1.
The Bronx
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The Bronx is the northernmost of the five boroughs of New York City, within the U. S. state of New York. Since 1914, the Bronx has had the boundaries as Bronx County, a county of New York. The Bronx is divided by the Bronx River into a section in the west, closer to Manhattan. East and west street addresses are divided by Jerome Avenue—the continuation of Manhattans Fifth Avenue, the West Bronx was annexed to New York City in 1874, and the areas east of the Bronx River in 1895. Bronx County was separated from New York County in 1914, about a quarter of the Bronxs area is open space, including Woodlawn Cemetery, Van Cortlandt Park, Pelham Bay Park, the New York Botanical Garden, and the Bronx Zoo in the boroughs north and center. These open spaces are situated primarily on land reserved in the late 19th century as urban development progressed north. The name Bronx originated with Jonas Bronck, who established the first settlement in the area as part of the New Netherland colony in 1639, the native Lenape were displaced after 1643 by settlers. This cultural mix has made the Bronx a wellspring of both Latin music and hip hop. The Bronx, particularly the South Bronx, saw a decline in population, livable housing, and the quality of life in the late 1960s. Since then the communities have shown significant redevelopment starting in the late 1980s before picking up pace from the 1990s until today, the Bronx was called Rananchqua by the native Siwanoy band of Lenape, while other Native Americans knew the Bronx as Keskeskeck. It was divided by the Aquahung River, the origin of Jonas Bronck is contested. Some sources claim he was a Swedish born emigrant from Komstad, Norra Ljunga parish in Småland, Sweden, who arrived in New Netherland during the spring of 1639. Bronck became the first recorded European settler in the now known as the Bronx and built a farm named Emmanus close to what today is the corner of Willis Avenue. He leased land from the Dutch West India Company on the neck of the mainland north of the Dutch settlement in Harlem. He eventually accumulated 500 acres between the Harlem River and the Aquahung, which known as Broncks River or the Bronx. Dutch and English settlers referred to the area as Broncks Land, the American poet William Bronk was a descendant of Pieter Bronck, either Jonas Broncks son or his younger brother. More recent research indicates that Pieter was probably Jonas nephew or cousin, the Bronx is referred to with the definite article as The Bronx, both legally and colloquially. The region was named after the Bronx River and first appeared in the Annexed District of The Bronx created in 1874 out of part of Westchester County
2.
New York (state)
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New York is a state in the northeastern United States, and is the 27th-most extensive, fourth-most populous, and seventh-most densely populated U. S. state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south and Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Vermont to the east. With an estimated population of 8.55 million in 2015, New York City is the most populous city in the United States, the New York Metropolitan Area is one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world. New York City makes up over 40% of the population of New York State, two-thirds of the states population lives in the New York City Metropolitan Area, and nearly 40% lives on Long Island. Both the state and New York City were named for the 17th-century Duke of York, the next four most populous cities in the state are Buffalo, Rochester, Yonkers, and Syracuse, while the state capital is Albany. New York has a diverse geography and these more mountainous regions are bisected by two major river valleys—the north-south Hudson River Valley and the east-west Mohawk River Valley, which forms the core of the Erie Canal. Western New York is considered part of the Great Lakes Region and straddles Lake Ontario, between the two lakes lies Niagara Falls. The central part of the state is dominated by the Finger Lakes, New York had been inhabited by tribes of Algonquian and Iroquoian-speaking Native Americans for several hundred years by the time the earliest Europeans came to New York. The first Europeans to arrive were French colonists and Jesuit missionaries who arrived southward from settlements at Montreal for trade, the British annexed the colony from the Dutch in 1664. The borders of the British colony, the Province of New York, were similar to those of the present-day state, New York is home to the Statue of Liberty, a symbol of the United States and its ideals of freedom, democracy, and opportunity. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. On April 17,1524 Verrazanno entered New York Bay, by way of the now called the Narrows into the northern bay which he named Santa Margherita. Verrazzano described it as a vast coastline with a delta in which every kind of ship could pass and he adds. This vast sheet of water swarmed with native boats and he landed on the tip of Manhattan and possibly on the furthest point of Long Island. Verrazannos stay was interrupted by a storm which pushed him north towards Marthas Vineyard, in 1540 French traders from New France built a chateau on Castle Island, within present-day Albany, due to flooding, it was abandoned the next year. In 1614, the Dutch under the command of Hendrick Corstiaensen, rebuilt the French chateau, Fort Nassau was the first Dutch settlement in North America, and was located along the Hudson River, also within present-day Albany. The small fort served as a trading post and warehouse, located on the Hudson River flood plain, the rudimentary fort was washed away by flooding in 1617, and abandoned for good after Fort Orange was built nearby in 1623. Henry Hudsons 1609 voyage marked the beginning of European involvement with the area, sailing for the Dutch East India Company and looking for a passage to Asia, he entered the Upper New York Bay on September 11 of that year
3.
Hip hop music
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It developed as part of hip hop culture, a subculture defined by four key stylistic elements, MCing/rapping, DJing/scratching with turntables, break dancing, and graffiti writing. Other elements include sampling beats or bass lines from records, while often used to refer solely to rapping, hip hop more properly denotes the practice of the entire subculture. Hip hops early evolution occurred as sampling technology and drum machines became available and affordable. Turntablist techniques such as scratching and beatmatching developed along with the breaks and Jamaican toasting, rapping developed as a vocal style in which the artist speaks or chants along rhythmically with an instrumental or synthesized beat. The Sugarhill Gangs 1979 song Rappers Delight is widely regarded to be the first hip hop record to gain popularity in the mainstream. The 1980s marked the diversification of hip hop as the genre developed more complex styles, prior to the 1980s, hip hop music was largely confined within the United States. However, during the 1980s, it began to spread to scenes in dozens of countries. New school hip hop was the wave of hip hop music, originating in 1983–84 with the early records of Run-D. M. C. The Golden age hip hop period was a period between the mid-1980s and the early 1990s. Notable artists from this era include the Juice Crew, Public Enemy, & Rakim, Boogie Down Productions and KRS-One, EPMD, Slick Rick, Beastie Boys, Kool G Rap, Big Daddy Kane, Ultramagnetic MCs, De La Soul, and A Tribe Called Quest. Gangsta rap is a subgenre of hip hop that often focuses on the violent lifestyles, in the West Coast hip hop style, G-funk dominated mainstream hip hop for several years during the 1990s. I. G. In the 1990s, hip hop began to diversify with other regional styles emerging, such as Southern rap, at the same time, hip hop continued to be assimilated into other genres of popular music, examples being Neo soul and nu metal. Hip hop became a pop music genre in the mid-1990s. The popularity of hip hop music continued through the 2000s, with hip hop influences also increasingly finding their way into mainstream pop, the United States also saw the success of regional styles such as crunk, a Southern genre that emphasized the beats and music more than the lyrics. Starting in 2005, sales of hip hop music in the United States began to severely wane, during the mid-2000s, alternative hip hop secured a place in the mainstream, due in part to the crossover success of artists such as OutKast and Kanye West. Creation of the hip hop is often credited to Keith Cowboy, rapper with Grandmaster Flash. However, Lovebug Starski, Keith Cowboy, and DJ Hollywood used the term when the music was known as disco rap. Cowboy later worked the hip hop cadence into a part of his stage performance, the first use of the term in print was in The Village Voice, by Steven Hager, later author of a 1984 history of hip hop
4.
