1.
Runway
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According to the International Civil Aviation Organization, a runway is a defined rectangular area on a land aerodrome prepared for the landing and takeoff of aircraft. Runways may be a surface or a natural surface. Runways are named by a number between 01 and 36, which is generally the magnetic azimuth of the heading in decadegrees. This heading differs from true north by the magnetic declination. A runway numbered 09 points east, runway 18 is south, runway 27 points west, when taking off from or landing on runway 09, a plane would be heading 90°. A runway can normally be used in both directions, and is named for each separately, e. g. runway 33 in one direction is runway 15 when used in the other. The two numbers usually differ by 18, Runway Zero Three Left becomes Runway Two One Right when used in the opposite direction. In some countries, if parallel runways are too close to each other, at large airports with four or more parallel runways some runway identifiers are shifted by 10 degrees to avoid the ambiguity that would result with more than three parallel runways. For example, in Los Angeles, this results in runways 6L, 6R, 7L. At Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport, there are five parallel runways, named 17L, 17C, 17R, 18L, for clarity in radio communications, each digit in the runway name is pronounced individually, runway three six, runway one four, etc. A leading zero, for example in runway zero six or runway zero one left, is included for all ICAO, however, most U. S. civil aviation airports drop the leading zero as required by FAA regulation. This also includes some military airfields such as Cairns Army Airfield and this American anomaly may lead to inconsistencies in conversations between American pilots and controllers in other countries. It is very common in a such as Canada for a controller to clear an incoming American aircraft to, for example, runway 04. In flight simulation programs those of American origin might apply U. S. usage to airports around the world, for example, runway 05 at Halifax will appear on the program as the single digit 5 rather than 05. Runway designations change over time because the magnetic poles slowly drift on the Earths surface, depending on the airport location and how much drift takes place, it may be necessary over time to change the runway designation. As runways are designated with headings rounded to the nearest 10 degrees, for example, if the magnetic heading of a runway is 233 degrees, it would be designated Runway 23. If the magnetic heading changed downwards by 5 degrees to 228, if on the other hand the original magnetic heading was 226, and the heading decreased by only 2 degrees to 224, the runway should become Runway 22. Because the drift itself is slow, runway designation changes are uncommon
2.
Palermo, Buenos Aires
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Palermo is a neighborhood, or barrio of the Argentine capital, Buenos Aires. With a total area of 17.4 km2, Palermo is the largest neighborhood in Buenos Aires, as of 1991 it had a population of 256,927 inhabitants. It is the only barrio within the division of Comuna 14. The name of the district is derived from the still-existing Franciscan abbey of Saint Benedict of Palermo, Saint Benedict the Moor lived from 1526 to 1589 and is a complementary patron saint of Palermo, the capital city of Sicily. Juan Manuel de Rosas built a residence there which was confiscated after his fall in 1852. The most upmarket part of Palermo, Palermo Chico, is on Palermos north-eastern edge, across Figueroa Alcorta Avenue, once a quarter full of splendid mansions set in broad private parks, many have unfortunately since been demolished by developers. The area nevertheless remains one of the wealthiest in the city, home to luxury condominium and apartment developments, MALBA, is located next door between Barrio Parque and the Paseo Alcorta shopping centre. Alto Palermo is downtown Palermo, the shopping area and transport hub around Santa Fe Avenue. Centered on Las Heras Park and the Alto Palermo Shopping Center, Palermo Norte is located along Libertador Avenue to the northwest of Palermo Chico, and the site of landmarks such as the Argentine Automobile Club and the National Museum of Decorative Arts. Villa Freud, based around Plaza Güemes, is an area known for its high concentration of psychoanalysts and psychiatrists. The King Fahd Islamic Cultural Center was built in the 1990s just east of the Polo fields, the Regiment of Mounted Grenadiers headquarters and other military installations, such as the Central Military Hospital and the Military Geographic Institute, are located to the south. La Imprenta, west of Las Cañitas, borders the Belgrano ward, one of its best-known landmarks is the Parish of San Benito Abad and the neighboring Solar de la Abadía shopping gallery. Palermo Viejo is, as its name implies, the oldest part and it runs from Santa Fe Avenue south to Córdoba Avenue, and from Avenida Dorrego east to Coronel Díaz Street. The neighborhood is centred on Plaza Palermo Viejo, and reflects an older Spanish Colonial Revival style in architecture, the new headquarters of the National Research Council, opened in 2011 in the refurbished former GIOL winery, is a notable recent example of this trend. Such well-known figures as Jorge Luis Borges and Che Guevara once lived in this ward, borgess poem Fundacion mitica de Buenos Aires names a typical square adjacent to his childhood home, a popular tourist landmark. Palermo Soho is an area of Palermo Viejo around Plaza Serrano on Serrano near Palermos south-western edge. It is a fashionable area for fashion, design, restaurants, bars. The atmosphere in many cafés and restaurants strives to be alternative, the traditional low houses have been adapted into boutiques and bars, creating a bohemian feel
3.
