1.
Mac OS 9
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Mac OS9 is the ninth and final major release of Apples classic Mac OS operating system. While Mac OS9 lacks protected memory and full pre-emptive multitasking, lasting improvements include the introduction of an automated Software Update engine, Apple discontinued development of Mac OS9 in 2001, transitioning all future development to macOS, then named Mac OS X. Since that time, no updates have been released, the final updates to Mac OS9 addressed compatibility issues with macOS while running in the Classic Environment and compatibility with Carbon applications. At the 2002 World Wide Developers Conference, Steve Jobs began his address by staging a mock funeral for OS9. Mac OS9 also featured integrated support for Apple’s suite of Internet services known as iTools, other features new to Mac OS9 include, Integrated support for multiple user accounts without using At Ease. Support for voice login through VoicePrint passwords, keychain, a feature allowing users to save passwords and textual data encrypted in protected keychains. A Software Update control panel for automatic download and installation of Apple system software updates, a redesigned Sound control panel and support for USB audio. Speakable Items 2.0, also known as PlainTalk, featuring improved speech synthesis, remote Access Personal Server 3.5, including support for TCP/IP clients over Point-to-Point Protocol. An updated version of AppleScript with support for TCP/IP, USB Printer Sharing, a control panel allowing certain USB printers to be shared across a TCP/IP network. 128-bit file encryption in the Finder, support for files larger than 2 GB. This is achieved through running Mac OS9 without access to Finder inside OS X and this requires Mac OS9 to be installed on the computer, even if computers that can run the Classic environment are not necessarily able to boot into Mac OS9. Some Mac OS9 applications do not run well in Classic and they demonstrate screen redraw problems and lagging performance. In addition, some drivers and other software directly interact with the hardware fail to work properly. In May 2002, at Apples Worldwide Developers Conference in San Jose, California, Steve Jobs, accompanied by a coffin, Mac OS9.2.2, released in December 2001, was the final version of Mac OS9 and the classic Mac OS. In June 2005, Jobs announced that the Macintosh platform would be transitioning to Intel x86 microprocessors, developer documentation of the Rosetta PowerPC emulation layer revealed that applications written for Mac OS8 or 9 would not run on x86-based Macs. The Classic Environment remains in the PowerPC version of OS X10.4, however, as a workaround for Intel-based Macs, Mac OS9 can be emulated up to version 9.0.4 by using SheepShaver, a PowerPC emulator. It cannot emulate above 9.0.4 because SheepShaver does not emulate a memory management unit, the PearPC PowerPC emulator does not support Mac OS9. While Mac OS9 is no longer supported by Apple, retail copies are available from several Internet businesses at varying prices
2.
Software developer
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A software developer is a person concerned with facets of the software development process, including the research, design, programming, and testing of computer software. Other job titles which are used with similar meanings are programmer, software analyst. According to developer Eric Sink, the differences between system design, software development, and programming are more apparent, even more so that developers become systems architects, those who design the multi-leveled architecture or component interactions of a large software system. In a large company, there may be employees whose sole responsibility consists of one of the phases above. In smaller development environments, a few people or even an individual might handle the complete process. The word software was coined as a prank as early as 1953, before this time, computers were programmed either by customers, or the few commercial computer vendors of the time, such as UNIVAC and IBM. The first company founded to provide products and services was Computer Usage Company in 1955. The software industry expanded in the early 1960s, almost immediately after computers were first sold in mass-produced quantities, universities, government, and business customers created a demand for software. Many of these programs were written in-house by full-time staff programmers, some were distributed freely between users of a particular machine for no charge. Others were done on a basis, and other firms such as Computer Sciences Corporation started to grow. The computer/hardware makers started bundling operating systems, systems software and programming environments with their machines, new software was built for microcomputers, so other manufacturers including IBM, followed DECs example quickly, resulting in the IBM AS/400 amongst others. The industry expanded greatly with the rise of the computer in the mid-1970s. In the following years, it created a growing market for games, applications. DOS, Microsofts first operating system product, was the dominant operating system at the time, by 2014 the role of cloud developer had been defined, in this context, one definition of a developer in general was published, Developers make software for the world to use. The job of a developer is to crank out code -- fresh code for new products, code fixes for maintenance, code for business logic, bus factor Software Developer description from the US Department of Labor
3.
Adobe Systems
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Adobe Systems Incorporated /əˈdoʊbiː/ is an American multinational computer software company. The company is headquartered in San Jose, California, United States, Adobe has historically focused upon the creation of multimedia and creativity software products, with a more recent foray towards rich Internet application software development. It is best known for Photoshop, an image editing software, Acrobat Reader, Adobe was founded in February 1982 by John Warnock and Charles Geschke, who established the company after leaving Xerox PARC in order to develop and sell the PostScript page description language. In 1985, Apple Computer licensed PostScript for use in its LaserWriter printers, as of 2015, Adobe Systems has about 13,500 employees, about 40% of whom work in San Jose. The name of the company, Adobe, comes from Adobe Creek in Los Altos, California, Adobes corporate logo features a stylized A and was designed by the wife of John Warnock, Marva Warnock, who is a graphic designer. Adobes first products after PostScript were digital fonts, which released in a proprietary format called Type 1. Apple subsequently developed a standard, TrueType, which provided full scalability and precise control of the pixel pattern created by the fonts outlines. In the mid-1980s, Adobe entered the software market with Illustrator. Illustrator, which grew from the firms in-house font-development software, helped popularize PostScript-enabled laser printers, Adobe Systems entered NASDAQ in 1986. Its revenue has grown from roughly $1 billion in 1999 to roughly $4 billion in 2012, Adobes fiscal years run from December to November. For example, the 2007 fiscal year ended on November 30,2007, in 1989, Adobe introduced what was to become its flagship product, a graphics editing program for the Macintosh called Photoshop. Stable and full-featured, Photoshop 1.0 was ably marketed by Adobe, in 1993, Adobe introduced PDF, the Portable Document Format, and its Adobe Acrobat and Reader software. PDF is now an International Standard, ISO 32000-1,2008, in December 1991, Adobe released Adobe Premiere, which Adobe rebranded as Adobe Premiere Pro in 2003. In 1992, Adobe acquired OCR Systems, Inc, in 1994, Adobe acquired Aldus and added PageMaker and After Effects to its product line later in the year, it also controls the TIFF file format. In 1995, Adobe added FrameMaker, the long-document DTP application, in 1996, Adobe Systems Inc added Ares Software Corp. In 2002, Adobe acquired Canadian company Accelio, on December 12,2005, Adobe acquired its main rival, Macromedia, in a stock swap valued at about $3. Adobe released Adobe Media Player in April 2008, on April 27, Adobe discontinued development and sales of its older HTML/web development software, GoLive in favor of Dreamweaver. Adobe offered a discount on Dreamweaver for GoLive users and supports those who still use GoLive with online tutorials, on June 1, Adobe launched Acrobat. com, a series of web applications geared for collaborative work
4.
Software release life cycle
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Usage of the alpha/beta test terminology originated at IBM. As long ago as the 1950s, IBM used similar terminology for their hardware development, a test was the verification of a new product before public announcement. B test was the verification before releasing the product to be manufactured, C test was the final test before general availability of the product. Martin Belsky, a manager on some of IBMs earlier software projects claimed to have invented the terminology, IBM dropped the alpha/beta terminology during the 1960s, but by then it had received fairly wide notice. The usage of beta test to refer to testing done by customers was not done in IBM, rather, IBM used the term field test. Pre-alpha refers to all activities performed during the project before formal testing. These activities can include requirements analysis, software design, software development, in typical open source development, there are several types of pre-alpha versions. Milestone versions include specific sets of functions and are released as soon as the functionality is complete, the alpha phase of the release life cycle is the first phase to begin software testing. In this phase, developers generally test the software using white-box techniques, additional validation is then performed using black-box or gray-box techniques, by another testing team. Moving to black-box testing inside the organization is known as alpha release, alpha software can be unstable and could cause crashes or data loss. Alpha software may not contain all of the features that are planned for the final version, in general, external availability of alpha software is uncommon in proprietary software, while open source software often has publicly available alpha versions. The alpha phase usually ends with a freeze, indicating that no more features will be added to the software. At this time, the software is said to be feature complete, Beta, named after the second letter of the Greek alphabet, is the software development phase following alpha. Software in the stage is also known as betaware. Beta phase generally begins when the software is complete but likely to contain a number of known or unknown bugs. Software in the phase will generally have many more bugs in it than completed software, as well as speed/performance issues. The focus of beta testing is reducing impacts to users, often incorporating usability testing, the process of delivering a beta version to the users is called beta release and this is typically the first time that the software is available outside of the organization that developed it. Beta version software is useful for demonstrations and previews within an organization
5.
Operating system
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An operating system is system software that manages computer hardware and software resources and provides common services for computer programs. All computer programs, excluding firmware, require a system to function. Operating systems are found on many devices that contain a computer – from cellular phones, the dominant desktop operating system is Microsoft Windows with a market share of around 83. 3%. MacOS by Apple Inc. is in place, and the varieties of Linux is in third position. Linux distributions are dominant in the server and supercomputing sectors, other specialized classes of operating systems, such as embedded and real-time systems, exist for many applications. A single-tasking system can run one program at a time. Multi-tasking may be characterized in preemptive and co-operative types, in preemptive multitasking, the operating system slices the CPU time and dedicates a slot to each of the programs. Unix-like operating systems, e. g. Solaris, Linux, cooperative multitasking is achieved by relying on each process to provide time to the other processes in a defined manner. 16-bit versions of Microsoft Windows used cooperative multi-tasking, 32-bit versions of both Windows NT and Win9x, used preemptive multi-tasking. Single-user operating systems have no facilities to distinguish users, but may allow multiple programs to run in tandem, a distributed operating system manages a group of distinct computers and makes them appear to be a single computer. The development of networked computers that could be linked and communicate with each other gave rise to distributed computing, distributed computations are carried out on more than one machine. When computers in a work in cooperation, they form a distributed system. The technique is used both in virtualization and cloud computing management, and is common in large server warehouses, embedded operating systems are designed to be used in embedded computer systems. They are designed to operate on small machines like PDAs with less autonomy and they are able to operate with a limited number of resources. They are very compact and extremely efficient by design, Windows CE and Minix 3 are some examples of embedded operating systems. A real-time operating system is a system that guarantees to process events or data by a specific moment in time. A real-time operating system may be single- or multi-tasking, but when multitasking, early computers were built to perform a series of single tasks, like a calculator. Basic operating system features were developed in the 1950s, such as resident monitor functions that could run different programs in succession to speed up processing
6.