Electro house
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Electro house is a form of house music. Electro house is characterized by a prominent bassline and/or kick drum and its origins were influenced by electro, electroclash, electropop, synthpop, and tech house. The term has been used to describe the music of many DJ Mag Top 100 DJs, including Dimitri Vegas & Like Mike, Hardwell, Skrillex, electro-house is typified by its heavy bass. This is often in the form of buzzing basslines, such as those created with sawtooth waves and it is also often in the form of large bass drum sounds in a four-on-the-floor pattern. The tempo of electro house is usually around 130 beats per minute, electro house sometimes resembles tech house, but it can contain melodic elements and electro-influenced samples and synths. The genre has been described as a genre of house and electro, either in its original form or as fused with electropop and techno in its late-1990s revival. The word electro is now used as an adjective, such as electro-house. Early songs that have been labelled retroactively as electro-house include Dark Invader by Arrivers in 1996, mr. Oizos 1999 hit Flat Beat has also been considered an early example of the genre. Benny Benassi, with his track Satisfaction released in 2002, is seen as the forerunner of electro-house who brought it to the mainstream, by the mid 2000s, electro-house saw an increase in popularity. Since then, electro-house producers such as Feed Me, Knife Party, The M Machine, Porter Robinson, in the early 2010s, a type of electro-house known as big room began to develop, particularly gaining popularity through EDM-oriented events and festivals such as Tomorrowland. Big room now is beginning to subside from the classification of a subgenre of electro house, big room songs resemble Dutch house, often incorporating drops, minimalist percussion, regular beats, sub-bass layered kicks, simple melodies, and synth-driven breakdowns. The layout of a big room track is similar to the layout of a typical electro-house song. Big room is thought of as a subgenre of electro-house, complextro is typified by glitchy, intricate basslines and textures created by sharply cutting between instruments in quick succession. The term, a portmanteau of the complex and electro, was coined by Porter Robinson to describe the sound of the music he was making in 2010. He has cited video game sounds, or chiptunes, as an influence on his style of music along with 1980s analog synth music and it is primarily defined by complex rhythms made from Latin-influenced drum kits, a lower emphasis on basslines, and squeaky, high-pitched lead synths. Influences on the subgenre include Detroit techno, hip hop and other styles of music. It contains influences from Chicago house, Detroit techno, Baltimore club, Kuduro, Pimba, bassline, bouncy techno, dubstep, techstep, hip hop easy listening and world music. Purveyors of the genre include The Bloody Beetroots, AC Slater, Danger, Hervé, Sinden, Jack Beats, the term fidget house was coined by DJs/producers Jesse Rose and Switch, as a joke, which has now gone a little too far
5.
Electronic music
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In general, a distinction can be made between sound produced using electromechanical means and that produced using electronic technology. Examples of electromechanical sound producing devices include the telharmonium, Hammond organ, purely electronic sound production can be achieved using devices such as the theremin, sound synthesizer, and computer. During the 1920s and 1930s, electronic instruments were introduced and the first compositions for instruments were composed. Musique concrète, created in Paris in 1948, was based on editing together recorded fragments of natural and industrial sounds, Music produced solely from electronic generators was first produced in Germany in 1953. Electronic music was created in Japan and the United States beginning in the 1950s. An important new development was the advent of computers for the purpose of composing music, algorithmic composition was first demonstrated in Australia in 1951. In America and Europe, live electronics were pioneered in the early 1960s, during the 1970s to early 1980s, the monophonic Minimoog became once the most widely used synthesizer at that time in both popular and electronic art music. In the 1980s, electronic music became dominant in popular music, with a greater reliance on synthesizers, and the adoption of programmable drum machines. Electronically produced music became prevalent in the domain by the 1990s. Contemporary electronic music includes many varieties and ranges from art music to popular forms such as electronic dance music. Today, pop music is most recognizable in its 4/4 form. At the turn of the 20th century, experimentation with emerging electronics led to the first electronic musical instruments and these initial inventions were not sold, but were instead used in demonstrations and public performances. The audiences were presented with reproductions of existing music instead of new compositions for the instruments, while some were considered novelties and produced simple tones, the Telharmonium accurately synthesized the sound of orchestral instruments. It achieved viable public interest and made progress into streaming music through telephone networks. Critics of musical conventions at the time saw promise in these developments, ferruccio Busoni encouraged the composition of microtonal music allowed for by electronic instruments. He predicted the use of machines in future music, writing the influential Sketch of a New Esthetic of Music, futurists such as Francesco Balilla Pratella and Luigi Russolo began composing music with acoustic noise to evoke the sound of machinery. They predicted expansions in timbre allowed for by electronics in the influential manifesto The Art of Noises, developments of the vacuum tube led to electronic instruments that were smaller, amplified, and more practical for performance. In particular, the theremin, ondes Martenot and trautonium were commercially produced by the early 1930s, from the late 1920s, the increased practicality of electronic instruments influenced composers such as Joseph Schillinger to adopt them
6.
Electro (music)
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Electro is a genre of electronic music and early hip hop directly influenced by the use of the Roland TR-808 drum machines, and funk. This is the distinction between electro and previously prominent genres such as disco, in which the electronic sound was only part of the instrumentation. It also palpably deviates from its predecessor boogie for being less vocal-oriented, following the decline of disco music in the United States, electro emerged as a fusion of funk and New York boogie. Early hip hop and rap combined with German and Japanese electropop influences such as Kraftwerk, Planet Rock was followed later that year by another breakthrough electro record, Nunk by Warp 9. In 1983, Hashim created an electro funk sound which influenced Herbie Hancock, the early 1980s were electros mainstream peak. By the mid 1980s, the genre moved away from its electronic and funk influences, using harder edged beats and rock samples, Electro became popular again in the late 1990s with artists such as Anthony Rother and DJs such as Dave Clarke. A third wave of popularity occurred in 2007, Electro has branched out into subgenres, including Electrocore and Skweee, which developed in Sweden and Finland. From its inception, one of the characteristics of the electro sound was the use of drum machines, particularly the Roland TR-808. As the genre evolved, computers and sampling replaced drum machines in electronic music and it is important to note, that although the electro of the 1980s and contemporary electro both grew out of the dissolution of disco, they are now different genres. Classic electro drum patterns tend to be electronic emulations of breakbeats, with a kick drum. The difference between electro drumbeats and breakbeats is that electro tends to be mechanical, while breakbeats tend to have more of a human-like feel. The definition however is somewhat ambiguous in nature due to the uses of the term. The Roland TR-808 drum machine hit the market in 1980, defining early electro with its immediately recognizable sound, staccato, percussive drumbeats tended to dominate electro, almost exclusively provided by the TR-808. As an inexpensive way of producing a sound, the TR-808 caught on quickly with the producers of early electro because of the ability of its bass drum to generate extreme low-frequencies. This aspect of the Roland TR-808 was especially appealing to producers who would test drive their tracks in nightclubs and its unique percussion sounds like handclaps, open and closed high-hat, clave and cowbell became integral to the electro sound. A number of songs in the early 1980s employed the TR-808, including Marvin Gaye’s “Sexual Healing, ” Cybotron’s “Clear, ” and Afrika Bambaataa’s “Planet Rock. ”The Roland TR-808 has attained iconic status. Through the use of samples, the Roland TR-808 remains popular in electro, most electro is instrumental, but a common element is vocals processed through a vocoder. Additionally, speech synthesis may be used to create robotic or mechanical lyrical content, as in the iconic Planet Rock, although primarily instrumental, early electro utilized rap
7.
Disc jockey
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A disc jockey is a person who mixes different sources of pre-existing recorded music as it is playing, usually for a live audience in a nightclub or dance club or via broadcasting. DJs typically perform for an audience in a nightclub or dance club or a TV, radio broadcast audience, or in the 2010s. DJs also create mixes, remixes and tracks that are recorded for later sale, in hip hop music, DJs may create beats, using percussion breaks, basslines and other musical content sampled from pre-existing records. In hip hop, rappers and MCs use these beats to rap over, DJs use equipment that can play at least two sources of recorded music simultaneously and mix them together. This allows the DJ to create seamless transitions between recordings and develop unique mixes of songs, DJ equipment, notably the specialized DJ mixer, a small audio mixer with a crossfader and cue functions. The crossfader enables the DJ to blend or transition from one song to another, the cue knobs or switches allow the DJ to preview a source of recorded music in headphones before playing it for the live club or broadcast audience. Previewing the music in headphones helps the DJ pick the track they want to play. DJs may also use a microphone to speak to the audience, effects such as reverb to create sound effects, drum machines. The title DJ is also used by DJs in front of their real names or adopted pseudonyms or stage names as a title to denote their profession. Some DJs focus on creating a mix of songs for the club dancers or radio audience. Other DJs use turntablism techniques such as scratching, in which the DJ or turntablist manipulates the record player turntable to create new sounds. In many types of DJing, including club DJing and radio/TV DJing, there are several types of disc jockey. Radio DJs or radio personalities introduce and play music that is broadcast on AM, FM, club DJs select and play music in bars, nightclubs or discothèques, or at parties, raves, or even in stadiums. Mobile DJs travel with portable sound systems and play recorded music at a variety of events. Some mobile DJs also serve as the master of ceremonies at weddings or other events, directing the attention of attendees, there are also many competitions for DJs that specialize in different turntablism techniques, such as mixing, hip hop music-style scratching or other kinds of techniques. Other types of DJ use musical performance techniques that allow them to be categorized as performing musicians, hip hop DJs and are also often songwriters or music producers who use turntablism and sampling to create backing instrumentals for new tracks. In reggae, the DJ is a vocalist who raps, toasts, chants or chats over pre-recorded rhythm tracks, the individual who helps the DJ by selecting tracks or records to be played is called the selector. Many electronica artists and producers who work as DJs often perform music by combining turntablism with keyboards, digital musical instruments
8.
