Heir apparent
An heir apparent or heiress apparent is a person who is first in line of succession and cannot be displaced from inheriting by the birth of another person. An heir presumptive, by contrast, is someone who is first in line to inherit a title, today these terms most commonly describe heirs to hereditary titles, particularly monarchies. They are used metaphorically to indicate an anointed successor to any position of power, in France the title was le Dauphin. See crown prince for more examples and this article primarily describes the term heir apparent in a hereditary system regulated by laws of primogeniture—as opposed to cases where a monarch has a say in naming the heir. An heir presumptive, by contrast, can always be bumped down in the succession by the birth of more closely related in a legal sense to the current title-holder. The clearest example occurs in the case of a title-holder with no children, if at any time he or she were to produce children, they rank ahead of whatever more distant relative had been heir presumptive.
Many legal systems assume childbirth is always possible regardless of age or health, in such circumstances a person may be, in a practical sense, the heir apparent but still, legally speaking, heir presumptive. Adelaide was 44 at the time, so pregnancy was even if unlikely. Daughters may inherit titles that descend according to male-preference primogeniture, normally, even an only daughter will not be heir apparent, since at any time a brother might be born who, though younger, would assume that position. Hence, she is an heir presumptive, for example, Queen Elizabeth II was heir presumptive during the reign of her father, King George VI, because at any stage up to his death, George could have fathered a legitimate son. In a system of absolute primogeniture that disregards gender, female heirs apparent occur, several European monarchies that have adopted such systems in the last few decades furnish practical examples. Princess Ingrid Alexandra of Norway is heir apparent to her father, Victoria was not heir apparent from birth, but gained the status in 1980 following a change in the Swedish Act of Succession.
Her younger brother Carl Philip was thus heir apparent for a few months, then, as the representative of her fathers line she would assume a place ahead of any more distant relatives. Such a situation has not to date occurred with the English or British throne, several times an heir apparent has died, there have been several female heirs apparent to British peerages. In one special case, however and Scotland had an heir apparent. William, by contrast, was to reign for life only, although after Marys death William continued to reign, he had no power to beget direct heirs, and Anne became the heir apparent for the remainder of Williams reign. She eventually succeeded him as Queen of England and Ireland, the position of an heir apparent is normally unshakable, it can be assumed they will inherit. Sometimes, extraordinary events—such as the death or the deposition of the parent—intervene
Alfredo Roque Gameiro
Alfredo Roque Gameiro was a Portuguese painter and graphic artist who specialized in watercolors. When he was ten years old, he went to live in Lisbon with his oldest brother, Justin and he studied at the Faculty of Fine Arts of the University of Lisbon, where José Simões de Almeida was one of his professors. After receiving a scholarship from the Portuguese government, he attended the Hochschule für Grafik und Buchkunst in Leipzig and studied lithography with Ludwig Nieper. Upon returning to Portugal in 1886, he became the Director of the Companhia Nacional Editora and and he was a frequent contributor to several weekly and monthly periodicals and worked with Manuel de Macedo to provide illustrations for a deluxe edition of The Lusiads, published in 1900. From 1910 to 1920 he created 10 watercolors and 90 lithographs for what would be his most popular work, Lisboa Velha and he illustrated several popular novels by Júlio Dinis. In 1919, he became the first Director of the Escola Secundária Artística António Arroio, the following year, he and his daughter Helena had a successful joint exhibition in Brazil.
