Michigan in 1894 and were in the Western League, in 1900 the team moved to Cleveland and was named The Cleveland Lake Shores. Around the same time Ban Johnson changed the name of his minor league Western League to the American League, in 1900 the American League was still considered a minor league. In 1901 Cleveland renamed itself the Bluebirds when the American League broke with the National Agreement, the Cleveland franchise was among its eight charter members. The new team was owned by coal magnate Charles Somers and tailor Jack Kilfoyl, Somers, a wealthy industrialist and also co-owner of the Boston Americans, lent money to other team owners, including Connie Macks Philadelphia Athletics, to keep them and the new league afloat. Players didnt think the name Bluebirds was suitable for a baseball team, writers frequently shortened it to Blues due to the players all-blue uniforms, but the players didnt like this name either. The players themselves tried to change the name to Broncos in 1902, the Bluebirds suffered from financial problems in their first two seasons. This led Somers to seriously consider moving to either Pittsburgh or Cincinnati, relief came in 1902 as a result of the conflict between the National and American Leagues. The Phillies subsequently filed an injunction to force Lajoies return, which was granted by the Pennsylvania Supreme Court, the injunction appeared to doom any hopes of an early settlement between the warring leagues. However, a lawyer discovered that the injunction was only enforceable in the state of Pennsylvania, Mack, partly to thank Somers for his past financial support, agreed to trade Lajoie to the then-moribund Blues, who offered $25,000 salary over three years. Due to the injunction, however, Lajoie had to sit out any games played against the As in Philadelphia, Lajoie arrived in Cleveland on June 4 and was an immediate hit, drawing 10,000 fans to League Park. Soon afterward, he was named captain, and the team was renamed the Naps after a newspaper conducted a write-in contest. Lajoie was named manager in 1905, and the teams fortunes improved somewhat and they finished half a game short of the pennant in 1908. However, the success did not last and Lajoie resigned during the 1909 season as manager, after that, the team began to unravel, leading Kilfoyl to sell his share of the team to Somers. Cy Young, who returned to Cleveland in 1909, was ineffective for most of his three remaining years and Addie Joss died from tubercular meningitis prior to the 1910 season. Despite a strong lineup anchored by the potent Lajoie and Shoeless Joe Jackson, one reporter referred to the team as the Napkins, because they fold up so easily
11.
Ed Walsh
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Edward Augustine Walsh was a pitcher and manager in Major League Baseball. From 1906 to 1912, he had several seasons where he was one of the best pitchers in baseball, Walsh holds the record for lowest career earned run average,1.82. He was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1946, Walsh was born in Plains Township, Pennsylvania, to Michael and Jane Walsh. He worked in the Luzerne County coal mines when he was young, Walsh started his professional baseball career with the 1902 Wilkes-Barre Barons. Walsh made his league debut in 1904 with the Chicago White Sox and pitched his first full season in 1906. In Game Three of that years World Series, which the White Sox won over the Chicago Cubs in six games, Walsh struck out a then-World Series record 12 batters. He also struck out at least one batter each inning of that game, from this season through 1912, Walsh averaged 24 victories,220 strikeouts and posted an ERA below 2.00 five times. He also led the league in five times in this span. His finest individual season came in 1908 when he went 40–15 with 269 strikeouts,6 saves, in 1910, he posted the lowest ERA for a pitcher with at least 20 starts and a losing record. Walsh also set an American League record by pitching 464 innings in a season, on August 27,1911, Walsh no-hit the Boston Red Sox 5-0. Interviewed for Lawrence Ritters book The Glory of Their Times, Hall-of-Famer Sam Crawford referred to Walshs use of a pitch that was later outlawed, I think that ball disintegrated on the way to the plate, and the catcher put it back together again. I swear, when it went past the plate, it was just the spit went by, in 1910, the White Sox opened White Sox Park, which was soon nicknamed Comiskey Park by the press in honor of team owner Charles Comiskey. The name was changed to Comiskey Park in 1913. An apocryphal story goes that architect Zachary Taylor Davis consulted Walsh in setting the field dimensions. Choosing a design that favored himself and other White Sox pitchers, rather than hitters, Walsh was a workhorse who pitched an average of 375 innings annually during the six seasons of 1907 through 1912. After the 1912 season, Walsh reportedly requested a full year off to rest his arm, nevertheless, he showed up for spring training the following season, contending, The White Sox needed me—implored me to return—so I did. Kashatus observed, It was a mistake, Walshs playing time began dwindling in 1913. I could feel the muscles grind and wrench during the game and my arm would keep me awake till morning with a pain I had never known before
12.
Wisconsin
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Wisconsin is a U. S. state located in the north-central United States, in the Midwest and Great Lakes regions. It is bordered by Minnesota to the west, Iowa to the southwest, Illinois to the south, Lake Michigan to the east, Michigan to the northeast, Wisconsin is the 23rd largest state by total area and the 20th most populous. The state capital is Madison, and its largest city is Milwaukee, the state is divided into 72 counties. Wisconsin is second to Michigan in the length of its Great Lakes coastline, Wisconsin is known as Americas Dairyland because it is one of the nations leading dairy producers, particularly famous for its cheese. Manufacturing, especially paper products, information technology, and tourism are major contributors to the states economy. The word Wisconsin originates from the given to the Wisconsin River by one of the Algonquian-speaking Native American groups living in the region at the time of European contact. French explorer Jacques Marquette was the first European to reach the Wisconsin River, arriving in 1673, subsequent French writers changed the spelling from Meskousing to Ouisconsin, and over time this became the name for both the Wisconsin River and the surrounding lands. English speakers anglicized the spelling from Ouisconsin to Wisconsin when they began to arrive in numbers during the early 19th century. The legislature of Wisconsin Territory made the current spelling official in 1845, the Algonquin word for Wisconsin and its original meaning have both grown obscure. Interpretations vary, but most implicate the river and the red sandstone that lines its banks, other theories include claims that the name originated from one of a variety of Ojibwa words meaning red stone place, where the waters gather, or great rock. Wisconsin has been home to a variety of cultures over the past 12,000 years. The first people arrived around 10,000 BCE during the Wisconsin Glaciation and these early inhabitants, called Paleo-Indians, hunted now-extinct ice age animals such as the Boaz mastodon, a prehistoric mastodon skeleton unearthed along with spear points in southwest Wisconsin. After the ice age ended around 8000 BCE, people in the subsequent Archaic period lived by hunting, fishing, agricultural societies emerged gradually over the Woodland period between 1000 BCE to 1000 CE. Toward the end of period, Wisconsin was the heartland of the Effigy Mound culture. Later, between 1000 and 1500 CE, the Mississippian and Oneota cultures built substantial settlements including the village at Aztalan in southeast Wisconsin. The Oneota may be the ancestors of the modern Ioway and Ho-Chunk tribes who shared the Wisconsin region with the Menominee at the time of European contact, the first European to visit what became Wisconsin was probably the French explorer Jean Nicolet. He canoed west from Georgian Bay through the Great Lakes in 1634, pierre Radisson and Médard des Groseilliers visited Green Bay again in 1654–1666 and Chequamegon Bay in 1659–1660, where they traded for fur with local Native Americans. In 1673, Jacques Marquette and Louis Jolliet became the first to record a journey on the Fox-Wisconsin Waterway all the way to the Mississippi River near Prairie du Chien
13.
Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin
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Prairie du Chien is a city in and the county seat of Crawford County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 5,911 at the 2010 census, often referred to as Wisconsins second oldest city, Prairie du Chien was established as a European settlement by French voyageurs in the late seventeenth century. The city is located near the confluence of the Wisconsin and Mississippi Rivers, early French visitors to the site found it occupied by a group of Fox Indians led by a chief whose name Alim meant Chien in French. The French explorers named the location Prairie du Chien, French for Dogs Prairie, originally this name applied only to the plain upon which the settlement is located, but it was later extended to mean the city as well. The city of Prairie du Chien is located between the Town of Prairie du Chien and the Town of Bridgeport. The first Europeans to reach Prairie du Chien were the French explorers Jacques Marquette and Louis Joliet, later travel between French Canada and the Mississippi River passed through Prairie du Chien, although routes via the Illinois River were also used. In 1685, the French explorer Nicolas Perrot established a trading post in the area as part of the large, the significance of Prairie du Chien as a center of the fur trade did not diminish until the mid-nineteenth century. In 1763, when Great Britain defeated France in the French and Indian War, it took possession of the French territory in North America, the British expanded the fur trade during their occupation of the area. During the American Revolutionary War, the city was used as a point for British troops. After the American victory, the Treaty of Paris granted the area to the new United States of America, only after the War of 1812 did the city become fully American. In July, British soldiers captured the fort during the Siege of Prairie du Chien, the British maintained control over the city until the wars end in 1815. Not wanting another invasion through Prairie du Chien, the Americans constructed Fort Crawford in 1816, the fort was the site of the negotiations and signing of the Treaties of Prairie du Chien, by which the Fox and Sauk ceded much of their land to the US. Representing them and the United Nations of the Chippewa, Ottawa and Pottawatomie in the 1829 negotiations was Billy Caldwell, of Scots-Irish and he became involved with the Pottawatomie after moving to the US as a young man from Canada. In 1829, the army doctor William Beaumont carried out many of his famous experiments on digestion in the hospital of Fort Crawford, beaumonts discoveries are still the basis of current knowledge on the human digestive process. Col. Zachary Taylor, who became the 12th U. S. President, was the commanding officer at Fort Crawford during the Black Hawk War of 1832. Taylor oversaw the surrender of Black Hawk in Prairie du Chien, lt. Jefferson Davis, who later became president of the Confederate States of America, was stationed at Fort Crawford at the same time. Here Jefferson Davis met Zachary Taylors daughter, Sarah Knoxie Taylor, outside the walls of the fort, early nineteenth century life in Prairie du Chien was still dominated by the fur trade. Prairie du Chiens most well-known traders during this time were Michel Brisbois, Joseph Rolette, Nathan Myrick, and Hercules L. Dousman
14.
Connie Mack
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Cornelius Alexander McGillicuddy, better known as Connie Mack, was an American professional baseball player, manager, and team owner. The longest-serving manager in Major League Baseball history, he records for wins, losses. Mack managed the Philadelphia Athletics for the clubs first 50 seasons of play, starting in 1901, before retiring at age 87 following the 1950 season, however, constant financial struggles forced repeated rebuilding of the roster, and Macks teams also finished in last place 17 times. Mack was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1937, Mack was born Cornelius McGillicuddy in East Brookfield, Massachusetts on December 22,1862. As with many Irish immigrants whose names began with Mc, the McGullicuddys were often referred to as Mack and his parents, Michael McGillicuddy and Mary McKillop, were both immigrants from Ireland. Michael McGillicuddys father was named Cornelius McGillicuddy, and by tradition, Connie is a common nickname for Cornelius, so Cornelius McGillicuddy was called Connie Mack from an early age. Connie Mack never legally changed his name, on the occasion of his marriage at age 48. His nickname on the field was Slats, for his height of 6 feet 2 inches. During the American Civil War, he served with the 51st Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry Regiment, Michael McGillicuddy suffered from several ailments as the result of his military service, he was able to work only infrequently, and drew a disability pension. Mack was educated in East Brookfield, and began working summers in local cotton mills at age 9 to help support his family. He quit school after completing the eighth grade at age 14, intending to work full-time to contribute to the familys support and he clerked at a store, worked on local farms, and worked on the production lines of the shoe factories in nearby towns. Mack was also an athlete, and frequently played baseball. In 1879 his skills landed him a place on East Brookfields town team, though younger than his teammates by several years, Mack was the teams catcher and de facto captain. Beginning in 1886, Mack played 10 seasons in the National League and one in the Players League, for a total of 11 seasons in the major leagues, almost entirely as a catcher. Beginning in 1884, he played on minor league teams in the Connecticut cities of Meriden, in the winter of 1889, he jumped to the Buffalo team of the new Players League, the Bisons, investing his entire life savings of $500 in shares in that club. But the Players League went out of business only a year. In December 1890 Mack signed a contract with the Pittsburgh Pirates of the National League, as a player, Mack was a light-hitting catcher with a reputation as a smart player, but didnt do anything particularly well as a player. Mack was one of the first catchers to position himself directly behind home plate instead of in front of the backstop, according to Wilbert Robinson, Mack never was mean
15.
Toledo Mud Hens
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The Toledo Mud Hens are a Minor League Baseball team located in Toledo, Ohio. The Mud Hens play in the International League and are affiliated with the Detroit Tigers franchise of Major League Baseball and they play their home games at Fifth Third Field. Professional baseball had been played off and on in Toledo since 1883, but the Mud Hens era began in 1896 with the Swamp Angels and they played in Bay View Park, which was outside the Toledo city limits and therefore not covered by the citys blue laws. The park was located near marshland inhabited by American coots, also known as mud hens, for this reason, the local press soon dubbed the team the Mud Hens—a nickname that has stuck to Toledo baseball teams for all but a few years since. After only one year, though, the moved to Armory Park. M*A*S*H character Maxwell Klinger hailed from Toledo and often mentioned the Mud Hens as his baseball team throughout the series. He was often wearing a Toledo Mud Hens jersey and cap. Like Klinger, Farr was born and raised in Toledo, in fact, Klinger feels so strongly about the Mud Hens that he gets put on KP duty for a month when he hits his mortal enemy Sgt Zelmo Zale, who insulted the Mud Hens. The Mud Hens retired jersey #1 in Farrs honor, the title character of the comic strip Crankshaft was a pitcher for the Mud Hens just before World War II when he enlisted in the Army. He invariably wears a Mud Hens cap in the strip, in the summer of 2016 the Mud Hens retired jersey #13 in Crankshafts honor. Lou Brown, manager of the Cleveland Indians in the film Major League, richard Pryors character, Montgomery Brewster, in the 1985 film Brewsters Millions was said to have previously pitched for the Mud Hens. List of baseball parks in Toledo, Ohio Current and former Toledo Mud Hens players The Toledo Baseball Guide of the Mud Hens 1883–1943, www. baseball-reference. com Toledo Mud Hens web site
16.
Veterans Committee
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The Veterans Committee was the popular name of the National Baseball Hall of Fame Committee to Consider Managers, Umpires, Executives and Long-Retired Players, a former voting committee of the U. S. The term Veterans Committee is taken from the former official name. The Veterans Committee can be traced back to 1939 when Commissioner Landis formed the Old-Timers Committee to put players from the 19th century in the Hall of Fame, in 1939, the committee selected five players. In 1944, after Landis death, they put him in the Hall, after Landis, they put twenty-three additional players in the Hall. In 1953, the Veterans Committee met for the first time under the name Committee on Baseball Veterans, with eleven members, they elected six players in their first vote in 1953. Starting in 1955, they would meet to elect up to two players in odd-numbered years, in 1962, they went back to annual elections to the Hall of Fame, with the continued mandate to elect up to two players a year. The Hall of Fame suffered in the 1970s, when Frankie Frisch was a voice on the committee. Additionally, in the three years after his death, two more teammates were elected, after Frisch died and Terry left the Committee, elections were normalized. In 1978, membership increased to fifteen members, five Hall of Famers, five owners and executives, the members would meet in Florida during spring training to elect a player or two every year. The Veterans Committee mandate of up to two players was increased briefly from 1995 to 2001, in these years, the committee could elect one extra player from the Negro leagues and one from the 19th century in addition to the two regular players. During much of its existence, the Veterans Committee consisted of fifteen members selected by the Hall of Fame for defined terms, a six-man subcommittee of this group met as a screening committee to determine who would be on the ballot. From the mid-1970s until 2001, the top candidate in each category was elected to the Hall of Fame if he earned at least 75% of the committees votes, no candidates were elected, possibly because of a great deal of confusion regarding the voting procedure. The results were delayed for days until early February while these reminders. When the votes were tabulated with this method, only two candidates had totals reaching even 50% of the required number, candidates who were listed as suggestions on the ballot are indicated here with a †. The Commissions members were, Commissioner Kenesaw Mountain Landis, National League president Ford Frick and he was also a successful manager and led global barnstorming tours. Among the five only Mack was still living when the selections were made, Wright had died only that year, to date he is the only sportswriter to be inducted into the real Hall of Fame. In addition, the six-member Centennial Commission which had selected honorees in the two years never had an opportunity to meet. They chose six inductees, all of whom were deceased, of the thirteen committee selections between 1937 and 1939, only Connie Mack was still living at the time of the Halls opening
17.