Record producer
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A record producer or music producer oversees and manages the sound recording and production of a band or performers music, which may range from recording one song to recording a lengthy concept album. A producer has many roles during the recording process, the roles of a producer vary. The producer may perform these roles himself, or help select the engineer, the producer may also pay session musicians and engineers and ensure that the entire project is completed within the record companies budget. A record producer or music producer has a broad role in overseeing and managing the recording. Producers also often take on an entrepreneurial role, with responsibility for the budget, schedules, contracts. In the 2010s, the industry has two kinds of producers with different roles, executive producer and music producer. Executive producers oversee project finances while music producers oversee the process of recording songs or albums. In most cases the producer is also a competent arranger, composer. The producer will also liaise with the engineer who concentrates on the technical aspects of recording. Noted producer Phil Ek described his role as the person who creatively guides or directs the process of making a record, indeed, in Bollywood music, the designation actually is music director. The music producers job is to create, shape, and mold a piece of music, at the beginning of record industry, producer role was technically limited to record, in one shot, artists performing live. The role of producers changed progressively over the 1950s and 1960s due to technological developments, the development of multitrack recording caused a major change in the recording process. Before multitracking, all the elements of a song had to be performed simultaneously, all of these singers and musicians had to be assembled in a large studio and the performance had to be recorded. As well, for a song that used 20 instruments, it was no longer necessary to get all the players in the studio at the same time. Examples include the rock sound effects of the 1960s, e. g. playing back the sound of recorded instruments backwards or clanging the tape to produce unique sound effects. These new instruments were electric or electronic, and thus they used instrument amplifiers, new technologies like multitracking changed the goal of recording, A producer could blend together multiple takes and edit together different sections to create the desired sound. For example, in jazz fusion Bandleader-composer Miles Davis album Bitches Brew, producers like Phil Spector and George Martin were soon creating recordings that were, in practical terms, almost impossible to realise in live performance. Producers became creative figures in the studio, other examples of such engineers includes Joe Meek, Teo Macero, Brian Wilson, and Biddu
9.
Activism
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Activism consists of efforts to promote, impede, or direct social, political, economic, and/or environmental reform or stasis with the desire to make improvements in society. One can also express activism through different forms of art, daily acts of protest such as not buying clothes from a certain clothing company because they exploit workers is another form of activism. One view holds that acknowledging privileges and oppressions on a daily basis ranks as a form of activism, research has begun to explore how activist groups use social media to facilitate civic engagement and collective action. The Online Etymology Dictionary records the English words activism and activist from 1920, Activists can function in roles as public officials, as in judicial activism. Arthur Schlesinger, Jr. introduced the term judicial activism in a January 1946 Fortune magazine article titled The Supreme Court,1947, some activists try to persuade people to change their behavior directly, rather than to persuade governments to change or not to change laws. Other activists try to persuade people to remain the same, in an effort to counter change, the cooperative movement seeks to build new institutions which conform to cooperative principles, and generally does not lobby or protest politically. Activism is not always an action by Activists, every year more than 100 environmental activists are killed, in 2014116 environmental activists were assassinated, in 2015185 activists were killed around this planet. Since the 1990s, the Internet has been a tool used by activists for mobilization and communication of causes, specific platforms like MoveOn. org, founded in 1998, allow individuals to establish petitions and movements for social change. Protesters in Seattle in 1999 used email to organize protests against the WTO Ministerial Conference, throughout the 2000s, protesters continued to use social media platforms to generate interest. The power of Internet Activism came into a lens with the Arab Spring protests. They use different means to political persecution, such as Tor Browser. The activism industry consists of organizations and individuals engaged in activism, Activism is often done full-time, as part of an organizations core business. Many organizations in the industry are either non profit organizations or non-governmental organizations. Most activist organizations do not manufacture goods, the term activism industry has often been used to refer to outsourced fundraising operations. However, activist organizations engage in activities as well. Lobbying, or the influencing of decisions made by government, is another activist tactic, many groups, including law firms, have designated staff assigned specifically for lobbying purposes. In the United States, lobbying is regulated by the federal government, many government systems encourage public support of non-profit organizations by granting various forms of tax relief for donations to charitable organizations. Governments may attempt to deny these benefits to activists by restricting the political activity of tax-exempt organizations, randy Shaw, The Activists Handbook, A Primer for the 1990s and Beyond
10.
Electronic keyboard
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An electronic keyboard or digital keyboard is an electronic musical instrument, an electronic or digital derivative of keyboard instruments. Broadly speaking, in a popular context, the term electronic keyboard or just a keyboard mostly refers to any type of digital or electronic keyboard instrument. These include synthesizers, digital pianos, stage pianos, electronic organs, however, in true musical terminology, an electronic keyboard is an inexpensive synthesizer equipped with built-in power amplifier and small loudspeakers. Electronic keyboards are capable of recreating a wide range of instrument sounds with less complex sound synthesis, Electronic keyboards are usually dedicated for home users, beginners and other non-professional users. The least expensive models do not have velocity-sensitive keys, but mid- to high-priced models do have these feature, home keyboards typically have little if any sound editing capacity. The user typically selects from a range of voices or sounds. Home keyboards have a lower cost than professional synthesizers. Casio and Yamaha are among the manufacturers of home keyboards. An electronic keyboard may also called a digital keyboard, portable keyboard, or home keyboard, referring their digital-based sound generation and light-weight, portable build. In Russia, most kinds of keyboards were often referred to as a synthesizer. The term electronic keyboard may also be used to refer to synthesizer or digital piano on colloquial usage, Most keyboards use a keyboard matrix circuit to reduce the amount of wiring that is needed. Electronic hardware can also do this, Sound generator, A digital sound module typically contained within an integrated ROM, which is capable of accepting MIDI commands and producing sounds. Keyboard sound generators are mostly based on PCM synth, amplifier and speakers, an internal audio amplifier built to the sound generator chip and low-powered speakers that amplify the sounds so that the listener can hear them. Power supply, Keyboards may or may not have a power supply system built to the main circuit board. Flash memory, Most electronic keyboards have an amount of onboard memory for storing MIDI data and/or recorded songs. Floppy disks were obsolete by the early 2000s, with memory cards start to replace them shortly afterwards, USB storage were originally less common at the time, but was later popularized by Yamahas Tyros2 workstation keyboard in 2005 and has become a standard feature ever since. Most keyboards today uses USB storage, with the exception of some Casio, keyboard instruments can be found as far back as the hydraulis in the 3rd century BCE, which developed into the pipe organ, and small portable instruments such as the portative and positive organ. Additional keyboard instruments, the clavichord and harpsichord, were developed in the 14th century CE, as technology improved, more sophisticated keyboards were developed, including the 12-tone keyboard still in use today
11.