Windows XP
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Windows XP is a personal computer operating system that was produced by Microsoft as part of the Windows NT family of operating systems. It was released to manufacturing on August 24,2001, however, in January 2000, both projects were shelved in favor of a single OS codenamed Whistler, which would serve as a single OS platform for both consumer and business markets. Windows XP was an advance from the MS-DOS based versions of Windows in security, stability. It introduced a significantly redesigned graphical user interface and was the first version of Windows to use product activation in an effort to reduce its copyright infringement. Despite some initial concerns over the new licensing model and product activation system, Windows XP eventually proved to be popular and widely used. It is estimated that at least 400 million copies of Windows XP were sold globally within its first five years of availability, sales of Windows XP licenses to original equipment manufacturers ceased on June 30,2008, but continued for netbooks until October 2010. Windows XP remained popular even after the release of newer versions, vistas 2009 successor, Windows 7, only overtook XP in total market share at the end of 2011. Extended support for Windows XP ended on April 8,2014, as of November 2016, Windows XP desktop market share makes it the fourth most popular Windows version after Windows 7, Windows 10 and Windows 8.1. Windows XP is still popular in some countries, Africa as a whole and in Asia, e. g. in China. A number of activity centers were planned, serving as hubs for email communications, playing music, managing or viewing photos, searching the Internet, however, the project proved to be too ambitious. Microsoft discussed a plan to delay Neptune in favor of an interim OS known as Asteroid, which would have been an update to Windows 2000, and since Neptune and Odyssey would be based on the same code-base anyway, it made sense to combine them into a single project. In June 2000, Microsoft began the technical beta testing process, Whistler was expected to be available in Personal, Professional, Server, Advanced Server. At PDC on July 13,2000, Microsoft announced that Whistler would be released during the half of 2001. Build 2257 featured further refinements to the Watercolor theme, along with the introduction of the two-column Start menu. Microsoft released Whistler Beta 1, build 2296, on October 31,2000, build 2410 in January 2001 introduced Internet Explorer 6.0 and the Microsoft Product Activation system. Making it very friendly for the user to use. Builds 2416 and 2419 added the File and Transfer Settings Wizard, on February 5,2001, Microsoft officially announced that Whistler would be known as Windows XP, where XP stands for experience. As a complement, the version of Microsoft Office was also announced as Office XP
7.
OS/2
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OS/2 is a series of computer operating systems, initially created by Microsoft and IBM, then later developed by IBM exclusively. The name stands for Operating System/2, because it was introduced as part of the generation change release as IBMs Personal System/2 line of second-generation personal computers. The first version of OS/2 was released in December 1987 and newer versions were released until December 2001, OS/2 was intended as a protected mode successor of PC DOS. Because of this heritage, OS/2 shares similarities with Unix, Xenix, IBM discontinued its support for OS/2 on 31 December 2006. Since then, it has been updated, maintained and marketed under the name eComStation, in 2015 it was announced that a new OEM distribution of OS/2 would be released that was to be called ArcaOS. The development of OS/2 began when IBM and Microsoft signed the Joint Development Agreement in August 1985 and it was code-named CP/DOS and it took two years for the first product to be delivered. OS/21.0 was announced in April 1987 and released in December, the original release is textmode-only, and a GUI was introduced with OS/21.1 about a year later. OS/2 features an API for controlling the display and handling keyboard. In addition, development tools include a subset of the video, a task-switcher named Program Selector is available through the Ctrl-Esc hotkey combination, allowing the user to select among multitasked text-mode sessions. Communications and database-oriented extensions were delivered in 1988, as part of OS/21.0 Extended Edition, SNA, X. 25/APPC/LU6.2, LAN Manager, Query Manager, SQL. The promised graphical user interface, Presentation Manager, was introduced with OS/21.1 in October,1988 and it had a similar user interface to Windows 2.1, which was released in May of that year. The Extended Edition of 1.1, sold only through IBM sales channels, introduced distributed database support to IBM database systems, in 1989, Version 1.2 introduced Installable Filesystems and notably the HPFS filesystem. HPFS provided a number of improvements over the older FAT file system, including long filenames, in addition, extended attributes were also added to the FAT file system. The Extended Edition of 1.2 introduced TCP/IP and Ethernet support, OS/2 and Windows-related books of the late 1980s acknowledged the existence of both systems and promoted OS/2 as the system for the future. The collaboration between IBM and Microsoft unravelled in 1990, between the releases of Windows 3.0 and OS/21.3, during this time, Windows 3.0 became a tremendous success, selling millions of copies in its first year. Much of its success was because Windows 3.0 was bundled with most new computers, OS/2, on the other hand, was available only as an expensive stand-alone software package. In addition, OS/2 lacked device drivers for many devices such as printers. Windows, on the hand, supported a much larger variety of hardware
8.
Desktop publishing
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Desktop publishing is the creation of documents using page layout skills on a personal computer primarily for print. Desktop publishing software can generate layouts and produce typographic quality text and images comparable to traditional typography and this technology allows individuals, businesses, and other organizations to self-publish a wide range of printed matter. Desktop publishing is also the reference for digital typography. When used skillfully, desktop publishing allows the user to produce a variety of materials, from menus to magazines and books. Desktop publishing methods provide more control over design, layout, however, word processing software has evolved to include some, though by no means all, capabilities previously available only with professional printing or desktop publishing. Although what is classified as DTP software is usually limited to print and PDF publications, the content produced by desktop publishers may also be exported and used for electronic media. Desktop publishing began in 1983 with a developed by James Davise at a community newspaper in Philadelphia. The program Type Processor One ran on a PC using a card for a WYSIWYG display and was offered commercially by Best info in 1984. Later on, Adobe PageMaker overtook Microsoft Word in professional DTP in 1985, before the advent of desktop publishing, the only option available to most people for producing typed documents was a typewriter, which offered only a handful of typefaces and one or two font sizes. Indeed, one popular desktop publishing book was entitled The Mac is not a typewriter, newspapers and other print publications made the move to DTP-based programs from older layout systems such as Atex and other programs in the early 1980s. By the standards of the 2010s, early 1980s desktop publishing was a primitive affair, however, it was a revolutionary combination at the time, and was received with considerable acclaim. Behind-the-scenes technologies developed by Adobe Systems set the foundation for professional desktop publishing applications, the LaserWriter and LaserWriter Plus printers included high quality, scalable Adobe PostScript fonts built into their ROM memory. Macintosh-based systems continued to dominate the market into 1986, when the GEM-based Ventura Publisher was introduced for MS-DOS computers and this made it suitable for manuals and other long-format documents. Software was published even for 8-bit computers like the Apple II and Commodore 64, Home Publisher, The Newsroom, however, some desktop publishers who mastered the programs were able to realize truly professional results. DTP skill levels range from what may be learned in a few hours to what requires a college education, the discipline of DTP skills range from technical skills such as prepress production and programming to creative skills such as communication design and graphic image development. There are two types of pages in desktop publishing, electronic pages and virtual paper pages to be printed on physical paper pages, all computerized documents are technically electronic, which are limited in size only by computer memory or computer data storage space. Some desktop publishing programs allow custom sizes designated for large format printing used in posters, billboards, a virtual page for printing has a predesignated size of virtual printing material and can be viewed on a monitor in WYSIWYG format. Each page for printing has trim sizes and an area if bleed printing is not possible as is the case with most desktop printers
9.
Software license
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A software license is a legal instrument governing the use or redistribution of software. Under United States copyright law all software is copyright protected, in code as also object code form. The only exception is software in the public domain, most distributed software can be categorized according to its license type. Two common categories for software under copyright law, and therefore with licenses which grant the licensee specific rights, are proprietary software and free, unlicensed software outside the copyright protection is either public domain software or software which is non-distributed, non-licensed and handled as internal business trade secret. Contrary to popular belief, distributed unlicensed software is copyright protected. Examples for this are unauthorized software leaks or software projects which are placed on public software repositories like GitHub without specified license. As voluntarily handing software into the domain is problematic in some international law domains, there are also licenses granting PD-like rights. Therefore, the owner of a copy of software is legally entitled to use that copy of software. Hence, if the end-user of software is the owner of the respective copy, as many proprietary licenses only enumerate the rights that the user already has under 17 U. S. C. §117, and yet proclaim to take away from the user. Proprietary software licenses often proclaim to give software publishers more control over the way their software is used by keeping ownership of each copy of software with the software publisher. The form of the relationship if it is a lease or a purchase, for example UMG v. Augusto or Vernor v. Autodesk. The ownership of goods, like software applications and video games, is challenged by licensed. The Swiss based company UsedSoft innovated the resale of business software and this feature of proprietary software licenses means that certain rights regarding the software are reserved by the software publisher. Therefore, it is typical of EULAs to include terms which define the uses of the software, the most significant effect of this form of licensing is that, if ownership of the software remains with the software publisher, then the end-user must accept the software license. In other words, without acceptance of the license, the end-user may not use the software at all, one example of such a proprietary software license is the license for Microsoft Windows. The most common licensing models are per single user or per user in the appropriate volume discount level, Licensing per concurrent/floating user also occurs, where all users in a network have access to the program, but only a specific number at the same time. Another license model is licensing per dongle which allows the owner of the dongle to use the program on any computer, Licensing per server, CPU or points, regardless the number of users, is common practice as well as site or company licenses
10.
Macintosh
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The Macintosh (/ˈmækᵻntɒʃ/ MAK-in-tosh, is a series of personal computers designed, developed, and marketed by Apple Inc. Steve Jobs introduced the original Macintosh computer on January 24,1984 and this was the companys first mass-market personal computer featuring an integral graphical user interface and mouse. This first model was renamed to Macintosh 128k for uniqueness amongst a populous family of subsequently updated models which are also based on Apples same proprietary architecture. Since 1998, Apple has largely phased out the Macintosh name in favor of Mac, Macintosh systems still found success in education and desktop publishing and kept Apple as the second-largest PC manufacturer for the next decade. In the 1990s, improvements in the rival Wintel platform, notably with the introduction of Windows 3.0, then Windows 95, gradually took market share from the more expensive Macintosh systems. The performance advantage of 68000-based Macintosh systems was eroded by Intels Pentium, even after a transition to the superior PowerPC-based Power Macintosh line in 1994, the falling prices of commodity PC components and the release of Windows 95 saw the Macintosh user base decline. In 1998, after the return of Steve Jobs, Apple consolidated its multiple consumer-level desktop models into the all-in-one iMac G3, since their transition to Intel processors in 2006, the complete lineup is entirely based on said processors and associated systems. Its current lineup comprises three desktops, and three laptops and its Xserve server was discontinued in 2011 in favor of the Mac Mini and Mac Pro. Apple also develops the operating system for the Mac, currently macOS version 10.12 Sierra, Macs are currently capable of running non-Apple operating systems such as Linux, OpenBSD, and Microsoft Windows with the aid of Boot Camp or third-party software. Apple does not license macOS for use on computers, though it did license previous versions of the classic Mac OS through their Macintosh clone program from 1995 to 1997. The Macintosh project was begun in 1979 by Jef Raskin, an Apple employee who envisioned an easy-to-use, in 1978 Apple began to organize the Apple Lisa project, aiming to build a next-generation machine similar to an advanced Apple III or the yet-to-be-introduced IBM PC. In 1979, Steve Jobs learned of the work on graphical user interfaces taking place at Xerox PARC. He arranged a deal in which Xerox received Apple stock options in return for which Apple would license their designs, the basic layout of the Lisa was largely complete by 1982, at which point Jobs continual suggestions for improvements led to him being kicked off the project. At the same time that the Lisa was becoming a GUI machine in 1979, the design at that time was for a low-cost, easy-to-use machine for the average consumer. Raskin was authorized to start hiring for the project in September 1979 and his initial team would eventually consist of himself, Howard, Joanna Hoffman, Burrell Smith, and Bud Tribble. Smiths design used fewer RAM chips than the Lisa, which production of the board significantly more cost-efficient. Though there were no memory slots, its RAM was expandable to 512 kB by means of soldering sixteen IC sockets to accept 256 kb RAM chips in place of the factory-installed chips. The final products screen was a 9-inch, 512x342 pixel monochrome display, burrels innovative design, combining the low production cost of an Apple II with the computing power of Lisas Motorola 68000 CPU, began to receive Jobs attentions
11.