Buenos Aires Central Business District
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The Buenos Aires Central Business District is the main commercial centre of Buenos Aires, Argentina, though not an official city ward. The Microcentro has a concentration of offices, service companies and banks. The area was the site of the first European settlement in what later became Buenos Aires, the district is the financial, corporate, and cultural hub of Buenos Aires, and of Argentina. The Buenos Aires Human Development Index is likewise high by international standards, the Port of Buenos Aires is one of the busiest in South America, navigable rivers by way of the Río de la Plata connect the port to northeastern Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay and Paraguay. As a result, it serves as the hub for a vast area of the south-eastern region of the South American continent. Tax collection related to the port has caused political problems in the past. These latter were all built on reclaimed land along the coast of the Rio de la Plata, the region was formerly crossed by different creeks and lagoons, some of which were refilled and other tubed. Among the most important creeks are, Maldonado, Vega, Medrano, Cildañez, in 1908 many creeks were channeled and rectified, as floods were damaging the citys infrastructure. Starting in 1919, most creeks were enclosed, notably, the Maldonado was tubed in 1954, and currently runs below Juan B. Facing the Río de la Plata estuary, the frontage remained flood-prone, italian and French influences increased after the overthrow of strongman Juan Manuel de Rosas in 1852, and particularly upon the advent of the modernizing Generation of 1880. Later significant additions include those by Alejandro Christophersen, Alejandro Bustillo, Andrés Kalnay, Eduardo Le Monnier, some of the more notable commercial developments completed since then have included the Catalinas Norte office park, Torre Bouchard, Bouchard Plaza, Galicia Tower, the Repsol-YPF Tower. San Nicolás is one of the districts that shares most of the city and national government structure with neighboring Montserrat and its seldom referred to as San Nicolás, but usually as The Center, and the part east of the 9 de Julio Avenue is called Microcentro. The growing importance of the area as a center was highlighted by the 1854 establishment of the Buenos Aires Stock Exchange. San Nicolás remains the center of Argentina, something underscored by the presence of the Central Bank. The construction of Corrientes and Nueve de Julio Avenues in the 1930s further modernized San Nicolás, florida Street, most of which is in San Nicolás, is the citys best-known pedestrianized street. Its most discernible landmark is the Galerías Pacífico shopping arcade, Retiro is one of the largest hubs of transportation services in Argentina. Local and long distance rail service heading to the north originate from Estación Retiro, subte line C of the Buenos Aires Metro system and numerous local public bus services serve Retiro, and this area is always teeming with commuters and traffic on weekdays. The most important avenue linking Retiro and the CBD to commuters living in areas to the north is Avenida del Libertador
4.