Synthesizer
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A synthesizer is an electronic musical instrument that generates electric signals that are converted to sound through instrument amplifiers and loudspeakers or headphones. Synthesizers may either imitate instruments like piano, Hammond organ, flute, vocals, natural sounds like ocean waves, etc. or generate new electronic timbres. Synthesizers without built-in controllers are called sound modules, and are controlled via USB, MIDI or CV/gate using a controller device. Synthesizers use various methods to generate electronic signals, synthesizers were first used in pop music in the 1960s. In the 1970s, synths were used in disco, especially in the late 1970s, in the 1980s, the invention of the relatively inexpensive, mass market Yamaha DX7 synth made synthesizers widely available. 1980s pop and dance music often made use of synthesizers. In the 2010s, synthesizers are used in genres of pop, rock. Contemporary classical music composers from the 20th and 21st century write compositions for synthesizer, the beginnings of the synthesizer are difficult to trace, as it is difficult to draw a distinction between synthesizers and some early electric or electronic musical instruments. One of the earliest electric musical instruments, the telegraph, was invented in 1876 by American electrical engineer Elisha Gray. He accidentally discovered the sound generation from a self-vibrating electromechanical circuit and this musical telegraph used steel reeds with oscillations created by electromagnets transmitted over a telegraph line. Gray also built a simple loudspeaker device into later models, consisting of a diaphragm in a magnetic field. This instrument was a remote electromechanical musical instrument that used telegraphy, though it lacked an arbitrary sound-synthesis function, some have erroneously called it the first synthesizer. In 1897, Thaddeus Cahill invented the Teleharmonium, which used dynamos, and was capable of additive synthesis like the Hammond organ, however, Cahills business was unsuccessful for various reasons, and similar but more compact instruments were subsequently developed, such as electronic and tonewheel organs. In 1906, American engineer, Lee De Forest ushered in the electronics age and he invented the first amplifying vacuum tube, called the Audion tube. This led to new entertainment technologies, including radio and sound films, ondes Martenot and Trautonium were continuously developed for several decades, finally developing qualities similar to later synthesizers. In the 1920s, Arseny Avraamov developed various systems of graphic sonic art, in 1938, USSR engineer Yevgeny Murzin designed a compositional tool called ANS, one of the earliest real-time additive synthesizers using optoelectronics. The earliest polyphonic synthesizers were developed in Germany and the United States, during the three years that Hammond manufactured this model,1,069 units were shipped, but production was discontinued at the start of World War II. Both instruments were the forerunners of the electronic organs and polyphonic synthesizers
12.
EMI
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EMI was a British multinational conglomerate founded in March 1931 and was based in London. At the time of its break-up in 2012, it was the fourth-largest business group and its EMI Records Ltd. group of record labels included EMI Records, Parlophone, Virgin Records and Capitol Records. EMI also had a publishing arm, EMI Music Publishing—also based in London with offices globally. The company was once a constituent of the FTSE100 Index, other members of the Sony consortium include the Estate of Michael Jackson, The Blackstone Group, and Abu Dhabi–owned investment fund Mubadala Development Company. The new vertically integrated company produced sound recordings as well as recording, the companys gramophone manufacturing led to forty years of success with larger-scale electronics and electrical engineering. He was killed in 1942 whilst conducting flight trials on an experimental H2S radar set, post-war, the company resumed its involvement in making broadcasting equipment, notably providing the BBCs second television transmitter at Sutton Coldfield. It also manufactured broadcast television cameras for British television production companies as well as for the BBC, the commercial television ITV companies also used them alongside cameras made by Pye and Marconi. Exports of this piece of equipment were low, however, the company was also for many years an internationally respected manufacturer of photomultipliers. This part of the business was transferred to Thorn as part of Thorn-EMI, in 1958 the EMIDEC1100, the UKs first commercially available all-transistor computer, was developed at Hayes under the leadership of Godfrey Hounsfield, an electrical engineer at EMI. In 1973 EMI was awarded a prestigious Queens Award for Technological Innovation for what was called the EMI scanner. After brief, but brilliant, success in the imaging field, EMIs manufacturing activities were sold off to other companies. Subsequently, development and manufacturing activities were sold off to companies and work moved to other towns such as Crawley. Emihus Electronics, based in Glenrothes, Scotland, was owned 51% by Hughes Aircraft, of California, US and it manufactured integrated circuits electrolytic capacitors and, for a short period in the mid-1970s, hand-held calculators under the Gemini name. Early in its life, the Gramophone Company established subsidiary operations in a number of countries in the British Commonwealth, including India, Australia. Over 150,000 78-rpm recordings from around the world are held in EMIs temperature-controlled archive in Hayes, in 1931, the year the company was formed, it opened the legendary recording studios at Abbey Road, London. During the 1930s and 1940s, its roster of artists included Arturo Toscanini, Sir Edward Elgar, during this time EMI appointed its first A&R managers. These included George Martin, who brought the Beatles into the EMI fold. When the Gramophone Company merged with the Columbia Graphophone Company in 1931, at this point RCA had a majority shareholding in the new company, giving RCA chair David Sarnoff a seat on the EMI board
13.
Capitol Records
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Capitol Records, LLC is an American record label which operates as a division of the Capitol Music Group. The label was founded as the first West Coast-based record label in the United States in 1942 by three industry insiders named Johnny Mercer, Buddy DeSylva and Glenn Wallichs, in 1955, the label was acquired by the British music conglomerate EMI as its North American subsidiary. EMI was later acquired by Universal Music Group in 2012 and was merged with the company in 2013, making Capitol Records, Capitol Records circular headquarter building located in Los Angeles is a recognized landmark of California. Mercer first raised the idea of starting a company while golfing with Harold Arlen. By 1941, Mercer was a songwriter and a singer with multiple successful releases. Mercer next suggested the idea to Wallichs while visiting his record store, Wallichs expressed interest in the idea and the pair negotiated an agreement whereby Mercer would run the company and identify their artists, while Wallichs managed the business side. On February 2,1942, Mercer and Wallichs met with DeSylva at a Hollywood restaurant to inquire about the possibility of investment of the company from Paramount Pictures, while DeSylva declined the proposal, he handed the pair a check worth $15,000. On March 27,1942, the three men incorporated as Liberty Records, in May 1942, the application was amended to change the companys name to Capitol Records. On April 6,1942, Mercer supervised Capitols first recording session where Martha Tilton recorded the song Moon Dreams, on May 5, Bobby Sherwood and his orchestra recorded two tracks in the studio. On May 21, Freddie Slack and his orchestra recorded three tracks in the studio, one with the orchestra, one with Ella Mae Morse called Cow-Cow Boogie, on June 4,1942, Capitol opened its first office in a second-floor room south of Sunset Boulevard. On that same day, Wallichs presented the companys first free record to Los Angeles disc jockey Peter Potter, on June 5,1942, Paul Whiteman and his Orchestra recorded four songs at the studio. On June 12, the recorded five more songs in the studio. On June 11, Tex Ritter recorded Jingle Jangle Jingle and Goodbye My Little Cherokee for his first Capitol recording session, and the songs formed Capitols 110th produced record. 133 - Get On Board Little Chillun - July 31,1942 - is a Freddie Slack/Ella Mae Morse/Mellowaires recording that might be the first rock n roll record and she has sometimes been called the first rock n roll singer. A good example is her 1942 recording of song which, with strong gospel, blues, boogie. Bone Walker recorded Mean Old World a pioneering example of the use of electric guitar. The earliest recording artists included co-owner Mercer, Whiteman, Tilton, Morse, Margaret Whiting, Jo Stafford, the Pied Pipers, Johnnie Johnston, Tex Ritter, Capitols first gold single was Morses Cow Cow Boogie in 1942. Capitols first album was Capitol Presents Songs By Johnny Mercer, a three 78-rpm disc set with recordings by Mercer, Stafford and the Pied Pipers, all with Westons Orchestra
14.