He was elected a member of the Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando in 1923, a majority of his works are on display at the municipal museum there, including many on loan from the Gulbenkian Foundation. Some of his designs appear on Portuguese postage stamps, all five of his children became artists, Raquel Roque Gameiro Ottolini, a watercolorist, Manuel Roque Gameiro, who worked with diverse materials. His sculptures may be seen in Portugal and Mozambique, maria Lucília Abreu, Roque Gameiro, o homem e a obra, ACD Edições,2005, ISBN 972-8855-17-6 Thereza Leitão de Barros, Exposição retrospectiva da obra de Roque Gameiro, Lisbon,1946. A Tribo dos Pincéis a book issued on the occasion of a conference held at his home in Amadora and it includes his postage stamp designs and book illustrations by his entire family. A Tribo dos Pincéis a website devoted to Roque Gameiro and his family and critical material compiled @ jcabral. info
Colonial Brazil
Slaves, especially those brought from Africa, provided most of the working force of the Brazilian export economy after a brief period of Indian slavery to cut brazilwood. The boom and bust economic cycles were linked to export products and diamonds were discovered and mined in southern Brazil through the end of the colonial era. Brazilian cities were largely port cities and the administrative capital was moved several times in response to the rise. Unlike Spanish America that fragmented in many republics, Brazil remained as an administrative unit with a monarch. Like Spanish America with European Spanish, Brazil had linguistic integrity of Portuguese, both Spanish America and Brazil were Roman Catholic. The Portuguese identified brazilwood as a red dye and an exploitable product. Its maritime exploration proceeded down the coast of West Africa and they sought the sources of gold and African slaves that were high value goods of the African trade. The Portuguese set up fortified trading factories, whereby permanent, fairly small commercial settlements anchored trade in a region, the initial costs of setting up these commercial posts was borne by private investors, who in turn received hereditary titles and commercial advantages.
From the Portuguese crowns point of view, its realm was expanded with relatively little cost to itself, the most decisive of these treaties was the Treaty of Tordesillas, signed in 1494, that created the Tordesillas Meridian, dividing the world between those two kingdoms. All land discovered or to be discovered east of that meridian was to be the property of Portugal, the Tordesillas Meridian divided South America into two parts, leaving a large chunk of land to be exploited by the Spaniards. The Treaty of Tordesillas was arguably the most decisive event in all Brazilian history, the present extent of Brazils coastline is almost exactly that defined by the treaty of Madrid, which was approved in 1750. On April 22,1500, during the reign of King Manuel I, although it is debated whether previous Portuguese explorers had already been in Brazil, this date is widely and politically accepted as the day of the discovery of Brazil by Europeans. Álvares Cabral was leading a fleet of 13 ships and more than 1000 men following Vasco da Gamas way to India.
The place where Álvares Cabral arrived is now known as Porto Seguro, after the voyage of Álvares Cabral, the Portuguese concentrated their efforts on the lucrative possessions in Africa and India and showed little interest in Brazil. Between 1500 and 1530, relatively few Portuguese expeditions came to the new land to chart the coast, in Europe, this wood was used to produce a valuable dye to give color to luxury textiles. Over time, the Portuguese realized that some European countries, especially France, were sending excursions to the land to extract brazilwood. Worried about foreign incursions and hoping to find riches, the Portuguese crown decided to send large missions to take possession of the land. In 1530, an expedition led by Martim Afonso de Sousa arrived in Brazil to patrol the entire coast, ban the French, at first, Brazil was set up as fifteen private, hereditary captaincies
Pantheon of the House of Braganza
The Pantheon was created under orders from Ferdinand II of Portugal, transforming the old refectory of the monastery into the burial place it is today. The majority of the tombs are located on the sides of the pantheon, if the tomb is of a monarch, it has a crown engraved in gold on the side of the tomb and a crown placed on top of the entire set of tombs. However, she was never buried in the Braganza Pantheon, and his heart is interred in the Church of Our Lady of Lapa, in Porto, Portugal. She subsequently remained in Brazil with her husband, and became Empress Consort of Brazil when Pedro proclaimed the independence of Brazil and was acclaimed as Emperor Pedro I. When Pedro briefly held the Portuguese Crown as Pedro IV from March to May,1826, Empress Maria Leopoldina became Queen Consort of Portugal. She died in December 1826, before her remains were transferred to the Monument to the Independence of Brazil in 1972, was buried in the Convent of Santo Antônio in Rio de Janeiro. Queen Consort Maria Pia, consort of King Luís I of Portugal, is buried in the Pantheon of the House of Savoy in the Basilica of Superga in Turin, Italy.