Cheesemaking
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The production of cheese, like many other food preservation processes, allows the nutritional and economic value of a food material, in this case milk, to be preserved. It allows the consumer to choose when to consume the food rather than have to consume it straight away, cheesemaking may have originated from nomadic herdsmen who stored milk in vessels made from the sheeps and goats stomachs. Because their stomach linings contains a mix of acid, wild bacteria as milk contaminants and rennet. The whey proteins, other milk proteins, and the lactose are all removed in the cheese whey. The job of the cheesemaker is to control the spoiling of milk into cheese, the milk may be from a cow, goat, sheep or buffalo, although worldwide cows milk is most commonly used. This is not to say, of course, there is no room for variety or innovation, such as adding the bone marrow of the animal to the mixture, but a particular cheese needs to be made a particular way. Thus, the crafts and skills employed by the cheesemaker to make a Camembert will be similar to, but not quite the same as, in modern industrial cheesemaking factories the craft elements of cheesemaking are retained to some extent, but there is more science than craft. This is seen particularly in factories that use computer-aided manufacturing, the end product is very predictable. These bacteria in the milk may be wild, as is the case with unpasteurised milk, added from a culture, fermentation using homofermentative bacteria is important in the production of cheeses such as Cheddar, where a clean, acid flavour is required. Cheesemakers choose starter cultures to give a cheese its specific characteristics, when during the fermentation the cheesemaker has gauged that sufficient lactic acid has been developed, rennet is added to cause the casein to precipitate. Rennet contains the enzyme chymosin which converts κ-casein to para-κ-caseinate and glycomacropeptide, as the curd is formed, milk fat is trapped in a casein matrix. After adding the rennet, the milk is left to form curds over a period of time. Once the cheese curd is judged to be ready, the cheese whey must be released, as with many foods the presence of water and the bacteria in it encourages decomposition. The cheesemaker must, therefore, remove most of the water from the cheese milk and this ensures a product of good quality and that will keep. There are several ways to separate the curd from the whey, if making Cheddar the curd is cut into small cubes and the temperature is raised to around 39 °C to scald the curd particles. Syneresis occurs and cheese whey is expressed from the particles, the Cheddar curds and whey are often transferred from the cheese vat to a cooling table which contains screens that allow the whey to drain, but which trap the curd. The curd is cut using long, blunt knives and blocked by the cheesemaker to promote the release of cheese whey in a known as cheddaring. The salted green cheese curd is put into moulds lined with cheesecloths
18.
Juneau, Wisconsin
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Juneau is a city in Dodge County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 2,814 at the 2010 census and it is the county seat of Dodge County. Juneau is named after its founder, the Metis Paul Juneau, son of Solomon Juneau, Juneau is located at 43°24′23″N 88°42′12″W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 1.68 square miles. As of the census of 2010, there were 2,814 people,852 households, the population density was 1,675.0 inhabitants per square mile. There were 924 housing units at a density of 550.0 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 93. 2% White,3. 6% African American,0. 4% Native American,0. 9% Asian,1. 4% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 10. 1% of the population. 29. 8% of all households were made up of individuals and 11. 3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.46 and the average family size was 3.03. The median age in the city was 38 years. 19. 9% of residents were under the age of 18,9. 5% were between the ages of 18 and 24,31. 1% were from 25 to 44,25. 3% were from 45 to 64, and 14. 2% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 56. 1% male and 43. 9% female, as of the census of 2000, there were 2,485 people,818 households, and 554 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,602.5 people per square mile, there were 863 housing units at an average density of 556.5 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 97. 99% White,0. 32% African American,0. 16% Native American,1. 13% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 2. 54% of the population. 26. 9% of all households were made up of individuals and 12. 7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.46 and the average family size was 2.99. In the city, the population was out with 20. 9% under the age of 18,8. 9% from 18 to 24,28. 5% from 25 to 44,21. 0% from 45 to 64. The median age was 40 years, for every 100 females there were 99.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 99.9 males, the median income for a household in the city was $42,162, and the median income for a family was $50,263. Males had an income of $33,708 versus $24,783 for females
19.
Portage, Wisconsin
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Portage is a city in and the county seat of Columbia County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 10,662 at the 2010 census making it the largest city in Columbia County, the city is part of the Madison Metropolitan Statistical Area. The citys slogan is Where the North Begins, the Native American tribes that once lived here, and later the European traders and settlers, took advantage of the lowlands between the Fox and Wisconsin Rivers as a natural portage. In May 1673, Jacques Marquette joined the expedition of Louis Jolliet and they departed from St. Ignace on May 17, with two canoes and five voyageurs of French-Indian ancestry. They followed Lake Michigan to Green Bay and up the Fox River, from there, they were told to portage their canoes a distance of slightly less than two miles through marsh and oak plains to the Wisconsin River. Later, French fur traders described the place as le portage, as a portage, this community developed as a center of commerce and trade, later, a canal was constructed to facilitate this trade. When the railroads came through, the community continued in this role, Portage emerged at this place because of its unique position along the one and a half mile strip of marshy floodplain between the Fox and Wisconsin Rivers. By the end of the 17th century, the Fox-Wisconsin waterway, linked at The Portage and it was not until the 1780s and 1790s that traders built their posts and warehouses at each end of The Portage. In the early 19th century Portage was primarily populated by Métis, in 1828, the federal government recognized the strategic economic importance of The Portage and built Fort Winnebago at the Fox River end. After 15 years of controversy, Winnebago settlement won the county seat in 1851, the community incorporated as Portage City in 1854. The Portage business district lies along a hill that overlooks the Portage Canal, the buildings now in the citys downtown were once part of a bustling, urban commercial center serving a large region across north central Wisconsin. The building of the city paralleled its commercial prominence between the end of the American Civil War and the decade of the 20th century. The city is surrounded by prairies and grasslands, approximately three miles west of the city are the Baraboo bluffs. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 9.62 square miles. The location of the town at the split of the Wisconsin and Fox river is what gives it the name Portage, when Portage was first established, the streets were laid out on a traditional grid system. Today, the streets of the city are contorted as a result of the many marshes. The northern side of the city thus looks different from the central city, the city has two commercial areas. One is the historic district, which features several small boutique shops and restaurants
20.
Wayland Academy, Wisconsin
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Wayland Academy is a private, coeducational college preparatory boarding high school located in Beaver Dam, Wisconsin, United States. The student population at the beginning of the 2011-2012 school year was 220, Wayland Academy was chartered as Beaver Dam Academy by the legislature of Wisconsin Territory in 1847, by a group which included Parker Warren and other local dignitaries. The charter provided that no religious test could be required of any officer or trustee of the corporation and it was founded as a Baptist university, though it is now a non-denominational high school. The cornerstone of Wayland Hall was laid in 1855, marking the beginning of a new institution aimed at increasing the number of Midwestern students at Baptist seminaries, Wayland was closed twice, once during the Civil War, and once during the Great Depression. During the 1960s, it known as Wayland Junior College. After including a school in the 1980s, Wayland became the college preparatory high school that it is today. It celebrated its sesquicentennial in 2005, camp Beaver Dam, a WWII POW camp, was constructed in the summer of 1944 on the grounds of what is now the Wayland Academy field house. The POW camp held 300 German prisoners of war in a tent city encampment, Waylands 65-acre campus is located near downtown Beaver Dam. It consists of north and south divided by Hwy. North Campus, the original land, is home to most of the campus buildings. It has separate buildings for different academic faculties, dormitory space, administration, South Campus, a former fairgrounds, consists of athletic fields and the schools field house. The Academic Building and Swan Library are the newest buildings on campus, the Academic building houses the departments of mathematics, English, history, and modern and classical languages. In recent years Kimberly Chapel has served primarily as home to the music department, discovery Hall was dedicated in 1971 and is home to the science department. In addition to laboratories and classrooms, it contains a lecture hall, the oldest building on campus is Wayland Hall. Originally constructed in 1855, it was for a time the building serving the school, and housed classrooms, bedrooms, a chapel. It has been remodeled several times, and now serves as a dormitory for first-year, the building was renovated in 2009, creating a modernized dorm with more comfortable living spaces for its residents. Wayland Hall is the first building along the campuss semicircular drive, the original gymnasium dates from 1899 and has since been converted to a student union, dance hall, and art studio. The Sol Wolfe 1934 Memorial Pool and a newer gymnasium housing the theater are adjacent to the original gym building
21.