Leftfield
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Leftfield is a British electronic music group formed in 1989. It began as the duo of Neil Barnes and Paul Daley, in January 2010 Barnes resurrected Leftfield without Daley and, after touring for a few years, finished writing new material for a third album entitled Alternative Light Source. Daley declined to be involved and is focusing upon his solo career, the duo were very influential in the evolution of electronic music in the 1990s, with Mixmag describing them as the single most influential production team working in British dance music. As with many of their contemporaries, such as the Chemical Brothers, among the more prominent were Toni Halliday on Original, Johnny Rotten on Open Up, Djum Djum on Afro-Left, and Earl 16 and Cheshire Cat on Release the Pressure. The term progressive house was coined to define their style, a fusion of house with dub, Neil Barnes music career started off as a DJ at The Wag Club while simultaneously playing percussion instruments on a session basis. In 1986, he joined the London School of Samba and played in the bateria in the 1986 Notting Hill Carnival, Barnes and Daley had previously worked together as percussionists at The Sandals first club, Violets. Described by Barnes as he sound of 15 years of coming out in one record. Finally, once the problems with their label had been sorted out. Leftfields first major break came with the single Open Up, a collaboration with John Lydon that was soon followed by their debut album, Leftism in 1995, blending dub, breakbeat. It was shortlisted for the 1995 Mercury Music Prize but lost out to Portisheads Dummy. In a 1998 Q magazine poll, readers voted it the eightieth greatest album of all time, the album was re-released in 2000 with a bonus disc of remixes. Their second album, Rhythm and Stealth maintained a style, and featured Roots Manuva, Afrika Bambaataa. The album was shortlisted for the Mercury Music Prize in 2000 and it reached No.1 in the UK Albums Chart. The album featured the song Phat Planet which featured on Guinness 1999 advert, Surfer, the track Double Flash featured in the PlayStation software game Music 2000. On March 25,2015, the new single, Universal Everything, was premiered on Annie Macs BBC Radio 1 show, shortly afterwards the new album was announced via the Leftfield website and social networks, along with UK tour dates for June 2015. Alternative Light Source, Leftfields first album in 16 years, was released on June 8,2015 on Infectious Records, on June 1,2015, the album premiere was streamed live on Twitter, coupled with conversation via hashtag #leftfieldstream. Head and Shoulders features Sleaford Mods on vocals, and its stop-motion and animation hybrid video debuted on Pitchfork on 6 August 2015, Leftfields track Phat Planet was used in the Surfers TV advertisement for Guinness, ranked number one in Channel 4s Top 100 Adverts list in 2000. Phat Planet was also used in the television series Beast Machines
15.
John Lydon
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John Joseph Lydon, also known by his former stage name Johnny Rotten, is an English singer, songwriter, and musician. He is best known as the singer of the late 1970s punk band the Sex Pistols, which lasted from 1975 until 1978. He is also the singer of post-punk band Public Image Ltd, which he founded and fronted from 1978 until 1993. Lydons rebellious image and fashion style led to him being asked to become the singer of the Sex Pistols by their manager, with the Sex Pistols, he penned singles including Anarchy in the U. K. God Save the Queen, and Holidays in the Sun, the content of which precipitated what one called the last and greatest outbreak of pop-based moral pandemonium in Britain. The band caused an uproar in much of the media. Despite the negative reaction that they provoked, they are now regarded as one of the most influential acts in the history of popular music. In subsequent years, Lydon has hosted shows in the UK, US. In 2005, he released an album, The Best of British £1 Notes. A prominent figure in British popular culture for four decades, Q Magazine remarked that somehow hes assumed the status of national treasure, in 2002, he was named among the 100 Greatest Britons following a UK-wide vote. John Joseph Lydon was born in London on 31 January 1956 and his parents, Eileen Lydia and John Christopher Lydon, were working-class emigrants from Ireland who moved into a two-room Victorian flat in Benwell Road, in the Holloway area of north London. The flat is adjacent to the Emirates Stadium, the current home of Premier League football club Arsenal F. C. of which Lydon has been a fan since the age of four. At the time, the area was impoverished, with a high crime rate. John, the eldest of four brothers, had to look after his siblings due to his mothers regular illnesses, as a child, he lived on the edge of an industrial estate and would often play with friends in the factories when they were closed. It was more like yelling, shouting, throwing stones, maybe the reality was coloured by my youth. Id sit there in a load of poo all day long. At age seven he contracted meningitis and spent a year in St Anns Hospital in Haringey. The meningitis was also responsible for giving him what he would describe as the Lydon stare
16.
Lee Evans (producer)
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He currently resides in midtown Manhattan, New York. Lee Evans was born and raised in the Sound View section of Bronx New York, starting as a child, thru the ages of 14-17 years old, Lee Evans put together some of his talented friends from Monroe Projects in the Bronx. After graduating from Fiorello H. D. s, Afrika Bambaataa, in the early 80s Mr Evans became a touring musician. A few years later, Mr. Evans saw the need to establish himself locally and he stood by his word turning down an opportunity to tour internationally as the opening act for Madonnas La Isla Bonita world tour. On the local scene he did a stint as the house keyboard player at a popular night club in Manhattan called The Cellar. Here he backed up such artists as Johnny Kemp, Melissa Morgan, and Keith Sweat along with saxophonist Vincent Henry, Drummer Ralph Rolle, keyboardist John Adams. In 1999, Evans started the AET Audio Engineering Program, with the intentions of teaching his audio engineering techniques to new and upcoming music artists, in 2004, Evans introduced his latest brainchild The Gift Of Song. A service that reached out to non professionals and gave them a shot in the studio, Reach Out Inc. s presentations are characterized by the use of interactive, high-energy presentations that intertwine music, dance, and motivational speaking. In January 2009, Reach Outs president Lori Michaels and Music Director Lee Evans received notability as Person Of The Week on NY1 News
17.
Goldie
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Clifford Joseph Price, MBE, better known by his stage name Goldie, is an English musician, DJ, visual artist and actor from Walsall. He released a variety of singles under the psuedonym Rufige Kru and he would later release several albums under his own name, including the 1995 album Timeless, which entered the UK charts at number 7. Goldies acting credits include the 1999 James Bond film The World Is Not Enough, Guy Ritchies Snatch and he has also appeared in a number of celebrity reality television shows, including Celebrity Big Brother 2, Strictly Come Dancing, Come Dine with Me and Maestro. Price is of Jamaican and Scottish heritage and he was put up for adoption and raised in child-care homes and by several foster parents. Price was a member of the breakdance crew Westside, based in the Whitmore Reans and Heath Town areas of Wolverhampton and he later joined a breakdance crew called the Bboys, and made his name as a graffiti artist in the West Midlands. His artwork around Birmingham and Wolverhampton was featured heavily in Dick Fontaines documentary Bombin and he took part in the largest ever British graffiti art battle alongside Bristol artist Robert 3D Del Naja, who later formed Massive Attack. He is mentioned for his graffiti in the book Spraycan Art by Henry Chalfant and James Prigoff and he moved to the US owing to graffiti projects, and also started selling grills in New York and Miami, he continued this business after his return to the UK in 1988. He went on to some design and A&R work for 4heros Reinforced record label. In 1992, Price made his first album appearance, by contributing a short piece to the track Rufige by Icelandic group. Since then the track has been misattributed to Price himself. His releases Killa Muffin b/w Krisp Biscuit and the Dark Rider EP were released under the alias Rufige Cru, recently, he has used the alias Rufige Kru to release collaborations with other producers such as Heist. His track Terminator, released under the name Metalheads in 1992, was a hit in the scene and is noted for pioneering the use of time stretching. In 1993, he released Angel, another 12 on the Synthetic Hardcore Phonography label,1994 saw him setting up his own record label, Metalheadz. His first studio album, Timeless, followed in 1995, Timeless entered the UK Albums Chart at number seven. The album fused the breakbeats and basslines common in jungle with orchestral textures, the albums title track was a 21-minute symphonic piece. Inner City Life, a track from the album, reached number 39 in the UK Singles Chart, Timeless helped to popularise drum and bass as a form of musical expression. Goldie revolutionised jungle not once but thrice, he noted in The Wire magazine, continuing, First there was Terminator, then Angel, now theres Timeless, a 22-minute hardcore symphony. 1996 saw the release of his Toasted Both Sides Please remix of the Bush song Swallowed, Price released his second album, Saturnz Return, in 1998
18.