Princess Augusta Victoria of Hohenzollern, consort of King Manuel II of Portugal, is buried at Langenstein Castle, King Carol II of Romania and Magda Lupescu were buried in the pantheon before their return to Romania. Monastery of São Vicente de Fora List of Portuguese monarchs Dias, real Panteão dos Bragança, arte e memória. Royal Pantheon of the Braganza Dynasty History of the Royal Pantheon of the Braganza Dynasty
Terceira Island
Terceira is an island in the Azores archipelago, in the middle of the North Atlantic Ocean. It is one of the islands of the archipelago, with a population of 56,000 inhabitants in an area of approximately 396.75 square kilometres. A small number of hypogea were discovered on the island of Terceira, indicating a history of settlement that may date back 2000 years, there has been uncertainty in the date and the discoverer associated with the islands of the Azores. In 1439, the first official discovery document appeared, attributing the discovery of the Formigas to Gonçalo Velho Cabral, regardless, it was only a temporary name, as the colloquial Terceira was used more often to describe the island. The colonization of the island began by decree of Infante D. Henrique and its first settler was Fernão dUlmo, a Flem or Frenchman, who abandoned his plot, for unknown reasons. The first settlement occurred in Quatro Ribeiras, in the locality of Portalegre, Bruges made return trips to Flanders for new settlers to his colony.
On one of his trips to Madeira, he conscripted Diogo de Teive and assigned him as his Lieutenant and Overseer for the island of Terceira. Following his disappearance, the Infanta D. Beatriz, in the name of her son the Infante D. Diogo divided the island of Terceira into two captaincies and Praia. This development would continue until the end of the 19th century, with the introduction of new products, including tea and pineapple. During the Portuguese succession crisis of 1580, the Azores was the portion of the Portuguese overseas empire to resist the Spanish until the summer of 1583. Philip II of Spain had offered an amnesty if the Azores surrender, with a fleet to ninety-six ships and 9,500 men the Marquis was able to defeat the forces of D. António after one days fighting. Although French and English soldiers on the island were allowed to retire unharmed, antonio and a handful of his supporters were lucky to escape with their lives. With the acclamation of John IV of Portugal, the Azores applauded the restoration of independence from the Iberian Union, in 1766, the reorganization of system of Captaincies was undertaken, resulting in one Captain-General, with his seat in Angra do Heroísmo for the Azores.
In 1810, a number of journalists and others considered to favor the French, having embraced the cause of constitutionalism, the local Terceirenses established a Junta Provisória in the name of Queen Maria II of Portugal in 1828. At the outbreak of hostilities between Miguelistas, a second, less-developed, graben is located on the southeast of the Santa Bárbara stratovolcano. This feature is marked by trachyte domes and crosses from the coast at Ponta do Queimado to the cliffs, basaltic lava and fissural eruptions near the center of the island. Other geomorphological points of interest include the plains of Achada, the mounts near Santa Bárbara, most of the island is ringed by coastal cliffs about 20 m high, except on the south coast near Angra do Heroísmo. Here, an eruption of lava in shallow water formed the tuff cone of Monte Brasil
Ribeira Palace
Ribeira Palace was the main residence of the Kings of Portugal, in Lisbon, for around 250 years. Its construction was ordered by King Manuel I of Portugal when he found the Royal Alcáçova of São Jorge unsuitable, the palace complex underwent numerous reconstructions and reconfigurations from the original Manueline design, ending with its final Mannerist and Baroque form. The Ribeira Palace, as well as most of the city of Lisbon, was destroyed in the 1755 Lisbon earthquake, Lisbons primary square, the Praça do Comércio, is situated on the site of the former palace. The square is popularly referred to as the Terreiro do Paço. The groundbreaking of the palace was in 1498, Ribeira palace was situated next to the Ribeira das Naus shipyard and near all the major Lisbon trading houses. In 1502, the palace had been large enough so that the Portuguese Royal Court could begin moving into the palace. In 1508, King Manuel I started expansion works on the palace, which ended in 1510, the palace of King Manuel I, and his successors until King Henry I of Portugal, was a true palace of the Portuguese Renaissance.