Beaver Dam, Wisconsin
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Beaver Dam is a city in Dodge County, Wisconsin, United States, along Beaver Dam Lake and the Beaver Dam River. The population was 16,345 in 2014, making it the largest city located in Dodge County. It is the city of the Beaver Dam Micropolitan Statistical area. The city is located within the Town of Beaver Dam, Beaver Dam was first settled by Thomas Mackie and Joseph Goetschius in 1841, and by 1843 had a population of almost 100. The city was named for an old beaver dam located in a stream flowing into Beaver Dam River, the area had also been known as Okwaanim, Chippewa for beaver dam. The community was incorporated as a city on March 18,1856 and that same year the Milwaukee Railroad reached the area, encouraging further growth. Beaver Dam hosted a World War II POW camp called Camp Beaver Dam in the summer of 1944, the camp held 300 German prisoners of war in a tent city encampment where the Wayland Academy field house now stands. Beaver Dam is also home to the Williams Free Library, the first public library in the United States to have open stacks, Beaver Dam is located at 43°27′35″N 88°50′9″W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 8.17 square miles. Since 1996, the annual snowfall in Beaver Dam has been 61.7 inches. The 2007–2008 winter season was the snowiest on record with 119.7 inches, as of the census of 2010, there were 16,214 people,6,819 households, and 4,113 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,387.9 inhabitants per square mile, there were 7,326 housing units at an average density of 1,078.9 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 93. 0% White,0. 8% African American,0. 3% Native American,1. 0% Asian,3. 4% from other races, Hispanic or Latino of any race were 7. 5% of the population. 33. 7% of all households were made up of individuals and 14. 6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.32 and the average family size was 2.95. The median age in the city was 37.7 years. 25. 1% of residents were under the age of 18,7. 7% were between the ages of 18 and 24,26. 1% were from 25 to 44, 25% were from 45 to 64, and 16. 1% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48. 4% male and 51. 6% female, as of the census of 2000, there were 15,169 people,6,349 households, and 3,999 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,904.6 people per square mile, there were 6,685 housing units at an average density of 1,280.1 per square mile
22.
Watertown, Wisconsin
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Watertown is a city in Dodge and Jefferson counties in the US state of Wisconsin. Most of the population is in Jefferson County. Division Street, several blocks north of downtown, marks the county line, the population of Watertown was 23,861 at the 2010 census. Of this,15,402 were in Jefferson County, and 8,459 were in Dodge County, Watertown is the largest city in the Watertown-Fort Atkinson micropolitan area, which also includes Johnson Creek and Jefferson. Watertown was first settled by Timothy Johnson, who built a cabin on the west side of the Rock River in 1836 and he was born in Middleton, Middlesex County, Connecticut, on the 28th of June,1792. A park on the west side of the city is named in his honor, the area was settled to utilize the power of the Rock River, which falls 20 feet in two miles. In contrast, the Rock River falls only 34 feet in 58 miles upstream from Watertown, the water power was first used for sawmills, and later prompted the construction of two hydroelectric dams, one downtown and one on the eastern edge of the city. In the 1850s, German immigrants arrived in Watertown from Germany and these people were fleeing revolutions and turmoil in Germany, which often saw pogroms against the wealthy. This warm reception led to migration, which in turn greatly increased the German population of the region. Culturally they had much in common with the New England derived population, economically both communities would thrive in Watertown for the entirety of the 19th century, not facing any measurable economic hardships until the Great Depression in the following century. A canal from Milwaukee to the Watertown area was once planned, the territorial legislature incorporated the Milwaukee and Rock River Canal company in 1836, but the plan was abandoned in 1848. In 1853, a road was completed from Milwaukee to Watertown. After plank roads were no longer used, the route was replaced by highway, a street named Watertown Plank Road survives in Milwaukee. It is referred to in the Plank Road Brewery family of beers, there was an influx of German immigrants in the late 19th century. The success of the road convinced residents that a railroad would be even more beneficial. The Milwaukee and Watertown Railroad, as it was called before it extended to Madison, was completed in 1855, soon after, the two railroads went bankrupt in the Panic of 1857. The bonds were sold by the investors to out-of-town speculators at a small fraction of their face value. Since the railroads were never built and did not produce revenue, moreover, the city did not feel compelled to do so because the creditors were not only from out of town, but werent even the original holders
23.
Oshkosh, Wisconsin
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Oshkosh is a city in Winnebago County, Wisconsin, United States, located where the Fox River enters Lake Winnebago from the west. The population was 66,083 at the 2010 census, the city is located adjacent to and partially within the Town of Oshkosh. Oshkosh was named for Menominee Chief Oshkosh, whose name meant claw, although the fur trade brought the first European settlers to the area as early as 1818, it never became a major player in the fur trade. It was the establishment and growth of the industry in the area that spurred development of Oshkosh. Oshkosh was incorporated as a city in 1853, although it had already designated the county seat. The lumber industry became established as businessmen took advantage of navigable waterways to provide access to both markets and northern pineries. The 1859 arrival of rail transportation expanded the ability to meet the demands of a rapidly growing construction market, at one time, Oshkosh was known as the Sawdust Capital of the World due to the number of lumber mills in the city,11 by 1860. By 1874, there were 47 sawmills and 15 shingle mills, by 1870, Oshkosh had become the third-largest city in Wisconsin with a population of over 12,000. The Oshkosh Daily Northwestern newspaper was founded around this time, as was the Oshkosh State Normal School, on April 28,1875, Oshkosh had a Great Fire that consumed homes and businesses along Main Street north of the Fox River. The fire had engulfed 70 stores,40 factories, and 500 homes costing nearly $2.5 million in damage, around 1900 Oshkosh was home of the Oshkosh Brewing Company, which coined the marketing slogan By Gosh Its Good. Its Chief Oshkosh became a nationally distributed beer, the Oshkosh All-Stars played in the National Basketball League from 1937-49 before the NBL and the Basketball Association of America merged to become the NBA. Oshkosh reached the NBLs championship finals five times, the city has a total of 33 listings on the National Register of Historic Places. The lumber industry made the fortunes of area entrepreneurs and businessmen, availability of materials and capital, along with devastating downtown fires in the mid-1870s, created a range of well-designed buildings for residential, commercial, civic and religious use. The many structures which make up the historic areas are largely a result of the capital and materials generated by the lumber. Oshkosh had six districts as of October 2011. The city had 27 historic buildings as of October 2011, Oshkosh is located at 44°1′29″N 88°33′4″W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 26.61 square miles. Oshkosh has a continental climate according to the Köppen climate classification system
24.
Manitowoc, Wisconsin
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Manitowoc /ˈmænᵻtəwɔːk/ is a city in and the county seat of Manitowoc County, Wisconsin, United States. The city is located on Lake Michigan at the mouth of the Manitowoc River, according to the 2010 census, Manitowoc had a population of 33,736, with over 50,000 residents in the surrounding communities. The citys sister city is Kamogawa, Japan, purported to mean dwelling of the great spirit, Manitowoc derived its name from either the Anishinaabe language word manidoowaak, meaning spirit-spawn, or manidoowaak, meaning spirit-wood. In 1838, an act of the Territorial Legislature separated Manitowoc County from Brown County, in 1820, Matthew Stanley and his wife were the first to settle in the area. In 1835, President Andrew Jackson authorized land sales for the region, early immigrant groups included Germans, Norwegians, British, Irish, and Canadians. The first school in Manitowoc was held in the Jones warehouse, the first religious organization in the county, St. James Episcopal Church, first met in 1841. Manitowoc was chartered as a village on March 6,1851, in addition, landing craft, tankers and submarines became the local contributions to U. S. efforts in World War II. On September 5,1962, a 20-pound piece of the seven-ton Sputnik 4 crashed on North 8th Street, Sputnik 4 was a USSR satellite, part of the Sputnik program and a test-flight of the Vostok spacecraft that would be used for the first human spaceflight. It was launched on May 15,1960, a bug in the guidance system had pointed the capsule in the wrong direction, so instead of dropping into the atmosphere the satellite moved into a higher orbit. It re-entered the atmosphere on or about September 5,1962, a cast was made from the original piece before the Soviets claimed it, and the cast was displayed at the Rahr West Art Museum. A customer in an art gallery jokingly suggested that the city should hold a festival to celebrate the crash. The city held the first Sputnikfest in 2008, which was organized by the head of both museums. Manitowoc is home to the Wisconsin Maritime Museum, and is one endpoint of the route of the SS Badger. Since the late 1990s, several new shopping centers have opened in the city, mostly on the southwest side of the city along Interstate 43, the bulk of the redevelopment in the city has been undertaken by the public/private partnership the Manitowoc County Economic Development Corporation. President Obama visited Manitowoc on January 26,2011, the day after his first State of the Union speech and he spoke to workers at Orion Energy, a manufacturer of solar technology, and praised Manitowoc for reinventing itself after the departure of Mirro Aluminum Company in 2003. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 17.99 square miles. The city is located at 44°5′47″N 87°40′30″W, on Lake Michigan at the mouth of the Manitowoc River, the nearest other cities are Green Bay,40 miles away, Sheboygan 28 miles away, Appleton 47 miles away, and Milwaukee 80 miles away. Together with Two Rivers and the towns, the Manitowoc micropolitan area was, according to the 2000 census
25.