Uruguay
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Uruguay, officially the Oriental Republic of Uruguay, is a country in the southeastern region of South America. It borders Argentina to its west and Brazil to its north and east, with the Río de la Plata to the south and the Atlantic Ocean to the southeast. Uruguay is home to an estimated 3.42 million people, of whom 1.8 million live in the area of its capital and largest city. With an area of approximately 176,000 square kilometres, Uruguay is geographically the second-smallest nation in South America, only larger in size than Suriname. Uruguay was inhabited by the Charrúa people for approximately 4000 years before the Portuguese established Colonia del Sacramento, one of the oldest European settlements in the region, in 1680. Montevideo was founded as a stronghold by the Spanish in the early 18th century. Uruguay won its independence between 1811 and 1828, following a struggle between Spain, Portugal, Argentina and Brazil. It remained subject to influence and intervention throughout the 19th century. Modern Uruguay is a constitutional republic, with a president who serves as both head of state and head of government. Uruguay is ranked first in Latin America in democracy, peace, lack of corruption, e-government, on a per-capita basis, Uruguay contributes more troops to United Nations peace-keeping missions than any other country. It ranks second in the region on economic freedom, income equality, per-capita income, Uruguay is the third-best country on the continent in terms of HDI, GDP growth, innovation and infrastructure. It is regarded as a country by the UN. Uruguay is also the third-best ranked in the world in e-Participation, Uruguay is an important global exporter of combed wool, rice, soybeans, frozen beef, malt and milk. Nearly 95% of Uruguays electricity comes from energy, mostly hydroelectric facilities. The Economist named Uruguay country of the year in 2013, acknowledging the innovative policy of legalizing the production, sale, the name of the namesake river comes from the Spanish pronunciation of the regional Guarani word for it. There are several interpretations, including bird-river, the name could also refer to a river snail called uruguá that was plentiful in the water. The only documented inhabitants of Uruguay before European colonization of the area were the Charrúa, the Portuguese discovered the region of present-day Uruguay in 1512. The Spanish arrived in present-day Uruguay in 1516, the indigenous peoples fierce resistance to conquest, combined with the absence of gold and silver, limited their settlement in the region during the 16th and 17th centuries
5.
Jorge Newbery
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Jorge George Newbery, born Jorge Alejandro Newbery, was an Argentine aviator, civil servant, engineer and scientist with ancestry from the United States of America. His father, Ralph Newbery, emigrated from Long Island to Argentina after the American Civil War, along with Alberto Braniff and Jorge Chávez, Jorge Newbery was one of the first Latin American aircraft pilots. He was also an engineer, and is considered to be the architect, the Newbery years were years of unshakeable faith in the possibilities of Argentina, when Rubén Darío wrote in his famous Canto a la Argentina y otros poemas, “Argentina, your day has come. In 1909 Guglielmo Marconi won the Nobel Prize for Physics and in 1910 he visited Argentina to join in the Centenary celebrations, the estancieros of Argentina “throwing butter on the ceiling” in Paris. Since then, “throwing butter at the ceiling” became a saying in that country, referring to irrational waste and frivolity. Buenos Aires ceased to be the “Great Village” and became the “Paris of South America”, son of American-born dentist Ralph Newbery, Jorge was born May 28,1875 in the family home on Florida Street, Buenos Aires. At the age of eight he visited the United States alone, later, back in Argentina, he studied at Saint Andrews Scots School in Olivos, graduating from secondary school in 1890. He travelled to the United States to study engineering at Cornell University, in 1893 he continued his studies at the Drexel Institute in Philadelphia, where he was a student of Thomas Edison, and in 1895 received the title of electrical engineer. On returning to his country he began working as the head of the “Rio de la Plata Light. In 1897 he joined the Argentine Navy as electrical engineer during the conflicts with Chile. He worked as a teacher at the Naval School. In 1904 he became Professor of Electrical Engineering at the National Industrial School, Jorge Newbery began wanting to rule the skies when he met the Brazilian aviator Alberto Santos-Dumont. On 25 December 1907, Jorge Newbery and Aarón Anchorena crossed the Río de la Plata in the balloon El Pampero before landing in Conchillas, although there had been a few previous balloon flights in Argentina, the crossing of the Río de la Plata became a popular event. El Pampero set out from the Sociedad Sportiva Argentina, located in Palermo where there is now a polo field, a few days later, on 13 January 1908, the Aero Club Argentino was created, with Aarón Anchorena as president and Jorge Newbery as second vicepresident. The ACA was located on the estate of Los Ombués, in Barrancas de Belgrano, on 17 October his brother Eduardo, together with Seargent Romero, went missing in El Pampero and their bodies were never found. These were the first two casualties in the history of flight in Argentina, one month after the death of his brother, on 24 November, Jorge married Sara Escalante. On 9 April 1909, Newbery wrote the first newspaper article on aviation in Argentina, entitled Aeronáutica, the article was featured in the Buenos Aires El Nacional. By that time, Newbery was already a seasoned aerostat pilot and he had not, however, been in or even seen a heavier-than-air craft before he wrote the article
6.