Done in the Manueline style, among others, the palace included various wings, balconies and courtyards. The main loggia of the palace, facing the Terreiro do Paço, followed the style employed by King Manuel I at many of his palaces, most notably at the Royal Palace of Évora. The hallmark of the palace, not just in the Manueline era but in all its history, was its Tower of the King, in the southern wing. During the Manueline era, the Casa da Índia was installed in the tower and it was during the Manueline era, when the House of Aviz ruled Portugal, that the Portuguese Renaissance truly flourished, and Ribeira Palace was one of its centers. It was a beacon for artists, scientists and noblemen from all over Portugal and it was at Ribeira Palace, in 1515, that Gil Vicente, the father of Portuguese and Spanish theatre, first performed his play Quem Tem Farelos. for King Manuel I. The palace was almost completely destroyed in the 1531 Lisbon earthquake and had to be rebuilt. To better suit Lisbon for King Philip Is extravagant court, the King ordered the remodeling and expansion of Ribeira Palace, under the authority of Filipe Terço, the Master of the Royal Works.
King Philip I decided to modernize the palace, stripping it of its early renaissance, Manueline style and planning and converting Ribeira Palace into a monumental, organized Mannerist complex. When King Philip I left Lisbon, in 1583, Ribeira Palace became the seat of the Council of Portugal. Another King to improve the Palace was John V, who invested great sums – derived from the mines in colonial Brazil – to enlarge. The original manueline chapel was turned into a magnificent baroque church, in the century, King Joseph I built a Royal Opera House by the Palace, designed by the Italian Giuseppe Bibiena
Jaffna
Jaffna is the capital city of the Northern Province of Sri Lanka. It is the headquarters of the Jaffna district located on a peninsula of the same name. With a population of 88,138, Jaffna is Sri Lankas 12th largest city, jaffnas suburb Nallur served as the capital of the four-century-long medieval Jaffna kingdom. Prior to the Sri Lankan civil war, it was Sri Lankas second most populated city after the commercial capital Colombo, the 1980s insurgent uprising led to extensive damage, expulsion of part of the population, and military occupation. Since the end of war in 2009, refugees and internally displaced people have started to return to their homes and government. Historically, Jaffna has been a contested city and it was made into a colonial port town during the Portuguese occupation of the Jaffna peninsula in 1619 who lost it to the Dutch, only to lose it to the British in 1796. And during the civil war the rebel Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam occupied Jaffna in 1986. The Indian Peace Keeping Force briefly occupied the city in 1987, the LTTE again occupied the city from 1989 until 1995, when the Sri Lankan military regained control.
The majority of the population are Sri Lankan Tamils with a significant number of Sri Lankan Moors, Indian Tamils. Most Sri Lankan Tamils are Hindus followed by Christians, the city is home to number of educational institutions established during the colonial and post-colonial period. It has number of institutions, minor industrial units, hotels. It is home to historical sites such as the popular Jaffna library that was burnt down and rebuilt. Jaffna is known in Tamil as Yalpanam, the origin of the name can be traced to a legend about the towns etymology. A King was visited by the blind Panan musician, who was an expert in vocal music, the King who was delighted to the music played with the Yal by the Panan, presented him a sandy plain. Jaffna is a version of Yalpanam. The colloquial form of Yalpanam is Yappanam, the Ya and Ja including pp and ff are easily interchangeable. As soon as it went into foreign language, it lost the Tamil ending m, excavations that were conducted by Sir Paul E. In the chronicle Mahavamsa, around sixth century B, the 6th century CE Tamil epic Manimekalai speaks of the prosperous Naga Nadu and Manipallavam
Battle of Montes Claros
The Battle of Montes Claros was fought on 17 June 1665, near Vila Viçosa, between Spanish and Portuguese as the last major battle in the Portuguese Restoration War. It was a great Portuguese victory and is considered as one of the most important battles in the countrys history, by 1665, the Portuguese Restoration War had been raging for 25 years. Despite numerous setbacks, King Philip IV of Spain was determined to crush the Portuguese insurrection, the court believed that the insurrection could only be ended by the capture of a major city or by the complete destruction of the Portuguese Army. Luis de Benavides Carrillo, Marquis of Caracena, a veteran of campaigns in Italy, Carrillo had served as a field commander and as a military governor, and his organizational skills were lauded. Carrillo planned to end the war by capturing the Portuguese capital of Lisbon, to reach the city, he planned first to take Vila Viçosa, followed by Setúbal. Once he was in command, Carrillo wanted to gather strength to ensue that he outnumbered the opposing Portuguese Army.