Ohio
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Ohio /oʊˈhaɪ. oʊ/ is a Midwestern state in the Great Lakes region of the United States. Ohio is the 34th largest by area, the 7th most populous, the states capital and largest city is Columbus. The state takes its name from the Ohio River, the name originated from the Iroquois word ohi-yo’, meaning great river or large creek. Partitioned from the Northwest Territory, the state was admitted to the Union as the 17th state on March 1,1803, Ohio is historically known as the Buckeye State after its Ohio buckeye trees, and Ohioans are also known as Buckeyes. Ohio occupies 16 seats in the United States House of Representatives, Ohio is known for its status as both a swing state and a bellwether in national elections. Six Presidents of the United States have been elected who had Ohio as their home state, Ohios geographic location has proven to be an asset for economic growth and expansion. Because Ohio links the Northeast to the Midwest, much cargo, Ohio has the nations 10th largest highway network, and is within a one-day drive of 50% of North Americas population and 70% of North Americas manufacturing capacity. To the north, Lake Erie gives Ohio 312 miles of coastline, Ohios southern border is defined by the Ohio River, and much of the northern border is defined by Lake Erie. Ohios neighbors are Pennsylvania to the east, Michigan to the northwest, Ontario Canada, to the north, Indiana to the west, Kentucky on the south, Ohio is bounded by the Ohio River, but nearly all of the river itself belongs to Kentucky and West Virginia. Ohio has only that portion of the river between the rivers 1792 low-water mark and the present high-water mark, the border with Michigan has also changed, as a result of the Toledo War, to angle slightly northeast to the north shore of the mouth of the Maumee River. Much of Ohio features glaciated plains, with a flat area in the northwest being known as the Great Black Swamp. Most of Ohio is of low relief, but the unglaciated Allegheny Plateau features rugged hills, in 1965 the United States Congress passed the Appalachian Regional Development Act, at attempt to address the persistent poverty and growing economic despair of the Appalachian Region. This act defines 29 Ohio counties as part of Appalachia, the worst weather disaster in Ohio history occurred along the Great Miami River in 1913. Known as the Great Dayton Flood, the entire Miami River watershed flooded, as a result, the Miami Conservancy District was created as the first major flood plain engineering project in Ohio and the United States. Grand Lake St. Marys in the west central part of the state was constructed as a supply of water for canals in the era of 1820–1850. For many years this body of water, over 20 square miles, was the largest artificial lake in the world and it should be noted that Ohios canal-building projects were not the economic fiasco that similar efforts were in other states. Some cities, such as Dayton, owe their emergence to location on canals. Summers are typically hot and humid throughout the state, while winters generally range from cool to cold, precipitation in Ohio is moderate year-round
26.
Boston Red Sox
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The Boston Red Sox are an American professional baseball team based in Boston, Massachusetts. The Red Sox compete in Major League Baseball as a club of the American League East division. The Red Sox have won eight World Series championships and have played in 13, founded in 1901 as one of the American Leagues eight charter franchises, the Red Sox home ballpark has been Fenway Park since 1912. The Red Sox name was chosen by the owner, John I. Taylor, around 1908, following the lead of previous teams that had known as the Boston Red Stockings. Boston was a dominant team in the new league, defeating the Pittsburgh Pirates in the first World Series in 1903 and winning four more championships by 1918. Following their victory in the 2013 World Series, they became the first team to win three World Series trophies in the 21st century, including championships in 2004 and 2007. Red Sox history has also marked by the teams intense rivalry with the Yankees. The Boston Red Sox are owned by Fenway Sports Group, which owns the Liverpool F. C. of the Premier League in England. The Red Sox are consistently one of the top MLB teams in road attendance. From May 15,2003 to April 10,2013, the Red Sox sold out every home game—a total of 820 games for a professional sports record. Neil Diamonds Sweet Caroline has become an anthem for the Red Sox, the name Red Sox, chosen by owner John I. Taylor after the 1907 season, refers to the red hose in the team uniform beginning 1908. Sox had been adopted for the Chicago White Sox by newspapers needing a headline-friendly form of Stockings. The team name Red Sox had previously used as early as 1888 by a colored team from Norfolk. The Spanish language media sometimes refers to the team as Medias Rojas, the official Spanish site uses the variant Los Red Sox. The Red Stockings nickname was first used by a team by the Cincinnati Red Stockings. Managed by Harry Wright, Cincinnati adopted a uniform with white knickers and red stockings and earned the famous nickname, the Boston Red Stockings won four championships in the five seasons of the new National Association, the first professional league. Other names were used before Boston officially adopted the nickname Braves in 1912
27.
National League
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Both leagues currently have 15 teams. The two league champions of 1903 arranged to compete against each other in the inaugural World Series, after the 1904 champions failed to reach a similar agreement, the two leagues formalized the World Series as an arrangement between the leagues. National League teams have won 48 of the 112 World Series contested from 1903 to 2016, the 2016 National League champions are the Chicago Cubs. By 1875, the National Association of Professional Base Ball Players was dangerously weak, additionally, Hulbert had a problem—five of his star players were threatened with expulsion from the NAPBBP because Hulbert had signed them to his club using what were considered questionable means. Hulbert had a vested interest in creating his own league. After recruiting St. Louis privately, four western clubs met in Louisville, Kentucky, Boston Red Stockings, the dominant team in the N. A. Hartford Dark Blues from the N. A. Mutual of New York from the N. A. St. Louis Brown Stockings from the N. A, the only strong club from 1875 excluded in 1876 was a second one in Philadelphia, often called the White Stockings or Phillies. The first game in National League history was played on April 22,1876, at Philadelphias Jefferson Street Grounds, 25th & Jefferson, the new leagues authority was tested after the first season. The National League operated with six clubs during 1877 and 1878, over the next several years, various teams joined and left the struggling league. By 1880, six of the eight members had folded. The two remaining original NL franchises, Boston and Chicago, remain in operation today as the Atlanta Braves, in 1883 the New York Gothams and Philadelphia Phillies began National League play. Both teams remain in the NL today, the Phillies in their original city, the NL encountered its first strong rival organization when the American Association began play in 1882. The A. A. played in cities where the NL did not have teams, offered Sunday games and alcoholic beverages in locales where permitted, the National League and the American Association participated in a version of the World Series seven times during their ten-year coexistence. These contests were less organized than the modern Series, lasting as few as three games and as many as fifteen, with two Series ending in disputed ties, the NL won four times and the A. A. only once, in 1886. Starting with the Pittsburgh Pirates in 1887, the National League began to raid the American Association for franchises to replace NL teams that folded and this undercut the stability of the A. A. Other new leagues that rose to compete with the National League were the Union Association, the Union Association was established in 1884 and folded after playing only one season, its league champion St. Louis Maroons joining the NL. The NL suffered many defections of star players to the Players League, the Brooklyn, Chicago, Pittsburgh, and New York franchises of the NL absorbed their Players League counterparts. The labor strife of 1890 hastened the downfall of the American Association, after the 1891 season, the A. A. disbanded and merged with the NL, which became known legally for the next decade as the National League and American Association
28.