Graphical user interface
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GUIs were introduced in reaction to the perceived steep learning curve of command-line interfaces, which require commands to be typed on a computer keyboard. The actions in a GUI are usually performed through direct manipulation of the graphical elements, beyond computers, GUIs are used in many handheld mobile devices such as MP3 players, portable media players, gaming devices, smartphones and smaller household, office and industrial controls. Designing the visual composition and temporal behavior of a GUI is an important part of application programming in the area of human–computer interaction. Its goal is to enhance the efficiency and ease of use for the logical design of a stored program. Methods of user-centered design are used to ensure that the language introduced in the design is well-tailored to the tasks. The visible graphical interface features of an application are sometimes referred to as chrome or GUI, typically, users interact with information by manipulating visual widgets that allow for interactions appropriate to the kind of data they hold. The widgets of an interface are selected to support the actions necessary to achieve the goals of users. A model–view–controller allows a structure in which the interface is independent from and indirectly linked to application functions. This allows users to select or design a different skin at will, good user interface design relates to users more, and to system architecture less. Large widgets, such as windows, usually provide a frame or container for the main presentation content such as a web page, smaller ones usually act as a user-input tool. A GUI may be designed for the requirements of a market as application-specific graphical user interfaces. By the 1990s, cell phones and handheld game systems also employed application specific touchscreen GUIs, newer automobiles use GUIs in their navigation systems and multimedia centers, or navigation multimedia center combinations. Sample graphical desktop environments A GUI uses a combination of technologies and devices to provide a platform that users can interact with, a series of elements conforming a visual language have evolved to represent information stored in computers. This makes it easier for people with few computer skills to work with, the most common combination of such elements in GUIs is the windows, icons, menus, pointer paradigm, especially in personal computers. The WIMP style of interaction uses a virtual device to represent the position of a pointing device, most often a mouse. Available commands are compiled together in menus, and actions are performed making gestures with the pointing device, a window manager facilitates the interactions between windows, applications, and the windowing system. The windowing system handles hardware devices such as pointing devices, graphics hardware, window managers and other software combine to simulate the desktop environment with varying degrees of realism. Smaller mobile devices such as personal assistants and smartphones typically use the WIMP elements with different unifying metaphors, due to constraints in space
12.
LaserWriter
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The LaserWriter is a laser printer with built-in PostScript interpreter introduced by Apple Computer in 1985. It was one of the first laser printers available to the mass market, laser printing traces its history to efforts by Gary Starkweather at Xerox in 1969, which resulted in a commercial system called the Xerox 9700. IBM followed this with the IBM3800 system in 1976, both machines were large, room-filling devices handling the combined output of many users. During the mid-1970s, Canon started working on machines, and partnered with Hewlett-Packard to produce 1980s HP2680. Other copier companies also started development of similar systems, HP introduced their first desktop model with a Ricoh engine for $12,800 in 1983. Sales of the product were unsurprisingly poor. In 1983 Canon introduced the LBP-CX, a laser printer engine using a laser diode. In 1984, HP released the first commercially available based on the LBP-CX. Steve Jobs of Apple Computer had seen the LPB-CX while negotiating for supplies of 3.5 floppy disk drives for the upcoming Apple Macintosh computer. Meanwhile, John Warnock had left Xerox to found Adobe Systems in order to commercialize PostScript, Jobs was aware of Warnocks efforts, and on his return to California he started working on convincing Warnock to allow Apple to license PostScript for a new printer that Apple would sell. Negotiations between Apple and Adobe over the use of Postscript began in 1983 and an agreement was reached in December 1983, Jobs eventually arranged for Apple to buy $2.5 million in Adobe stock. Arranging his own funding through a venture firm, Brainerd formed Aldus. The VC coined the term desktop publishing during this time, the LaserWriter was announced at Apples annual shareholder meeting on January 23,1985, the same day Aldus announced PageMaker. Shipments began in March 1985 at the price of US$6,995. The combination of the LaserWriter, PostScript, PageMaker and the Macs GUI, at the time, Apple planned to release a suite of AppleTalk products as part of the Macintosh Office, with the LaserWriter being only the first component. HPs own LaserJet was driven by a page description language, known as Printer Command Language. The version for the LaserJet, PCL4, was adapted from inkjet printers with the addition of downloadable bitmapped fonts. It lacked the power and flexibility of PostScript until several upgrades provided some level of parity and it was some time before similar products became available on other platforms, by which time the Mac had ridden the desktop publishing market to success
13.
IBM PC compatible
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IBM PC compatible computers are those similar to the original IBM PC, XT, and AT, able to run the same software and support the same expansion cards as those. Such computers used to be referred to as PC clones, or IBM clones, Columbia Data Products built the first clone of the IBM personal computer by a clean room implementation of its BIOS. Early IBM PC compatibles used the computer bus as the original PC. The IBM AT compatible bus was named the Industry Standard Architecture bus by manufacturers of compatible computers. The term IBM PC compatible is now a historical description only, only the Apple Macintosh classic Mac OS and macOS kept significant market share without compatibility with the IBM personal computer, so consumers are typically identified as being a PC or Mac user. IBM decided in 1980 to market a low-cost single-user computer as quickly as possible in response to Apple Computers success in the microcomputer market. On 12 August 1981, the first IBM PC went on sale, there were three operating systems available for it. The least expensive and most popular was PC DOS made by Microsoft, in a crucial concession, IBMs agreement allowed Microsoft to sell its own version, MS-DOS, for non-IBM computers. The only component of the original PC architecture exclusive to IBM was the BIOS and this software would run on any machine using MS-DOS or PC-DOS. Software that directly addressed the hardware instead of making standard calls was faster, however, software addressing IBM PC hardware in this way would not run on MS-DOS machines with different hardware. The 808x computer marketplace rapidly excluded all machines which were not hardware-, the 640 KB barrier on conventional system memory available to MS-DOS is a legacy of that period, other non-clone machines, while subject to a limit, could exceed 640 kB. Rumors of lookalike, compatible computers, created without IBMs approval, by June 1983 PC Magazine defined PC clone as a computer accommodate the user who takes a disk home from an IBM PC, walks across the room, and plugs it into the foreign machine. Because of a shortage of IBM PCs that year, many customers purchased clones instead, Columbia Data Products produced the first computer more or less compatible to the IBM PC standard during June 1982, soon followed by Eagle Computer. Compaq announced its first IBM PC compatible in November 1982, the Compaq Portable, the Compaq was the first sewing machine-sized portable computer that was essentially 100% PC-compatible. The company could not copy the BIOS directly as a result of the decision in Apple v. Franklin. Each computer would have its own Original Equipment Manufacturer version of MS-DOS, any software written for MS-DOS would operate on any MS-DOS computer, despite variations in hardware design. This expectation seemed reasonable in the marketplace of the time. Until then Microsoft was based primarily on computer languages such as BASIC, the established small system operating software was CP/M from Digital Research which was in use both at the hobbyist level and by the more professional of those using microcomputers
14.
Windows 1.0
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Windows 1.0 is a graphical personal computer operating environment developed by Microsoft. Windows 1.0 was released on November 20,1985 and it runs as a graphical, 16-bit multi-tasking shell on top of an existing MS-DOS installation. It provides an environment which can run graphical programs designed for Windows and its development was spearheaded by the company founder Bill Gates after he saw a demonstration of a similar software suite known as Visi On at COMDEX. Despite positive responses to its early presentations and support from a number of hardware and software makers, critics felt Windows 1.0 did not meet their expectations. In particular, they felt that Windows 1, despite these criticisms, Windows 1.0 was an important milestone for Microsoft, as it introduced the Microsoft Windows line, and in computer history in general. Windows 1.0 was declared obsolete and Microsoft stopped providing support, the development of Windows began after Microsoft founder Bill Gates saw a demonstration at COMDEX1982 of VisiCorps Visi On, a graphical user interface software suite for IBM PC compatible computers. Microsoft first presented Windows to the public on November 10,1983, requiring two floppy disk drives and 192 KB of RAM, Microsoft described the software as a device driver for MS-DOS2.0. Many manufacturers of MS-DOS computers such as Compaq, Zenith, and DEC promised to support, as did software companies such as Ashton-Tate. From early in Windows history Gates viewed it as Microsofts future, were also saying that only applications that take advantage of Windows will be competitive in the long run. IBM was notably absent from Microsofts announcement, and by late 1984 the press reported a War of the Windows between Windows, IBMs TopView, and Digital Researchs Graphics Environment Manager. Microsoft had promised in November 1983 to ship Windows by April 1984, but subsequently denied that it had announced a release date, and predicted that Windows would ship by June 1985. Deemphasizing multitasking, the stated that Windows purpose, unlike that of TopView, was to turn the computer into a graphics-rich environment while using less memory. Windows 1.0 was officially released on November 20,1985, version 1.01, released in 1985, was the first point-release after Windows 1.00. Version 1.02, released in May 1986, was an international release, version 1.03, released in August 1986, included enhancements that made it consistent with the international release. It included drivers for European keyboards and additional screen and printer drivers, version 1.04, released in April 1987, added support for the new IBM PS/2 computers, although no support for PS/2 mice or new VGA graphics modes was provided. At the same time, Microsoft and IBM announced the introduction of OS/2 and its graphical OS/2 Presentation Manager, in November 1987, Windows 1.0 was succeeded by Windows 2.0. Microsoft supported Windows 1.0 for 16 years, until December 31,2001 – the longest out of all versions of Windows. Windows 1.0 offers limited multitasking of existing MS-DOS programs and concentrates on creating a paradigm, an execution model
15.