James Brown
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James Joseph Brown was an American singer, songwriter, record producer, dancer, and bandleader. The creator of music and a major figure of 20th century popular music and dance. In a career spanned six decades, he influenced the development of several music genres. Brown began his career as a singer in Toccoa, Georgia. He joined an R&B vocal group, the Gospel Starlighters, in which he was the lead singer. His success peaked in the 1960s with the live album Live at the Apollo and hit singles such as Papas Got a Brand New Bag, I Got You and Its a Mans Mans Mans World. During the late 1960s he moved from a continuum of blues and gospel-based forms, by the early 1970s, Brown had fully established the funk sound after the formation of the J. B. s with records such as Get Up Sex Machine and The Payback. He also became noted for songs of social commentary, including the 1968 hit Say It Loud – Im Black, Brown continued to perform and record until his death from congestive heart failure in 2006. Brown recorded 16 singles that reached number one on the Billboard R&B charts and he also holds the record for the most singles listed on the Billboard Hot 100 chart which did not reach number one. Brown has received honors from many institutions, including inductions into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, in Joel Whitburns analysis of the Billboard R&B charts from 1942 to 2010, James Brown is ranked as number one in The Top 500 Artists. He is ranked seventh on the music magazine Rolling Stones list of its 100 greatest artists of all time, Rolling Stone has also cited Brown as the most sampled artist of all time. Brown was born on May 3,1933, in Barnwell, South Carolina, to 16-year-old Susie and 22-year-old Joseph Joe Gardner Brown, in a small wooden shack. Browns name was supposed to have been Joseph James Brown, Jr. however, his first and he later legally changed his name to remove Jr. His parents were black, in his autobiography, Brown stated that he also had Chinese and Native American ancestry. The Brown family lived in poverty in Elko, South Carolina. They later moved to Augusta, Georgia, when James was four or five and his family first settled at one of his aunts brothels. They later moved into a house shared with another aunt, Browns mother later left the family after a contentious marriage and moved to New York. Brown spent long stretches of time on his own, hanging out in the streets and he managed to stay in school until the sixth grade
19.
George Clinton (musician)
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George Clinton is an American singer, songwriter, bandleader, and record producer. He was the architect of P-Funk and the mastermind of the bands Parliament and Funkadelic during the 1970s. He launched a career in 1981. He has been cited as one of the foremost innovators of funk music along with James Brown and he was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1997, alongside 15 other members of Parliament-Funkadelic. Clinton was born in Kannapolis, North Carolina, grew up in Plainfield, New Jersey, during his teen years Clinton formed a doo wop group inspired by Frankie Lymon & the Teenagers called The Parliaments, while straightening hair at a barber salon in Plainfield. For a period in the 1960s Clinton was a songwriter for Motown. These two bands combined the elements of such as Jimi Hendrix, Sly and the Family Stone, Cream, and James Brown while exploring various sounds, technology. Clinton and Parliament-Funkadelic dominated diverse music during the 1970s with over 40 R&B hit singles, Clintons efforts as a solo artist began in 1982. He is also a music producer who works on almost all the albums he performs on. Beginning in the early 1980s, Clinton recorded several solo albums. In 1982, Clinton signed to Capitol Records under two names, his own and as the P-Funk All-Stars, releasing Computer Games under his own name that same year. The single Loopzilla hit the Top 20 on the R&B charts, followed by Atomic Dog, in 1985, he was recruited by the Red Hot Chili Peppers to produce their album Freaky Styley, because the band members were huge fans of George Clintons and of funk in general. Clinton, in fact, wrote the vocals and lyrics to the track which was originally intended by the band to be left as an instrumental piece. The album was not a success at the time, but has since sold 500,000 copies after the Red Hot Chili Peppers became popular years later. During the mid to late 1980s, many hip-hop and rap artists cited Clintons earlier music as an influence, along with James Brown, Clintons songs with Parliament-Funkadelic were often sampled by rap producers. Sure, sample my stuff… he remarked in 1996, Aint a better time to get paid than when youre my age. You know what to do with money and you dont buy as much pussy or drugs with it – you just buy some. In 1989, Clinton released The Cinderella Theory on Paisley Park and this was followed by Hey Man, Smell My Finger in 1993
20.
Bootsy Collins
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William Earl Bootsy Collins is an American musician and singer-songwriter. Rising to prominence with James Brown in the early 1970s, and later with Parliament-Funkadelic, Collinss driving bass guitar and he is a member of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, inducted in 1997 with 15 other members of Parliament-Funkadelic. With his elder brother Phelps Catfish Collins, Frankie Kash Waddy, in March 1970, after most of the members of James Browns band quit over a pay dispute, The Pacemakers were hired as Browns backing band and they became known as The J. B. s. Although they worked for Brown for only 11 months, the original J. B. B. s. The House Guests released What So Never the Dance and another single on the House Guests label, next Collins moved to Detroit, after Philippé Wynne suggested joining The Spinners, for whom Wynne had been singing. However, following the advice of singer and future Parliament member Mallia Franklin, Franklin there introduced both Collins brothers to George Clinton, and 1972 saw both of the Collins brothers, along with Waddy, join Funkadelic. Collins played bass on most of Funkadelic and all of Parliaments albums through the early 1980s, in 1976 Collins, Catfish, Waddy, Joel Johnson, Gary Mudbone Cooper, Robert Johnson and The Horny Horns formed Bootsys Rubber Band, a separate touring unit of Clintons P-Funk collective. The group recorded five albums together, the first three of which are considered to be among the quintessential P-Funk recordings. Player of the Year reached the top of the R&B album chart and he also adopted his trademark space bass around this time. Collins released two 1980 albums, his first solo album Ultra-Wave, and Sweat Band, on George Clintons Uncle Jam label with a group billed as Bootsys Sweat Band and he also was credited for co-producing the debut of P-Funk spinoffs Zapp and Roger. In 1984, he collaborated with Jerry Harrison of Talking Heads to produce Five Minutes, the record was credited to Bonzo goes to Washington. After a nearly five-year hiatus, he had a comeback in 1988, flaunted a new sound that foreshadowed the 1990s, such as the dance floor smash Party on Plastic. Laswell introduced Collins to Herbie Hancock, resulting in Perfect Machine, the techno-funk they recorded featured turnables for scratch appeal, and the smoothly-stylized vocals of Leroy Sugarfoot Bonner of chart-topping Ohio Players. In 1990, Collins collaborated with Deee-Lite on their massive hit Groove Is in the Heart where he contributed additional vocals. Although he also appeared in the video playing the bass. Bootsys Rubber Band became the de facto backing musicians for Deee-Lite during a world tour, the Rubber Band also recorded the EP Jungle Bass, their first recording in 11 years. In 1992, he joined with guitarist Stevie Salas and drummer Buddy Miles to form the fusion group Hardware. The trio released one album, Third Eye Open, before disbanding, in the same year, Collins played bass guitar on the first Praxis album, Transmutation, alongside fellow Parliament-Funkadelic member Bernie Worrell, Bryan Mantia and Buckethead
21.
Sly and the Family Stone
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Sly and the Family Stone was an American band from San Francisco. Active from 1966 to 1983, the band was pivotal in the development of funk, soul, rock, the band was the first major American rock group to have an integrated, multi-gender lineup. Formed in 1966, the groups music synthesized a variety of musical genres to help pioneer the emerging psychedelic soul sound. In the 1970s, the band transitioned into a darker and less commercial sound on releases such as Theres a Riot Goin On and Fresh. The work of Sly and the Family Stone greatly influenced the sound of subsequent American funk, pop, soul, R&B, and hip hop music. In 2010, they were ranked 43rd in Rolling Stone list of The 100 Greatest Artists of All-Time, the band was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1993. Sly Stone was a member of a deeply religious middle-class household from Dallas, Texas, K. C. and Alpha Stewart held the family together under the doctrines of the Church of God in Christ and encouraged musical expression in the household. While attending high school, Sylvester and Freddie joined student bands, One of Sylvesters high school musical groups was a doo-wop act called The Viscaynes, in which he and a Filipino teenager were the only non-white members. The Viscaynes released a few singles, and Sylvester recorded several solo singles under the name Danny Stewart. By 1964, Sylvester had become Sly Stone and a jockey for San Francisco R&B radio station KSOL. During the same period, he worked as a producer for Autumn Records, producing for San Francisco-area bands such as The Beau Brummels. One of the Sylvester Stewart-produced Autumn singles, Bobby Freemans Cmon, Stewart recorded unsuccessful solo singles while at Autumn. In 1966, Sly Stone formed a band called Sly & the Stoners, around the same time, Freddie founded a band called Freddie & the Stone Souls, which included Gregg Errico on drums, and Ronnie Crawford on saxophone. At the suggestion of Stones friend, saxophonist Jerry Martini, Sly and Freddie combined their bands, creating Sly and the Family Stone in November 1966. At first the group was called Sly Brothers and Sisters but after their first gig at the Winchester Cathedral in Redwood City they changed the name to Sly & the Family Stone. Since both Sly and Freddie were guitarists, Sly appointed Freddie the official guitarist for the Family Stone, meanwhile, Sly recruited Larry Graham to play bass guitar. Vanetta Stewart wanted to join the band as well and she and her friends, Mary McCreary and Elva Mouton, had a gospel group called The Heavenly Tones. Sly recruited the teenagers directly out of school to become Little Sister, Sly
22.