Racine, Wisconsin
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Racine or is a city in and the county seat of Racine County, Wisconsin, United States. It is located on the shore of Lake Michigan at the mouth of the Root River, Racine is located 22 miles south of Milwaukee. As of the 2013 U. S. census, the city had a population of 78,199 and its median home price of $103,625 makes it one of the most affordable cities in Wisconsin to buy a home. In January of 2017, it was rated the most affordable place to live in the world by the Demographia International Housing Affordability survey, Racine is the headquarters of a number of industries, including J. I. Case, S. C. Johnson & Son, Dremel Corporation, Reliance Controls Corporation, Twin Disc, the Mitchell & Lewis Company, a wagonmaker in the 19th century, began making motorcycles and automobiles as Mitchell-Lewis Motor Company at the start of the 20th century. Racine was also home to InSinkErator, the first garbage disposal, malted milk balls were developed in Racine. Architects of the city included A. Arthur Guilbert and Edmund Bailey Funston, historians separate the natives living in the Root watershed at that time into Woodland people, who were more common, and Hopewell people, who were more advanced. After European contact, the Miami and later the Potawatomi expanded into the area and these were the first Europeans known to visit what is now Racine County. Further expeditions were made in the area by René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle in 1679 and by François Jolliet De Montigny and Jean Baptiste Bissot, Sieur de Vincennes in 1698. Nearly a century later, in 1791, a trading post would be established along Lake Michigan near where the Root River empties into it. Following the Blackhawk War, the area surrounding Racine, which had previously been off-limits, was settled by Yankees from upstate New York and New England. In 1834 Captain Gilbert Knapp USRM, who was from Chatham, Massachusetts, Knapp had first explored the area of the Root River valley in 1818, and returned with financial backing when the war ended. Within a year of Knapps settlement hundreds of settlers from New England and western New York had arrived. Some of the settlers were from the town of Derby, Connecticut, the area was previously called Kipi Kawi and Chippecotton by the indigenous peoples, both names for the Root River. The name Port Gilbert was never accepted, and in 1841 the community was incorporated as the village of Racine. After Wisconsin was admitted to the Union in 1848, the new legislature voted in August to incorporate Racine as a city, in 1852, Racine College, an Episcopal college, was founded, it closed in 1933. Its location and many of its buildings are preserved today by the Community of St. Mary as part of the DeKoven Center, also in 1852, Racine High School, the first public high school in Wisconsin, opened. The high school operated until 1926, when it was torn down to make way for the new Racine County Courthouse, washington Park High School was built to replace it
29.
Rube Waddell
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George Edward Rube Waddell was an American southpaw pitcher in Major League Baseball. Born in Bradford, Pennsylvania, Waddell was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1946, Waddell was a remarkably dominant strikeout pitcher in an era when batters mostly slapped at the ball to get singles. He had an excellent fastball, a curve, a screwball. He led the leagues in strikeouts for six consecutive years. Born in 1876 outside of Bradford, Pennsylvania, Waddell grew up in the country, biographer Alan Levy writes that Waddell was a decidedly different sort of child. At the age of three, he wandered over to a fire station and stayed for several days. Waddell did not attend school very often, but he was considered to be literate and he strengthened his arm as a child by throwing rocks at birds he encountered while plowing the familys land. He also worked on mining and drilling sites as a youngster, Waddells career wound through a number of teams. Waddell was unpredictable – early in his career, he would leave mid-game to go fishing and he had a longstanding fascination with fire trucks and had run off the field to chase after them during games. He performed as a wrestler in the offseason. He was easily distracted by opposing fans who held up puppies and shiny objects, an alcoholic for much of his short adult life, Waddell reportedly spent his entire first signing bonus on a drinking binge. Waddells eccentric behavior led to constant battles with his managers and scuffles with bad-tempered teammates and his first pro contract was with Louisville, pitching two league games and a couple of exhibitions with the team at the end of the 1897 season. When the season ended, he was lent to the Detroit Wolverines of the Western League to gain professional experience and he rejoined Louisville in the final month of the 1899 season and won seven of nine decisions. When the National League contracted to eight teams for the 1900 season, Louisville ownership bought the Pittsburgh franchise, louisvilles top players, including Waddell, Honus Wagner, Fred Clarke and others, were transferred to Pittsburgh. Waddell debuted with the Pittsburgh Pirates in 1900, leading the National League in ERA, on August 19, Waddell pitched the first game of a doubleheader for Milwaukee, winning in the 17th inning on his own triple. His manager, Connie Mack, offered Waddell a three-day fishing vacation if he agreed to pitch the second game, Waddell threw 5 scoreless innings for the victory, and headed to Pewaukee Lake for fishing. However, his behavior led manager Fred Clarke to suspend him. Milwaukee was in the newly named American League, formerly known as the Western League, when Waddell displayed his prowess for Milwaukee, Pittsburgh management asked for Rubes return
30.
Kenosha, Wisconsin
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Kenosha /kɛˈnoʊˌʃɑː/ is a city in and the county seat of Kenosha County, Wisconsin, United States. Kenosha is on the shore of Lake Michigan. With an estimated population of 99,889 as of July 1,2013, it is the fourth-largest city in Wisconsin, the city is part of the United States Census Bureaus Chicago Combined Statistical Area. Early archaeological sites have been discovered in the Kenosha vicinity, the discoverer of two sites believes they antedate the Clovis culture, making them contemporaneous with the ice age, paleo Indians settled in the area at least 13,500 years ago. The Potawatomi originally named the area ginoozhe place of the pike, the early name by the Ojibwa Indians is reported as Masu-kinoja. This describes the place of spawning trout as trout come all at same time, thousands of fish were entering the rivers from Lake Michigan. Harvesting these fish provided food for the coming months, the first white settlers, part of the Western Emigration Company, arrived in the early 1830s from Hannibal and Troy, New York, led by John Bullen, Jr. who sought to purchase enough land for a town. Thwarted in Milwaukee and Racine, the arrived at Pike Creek on 6 June 1835, building log homes at first and, later, homes of frame, native stone. The first school and churches followed by 1835, with platting completed in 1836, as more settlers arrived and the first post office was established, the community was first known as Pike Creek in 1836. In 1850, another change brought the city its current title. Between 1902 and 1988, Kenosha produced millions of automobiles and trucks under marques such as Jeffery, Rambler, Nash, Hudson, LaFayette, a prototype steam car was built in Kenosha by the Sullivan-Becker engineering firm in 1900. Two years later, the Thomas B, Jeffery Company, builders of the Sterling bicycle, began production of the Rambler runabout. In 1902, Rambler and Oldsmobile were the first cars to employ mass-production techniques, the 1902 Rambler was also the first automobile to use a steering wheel, rather than the then-common tiller-controlled steering. Auto executive Charles W. Nash purchased Jeffrey in 1916 and the new company became Nash Motors, in May 1954, Nash acquired Detroit-based Hudson and the new firm was named American Motors Corporation. A 47-acre west side park and a school are named for Charles W. Nash. In partnership with French automaker Renault, AMC manufactured several models in Kenosha in the early 1980s, including the Alliance, two decades earlier, AMCs 1963 Rambler Classic had also received the award. In 1987, Renault sold its controlling interest in AMC to Chrysler Corporation, the AMC Lakefront plant, a smaller facility, was demolished in 1990 and was redeveloped into upscale HarborPark. Kenosha has 21 locations and three districts listed on the National Register of Historic Places including the Library Park, Third Avenue, matthew Episcopal Church at 5900 Seventh Avenue, the Washington Park Clubhouse at 2205 Washington Road, and the Justin Weed House at 3509 Washington Road
31.
Beloit College
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Beloit College is a private liberal arts college in Beloit, Wisconsin. Founded in 1846, Beloit is the oldest continuously operated college in Wisconsin and it is a member of the Associated Colleges of the Midwest and has an enrollment of roughly 1,300 undergraduate students. It releases an annual Mindset List describing the generational touchstones for graduating high school seniors, the group raised funds for a college in their new town and convinced the territorial legislature to enact the charter for Beloit College on February 2,1846. The first building was built in 1847, and it remains in operation today, classes began in the fall of 1847, with the first degrees awarded in 1851. The first president of Beloit was a Yale University graduate, Aaron Lucius Chapin, the college become coeducational in fall,1895, when it opened its doors to women. Although independent today, Beloit College was historically, though unofficially, the college remained very small for almost its entire first century with enrollment topping 1,000 students only with the influx of World War II veterans in 1945–1946. The Beloit Plan was a year-round curriculum introduced in 1964 that comprises three full terms and a term of off-campus study. The trustees decided to return to the two semester program in 1978, Beloits campus is located within the Near East Side Historic District. The campus is host to 20 conical, linear, and animal effigy mounds built between about AD400 and 1200, created by Native Americans identified by archaeologists as Late Woodland people. One of the mounds, in the shape of a turtle, inspired Beloits symbol, the mounds on Beloits campus are catalogued burial sites, and therefore may not be disturbed without an official permit from the Wisconsin Historical Society. Beloit College completed a 120,000 sq ft Center for the Sciences in the fall of 2008, the building was awarded LEED green building certification. It also won a Design Excellence Honor Award in Interior Architecture from the Chicago chapter of the American Institute of Architects on October 30,2009. In the fall of 2010, Beloit College opened the Hendricks Center for the Arts, the building previously held the Beloit Post Office and later the Beloit Public Library. The renovation and expansion of the facility is the largest single gift in the colleges history, the building is named after Diane Hendricks, chair of ABC Supply of Beloit, and her late husband and former college trustee Ken Hendricks. Two Beloit campus museums open to the public are run by college staff, the Logan Museum of Anthropology and the Wright Museum of Art were both founded in the late 19th century. The Logan Museum, accredited by the American Alliance of Museums, curates over 300,000 ethnographic and archaeological objects from 125 countries, the Wright Museums holdings of over 8,000 objects include a large collection of original prints and Asian art. Both museums feature temporary special exhibitions year round, the Beloit College campus also houses two sculptures by artist Siah Armajani, his Gazebo for One Anarchist, Emma Goldman 1991 and The Beloit College Poetry Garden. Academic strengths include field-oriented disciplines such as anthropology and geology, more Beloit graduates have earned Ph. D. D. in general
32.