PostScript
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PostScript is a page description language in the electronic publishing and desktop publishing business. It is a typed, concatenative programming language and was created at Adobe Systems by John Warnock, Charles Geschke, Doug Brotz, Ed Taft. The concepts of the PostScript language were seeded in 1976 when John Warnock was working at Evans & Sutherland, at that time John Warnock was developing an interpreter for a large three-dimensional graphics database of New York harbor. Warnock conceived the Design System language to process the graphics, concurrently, researchers at Xerox PARC had developed the first laser printer and had recognized the need for a standard means of defining page images. In 1975-76 Bob Sproull and William Newman developed the Press format, but Press, a data format rather than a language, lacked flexibility, and PARC mounted the Interpress effort to create a successor. In 1978 Evans & Sutherland asked Warnock to move from the San Francisco Bay Area to their headquarters in Utah. He then joined Xerox PARC to work with Martin Newell and they rewrote Design System to create J & M which was used for VLSI design and the investigation of type and graphics printing. This work later evolved and expanded into the Interpress language, Warnock left with Chuck Geschke and founded Adobe Systems in December 1982. They, together with Doug Brotz, Ed Taft and Bill Paxton created a language, similar to Interpress, called PostScript. At about this time they were visited by Steve Jobs, who urged them to adapt PostScript to be used as the language for driving laser printers. In March 1985, the Apple LaserWriter was the first printer to ship with PostScript, the combination of technical merits and widespread availability made PostScript a language of choice for graphical output for printing applications. For a time an interpreter for the PostScript language was a component of laser printers. However, the cost of implementation was high, computers output raw PS code that would be interpreted by the printer into an image at the printers natural resolution. This required high performance microprocessors and ample memory, the LaserWriter used a 12 MHz Motorola 68000, making it faster than any of the Macintosh computers to which it attached. When the laser printer engines themselves cost over a thousand dollars the added cost of PS was marginal, the first version of the PostScript language was released to the market in 1984. The term Level 1 was added when Level 2 was introduced, PostScript 3 came at the end of 1997, and along with many new dictionary-based versions of older operators, introduced better color handling, and new filters. Prior to the introduction of PostScript, printers were designed to print character output given the text—typically in ASCII—as input and this changed to some degree with the increasing popularity of dot matrix printers. The characters on these systems were drawn as a series of dots, dot matrix printers also introduced the ability to print raster graphics
16.
QuarkXPress
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QuarkXPress is a computer application for creating and editing complex page layouts in a WYSIWYG environment. It runs on macOS and Windows and it was first released by Quark, Inc. in 1987 and is still owned and published by them. The most recent version, QuarkXPress 2016, allows publishing in English and 36 other languages, including Arabic, Chinese, Japanese, Portuguese, German, Korean, Russian, French, and Spanish. QuarkXPress once dominated the market for page layout software, with over 95% market share among professional users, as of 2010, one publisher estimated that US market share has fallen to below 25% and Adobe InDesign has become the market leader, although QuarkXPress still had significant market share. The first version of QuarkXPress was released in 1987 for the Macintosh, Five years passed before a Microsoft Windows version followed in 1992. In the 1990s, QuarkXPress became widely used by professional designers, the typesetting industry. In particular, the Mac version of 3.3 was seen as stable and trouble-free, in 1989, QuarkXPress incorporated an application programming interface called XTensions which allows third-party developers to create custom add-on features to the desktop application. Xtensions, along with Apple Computers HyperCard, was one of the first examples of a developer allowing others to create software add-ons for their application, after QuarkXPress 3.3, QuarkXPress was seen as needing significant improvements and users criticized it for its overly long innovation cycles. The release of QuarkXPress version 5 in 2002 led to disappointment from Apples user base, as QuarkXPress did not support Mac OS X, while InDesign 2.0 did, launched in the same week. At the same time, Quark CEO Fred Ebrahimi exclaimed that the Macintosh platform is shrinking, only with Version 6 did QuarkXPress support Mac OS X, however, the first really adopted version was QuarkXPress 7. Quark started to lower its pricing levels in 2004, a QuarkXPress document contains text and graphics boxes. The boxes can be reshaped, layered, and given varying levels of transparency, both box positioning and graphic or text positioning is allowed within a box with an accuracy of one-thousandth of an inch. Color control allows the full-use of printing-press standard Pantone or Hexachrome inks, draft output can be printed on conventional desktop printers. Process color separation films can be produced for printing-presses, QuarkXPress also offers the ability for composite work-flows, both with PostScript and PDF output. QuarkXPress offers layout synchronization, multiple undo/redo functionality, XML and web page features, documents can be verified before printing. This high-level print preview automatically identifies conflicts and other printing problems, Adobe has a similar feature in InDesign. Composition zones feature makes it the only desktop application with multi-user capabilities by allowing users to edit different zones on the same page. Composition Zones pushes collaboration a step further than just simultaneous text/picture, as it allows layout, user-defined rules, output specs, and layout specs can be used for intelligent templates and enable resource sharing
17.
Corel Ventura
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Ventura Publisher was the first popular desktop publishing package for IBM PC compatible computers running the GEM extension to the DOS operating system. The software was developed by Ventura Software, a small software company founded by John Meyer, Don Heiskel. It ran under an included run-time copy of Digital Research, Inc. s Graphics Environment Manager, the first version of Ventura Publisher was released in 1986. Ventura Publisher was distributed exclusively by Xerox from its first shipment in 1986 until Ventura Software sold the source code to Xerox in 1990. The original Ventura Software ceased operations in February 1990, and a new Ventura Software Inc. was formed at that time, the developers from the original company worked with the new Xerox Ventura Software company to produce Version 3.0 Gold. This was released in late 1990, besides DOS/GEM, it was also available for Win16, Mac, and OS/2. The three founders of the original Ventura Software no longer worked on the product after November 1990, Version 4.0 was released in 1991. The last version released by Ventura Software Inc. was 4.1.1 in 1993 and this allowed users to continue using their favorite word processors for major text changes, spelling checks, and so forth. When working with the files outside of Ventura Publisher, these paragraph tags and special character and attribute codes could be freely changed and these tags looked very much like HTML tags. Ventura Publisher was the first major typesetting program to incorporate the concept of an implicit underlying page frame and it produced documents with a high degree of internal consistency, unless specifically overridden by the user. Its concepts of free-flowing text, paragraph tagging, and codes for attributes, likewise, its concept of publication files that tie together chapter files gave it the ability to handle documents hundreds of pages in length as easily as a four-page newsletter. The application was acquired by Corel in 1993 and it was repackaged and soon released as Corel Ventura 4.2 without any major change in the application, other than to drop all support for platforms other than Microsoft Windows. The first real Corel version was 5.0, released in 1994, because of this, and because of escalating requirements of the various Corel versions, the original DOS/GEM edition still has a small number of die-hard users. The application was rewritten for the Win32 platform and was released in 1996, Corel Ventura 8 was released in 1998. The latest version is Corel Ventura 10, this runs in Windows 10 with compatibility mode. Also run over linux ubuntu 16.04 / wine, inclusive in live USB mode, as an application with strengths in more structured documents, its main competitors are FrameMaker, InDesign and QuarkXPress. Desktop Publishing Using Ventura ™ on the IBM-PC, Don Busché, Saddleback College, with Bernice Glenn, Desktop Publishing and Design Consultant. Paperback,270 pages, includes illustrations and 5 1/4 floppy data disk
18.
Adobe InDesign
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Adobe InDesign is a desktop publishing software application produced by Adobe Systems. It can be used to create such as posters, flyers, brochures, magazines, newspapers. InDesign can also publish content suitable for devices in conjunction with Adobe Digital Publishing Suite. Graphic designers and production artists are the users, creating and laying out periodical publications, posters. It also supports export to EPUB and SWF formats to create e-books and digital publications, including digital magazines, in addition, InDesign supports XML, style sheets, and other coding markup, making it suitable for exporting tagged text content for use in other digital and online formats. The Adobe InCopy word processor uses the same formatting engine as InDesign, InDesign is the successor to Adobe PageMaker, which was acquired with the purchase of Aldus in late 1994. By 1998 PageMaker had lost almost the entire professional market to the comparatively feature-rich QuarkXPress 3.3, released in 1992, quark stated its intention to buy out Adobe and to divest the combined company of PageMaker to avoid anti-trust issues. Adobe rebuffed the offer and instead continued to work on a new page layout application, the project had been started by Aldus and was code-named Shuksan. It was later code-named K2 and was released as InDesign 1.0 in 2000, in 2002, InDesign was the first Mac OS X-native desktop publishing software. In version 3 it received a boost in distribution by being bundled with Photoshop, Illustrator, InDesign exports documents in Adobes Portable Document Format and has multilingual support. Later versions of the software introduced new file formats, to support the new features, especially typographic, introduced with InDesign CS, both the program and its document format are not backward-compatible. Instead, InDesign CS2 has the backward-compatible INX format, an XML-based document representation, InDesign CS versions updated with the 3.1 April 2005 update can read InDesign CS2-saved files exported to the. inx format. The InDesign Interchange format does not support versions earlier than InDesign CS, with InDesign CS5, Adobe replaced INX with InDesign Markup Language, another XML-based document representation. Adobe CEO Bruce Chizen had announced that Adobe will be first with a line of universal applications. Adobe developed the CS3 application integrating Macromedia products, rather than recompiling CS2, unfortunately, there are no workarounds for these known issues. Apple fixed this with their OS X10.5.4 update, in October 2005, Adobe released InDesign Server CS2, a modified version of InDesign for Windows and Macintosh server platforms. It does not provide any editing client, rather it is for use by developers in creating client-server solutions with the InDesign plug-in technology, in March 2007 Adobe officially announced Adobe InDesign CS3 Server as part of the Adobe InDesign family. The mime type is not official, newer versions can as a rule open files created by older versions, but the reverse is not true
19.
Hewlett-Packard
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The Hewlett-Packard Company or shortened to Hewlett-Packard was an American multinational information technology company headquartered in Palo Alto, California. The company was founded in a garage in Palo Alto by William Bill Redington Hewlett and David Dave Packard. HP was the worlds leading PC manufacturer from 2007 to Q22013 and it specialized in developing and manufacturing computing, data storage, and networking hardware, designing software and delivering services. HP also had services and consulting business around its products and partner products.4 billion in 2008, in November 2009, HP announced the acquisition of 3Com, with the deal closing on April 12,2010. On April 28,2010, HP announced the buyout of Palm, on September 2,2010, HP won its bidding war for 3PAR with a $33 a share offer, which Dell declined to match. On October 6,2014, Hewlett-Packard announced plans to split the PC and printers business from its enterprise products, the split closed on November 1,2015, and resulted in two publicly traded companies, HP Inc. and Hewlett Packard Enterprise. William Redington Hewlett and David Packard graduated with degrees in engineering from Stanford University in 1935. The company originated in a garage in nearby Palo Alto during a fellowship they had with a past professor, Terman was considered a mentor to them in forming Hewlett-Packard. In 1939, Packard and Hewlett established Hewlett-Packard in Packards garage with a capital investment of US$538. Hewlett and Packard tossed a coin to decide whether the company they founded would be called Hewlett-Packard or Packard-Hewlett, HP incorporated on August 18,1947, and went public on November 6,1957. Of the many projects they worked on, their very first financially successful product was an audio oscillator. This allowed them to sell the Model 200A for $54.40 when competitors were selling less stable oscillators for over $200, the Model 200 series of generators continued until at least 1972 as the 200AB, still tube-based but improved in design through the years. They worked on technology and artillery shell fuses during World War II. Hewlett-Packards HP Associates division, established around 1960, developed semiconductor devices primarily for internal use, instruments and calculators were some of the products using these devices. HP partnered in the 1960s with Sony and the Yokogawa Electric companies in Japan to develop several high-quality products, the products were not a huge success, as there were high costs in building HP-looking products in Japan. HP and Yokogawa formed a joint venture in 1963 to market HP products in Japan, HP bought Yokogawa Electrics share of Hewlett-Packard Japan in 1999. HP spun off a company, Dynac, to specialize in digital equipment. The name was picked so that the HP logo hp could be turned upside down to be a reverse image of the logo dy of the new company
20.