Jungle Brothers
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The Jungle Brothers are an American hip hop group, and founding members of the Native Tongues collective. The Jungle Brothers pioneered the fusion of jazz and hip-hop and also became the first hip-hop group to use a house-music producer, the group began performing in the mid-1980s and released its first album, Straight Out the Jungle, in July 1988. With Afrocentric lyrics and innovative beats, the Jungle Brothers were critically acclaimed, the original trio comprised Michael Small, Nathaniel Hall and Sammy Burwell. Sammy B left the group after the release of Raw Deluxe in May 1997 and their first album, Straight Out the Jungle, was released on an independent record label. In spite of the failure of Straight Out the Jungle, Warner Bros. Records soon signed the group. In 1990, the Jungle Brothers contributed the song I Get a Kick to the Cole Porter tribute album Red Hot + Blue produced by the Red Hot Organization, following a four-year break, the Jungle Brothers returned in 1993 with J Beez Wit the Remedy, another commercial disappointment. The Jungle Brothers involved themselves with an emerging Hip Hop organization called Ill Crew Universal which released worldwide compilation albums and supported independent Hip Hop artists. Their fifth album, V. I. P. was produced by Alex Gifford of Propellerheads and, during production, they added their vocal stylings to the Propellerheads tracks Take California and their latest album to contain new releases is 2002s All That We Do. In 2001, their song Whats the Five 0 was featured in the video game FreQuency. 1988, Straight out the Jungle 1989, Done by the Forces of Nature 1993, J Beez Wit the Remedy 1997, Raw Deluxe 2000,2002, All That We Do 2003, You in My Hut Now 2006, I Got You 2005, This Is
23.
Grandmaster Melle Mel
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Melvin Glover was born The Bronx, New York City, New York. He has stated his mother is Cherokee, Glover began performing in the late 1970s. He may be the first rapper to call himself MC, other Furious Five members included his brother Kid Creole, Scorpio, Rahiem and Cowboy. Grandmaster Flash & The Furious Five began recording for Enjoy Records and they later moved on to Sugar Hill Records and were popular on the R&B charts with party songs like Freedom and The Birthday Party. They released numerous singles, gaining a gold disc for Freedom, in 1982 Melle Mel began to turn to more socially-aware subject matter, in particular the Reagan administrations economic and drug policies, and their effect on the black community. A song The Message became an instant classic and one of the first glimmers of conscious hip-hop, Mel recorded a rap over session musician Duke Bootees instrumental track The Jungle. Some of Mels lyrics on The Message were taken directly from Superrappin, other than Melle Mel, no members of Grandmaster Flash & The Furious Five actually appear on the record. Mel would also go on to write songs about struggling life in New York City, Grandmaster Flash split from the group after contract disputes between Melle Mel and their promoter Sylvia Robinson in regard to royalties for The Message. When Flash filed a lawsuit against Sugar Hill Records, the factions of The Furious Five parted, Mel became known as Grandmaster Melle Mel and the leader of the Furious Five. The group went on to produce the anti-drug song White Lines, an unofficial music video starred up-and-coming actor Laurence Fishburne and was directed by then-unknown film student Spike Lee). The record was credited to Grandmaster + Melle Mel by Sugar Hill Records in order to fool the public into thinking Grandmaster Flash had participated on the record. Mel gained greater fame and success after appearing in the movie Beat Street and he performed a memorable rap on Chaka Khans smash hit song I Feel for You which introduced hip hop to a wider and more mainstream R&B audience. Grandmaster Melle Mel & The Furious Five had further hits with Step Off, Pump Me Up, King of the Streets, Jesse, and Vice, Jesse was a highly political song which urged people to vote for then presidential candidate Jesse Jackson. In 1988, after an almost 4-year layoff, Mel and Flash reunited and released the album On The Strength, but with up-and-coming new school artists such as Eric B. & Rakim, DJ Jazzy Jeff & The Fresh Prince, Public Enemy, Boogie Down Productions, and Big Daddy Kane dominating the hip-hop market, the album failed miserably. Mel performed with The King Dream Chorus and Holiday Crew on King Holiday aimed at having Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. s birthday declared a national holiday. Mel ended the decade by winning two Grammy Awards for his work on Quincy Jones Back On The Block and Q – The Autobiography of Quincy Jones albums, in 1996, Mel contributed vocals to the US edition of Chers hit One By One. Their version is available on the maxi CD format
24.
Kraftwerk
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Kraftwerk is a German electronic music band formed by Ralf Hütter and Florian Schneider in 1969 in Düsseldorf. In the 1970s, they were among the first successful pop acts to popularize electronic music and are considered to be innovators and pioneers of the genre. The band was fronted by both Hütter and Schneider until Schneiders departure in 2008, following the releases of Computer World and Electric Café, member Wolfgang Flür left the group in 1987. They released their final album Tour de France Soundtracks in 2003, founding member Schneider departed in 2008. According to The Observer, no other band since the Beatles has given so much to pop culture, in January 2014, the Recording Academy honored Kraftwerk with a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award. As of 2016, the members of Kraftwerk continue to tour. The duo had performed together as part of a quintet known as Organisation. This ensemble released one album, Tone Float in 1969, issued on RCA Records in the UK, Schneider was more and more synthesizers by keyboards, a new electronic intrument that had recently arrived on the market, and decided to acquire one in 1970. While visiting an exhibition in their hometown about visual artists Gilbert and George, the same year, Hütter and Schneider start bringing everyday life into art and form Kraftwerk as critic Jude Rogers remarked it. Hütter, who left the band for eight months, played synthesizer and their first three albums were free-form experimental rock without the pop hooks or the more disciplined song structure of later work. Post-production modifications to these recordings were used to distort the sound of the instruments, particularly audio-tape manipulation, live performances from 1972 to 1973 were made as a duo, using a simple beat-box-type electronic drum machine, with preset rhythms taken from an electric organ. These shows were mainly in Germany, with shows in France. Later in 1973, Wolfgang Flür joined the group for rehearsals, with Ralf und Florian, released in 1973, Kraftwerk began to move closer to its now classic sound, relying more heavily on synthesizers and drum machines. Although almost entirely instrumental, the album marks Kraftwerks first use of the vocoder, Kraftwerks futuristic and robotic sound was influenced by the adrenalized insurgency of Detroit artists of the late 60s such as MC5 and the Stooges. The input, expertise, and influence of producer and engineer Konrad Conny Plank was highly significant in the years of Kraftwerk. Plank also worked many of the other leading German electronic acts of that time, including members of Can. As a result of his work with Kraftwerk, Planks studio near Cologne became one of the most sought-after studios in the late 1970s, Plank coproduced the first four Kraftwerk albums. The release of Autobahn in 1974 saw Kraftwerk moving away from the sound of its first three albums, Hütter and Schneider had invested in newer technology such as the Minimoog and the EMS Synthi AKS, helping give Kraftwerk a newer, disciplined sound
25.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
26.