American football
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The offense must advance at least ten yards in four downs, or plays, or else they turn over the football to the opposing team, if they succeed, they are given a new set of four downs. Points are primarily scored by advancing the ball into the teams end zone for a touchdown or kicking the ball through the opponents goalposts for a field goal. The team with the most points at the end of a game wins, American football evolved in the United States, originating from the sports of association football and rugby football. The first game of American football was played on November 6,1869, during the latter half of the 1870s, colleges playing association football switched to the Rugby Union code, which allowed carrying the ball. American football as a whole is the most popular sport in the United States, Professional football and college football are the most popular forms of the game, with the other major levels being high school and youth football. As of 2012, nearly 1.1 million high school athletes and 70,000 college athletes play the sport in the United States annually, almost all of them men, in the United States, American football is referred to as football. The term football was established in the rulebook for the 1876 college football season. The terms gridiron or American football are favored in English-speaking countries where other codes of football are popular, such as the United Kingdom, Ireland, New Zealand, American football evolved from the sports of association football and rugby football. What is considered to be the first American football game was played on November 6,1869 between Rutgers and Princeton, two college teams, the game was played between two teams of 25 players each and used a round ball that could not be picked up or carried. It could, however, be kicked or batted with the feet, hands, head or sides, Rutgers won the game 6 goals to 4. Collegiate play continued for years in which matches were played using the rules of the host school. Representatives of Yale, Columbia, Princeton and Rutgers met on October 19,1873 to create a set of rules for all schools to adhere to. Teams were set at 20 players each, and fields of 400 by 250 feet were specified, Harvard abstained from the conference, as they favored a rugby-style game that allowed running with the ball. An 1875 Harvard-Yale game played under rugby-style rules was observed by two impressed Princeton athletes and these players introduced the sport to Princeton, a feat the Professional Football Researchers Association compared to selling refrigerators to Eskimos. Princeton, Harvard, Yale and Columbia then agreed to play using a form of rugby union rules with a modified scoring system. These schools formed the Intercollegiate Football Association, although Yale did not join until 1879, the introduction of the snap resulted in unexpected consequences. Prior to the snap, the strategy had been to punt if a scrum resulted in bad field position, however, a group of Princeton players realized that, as the snap was uncontested, they now could hold the ball indefinitely to prevent their opponent from scoring. In 1881, both teams in a game between Yale-Princeton used this strategy to maintain their undefeated records, each team held the ball, gaining no ground, for an entire half, resulting in a 0-0 tie
33.
History of the Brooklyn Dodgers
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The teams name derived from the reputed skill of Brooklyn residents at evading the citys trolley streetcar network. The team is noted for signing Jackie Robinson in 1947 as the first black player in the major leagues. Brooklyn was home to numerous clubs in the mid-1850s. Eight of 16 participants in the first convention were from Brooklyn, including the Atlantic, Eckford, Brooklyn helped make baseball commercial, as the locale of the first paid admission games, a series of three all star contests matching New York and Brooklyn in 1858. The Excelsiors no longer challenged for the championship after the Civil War. The Eckfords and Atlantics declined to join until 1872 and thereby lost their best players, the Eckfords survived only one season and the Atlantics four, with losing teams. When the Mutuals were expelled by the league, the Hartford Dark Blues club moved in, changed its name to The Brooklyn Hartfords and played its home games at Union Grounds in 1877 before disbanding. Byrne arranged to build a grandstand on a lot bounded by Third Street, Fourth Avenue, Fifth Street, and Fifth Avenue, the Grays played in the minor Inter-State Association of Professional Baseball Clubs that first season. Doyle became the first team manager, and they drew 6,431 fans to their first home game on May 12,1883 against the Trenton team. The Grays won the title after the Camden Merritt club disbanded on July 20. The Grays were invited to join the American Association for the 1884 season and they lost the 1889 World Series to the New York Giants and tied the 1890 World Series with the Louisville Colonels. Their success during this period was partly attributed to their having absorbed skilled players from the defunct New York Metropolitans, in 1899, the Grays merged with the Baltimore Orioles, as Baltimore manager Ned Hanlon became the clubs new manager and Charles Ebbets became the primary team owner. The team name, Brooklyn Trolley Dodgers, was coined in 1895, the nickname was still new enough in September 1895 that a newspaper could report that Trolley Dodgers is the new name which eastern baseball cranks have given the Brooklyn club. Some sources erroneously report that the name Trolley Dodgers referred to pedestrians avoiding fast cars on street car tracks that bordered Eastern Park on two sides, however, Eastern Park was not bordered by street-level trolley lines that had to be dodged by pedestrians. The name was shortened to Brooklyn Dodgers. Other team names used by the franchise that finally came to be called the Dodgers were the Grooms, the Bridegrooms, Wards Wonders, the Superbas, and the Robins. All of these nicknames were used by fans and newspaper sports writers to describe the team, the teams legal name was the Brooklyn Base Ball Club. However, the Trolley Dodgers nickname was used throughout this period, along with nicknames, by fans
34.
Charles Ebbets
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Charles Hercules Ebbets, Sr. was an American sports executive who owned the Brooklyn Dodgers from 1902 to 1925. Charlie was born in New York City at his home at 31 Clarke Street on October 291859. Ebbets, who owned a tavern at the corner of Hudson, John was of the fifth generation of the Ebbets family in New York City, a descendant of Daniel Ebbets, a brickmaker who had arrived in New York from England in 1700. His mother, Anna Maria Quick, was in the generation of a Dutch family that had been in New York since the 1640s. Charlie first attended Public School 39 on Clark Street but left school when his father moved to Astoria shortly after 1871. Following his schooling, Charlie took up residence at 154 Alexander Avenue near 135th and his first job was with Dick & Fitzgerald, a publishing firm at 18 Ann Street in Manhattan. He then began work as an architect with the firm of William T. Beer and his work there as a draftsman and building designer would serve him well in later years when he decided to build a baseball stadium. He next became a bookkeeper with Frank Leslie’s publishing house, a job he kept until he turned his attention to baseball, but baseball was not Charlie Ebbets’ first sport. He was a member of the Prospect Club, the Carleton Club, in 1889 he played with the Stars of South Brooklyn and the Lincoln Council Bowlers. The following year he joined the Prospects, the arch-rivals of the Lincoln Council team, in 1893, his bowling average was 170 in more than fifty games. That year the Brooklyn Eagle stated, “He is considered one of the swiftest and, at the time, truest bowlers in Brooklyn. ”In 1883 his brother Jack had introduced Charlie to Joseph Doyle and George Taylor, friends of his who had recently formed the Brooklyn Base Ball Association with Ferdinand Abell. Charlie got a job working for the team selling tickets, score cards and he printed the score cards himself. In 1891 the Brooklyn Bridegrooms moved to a field called Eastern Park. Several years later, they had to again, this time to the 18. On the afternoon of April 30,1898, the first game was played at the new Washington Park. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle wrote the day, “The ball season is on in Brooklyn—inaugurated at the new grounds in South Brooklyn yesterday before a crowd of 15,000. ”Unfortunately. By 1890 Charlie had saved money to make an investment in the team. In January 1898 Charlie owned 80 percent of the stock, the other 20 percent being held by the then president
35.