Digital Equipment Corporation
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Digital Equipment Corporation, also known as DEC and using the trademark Digital, was a major American company in the computer industry from the 1950s to the 1990s. DEC was a vendor of computer systems, including computers, software. Their PDP and successor VAX products were the most successful of all minicomputers in terms of sales, DEC was acquired in June 1998 by Compaq, in what was at that time the largest merger in the history of the computer industry. At the time, Compaq was focused on the market and had recently purchased several other large vendors. DEC was a major player overseas where Compaq had less presence, however, Compaq had little idea what to do with its acquisitions, and soon found itself in financial difficulty of its own. The company subsequently merged with Hewlett-Packard in May 2002, as of 2007 some of DECs product lines were still produced under the HP name. From 1957 until 1992, DECs headquarters were located in a wool mill in Maynard. DEC was acquired in June 1998 by Compaq, which merged with Hewlett-Packard in May 2002. Some parts of DEC, notably the business and the Hudson. Initially focusing on the end of the computer market allowed DEC to grow without its potential competitors making serious efforts to compete with them. Their PDP series of machines became popular in the 1960s, especially the PDP-8, looking to simplify and update their line, DEC replaced most of their smaller machines with the PDP-11 in 1970, eventually selling over 600,000 units and cementing DECs position in the industry. Originally designed as a follow-on to the PDP-11, DECs VAX-11 series was the first widely used 32-bit minicomputer and these systems were able to compete in many roles with larger mainframe computers, such as the IBM System/370. The VAX was a best-seller, with over 400,000 sold, at its peak, DEC was the second largest employer in Massachusetts, second only to the Massachusetts State Government. The rapid rise of the business microcomputer in the late 1980s, DECs last major attempt to find a space in the rapidly changing market was the DEC Alpha 64-bit RISC instruction set architecture. DEC initially started work on Alpha as a way to re-implement their VAX series, DEC was acquired in June 1998 by Compaq, in what was at that time the largest merger in the history of the computer industry. At the time, Compaq was focused on the market and had recently purchased several other large vendors. DEC was a major player overseas where Compaq had less presence, however, Compaq had little idea what to do with its acquisitions, and soon found itself in financial difficulty of its own. The company subsequently merged with Hewlett-Packard in May 2002, as of 2007 some of DECs product lines were still produced under the HP name
21.
VAXstation
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The VAXstation was a family of workstation computers developed and manufactured by Digital Equipment Corporation using processors implementing the VAX instruction set architecture. VAX stood for Virtual Address EXtension, introduced in October 1984, it was code named Seahorse, and used the KD32 CPU module containing a 4 MHz MicroVAX I processor. Code named Mayflower, it used the KA630 CPU module containing a 5 MHz MicroVAX78032 microprocessor and it was essentially a MicroVAX II in a workstation configuration. Introduced in December 1985, it was code named Caylith, and was a variant of the VAXstation II with hardware-enhanced, introduced in February 1987, it was code named VAXstar or Kapri, and used the KA410 CPU module containing a 5 MHz MicroVAX II processor with no cache. It was essentially a MicroVAX2000 in a workstation configuration, code named PVAX, it used the KA42-A CPU module containing an 11.12 MHz CVAX microprocessor with a 64 KB external cache. The VT1300 X terminal was essentially a diskless VAXstation 3100 Model 30, code named PVAX rev#7, it used the KA42-B CPU module containing a 16.67 MHz CVAX+ microprocessor with a 64KB external cache. Code named PVAX, it used the KA42-A CPU module containing an 11.12 MHz CVAX+ microprocessor with a 64KB external cache, code named PVAX rev#7, it used the KA42-B CPU module containing a 16.67 MHz CVAX+ microprocessor with a 64KB external cache. Code named RigelMAX, it used the KA43-A CPU module containing a 35.71 MHz Rigel microprocessor with a 128 KB external cache and it provided two separate SCSI buses, one for internal devices and one for external. Code named Mayfair/GPX, it used the KA650 CPU module containing a CVAX chip set operating at 11.12 MHz with 64 KB of external secondary cache. The VAXstation 3520 and VAXstation 3540, code named Firefox, were multiprocessor computers with two or four CVAX chip sets respectively, contained on KA60 CPU modules running at 12.5 MHz and they were positioned as mid-range workstations. The first official announcement from Digital regarding these workstations was on 10 January 1989, the VAXstation 4000 VLC, aka VAXstation 4000 M30, was an entry-level workstation introduced on 30 October 1991. It used the KA48 CPU module containing a 25 MHz SOC microprocessor and it had 8 to 24 MB of memory, using the MS40-BA SIMM, which was a low-height standard 72-pin 80 ns memory module with parity. The VAXstation 4000 Model 60, code named PMariah, was announced on 30 October 1991 and it used the KA46 CPU module containing a Mariah chip set operating at 55 MHz with 256 KB of external cache. It supported 8 to 104 MB of memory, with SIMMs installed in pairs, SIMMs used were the 4 MB MS44L-AA and the 32 MB MS44-DA, which both had parity. It was the first VAX system to use the TURBOchannel interconnect, the upgrade path was to the VAXstation 4000 Model 96. The VAXstation 4000 Model 90, code named Cougar, was a development of the VAXstation 4000 Model 60. Development of the VAXstation 4000 Model 90 began in mid-1991, the workstation used the KA49-A CPU module containing a NVAX microprocessor operating at 74.43 MHz with a 256 KB external secondary cache. The NVAX had a 64-bit data bus to the NMC two gate array, the system module contained eight SIMM slots, and the workstation supported 16 to 128 MB of memory with parity
22.
MS-DOS
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MS-DOS is a discontinued operating system for x86-based personal computers mostly developed by Microsoft. MS-DOS resulted from a request in 1981 by IBM for a system to use in its IBM PC range of personal computers. Microsoft quickly bought the rights to 86-DOS from Seattle Computer Products, IBM licensed and released it in August 1981 as PC DOS1.0 for use in their PCs. During its life, several competing products were released for the x86 platform and it was also the underlying basic operating system on which early versions of Windows ran as a GUI. It is a operating system, and consumes negligible installation space. MS-DOS was a form of 86-DOS – owned by Seattle Computer Products. This first version was shipped in August 1980, Microsoft, which needed an operating system for the IBM Personal Computer hired Tim Paterson in May 1981 and bought 86-DOS1.10 for $75,000 in July of the same year. Microsoft kept the number, but renamed it MS-DOS. They also licensed MS-DOS1. 10/1.14 to IBM, within a year Microsoft licensed MS-DOS to over 70 other companies. It was designed to be an OS that could run on any 8086-family computer, thus, there were many different versions of MS-DOS for different hardware, and there is a major distinction between an IBM-compatible machine and an MS-DOS machine. This design would have worked well for compatibility, if application programs had only used MS-DOS services to perform device I/O, Microsoft omitted multi-user support from MS-DOS because Microsofts Unix-based operating system, Xenix, was fully multi-user. After the breakup of the Bell System, however, AT&T Computer Systems started selling UNIX System V, believing that it could not compete with AT&T in the Unix market, Microsoft abandoned Xenix, and in 1987 transferred ownership of Xenix to the Santa Cruz Operation. On 25 March 2014, Microsoft made the code to SCP MS-DOS1.25, as an April Fools joke in 2015, Microsoft Mobile launched a Windows Phone application called MS-DOS Mobile which was presented as a new mobile operating system and worked similar to MS-DOS. Version 3.1 – Support for Microsoft Networks Version 3.2 – First version to support 3.5 inch,720 kB floppy drives and diskettes. Version 3.21 Version 3.22 – Version 3.25 Version 3.3 – First version to support 3.5 inch,1.44 MB floppy drives and diskettes, Version 3. 3a Version 3.31 – supports FAT16B and larger drives. MS-DOS4.0 and MS-DOS4.1 – A separate branch of development with additional multitasking features and it is unrelated to any later versions, including versions 4.00 and 4.01 listed below MS-DOS4. x – includes a graphical/mouse interface. It had many bugs and compatibility issues. Version 4.00 – First version to support a hard disk partition that is greater than 32 MiB. Version 4.01 – Microsoft rewritten Version 4.00 released under MS-DOS label, First version to introduce volume serial number when formatting hard disks and floppy disks
23.
Windows 2.0
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Windows 2.0 is a 16-bit Microsoft Windows GUI-based operating environment that was released on December 9,1987, and is the successor to Windows 1.0. Windows 2.0 allowed application windows to each other unlike its predecessor Windows 1.0. Windows 2.0 also introduced more sophisticated keyboard-shortcuts and the terminology of Minimize and Maximize, as opposed to Iconize, the basic window setup introduced here would last through Windows 3.1. Like Windows 1. x, Windows 2. x applications cannot be run on Windows 3.1 or up without modifications since they were not designed for protected mode, Windows 2.0 was also the first Windows version to integrate the control panel. New features in Windows 2.0 included VGA graphics and it was also the last version of Windows that did not require a hard disk. With the improved speed, reliability and usability, computers now started becoming a part of life for some workers. Desktop icons and use of keyboard shortcuts helped to speed up the work, the Windows 2. x EGA, VGA, and Tandy drivers notably provided a workaround in Windows 3.0 for users who wanted color graphics on 8086 machines. EMS memory support also appeared for the first time, the first Windows versions of Microsoft Word and Microsoft Excel ran on Windows 2.0. Third-party developer support for Windows increased substantially with this version, however, most developers still maintained DOS versions of their applications, as Windows users were still a distinct minority of their market. Windows 2.0 was still dependent on the DOS system. There were some applications that shipped with Windows 2.0, Apple claimed the look and feel of the Macintosh operating system, taken as a whole, was protected by copyright and that Windows 2.0 violated this copyright by having the same icons. The judge ruled in favor of Hewlett-Packard and Microsoft in all but 10 of the 189 patents that Apple sued for, the exclusive 10 could not be copyrighted, as ruled by the judge
24.