Argentine Air Force
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The Argentine Air Force is the national aviation branch of the Armed Forces of the Argentine Republic. In 2010 it had 14,600 military personnel and 6,900 civilian personnel, the Air Forces history begins with the establishment of the Army Aviation Services Escuela de Aviación Militar on 10 August 1912. Several military officers were amongst the pioneers of Argentine aviation, including Jorge Newbery, the school began to turn out military pilots who participated in milestone events in Argentine aviation, such as the crossing of the Andes mountains. In 1927 the Dirección General de Aeronáutica was created to coordinate the military aviation. In that same year the Fábrica Militar de Aviones, which would become the heart of the aviation industry, was founded in Córdoba. By 1938–39 Argentinas air power had about 3,200 staff, about 150 of these were operated by the army and included Dewoitine D. In addition, a number of Avro Lincoln and Avro Lancaster bombers were acquired, also locally developed aircraft, like the I. Ae. 22 DL trainer and the I. Ae,24 Calquin tactical bomber, were added to the inventory. In the 1960s new aircraft were incorporated, including the F-86 Sabre fighter, during the 1970s the Air Force re-equipped itself with modern aircraft, including Mirage III interceptors, IAI Dagger multi-role fighters, and C-130 Hercules cargo planes. A counter-insurgency airplane, the Pucará, was used in substantial numbers. The Falklands War, took a toll on the Air Force. After the war, due to the economic situation, international opposition and political distrust of the military. This, coupled with diminishing budgets, led to a period of reduced activity, other equipment was bought,23 US Army surplus OV-1 Mohawks,22 Ex-Israeli IAI Dagger,2 C-130B and 1 Lockheed L-100-30. The FAA has been involved in United Nations peacekeeping missions around the world and they sent a Boeing 707 to the 1991 Gulf War. Since 1994 the UN Air contingent in Cyprus under UNFICYP mandate is provided by the FAA, the FAA has also since 2005 deployed Bell 212 helicopters to Haiti under MINUSTAH mandate. The possibility of purchasing surplus French Air Force Mirage 2000C fighters, since the 1990s the FAA has established good relations with its neighbours, the Brazilian and Chilean Air Forces. They annually meet, on a basis, in the joint exercises Cruzex in Brazil, Ceibo in Argentina. In 2007 an FAA FMA IA58 Pucará was converted to use a modified engine operating on soy-derived bio-jet fuel, the project, financed and directed by the Argentine Government, made Argentina the second nation in the world to propel an aircraft with biojet fuel
7.