Bill Armour
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William Reginald Armour was a professional baseball player and manager. Armour played professional baseball from 1891 to 1896 as a center fielder and he earned a reputation for his fielding abilities. He also had excellent speed and stole 43 bases in 69 games in 1891 and 52 bases in 126 games in 1896, Armour began his managerial career with the Dayton, Ohio baseball club, of which he was also the principal owner. He managed the Dayton club from 1897 to 1901, from 1902 to 1904, he was the manager of the Cleveland Bronchos/Naps. Armour took over a Cleveland team with a record. From 1905 to 1906, he was the manager of the Detroit Tigers, in his first year in Detroit, the team improved by 17 games over the prior year. With the signing of Ty Cobb, the Tigers set the table for three consecutive American League pennants that followed from 1907 to 1909, from 1907 to 1911, Armour served as the president and co-owner of the Toledo Mud Hens. He served as a scout for the St. Louis Cardinals in 1912 and he subsequently opened a restaurant in Minneapolis where he died in 1922 at age 53. Armour was born in Homestead, Pennsylvania in 1869, Armour played professional baseball for several years before he began his career as a manager. In 1891, at age 21, he appeared in 69 games, principally as a fielder, for the Bradford. By May 1891, Armour was drawing for his fielding ability, the manager of the Meadville team wrote to the Sporting Life that his team might have one at least one game against Bradford had not that great fielder, Armour, been playing. It was the finest catch on the grounds this season, Armour compiled a.269 batting average and stole 43 bases for Bradford. At the end of August 1891, Armour signed with Oshkosh in the Wisconsin State League, in 1892, Armour appeared in 52 games, principally in right field, for the Toledo Black Pirates of the Western League. His batting average dropped by 124 points to.144 over his performance the year with Bradford. In 1893, Armour played for the Kansas City Blues in the Western Association, Armour also returned to Bradford in 1893 to play in 20 games, including the game that won the Monongahela League pennant for Braddock. The use of Armour, a Western Association player, in the game prompted a protest by the Duquesne club that Braddocks pennant be forfeited, the pennant was ultimately awarded to Braddock. Armour signed to play with Buffalo in January 1894, but was injured in a coasting accident at his hometown of Homestead in February 1894. Initial reports indicated that physicians did not believe Armour could recover, in mid-April 1894, Armour announced that the injury, which had nearly broken his back, would prevent him from playing baseball for six weeks to two months
36.
Charles Somers
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Charles W. Somers was an American executive in Cleveland, Ohios coal industry who also achieved prominence in Major League Baseball. The financial resources from his business interests allowed Somers to become one of the founders of baseballs American League in 1901. At the insistence of league president Ban Johnson, Somers and Jack Kilfoyl, Kilfoyl was Clevelands first team president and treasurer, while Somers was its vice president and main financier. Somers was also the owner of the Boston Red Sox, a team which had no official nickname until 1908. Somers money helped keep some American League teams afloat in their first years, including the St. Louis Browns, Charles Comiskeys Chicago White Sox, Somers sold his interest in the Boston club in 1903 to Henry Killilea. In 1910 Kilfoyl took ill and sold his interest in Cleveland to Somers, facing pressure from the newly formed Federal League, in 1914 Somers transferred his Toledo Mud Hens to Cleveland to share League Park. This was done to keep the Federals out of Cleveland by ensuring there was already a ball game in Cleveland virtually every day of the season, in 1915 the American League team, previously called the Cleveland Naps in reference to player/manager Nap Lajoie, was renamed the Cleveland Indians. Although Somers had kept the Fed at bay, the new league still had its influence and this, combined with poor attendance at League Park, along with other investments that did not work out, put Somers in a precarious financial position. In 1916, although the Fed had disbanded, it was too late to save Somers financially. He went broke with debts exceeding assets of $1.75 million, the creditors did allow him to retain ownership of the Pelicans for sentimental reasons. The Mud Hens returned to Toledo in 1916, after selling the Indians he successfully rebuilt his business investments. At his death in 1934 his estate was worth approximately $3 million and he had a daughter, Dorothy from his first marriage. His second wife, Mary Alice Gilbert, survived him, Encyclopedia of Cleveland History, SOMERS, CHARLES W. at ech. case. edu Encyclopedia of Cleveland History, last retrieved on June 26,2008
37.
Jesse Burkett
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Jesse Cail Burkett, nicknamed Crab, was a left fielder in Major League Baseball from 1890 to 1905. After his playing career, Burkett managed in the minor leagues and he was elected into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1946. Burkett was born in Wheeling, West Virginia, to Granville and his father was a laborer and painter who worked for the Wheeling and Belmont Bridge Company. Beginning his professional career as a pitcher, he won 27 games at the age of 19 in 1888 in Scranton, Pennsylvania and he acquired his nickname, Crab, due to his serious disposition. Burkett made his league debut for the New York Giants of the National League in 1890 and had a batting average of.309. He was then purchased by the Cleveland Spiders in February 1891, in 1892, he hit.275 and was among the leagues top ten players in runs scored and triples. The next season, his average increased to.348. He remained in the top ten in walks in almost every season throughout his career, in 1895, he batted.405 and led the NL in batting average and hits. The following season, he set a career-high in batting average, at.410, and led the league in batting average, hits, Burkett was the second player in major league history to bat over.400 twice, the first being Ed Delahanty. The Spiders finished second in 1895 and 1896 and played the Baltimore Orioles both seasons in the Temple Cup series, beating the Orioles in 1895, in March 1899, Burkett was assigned to the St. Louis Perfectos. He played for the Perfectos/Cardinals for three seasons, in 1901, he led the NL in batting average, on-base percentage, hits, and runs scored. Before the 1902 season, Burkett jumped to the St. Louis Browns of the American League and he played for the Browns for three seasons and then finished his major league career with the Boston Americans in 1905. Burkett holds the record for the most inside-the-park home runs in MLB history, of the players in his era, Burkett is second in career hits. Burkett managed the New England Leagues Worcester Busters from 1906 to 1915 and played games for the team. In 1906, he led the league with a.344 batting average, newspapers described Burkett as retiring from baseball in 1916. He secured a position with a factory in Worcester in December. However, he signed on as a coach with College of the Holy Cross late that month, in four seasons as Holy Cross, Burkett amassed an 88-12-1 record, nine players on his 1919 team were designated All-East players. Burkett managed sporadically in the leagues until 1933
38.
Right fielder
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A right fielder, abbreviated RF, is the outfielder in baseball or softball who plays defense in right field. Right field is the area of the outfield to the right of a person standing at home plate, in the numbering system used to record defensive plays, the right fielder is assigned the number 9. Outfielders must cover large distances, so speed, instincts and quickness to react to the ball are key. They must be able to fly balls above their head and on the run. Being situated 250–300 feet from home plate, they must be able to throw the ball accurately over a distance to be effective. Of all outfield positions, the right fielder often has the strongest arm, the right fielder backs up second base on any ball thrown from the left side of the field, i. e. shortstop, third base, or foul line territory. The right fielder backs up first base when the first baseman is in a run down between 3rd base and home, right field has developed a reputation in Little League as being a position where less talented players can be hidden without damaging a teams defense in any significant way. Additionally, since most batters are right-handed, the fielder will have far more opportunities to make a play than the right fielder. Lucy van Pelt Evelyn Gardner Baseball Hall of Fame Gold Glove Award Outfielder
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Bob Caruthers
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Robert Lee Caruthers, nicknamed Parisian Bob, was an American right-handed pitcher and right fielder in Major League Baseball who played primarily for the St. Louis Browns and Brooklyn Bridegrooms. Born in Memphis, Tennessee, Caruthers debuted with a four-hitter for the Browns in late 1884, Caruthers, who stood 57 and weighed 138 pounds, led the team to its first pennant the following year. He led the league in wins, ERA, shutouts and winning percentage in 1885, in 1886 he also played right field when not pitching, batting.334 to place him among the leagues top five hitters, and leading the league in on-base percentage. Brooklyn changed leagues following the 1889 season, joining the National League, in 1890, Caruthers posted a record of 23–11 as Brooklyn won the NL title in their first season in the league, he also saw considerable playing time in left field and batted.265. In 1891 his record slipped to 18–14, and he played occasionally in right field though he hit.281.277 with 69 RBI. He also managed the team for the third of the season. He continued to play in the leagues until 1898. During his career Caruthers threw 298 career complete games among his 310 starts, including 24 shutouts and he also batted.282 lifetime with 29 home runs and 359 RBI. He was the only 19th-century pitcher to lead the league in winning three times. Caruthers is often considered one of the most deserving candidates for the Baseball Hall of Fame, the reduction of two losses would increase his career winning percentage to.691, placing him behind only Spud Chandler who compiled a record of.717 over 150 decisions. On August 5,1911, Caruthers died after an illness in Peoria, Illinois. Caruthers was under a minor league baseball umpiring contract with the Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League at the time of his death