However, the illness of King Philip caused the court to him to procede with the invasion. The Spanish crown was facing financial difficulties, and there was a fear that the army would be disbanded if the war continued. The Portuguese were prepared and had such an attack. 3,500 men were moved from Trás-os-Montes in the north to Alentejo in the south, a further 7,800 men came from Lisbon, under command of António Luís de Meneses, who had beaten the Spanish in the Battle of the Lines of Elvas six years earlier. They were reinforced by a veteran English contingent of 2,000 men under the command of the Duke of Schomberg. A veteran commander who had been defending the Portuguese border for over 20 years, as such, he reinforced the border garrisons of Elvas and Campo Maior, hoping to harden the frontier defenses and in doing so influence the route Carrillo would take. The Portuguese were conscious of the health of the Spanish King. Carrillos army moved into Portugal on 25 May and he first took Borba without resistance after it was abandoned by the Portuguese.
He laid siege to Vila Viçosa, which was defended and offered a stiff resistance to the attackers. The Portuguese decided to land for time, as it was hoped that the rough terrain of the hinterlands would degrade Carrillos army. Despite this strategy, Meneses was determined to engage the Spanish army, the main body of the Portuguese army had set itself in motion towards the besieged city, but it stopped in Montes Claros, halfway between Vila Viçosa and Estremoz. Carrillo, who was at that time furthering the siege of Vila Vicosa, was fast losing men to attrition
Battle of the Lines of Elvas
The Battle of the Lines of Elvas, was fought on 14 January 1659, in Elvas, between Portugal and Spain during the Portuguese Restoration War. It ended in a decisive Portuguese victory, by 1659, the Portuguese Restoration War had been raging for 18 years and had degenerated into a stalemate. Other than minor cavalry raids, little fighting had occurred and neither the Spanish Hapsburg Army nor the Portuguese had managed to claim a decisive battlefield victory. The capture of Elvas and Fort Santa Luzia would allow the Spanish Army to proceed down the Estremoz road to the Portuguese capital of Lisbon if they so chose. The Portuguese court was aware of the Spanish threat to the city and had reinforced the strength of the citys defensive fortifications during the course of the war. However, years of minor military action in the area had degraded the readiness of the garrison. In December 1658 a Spanish army commanded by D. Grandee Luis de Haro camped in the frontier of the Caia River with 14,000 infantry,3,500 cavalry, and several pieces of artillery.
The Spanish preparation for the siege of Elvas took several days, time which the Portuguese used to prepare the city defenses. De Haro distributed his troops in trenches, giving orders to everyone that approached the city. The Spanish bombarded the city, causing panic and casualties among the civil population, the only way the situation could turn in favor of the Portuguese was with the help of a relief army. Queen-Mother Luisa de Guzman decided to call for António Luís de Meneses, Count of Cantanhede and she transferred to the same theatre of operations Sancho Manoel de Vilhena, who assumed the post of field marshal. Meneses, although facing extremely poor conditions, managed to gather an army in Estremoz. He organized recruitment efforts in Viseu and in the Madeira islands and united the garrisons of Borba, Campo Maior, Vila Viçosa, the gathered army had 8,000 infantry,2,500 cavalry, and seven cannons. The Portuguese left Estremoz and occupied the hill of Assomada, from where they could see the city of Elvas, when the Spanish cavalry moved to intervene, the limited Portuguese cannon fired into them.
Using his infantry in conjunction his artillery, Meneses was able to stall several Spanish cavalry charges, the Portuguese cavalry was ordered to counter-charge the retreating Spanish cavalry, despite the superior Spanish numbers, routed them. With this early action won, Meneses divided his army, drawing up one part to attack the Spanish trenches while sending the other around the Spanish flank, having lost most of his cavalry, De Haro was left unaware of this movement. From his position on Assomada hill, Meneses signaled the Elvas garrison to sally forth from their defenses, meanwhile, De Haro continued to conduct a pitched defensive battle centered on his static trench line, and failed to deal with the encircling Portuguese forces. De Haro abandoned his strategy too late in the day, Meneses wasted no time in his pursuit of the Spanish, and harried them for the next three days as they retreated across the border to Badajoz
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Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 734.
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