Thread (computing)
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In computer science, a thread of execution is the smallest sequence of programmed instructions that can be managed independently by a scheduler, which is typically a part of the operating system. The implementation of threads and processes differs between operating systems, but in most cases a thread is a component of a process, multiple threads can exist within one process, executing concurrently and sharing resources such as memory, while different processes do not share these resources. In particular, the threads of a process share its executable code, systems with a single processor generally implement multithreading by time slicing, the central processing unit switches between different software threads. This context switching generally happens very often and rapidly enough that users perceive the threads or tasks as running in parallel, Threads made an early appearance in OS/360 Multiprogramming with a Variable Number of Tasks in 1967, in which context they were called tasks. The term thread has been attributed to Victor A. Vyssotsky, some threading implementations are called kernel threads, whereas light-weight processes are a specific type of kernel thread that share the same state and information. Furthermore, programs can have user-space threads when threading with timers, signals, or other methods to interrupt their own execution, in computer programming, single-threading is the processing of one command at a time. The opposite of single-threading is multithreading, while it has been suggested that the term single-threading is misleading, the term has been widely accepted within the functional programming community. Multithreading is mainly found in multitasking operating systems, multithreading is a widespread programming and execution model that allows multiple threads to exist within the context of one process. These threads share the resources, but are able to execute independently. The threaded programming model provides developers with an abstraction of concurrent execution. Multithreading can also be applied to one process to enable parallel execution on a multiprocessing system, multithreaded applications have the following advantages, Responsiveness, multithreading can allow an application to remain responsive to input. In a one-thread program, if the main execution thread blocks on a long-running task, on the other hand, in most cases multithreading is not the only way to keep a program responsive, with non-blocking I/O and/or Unix signals being available for gaining similar results. Lower resource consumption, using threads, an application can serve multiple clients concurrently using fewer resources than it would need when using multiple copies of itself. For example, the Apache HTTP server uses thread pools, a pool of threads for listening to incoming requests. GPU computing environments like CUDA and OpenCL use the model where dozens to hundreds of threads run in parallel across data on a large number of cores. Multithreading has the drawbacks, Synchronization, since threads share the same address space. In order for data to be manipulated, threads will often need to rendezvous in time in order to process the data in the correct order. Threads may also require mutually exclusive operations in order to prevent common data from being simultaneously modified or read while in the process of being modified, careless use of such primitives can lead to deadlocks
25.
MacOS
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Within the market of desktop, laptop and home computers, and by web usage, it is the second most widely used desktop OS after Microsoft Windows. Launched in 2001 as Mac OS X, the series is the latest in the family of Macintosh operating systems, Mac OS X succeeded classic Mac OS, which was introduced in 1984, and the final release of which was Mac OS9 in 1999. An initial, early version of the system, Mac OS X Server 1.0, was released in 1999, the first desktop version, Mac OS X10.0, followed in March 2001. In 2012, Apple rebranded Mac OS X to OS X. Releases were code named after big cats from the release up until OS X10.8 Mountain Lion. Beginning in 2013 with OS X10.9 Mavericks, releases have been named after landmarks in California, in 2016, Apple rebranded OS X to macOS, adopting the nomenclature that it uses for their other operating systems, iOS, watchOS, and tvOS. The latest version of macOS is macOS10.12 Sierra, macOS is based on technologies developed at NeXT between 1985 and 1997, when Apple acquired the company. The X in Mac OS X and OS X is pronounced ten, macOS shares its Unix-based core, named Darwin, and many of its frameworks with iOS, tvOS and watchOS. A heavily modified version of Mac OS X10.4 Tiger was used for the first-generation Apple TV, Apple also used to have a separate line of releases of Mac OS X designed for servers. Beginning with Mac OS X10.7 Lion, the functions were made available as a separate package on the Mac App Store. Releases of Mac OS X from 1999 to 2005 can run only on the PowerPC-based Macs from the time period, Mac OS X10.5 Leopard was released as a Universal binary, meaning the installer disc supported both Intel and PowerPC processors. In 2009, Apple released Mac OS X10.6 Snow Leopard, in 2011, Apple released Mac OS X10.7 Lion, which no longer supported 32-bit Intel processors and also did not include Rosetta. All versions of the system released since then run exclusively on 64-bit Intel CPUs, the heritage of what would become macOS had originated at NeXT, a company founded by Steve Jobs following his departure from Apple in 1985. There, the Unix-like NeXTSTEP operating system was developed, and then launched in 1989 and its graphical user interface was built on top of an object-oriented GUI toolkit using the Objective-C programming language. This led Apple to purchase NeXT in 1996, allowing NeXTSTEP, then called OPENSTEP, previous Macintosh operating systems were named using Arabic numerals, e. g. Mac OS8 and Mac OS9. The letter X in Mac OS Xs name refers to the number 10 and it is therefore correctly pronounced ten /ˈtɛn/ in this context. However, a common mispronunciation is X /ˈɛks/, consumer releases of Mac OS X included more backward compatibility. Mac OS applications could be rewritten to run natively via the Carbon API, the consumer version of Mac OS X was launched in 2001 with Mac OS X10.0. Reviews were variable, with praise for its sophisticated, glossy Aqua interface
26.
SheepShaver
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SheepShaver is an open source PowerPC Apple Macintosh emulator originally designed for BeOS and Linux. The name is a play on ShapeShifter, a Macintosh II emulator for AmigaOS, the ShapeShifter and SheepShaver projects were originally conceived and programmed by Christian Bauer. However, currently, the developer behind SheepShaver, has been Gwenolé Beauchesne. SheepShaver was originally commercial software when first released in 1998, but after the demise of Be Inc. the maker of BeOS, it became open source in 2002. It can be run on both PowerPC and x86 systems, however, it more slowly on an x86 system than on a PowerPC system. SheepShaver has also ported to Microsoft Windows. As a free software, a few variants exist to simplify the process on Intel-based Macs, ‘Sheep Shaver Wrapper’ is built off of Sheep Shaver. Although SheepShaver does have Ethernet support and CD-quality sound output, it does not emulate the memory management unit
27.
Classic (Mac OS X)
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This is a list of macOS components, features that are included in the current Mac operating system. Latest version 2.7 Automator is a developed by Apple Inc. Automator enables the repetition of tasks across a variety of programs, including Finder, Safari, Calendar, Contacts. It can also work with third-party applications such as Microsoft Office, the icon features a robot holding a pipe, a reference to pipelines, a computer science term for connected data workflows. Automator was first released with Mac OS X Tiger, Automator provides a graphical user interface for automating tasks without knowledge of programming or scripting languages. Tasks can be recorded as they are performed by the user or can be selected from a list, the output of the previous action can become the input to the next action. Automator comes with a library of Actions that act as individual steps in a Workflow document, a Workflow document is used to carry out repetitive tasks. Workflows can be saved and reused, unix command line scripts and AppleScripts can also be invoked as Actions. The actions are linked together in a Workflow, the Workflow can be saved as an application, Workflow file or a contextual menu item. Options can be set when the Workflow is created or when the Workflow is run, a workflow file created in Automator is saved in /Users//Library/Services. Latest version 10.8 Calculator is a calculator application made by Apple Inc. It has three modes, basic, scientific, and programmer, Basic includes a number pad, buttons for adding, subtracting, multiplying, and dividing, as well as memory keys. Scientific mode supports exponents and trigonometric functions, and programmer mode gives the user access to more options related to computer programming, Apple currently ships a different application called Grapher. Calculator has Reverse Polish notation support, and can speak the buttons pressed. The Calculator appeared first as an accessory in first version of Macintosh System for the 1984 Macintosh 128k. Its design was maintained with the basic math operations until the final release of classic Mac OS in 2002. A Dashboard Calculator widget is included in all versions of macOS from Mac OS X Tiger onwards and it only has the basic mode of its desktop counterpart. Since the release of OS X Yosemite, there is also a simple calculator widget available in the notifications area, since the release of Mac OS X Leopard, simple arithmetic functions can be calculated from Spotlight feature
28.
Myriad (typeface)
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Myriad is a humanist sans-serif typeface designed by Robert Slimbach and Carol Twombly for Adobe Systems. The typeface is best known for its usage by Apple Inc. replacing Apple Garamond as Apples corporate font from 2002 to 2017, Myriad is easily distinguished from other sans-serif fonts due to its special y descender and slanting e cut. Myriad is similar to Frutiger, although the italic is different, Adrian Frutiger described the font as not badly done, the later Segoe UI and Corbel are also similar. This PostScript Type 1 font family was released after the original Myriad MM and it initially included four fonts in two weights, with complementary italics. All these Type 1 versions supported the ISO-Adobe character set, all were discontinued in the early 2000s, Myriad Condensed It was a condensed version, released around 1998. The condensed fonts comprise three weights, with complementary italics, Myriad Headline A Headline version was also released, which has the weight of Myriad Bold, but slightly narrower. Myriad Web is a version of Myriad in TrueType font format and it supports Adobe CE and Adobe Western 2 character sets. Myriad Web comprises only five fonts, Myriad Web Pro Bold, Myriad Web Pro Regular, Myriad Web Pro Condensed Italic, Myriad Web Pro Condensed, Myriad Web Pro Italic. Myriad Web Pro is slightly wider than Myriad Pro, while the width of Myriad Web Pro Condensed is between Myriad Pro Condensed and Myriad Pro SemiCondensed, the family is bundled as part of the Adobe Web Type Pro font pack. Myriad Pro is the OpenType version of the original Myriad font family and it first shipped in 2000, as Adobe moved towards the OpenType standard. Additional designers were Christopher Slye and Fred Brady, compared to Myriad MM, it added support for Latin Extended, Greek, and Cyrillic characters, as well as oldstyle figures. Myriad Pro originally included thirty fonts in three widths and five each, with complementary italics. A semi-condensed width was added in early 2002, expanding the family to forty fonts in four widths and five weights each, Myriad Pro Regular, Bold, Italic and Bold Italic are bundled with Adobe Reader 7 and 8. In Adobe Reader 9 and onwards, the fonts are included, Myriad Wild is an Adobe font package comprising the Myriad Sketch and Myriad Tilt fonts in Type 1 format. Myriad Sketch is an irregular outline version of Myriad, while Myriad Tilt incorporates irregular stroke weight. The family supports ISO-Adobe character set, Myriad Wild Std is the OpenType version of Myriad Wild. It supports Adobe Western 2 character set, myriadCAD is included in Adobe Reader 9 and is thought to be an implementation of the ANSI CAD lettering. Myriad Currency is included in Adobe Reader 9 and is thought to be the companys embedded font for their currency typefaces and it can be found in the Fonts subfolder of the Resources folder under Adobe Reader 9 from the Program Files folder in the Local Hard Disk Drive
29.