Ministro Pistarini International Airport
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It is the countrys largest international airport by number of passengers handled—85% of international traffic—and is a hub for international flights of Aerolíneas Argentinas and LATAM Argentina. Aerolineas Argentinas and its subsidiary Austral Lineas Aereas do operate limited domestic or cabotaje air service from Pistarini Airport as well, covering 3,475 hectares, the airport serves Buenos Aires and its metropolitan area. It has been operated by Aeropuertos Argentina 2000 S. A. since 1998, Ministro Pistarini Airport was voted 2007 best airport in the region following a survey carried out by Skytrax. It dropped to place in 2010, behind Comodoro Arturo Merino Benítez International Airport. The airport was named after the general and politician Juan Pistarini and he, as Minister of Public Works, placed the cornerstone of the project on 22 December 1945. It was designed and erected by Argentine technicians, Its construction was one of the projects in the five-year plan of the first presidency of Juan Perón. When it opened, it was the third-largest airport in the world, the first civil flight from the then new London Heathrow Airport, a BSAA Avro Lancastrian, flew to Ministro Pistarini International Airport in 1946. A1949 diagram shows three runways crossing at 60-degree angles,9,353 ft runway 10/28,7,220 ft 4/22 and 6,892 ft 16/34, in 1997, RWY 05/23 was closed and it is now used for parking large aircraft. The Ezeiza massacre took place near the airport in 1973, the airport is about 22 km from Buenos Aires city. Road access is by the Riccheri Highway, Public transport buses to various destinations are also available. Until December 2012 the tax was collected, in Argentine pesos or US dollars, at the airport, since then, in October 2012 Ezeiza Airport recorded the highest annual traffic growth of all the airports operated by Aeropuertos Argentina 2000. Overall,2012 traffic figures for the airport indicated a 7. 3% increase over the previous year, figures for July 2013 showed that the airport handled 688,397 passengers, an 8. 9% decrease over the previous year. Terminal C was inaugurated in July 2011, as of December 2011, its facilities were in use by Aerolíneas Argentinas, Air France, more SkyTeam members were expected to move their operations to the terminal. In March 2013 terminal B, with an area of 28,795 square metres, was inaugurated, for use by Aerolíneas Argentinas, qantas withdrew its service to the airport in favour of Santiago de Chile in March 2012, flights to Ezeiza Airport had begun in November 2008. This followed Malaysia Airlines termination of its Boeing 747-served Kuala Lumpur–Cape Town–Buenos Aires route in early 2012 to cut costs, south African Airways discontinued its Johannesburg–Buenos Aires service in March 2014. In June 2010, Qatar Airways launched direct flights between the airport and Doha, after a ten-year gap, KLM resumed operations at the airport in October 2011. Emirates launched services to the airport in January 2012, and Turkish Airlines extended its Istanbul–São Paulo service to end at Ezeiza in December the same year, Air New Zealand started non-stop flights between the airport and Auckland in December 2015. As of August 2011, Aviation Safety Network records 30 accidents/incidents for aircraft that departed from the airport or had it as a destination, the list below provides a summary of only fatal events that took place at or in the vicinity of the airport
8.
Avenida General Paz
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Avenida General Paz is a beltway freeway surrounding the city of Buenos Aires. Roughly following the boundary between the city and Buenos Aires Province, it is one of the few motorways in Argentina that is toll-free. It carries three lanes of traffic in each direction during most of its length, and five lanes between the Pan-American Highway and the Río de la Plata. There are feeder roads in both directions and there are service areas along its length, usually with a gas station and fast food restaurants. Federal law number 2,089 of 1887 established the limits of the city of Buenos Aires, including the partidos of Belgrano, in Article 6 of that law it declared that a road was to be built to delimit these with the city of Buenos Aires. Due to the plan of drawing straight lines for the road, named after José María Paz, the freeway was designed by Pascual Palazzo and construction was directed by José María Zaballa Carbó. It was the first freeway built in the country, the crossings with the most important avenues were grade-separated, more minor cross-streets were served with traffic circles. The road had four lanes, two on each direction and lateral feeder streets of one lane on each side, the pavement was made of reinforced concrete. Work was started on 8 June 1937, and the freeway was opened to the public on 5 July 1941, in the 1970s the roundabout on Avenida del Libertador was replaced by an interchange. In 1996 the road was modernized and fully grade-separated, widening the road to three lanes on each direction and two streets with two lanes each. To facilitate traffic it was decided that the bus lines travelled on these feeder roads, except the express service buses. These streets have speed bumps that limit speed to 40 kilometers per hour, Buenos Aires government current and historical maps
9.