Byte (magazine)
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Byte magazine was an American microcomputer magazine, influential in the late 1970s and throughout the 1980s because of its wide-ranging editorial coverage. Coverage was in-depth with much detail, rather than user-oriented. Print publication ceased in 1998 and online publication in 2013, Byte started in 1975, shortly after the first personal computers appeared as kits advertised in the back of electronics magazines. Byte was published monthly, with a yearly subscription price of $10. In 1975 Wayne Green was the editor and publisher of 73 and his ex-wife, on May 25th we made a deal with the publisher of a small computer hobby magazine to take over as editor of a new publication which would start in August. Carl Helmers published a series of six articles in 1974 that detailed the design and construction of his Experimenters Computer System, in January 1975 this became the monthly ECS magazine with 400 subscribers. The last issue was published on May 12,1975 and in June the subscribers were mailed a notice announcing Byte magazine, carl wrote to another hobbyist newsletter, Micro-8 Computer User Group Newsletter, and described his new job as editor of Byte magazine. I got a note in the mail about two weeks ago from Wayne Green, publisher of 73 Magazine essentially saying hello and why dont you come up, the net result of a follow up is the decision to create BYTE magazine using the facilities of Green Publishing Inc. I will end up with the focus for the magazine. Virginia Londner Green had returned to 73 in the December 1974 issue, the first five issues of Byte were published by Green Publishing and the name was changed to Byte Publications starting with the February 1976 issue. Carl Helmers was a co-owner of Byte Publications, the first four issues were produced in the offices of 73 and Wayne Green was listed as the publisher. One day in November 1975 Wayne came to work and found that the Byte magazine staff had moved out, the February 1976 issue of Byte has a short story about the move. After a start which reads like a light opera with an episode or two reminiscent of the Keystone Cops, Byte magazine finally has moved into separate offices of its own. Wayne Green was not happy about losing Byte magazine so he was going to start a new one called Kilobyte, Byte quickly trademarked KILOBYTE as a cartoon series in Byte magazine. The new magazine was called Kilobaud, there was competition and animosity between Byte Publications and 73 Inc. but both remained in the small town of Peterborough, New Hampshire. Byte was able to attract advertising and articles from many well-knowns, soon-to-be-well-knowns, articles in the first issue included Which Microprocessor For You. by Hal Chamberlin, Write Your Own Assembler by Dan Fylstra and Serial Interface by Don Lancaster. Advertisements from Godbout, MITS, Processor Technology, SCELBI, and Sphere appear, early articles in Byte were do-it-yourself electronic or software projects to improve small computers. A continuing feature was Ciarcias Circuit Cellar, a column in which electronic engineer Steve Ciarcia described small projects to modify or attach to a computer, Byte ran Microsofts first advertisement, as Micro-Soft, to sell a BASIC interpreter for 8080-based computers
30.
InfoWorld
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InfoWorld is an information technology media business. Founded in 1978, it began as a monthly magazine, in 2007, it transitioned to a Web-only publication. Its parent company is International Data Group, and its sister publications include Macworld, InfoWorld is based in San Francisco, with contributors and supporting staff based across the United States. Since its founding, InfoWorlds readership has largely consisted of IT, InfoWorld focuses on how-to, analysis, and editorial content from a mixture of experienced technology journalists and working technology practitioners. The site averages 4.6 million monthly views and 1.1 million monthly unique visitors. The magazine was founded by Jim Warren in 1978 as Intelligent Machines Journal and it sold to IDG in late 1979. Early the next year, the name was changed to InfoWorld, in 1986, the Robert X. Cringely column began, for many, that pseudonymous column was the face of InfoWorld and its close ties to Silicon Valley in particular. Ethernet inventor Bob Metcalfe was CEO and publisher from 1991 to 1996, as the magazine transitioned to be exclusively Web-based, a final print edition was dated April 2,2007. In its Web incarnation, InfoWorld has transitioned away from widely available news stories to a focus on how-to, expert testing, InfoWorld also offers its content for mobile devices
31.
Macworld
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Macworld is a web site dedicated to products and software of Apple Inc. published by Mac Publishing, which is headquartered in San Francisco, California. It started life as a print magazine in 1984 and had the largest audited circulation of Macintosh-focused magazines in North America, more than double its nearest competitor, Macworld was founded by David Bunnell and Andrew Fluegelman. In 1999, the company also purchased the online publication MacCentral Online. In late 2001 International Data Group bought out Ziff-Davis share of Mac Publishing, making it a wholly owned subsidiary of IDG, the magazine was published in many countries, either by other IDG subsidiaries or by outside publishers who have licensed the brand name and its content. These editions included Australia, Germany, Italy, Spain, Sweden, Turkey, the United Kingdom and its content was also incorporated into a number of other IDG publications. In addition to publishing a print magazine, Macworld also operates numerous web sites, including Macworld, Playlist, MacUser. Every year, Macworld uses its expertise in technology to find the best device in each category in the market, the Macworld Podcast is a weekly podcast published by Macworld, a magazine and web site devoted to Apples Macintosh computers. It was formally hosted by Macworld Senior Editor Chris Breen, and consists mostly of interviews with Macworld editors, Macworld editorial director Jason Snell is a frequent guest and occasional guest host. The programs original host was Cyrus Farivar, the Macworld Podcast began life on April 26,2005 as the Geek Factor Podcast, but was upgraded into the official Macworld Podcast with its fifth installment, in August 2005. Its current hosts as of August 2015 are Glenn Fleishman and Susie Ochs, Macworld Australia Macworld Macworld France Macworld UK Macwelt Macworld Italia Macworld MacWorld Macworld Macworld Macworld
32.
International Standard Serial Number
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An International Standard Serial Number is an eight-digit serial number used to uniquely identify a serial publication. The ISSN is especially helpful in distinguishing between serials with the same title, ISSN are used in ordering, cataloging, interlibrary loans, and other practices in connection with serial literature. The ISSN system was first drafted as an International Organization for Standardization international standard in 1971, ISO subcommittee TC 46/SC9 is responsible for maintaining the standard. When a serial with the content is published in more than one media type. For example, many serials are published both in print and electronic media, the ISSN system refers to these types as print ISSN and electronic ISSN, respectively. The format of the ISSN is an eight digit code, divided by a hyphen into two four-digit numbers, as an integer number, it can be represented by the first seven digits. The last code digit, which may be 0-9 or an X, is a check digit. Formally, the form of the ISSN code can be expressed as follows, NNNN-NNNC where N is in the set, a digit character. The ISSN of the journal Hearing Research, for example, is 0378-5955, where the final 5 is the check digit, for calculations, an upper case X in the check digit position indicates a check digit of 10. To confirm the check digit, calculate the sum of all eight digits of the ISSN multiplied by its position in the number, the modulus 11 of the sum must be 0. There is an online ISSN checker that can validate an ISSN, ISSN codes are assigned by a network of ISSN National Centres, usually located at national libraries and coordinated by the ISSN International Centre based in Paris. The International Centre is an organization created in 1974 through an agreement between UNESCO and the French government. The International Centre maintains a database of all ISSNs assigned worldwide, at the end of 2016, the ISSN Register contained records for 1,943,572 items. ISSN and ISBN codes are similar in concept, where ISBNs are assigned to individual books, an ISBN might be assigned for particular issues of a serial, in addition to the ISSN code for the serial as a whole. An ISSN, unlike the ISBN code, is an identifier associated with a serial title. For this reason a new ISSN is assigned to a serial each time it undergoes a major title change, separate ISSNs are needed for serials in different media. Thus, the print and electronic versions of a serial need separate ISSNs. Also, a CD-ROM version and a web version of a serial require different ISSNs since two different media are involved, however, the same ISSN can be used for different file formats of the same online serial
33.
Forbes
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Forbes is an American business magazine. Published bi-weekly, it features articles on finance, industry, investing. Forbes also reports on related subjects such as technology, communications, science, politics and its headquarters is located in Jersey City, New Jersey. Primary competitors in the business magazine category include Fortune and Bloomberg Businessweek. The magazine is known for its lists and rankings, including its lists of the richest Americans. Another well-known list by the magazine is The Worlds Billionaires list, the motto of Forbes magazine is The Capitalist Tool. Its chairman and editor-in-chief is Steve Forbes, and its CEO is Mike Perlis, Forbes, a financial columnist for the Hearst papers, and his partner Walter Drey, the general manager of the Magazine of Wall Street, founded Forbes magazine on September 15,1917. Forbes provided the money and the name and Drey provided the publishing expertise, the original name of the magazine was Forbes, Devoted to Doers and Doings. Drey became vice-president of the B. C. Forbes Publishing Company, while B. C. Forbes became editor-in-chief, B. C. Forbes was assisted in his later years by his two eldest sons, Bruce Charles Forbes and Malcolm Stevenson Forbes. Bruce Forbes took over on his fathers death, and his strengths lay in streamlining operations, during his tenure, 1954–1964, the magazines circulation nearly doubled. On Malcolms death, his eldest son Malcolm Stevenson Steve Forbes Jr. became President and Chief Executive of Forbes, between 1961 and 1999 the magazine was edited by James Michaels. In 1993, under Michaels, Forbes was a finalist for the National Magazine Award. com, a 2009 New York Times report said,40 percent of the enterprise was sold. For a reported $300 million, setting the value of the enterprise at $750 million, according to Mark M. Edmiston of AdMedia Partners, Its probably not worth half of that now. The companys headquarters moved to the Newport section of downtown Jersey City. In November 2013, Forbes Media, which publishes Forbes magazine, was put up for sale and this was encouraged by Elevation Partners, of whom were minority shareholders. Sales documents prepared by Deutsche Bank revealed that the publishers 2012 EBITDA was $15 million, Forbes reportedly sought a price of $400 million. In July 2014, Forbes sold a majority of itself to Integrated Whale Media Investments, Steve Forbes and his magazines writers offer investment advice on the weekly Fox TV show Forbes on Fox and on Forbes On Radio. Other company groups include Forbes Conference Group, Forbes Investment Advisory Group, from the 2009 Times report, Steve Forbes recently returned from opening up a Forbes magazine in India, bringing the number of foreign editions to 10
34.
Free software
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The right to study and modify software entails availability of the software source code to its users. This right is conditional on the person actually having a copy of the software. Richard Stallman used the existing term free software when he launched the GNU Project—a collaborative effort to create a freedom-respecting operating system—and the Free Software Foundation. The FSFs Free Software Definition states that users of software are free because they do not need to ask for permission to use the software. Free software thus differs from proprietary software, such as Microsoft Office, Google Docs, Sheets, and Slides or iWork from Apple, which users cannot study, change, freeware, which is a category of freedom-restricting proprietary software that does not require payment for use. For computer programs that are covered by law, software freedom is achieved with a software license. Software that is not covered by law, such as software in the public domain, is free if the source code is in the public domain. Proprietary software, including freeware, use restrictive software licences or EULAs, Users are thus prevented from changing the software, and this results in the user relying on the publisher to provide updates, help, and support. This situation is called vendor lock-in, Users often may not reverse engineer, modify, or redistribute proprietary software. Other legal and technical aspects, such as patents and digital rights management may restrict users in exercising their rights. Free software may be developed collaboratively by volunteer computer programmers or by corporations, as part of a commercial, from the 1950s up until the early 1970s, it was normal for computer users to have the software freedoms associated with free software, which was typically public domain software. Software was commonly shared by individuals who used computers and by manufacturers who welcomed the fact that people were making software that made their hardware useful. Organizations of users and suppliers, for example, SHARE, were formed to exchange of software. As software was written in an interpreted language such as BASIC. Software was also shared and distributed as printed source code in computer magazines and books, in United States vs. IBM, filed January 17,1969, the government charged that bundled software was anti-competitive. While some software might always be free, there would henceforth be an amount of software produced primarily for sale. In the 1970s and early 1980s, the industry began using technical measures to prevent computer users from being able to study or adapt the software as they saw fit. In 1980, copyright law was extended to computer programs, Software development for the GNU operating system began in January 1984, and the Free Software Foundation was founded in October 1985
35.
Scribus
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Scribus is a desktop publishing application, released under the GNU General Public License as free software. It is based on the free Qt toolkit, with versions available for Unix, Linux, BSD, macOS, Haiku, Microsoft Windows, OS/2. Scribus is designed for layout, typesetting, and preparation of files for professional-quality image-setting equipment and it can also create animated and interactive PDF presentations and forms. Example uses include writing newspapers, brochures, newsletters, posters, Books about Scribus are available in several languages, including an official manual for v1.3, published through FLES Books in 2009. Scribus supports most major formats, including TIFF, JPEG. Vector drawings can be imported or directly opened for editing, the long list of supported formats includes Encapsulated PostScript, SVG, Adobe Illustrator, and Xfig. Professional type/image-setting features include CMYK colors and ICC color management and it has a built-in scripting engine using Python. It is available in more than 24 languages, high-level printing is achieved using its own internal level 3 PostScript driver, including support for font embedding and sub-setting with TrueType, Type 1, and OpenType fonts. The internal driver supports full Level 2 PostScript constructs and a subset of Level 3 constructs. PDF support includes transparency, encryption, and a set of the PDF1.5 specification, as well as PDF/X-3, including interactive PDFs form fields, annotations. The file format, called SLA, is based on XML, text can be imported from OpenDocument text documents, OpenOffice. org Writer, Microsoft Word, PDB, and HTML formats. ODT files can typically be imported along with their paragraph styles, HTML tags which modify text, such as bold and italic, are supported. Word and PDB documents are only imported as plain text, in August 2012, it was announced that a third party had developed a system to support complex Indic scripts. In May 2015 it was announced that the ScribusCTL project had started to improve complex layout by integrating the OpenType text-shaping engine HarfBuzz into the official Scribus 1.5. 1svn branch. As of June 2016 Scribus stable release did not have OpenType alternative glyph support, so ligatures, for example, the 1.6 version is expected to provide a better table implementation and support for PDF/X-1a, PDF/X-4, and PDF/E. Footnotes, marginal notes, and ePub exporting are under development, support for importing Microsoft Publisher is incorporated into version 1.5, and QuarkXPress Tag files, InDesigns IDML, as well as InCopys ICML formats were added to the development branch. Due to licensing issues, the package does not include support for the Pantone color matching system. Pantone colors can be obtained and incorporated within Scribus without licensing issues, Scribus is shipped with more than 100 color palettes, most donated by various commercial color vendors, but also including scientific, national, and government color standards
36.
LyX
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LyX is an open source document processor based on top of the LaTeX typesetting system. Unlike most word processors, which follow the WYSIWYG paradigm, LyX has a WYSIWYM approach, knowledge of the LaTeX markup language is not necessary for basic usage, although a variety of specialized formatting is only possible by adding LaTeX directives directly into the page. LyX has also become popular among self-publishers, LyX is available for various operating systems, including Windows, macOS, Linux, UNIX, OS/2 and Haiku. LyX can be redistributed and modified under the terms of the GNU General Public License and is free software. It was then announced on Usenet, where it received a deal of attention in the following years. Shortly after the release, Lyrix was renamed to LyX due to a name-clash with a word processor produced by the company Santa Cruz Operation. The name LyX was chosen because of the file-suffix. lyx for Lyrix files, besides the main distribution of LyX which requires installation, there is also an unofficial portable version integrated with TeXLive called LyTeX. According to the wiki, the developers pronounce LyX as, like the English word licks. Official website LyX Wiki A comparative review of Scientific WorkPlace and LyX in Journal of Statistical Software
37.
LibreOffice
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LibreOffice is a free and open source office suite, a project of The Document Foundation. It was forked from OpenOffice. org in 2010, which was a version of the earlier StarOffice. The LibreOffice suite comprises programs for processing, the creation and editing of spreadsheets, slideshows, diagrams and drawings, working with databases. It is available in 110 languages, LibreOffice uses the international ISO/IEC standard OpenDocument file format as its native format to save documents for all of its applications. LibreOffice also supports the file formats of most other major office suites, including Microsoft Office, LibreOffice is available for a variety of computing platforms, including Microsoft Windows, macOS, and Linux, as well as in the form of an online office suite. It is the office suite of most popular Linux distributions. It is the most actively developed free and open-source office suite, with approximately 50 times the development activity of Apache OpenOffice, between January 2011 and October 2011, LibreOffice was downloaded approximately 7.5 million times. The project claims 120 million unique downloading addresses from May 2011 to May 2015, excluding Linux distributions, the Document Foundation developers target LibreOffice for Microsoft Windows, Linux and macOS. Community ports for FreeBSD, NetBSD, OpenBSD and Mac OS X10.5 PowerPC receive support from contributors to those projects, Libreoffice is also installable on OpenIndiana via SFE. LibreOffice Online will allow for the use of LibreOffice through a web browser by using the element of HTML5. Development was announced at the first LibreOffice Conference in October 2011, LibreOffice announced a collaboration with Icewarp and Collabora to work on the cross-platform interface. A version of the software was shown in a September 2015 conference, on 15 December 2015, Collabora, in partnership with ownCloud, released a technical preview of Libreoffice Online branded as Collabora Online Development Edition. By October 2016, Collabora had released nine updates to CODE, in 2011, developers announced plans to port LibreOffice both to Android and to iOS. A beta version of a document viewer for Android 4.0 or newer was released in January 2015, In May 2015, in January 2015, a LibreOffice Impress remote app was unveiled for the Pebble smartwatch. A detailed 60-page report in June 2015 compared the progress of the LibreOffice project with its cousin project Apache OpenOffice and it showed that OpenOffice received about 10% of the improvements LibreOffice did in the period of time studied. LibreOffice can use the GStreamer multimedia framework in Linux to render multimedia content such as videos in Impress and they are also used on the toolbars and menus by default. LibreOffice also ships with a theme which looks native on GTK-based Linux distributions. It also renders fonts via Cairo on Linux distributions, this means that text in LibreOffice is rendered the same as the rest of the Linux desktop, LibreOffice has a feature similar to WordArt called Fontwork
38.
PagePlus
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PagePlus is a desktop publishing program developed by Serif for Microsoft Windows. The first version was released in 1991 as the first commercial sub-£100 DTP package for Microsoft Windows, the latest release is PagePlus X9, which was released in November 2015. Serif was founded in 1987 by a team of software engineers who wanted to create the first low-cost alternative to the high-end desktop publishing packages used by professionals. The first product to be released was called PageStar – a simple low cost display advertisement layout program for Windows 2.0 – which was the forerunner to PagePlus. The first release of PagePlus was launched in 1990 and was the first sub £100 desktop publishing program for Windows 3.0, three years later, in spring 1993, PagePlus 2 was released and provided full colour printing support. Since then, a new version of the product has been released more or less annually, the latest version – PagePlus X9 – will be the last. Serif have dropped further development of all Plus products to focus efforts on their Affinity products for Mac, Affinity Publisher will be released in 2017, and will be ported to Windows later. Serifs vector graphics editor, DrawPlus was launched as a product to PagePlus in 1994. PagePlus also has the ability to view, create, edit and publish PDF files and it also includes support for EPUB3 fixed layout eBooks for textbooks, children’s books etc. There is a version of the software, called PagePlus Starter Edition 4.0. It is based on the version of the software. Make sure that you get the latest version from the Serif site – some earlier version install a download manager, the user has access to free designs and templates to download at the site. PagePlus is primarily written in C++ using Visual Studio 2008, with a dependence on the MFC framework. The Windows GDI library was discarded early in development in favour of an in-house composition engine supporting advanced bitmap, the text engine supports Unicode text entry. PagePlus was developed for Microsoft Windows and supports Windows XP, Windows Vista, Windows 7, Windows 8, PagePlus has generally always been well received by its users and the press especially its value for money when compared to expensive alternatives like Adobe InDesign
39.
Adobe Acrobat
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Adobe Acrobat is a family of application software and Web services developed by Adobe Systems to view, create, manipulate, print and manage files in Portable Document Format. The family comprises Acrobat Reader, Acrobat and Acrobat. com, the basic Acrobat Reader, available for several desktop and mobile platforms, is freeware, it supports viewing, printing and annotating of PDF files. Additional, Premium, services are available for reader on paid subscription, the commercial proprietary Acrobat, available for Microsoft Windows and macOS only, can also create, edit, convert, digitally sign, encrypt, export and publish PDF files. Acrobat. com complements the family with a variety of content management. Adobe has changed the names of the products of the Acrobat set several times, also dividing, merging, initially, the name Acrobat was used as the parent name of a set of products which included Acrobat Reader, Acrobat Exchange and Acrobat Distiller. Over time, Acrobat Reader became Reader, and the name Acrobat Exchange was simplified to Acrobat, between versions 3 and 5, Standard and Professional versions were one product known simply as Acrobat. In April 2015, Adobe introduced the Adobe Document Cloud, along with the first of several applications with DC at the end of the name. One of the goals was to have all of a users PDFs available on any of the users devices, such as editing a PDF on an iPad. As of October,2015, the Document Cloud also includes integration with Dropbox and includes electronic signature improvements, as of April 2015, the main members of the Acrobat family include, Desktop applications, Adobe Acrobat Reader DC. Adobe Acrobat Standard DC Adobe Acrobat Pro DC Mobile applications with the Document Cloud launch, from DC2015 the Acrobat family is available in two tracks, the original track, now named Classic, and the Continuous track. Updates for the Classic track are released quarterly, and do not include new features, whereas updates for the Continuous track are issued more frequently, the last pre-DC version, Acrobat XI, was last updated on October 11,2016, and will remain supported until October 2017. Arabic and Hebrew versions are available from WinSoft International, Adobe Systems internationalization and localization partner, the Arabic and Hebrew versions are developed specifically for these languages, which are normally written right-to-left. The Web Capture feature can convert single web pages or entire web sites into PDF files, a comprehensive list of security bulletins for most Adobe products and related versions is published on their Security bulletins and advisories page and in other related venues. In particular, the history of security updates for all versions of Adobe Acrobat has been made public. From Version 3.02 onwards, Acrobat Reader has included support for JavaScript and this functionality allows a PDF document creator to include code which executes when the document is read. Malicious PDF files that attempt to attack security vulnerabilities can be attached to links on web pages or distributed as email attachments. While JavaScript is designed without direct access to the system to make it safe. Adobe applications had become the most popular client-software targets for attackers during the last quarter of 2009