Wetland
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A wetland is a land area that is saturated with water, either permanently or seasonally, such that it takes on the characteristics of a distinct ecosystem. The primary factor that distinguishes wetlands from other forms or water bodies is the characteristic vegetation of aquatic plants. Wetlands play a number of roles in the environment, principally water purification, flood control, carbon sink, Wetlands are also considered the most biologically diverse of all ecosystems, serving as home to a wide range of plant and animal life. Wetlands occur naturally on every continent except Antarctica, the largest including the Amazon River basin, the West Siberian Plain, the water found in wetlands can be freshwater, brackish, or saltwater. The main wetland types include swamps, marshes, bogs, and fens, and sub-types include mangrove, carr, pocosin, the UN Millennium Ecosystem Assessment determined that environmental degradation is more prominent within wetland systems than any other ecosystem on Earth. International conservation efforts are being used in conjunction with the development of rapid assessment tools to people about wetland issues. Constructed wetlands can be used to treat municipal and industrial wastewater as well as stormwater runoff and they may also play a role in water-sensitive urban design. A patch of land that develops pools of water after a storm would not be considered a wetland. Wetlands have unique characteristics, they are distinguished from other water bodies or landforms based on their water level. Specifically, wetlands are characterized as having a table that stands at or near the land surface for a long enough period each year to support aquatic plants. A more concise definition is a community composed of hydric soil, Wetlands have also been described as ecotones, providing a transition between dry land and water bodies. In environmental decision-making, there are subsets of definitions that are agreed upon to make regulatory and policy decisions. A wetland is an ecosystem that arises when inundation by water produces soils dominated by anaerobic processes, There are four main kinds of wetlands – marsh, swamp, bog and fen. Some experts also recognize wet meadows and aquatic ecosystems as additional wetland types, the largest wetlands in the world include the swamp forests of the Amazon and the peatlands of Siberia. Under the Ramsar international wetland conservation treaty, wetlands are defined as follows, Article 2.1, may incorporate riparian and coastal zones adjacent to the wetlands, and islands or bodies of marine water deeper than six metres at low tide lying within the wetlands. Although the general definition given above applies around the world, each county, Wetlands generally include swamps, marshes, bogs and similar areas. This definition has been used in the enforcement of the Clean Water Act, some US states, such as Massachusetts and New York, have separate definitions that may differ from the federal governments. It is not uncommon for a wetland to be dry for long portions of the growing season, the most important factor producing wetlands is flooding
10.
Land reclamation
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Land reclamation, usually known as reclamation, and also known as land fill, is the process of creating new land from ocean, riverbeds, or lake beds. The land reclaimed is known as ground or land fill. In a number of jurisdictions, including parts of the United States. In Alberta, Canada, for example, reclamation is defined by the government as The process of reconverting disturbed land to its former or other productive uses. In Oceania it is referred to as land rehabilitation. Land reclamation can be achieved with a number of different methods, the most simple method involves simply filling the area with large amounts of heavy rock and/or cement, then filling with clay and dirt until the desired height is reached. The process is called infilling and the used to fill the space is generically called infill. Draining of submerged wetlands is often used to land for agricultural use. Deep cement mixing is used typically in situations in which the material displaced by either dredging or draining may be contaminated, the creation of new land was for the need of human activities. Notable examples include, Much of the coastlines of Mumbai, India and it took over 150 years to join the original seven islands of Mumbai. Much of the coastlines of Mainland China, Hong Kong, North Korea and it is estimated that nearly 65% of tidal flats around the Yellow Sea have been reclaimed. Inland lowlands in the Yangtze valley, China, including the areas of important cities like Shanghai, Much of the coastline of Karachi, Pakistan. A part of the Hamad International Airport in Qatar, around 36 square kilometres, the entire island of The Pearl-Qatar situated in West Bay, Qatar. The city-state of Singapore, where land is in supply, is also famous for its efforts on land reclamation. The Palm Islands, The World and hotel Burj al-Arab off Dubai in the United Arab Emirates The Yas Island in Abu Dhabi and it is one of the six divisions of Malé City. The Eko Atlantic in Lagos, Nigeria, mexico City, the chinampas are a famous example. Parts of Panama City urban and street development are based on reclaimed land, aeroparque Jorge Newbery, in Buenos Aires, Argentina One of the earliest large scale projects was the Beemster Polder in the Netherlands, realized in 1612 adding 70 square kilometres of land. In Hong Kong the Praya Reclamation Scheme added 20 to 24 hectares of land in 1890 during the phase of construction
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Media related to Aeroparque Jorge Newbery at Wikimedia Commons