Singing
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Singing is the act of producing musical sounds with the voice, and augments regular speech by the use of sustained tonality, rhythm, and a variety of vocal techniques. A person who sings is called a singer or vocalist, Singers perform music that can be sung with or without accompaniment by musical instruments. Singing is often done in an ensemble of musicians, such as a choir of singers or a band of instrumentalists, Singers may perform as soloists, or accompanied by anything from a single instrument up to a symphony orchestra or big band. Singing can be formal or informal, arranged or improvised and it may be done as a form of religious devotion, as a hobby, as a source of pleasure, comfort, or ritual, as part of music education, or as a profession. Excellence in singing requires time, dedication, instruction, and regular practice, if practice is done on a regular basis then the sounds can become more clear and strong. Professional singers usually build their careers around one specific genre, such as classical or rock. They typically take voice training provided by teachers or vocal coaches throughout their careers. Though these four mechanisms function independently, they are coordinated in the establishment of a vocal technique and are made to interact upon one another. During passive breathing, air is inhaled with the diaphragm while exhalation occurs without any effort, exhalation may be aided by the abdominal, internal intercostal and lower pelvis/pelvic muscles. Inhalation is aided by use of external intercostals, scalenes and sternocleidomastoid muscles, the pitch is altered with the vocal cords. With the lips closed, this is called humming, humans have vocal folds which can loosen, tighten, or change their thickness, and over which breath can be transferred at varying pressures. The shape of the chest and neck, the position of the tongue, any one of these actions results in a change in pitch, volume, timbre, or tone of the sound produced. Sound also resonates within different parts of the body and an individuals size, Singers can also learn to project sound in certain ways so that it resonates better within their vocal tract. This is known as vocal resonation, another major influence on vocal sound and production is the function of the larynx which people can manipulate in different ways to produce different sounds. These different kinds of function are described as different kinds of vocal registers. The primary method for singers to accomplish this is through the use of the Singers Formant and it has also been shown that a more powerful voice may be achieved with a fatter and fluid-like vocal fold mucosa. The more pliable the mucosa, the more efficient the transfer of energy from the airflow to the vocal folds, Vocal registration refers to the system of vocal registers within the voice. A register in the voice is a series of tones, produced in the same vibratory pattern of the vocal folds
27.
Songwriter
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A songwriter is an individual who writes the lyrics, melodies and chord progressions for songs, typically for a popular music genre such as rock or country music. A songwriter can also be called a composer, although the term tends to be used mainly for individuals from the classical music genre. The pressure from the industry to produce popular hits means that songwriting is often an activity for which the tasks are distributed between a number of people. For example, a songwriter who excels at writing lyrics might be paired with a songwriter with a gift for creating original melodies, pop songs may be written by group members from the band or by staff writers – songwriters directly employed by music publishers. Some songwriters serve as their own publishers, while others have outside publishers. The old-style apprenticeship approach to learning how to write songs is being supplemented by university degrees and college diplomas, a knowledge of modern music technology, songwriting elements and business skills are necessary requirements to make a songwriting career in the 2010s. Several music colleges offer songwriting diplomas and degrees with music business modules, the legal power to grant these permissions may be bought, sold or transferred. This is governed by international copyright law, song pitching can be done on a songwriters behalf by their publisher or independently using tip sheets like RowFax, the MusicRow publication and SongQuarters. Skills associated with song-writing include entrepreneurism and creativity, songwriters who sign an exclusive songwriting agreement with a publisher are called staff writers. In the Nashville country music scene, there is a staff writer culture where contracted writers work normal 9-to-5 hours at the publishing office and are paid a regular salary. This salary is in effect the writers draw, an advance on future earnings, the publisher owns the copyright of songs written during the term of the agreement for a designated period, after which the songwriter can reclaim the copyright. In an interview with HitQuarters, songwriter Dave Berg extolled the benefits of the set-up, unlike contracted writers, some staff writers operate as employees for their respective publishers. Under the terms of work for hire agreements, the compositions created are fully owned by the publisher. In Nashville, young writers are often encouraged to avoid these types of contracts. Staff writers are common across the industry, but without the more office-like working arrangements favored in Nashville. All the major publishers employ writers under contract, songwriter Allan Eshuijs described his staff writer contract at Universal Music Publishing as a starter deal. His success under the arrangement eventually allowed him to found his own publishing company, so that he could. keep as much as possible, songwriters are also often skilled musicians. In addition to selling their songs and musical concepts for other artists to sing, songwriters need to create a number of elements for a song
28.
South Bronx
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The South Bronx is an area of the New York City borough of the Bronx. As the name implies, the area comprises neighborhoods in the part of the Bronx, such as Concourse, Mott Haven, Melrose. Formerly a deteriorating, poverty-stricken area, the South Bronx is now known for its hip hop culture, the geographic definitions of the South Bronx have evolved and are disputed but certainly include the neighborhoods of Mott Haven, Melrose and Port Morris. The neighborhoods of Belmont, Castle Hill, Crotona Park East, Highbridge, Hunts Point, Longwood, Morrisania, the South Bronx is part of New Yorks 15th Congressional District. The South Bronx is served by the NYPDs 40th, 41st, 42nd, 44th, the South Bronx was originally called the Manor of Morrisania, and later Morrisania. The Morris memorial is at St. Anns Church of Morrisania, Morris descendants own land in the South Bronx to this day. As the Morrises developed their landholdings, an influx of German, later, the Bronx was considered the Jewish Borough, and at its peak in 1930 was 49% Jewish. Jews in the South Bronx numbered 364,000 or 57. 1% of the population in the area. The term was first coined in the 1940s by a group of workers who identified the Bronxs first pocket of poverty, in the Port Morris section. Originally denoting only Mott Haven and Melrose, the South Bronx extended up to the Cross Bronx Expressway by the 1960s, encompassing Hunts Point, Morrisania, the South Bronx is a place for working-class families. Its image as an area developed in the latter part of the 20th century. There were several factors contributing to the decay of the South Bronx, white flight, landlord abandonment, economic changes, demographics, the Cross Bronx Expressway, completed in 1963, was a part of Robert Moses’ urban renewal project for New York City. The expressway is now known to have been a factor in the urban decay seen by the borough in the 1970s and 1980s. Cutting through the heart of the South Bronx, the highway displaced thousands of residents from their homes, the neighborhood of East Tremont, in particular, was completely destroyed by the Expressway. Others have argued that the construction of highways has not harmed communities. The already poor and working-class neighborhoods were further disadvantaged by the property value. Racially charged tension, during the Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s and 1960s, further contributed to middle-class flight, some neighborhoods were considered undesirable by homeowners in the late 1960s and the areas population began decreasing. In addition, post World War II, rent control policies have been proposed by one author as contributing to the decline, in either case, while desirable housing options were scarce, vacancies further increased
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New York City
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The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange
30.
Amun
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Amun was a major Ancient Egyptian deity. He was attested since the Old Kingdom together with his wife Amaunet, with the 11th dynasty, he rose to the position of patron deity of Thebes by replacing Monthu. After the rebellion of Thebes against the Hyksos and with the rule of Ahmose I, Amun acquired national importance, expressed in his fusion with the Sun god, Ra, Amun-Ra retained chief importance in the Egyptian pantheon throughout the New Kingdom. Amun-Ra in this period held the position of transcendental, self-created creator deity par excellence, he was the champion of the poor or troubled and his position as King of Gods developed to the point of virtual monotheism where other gods became manifestations of him. With Osiris, Amun-Ra is the most widely recorded of the Egyptian gods, as the chief deity of the Egyptian Empire, Amun-Ra also came to be worshipped outside of Egypt, according to the testimony of ancient Greek historiographers in Libya and Nubia. As Zeus Ammon he came to be identified with Zeus in Greece, Amun and Amaunet are mentioned in the Old Egyptian Pyramid Texts. The name Amun meant something like the one or invisible. Amun rose to the position of tutelary deity of Thebes after the end of the First Intermediate Period, as the patron of Thebes, his spouse was Mut. In Thebes, Amun as father, Mut as mother and the Moon god Khonsu formed a family or Theban Triad. The history of Amun as the god of Thebes begins in the 20th century BC. The city of Thebes does not appear to have been of great significance before the 11th dynasty, major construction work in the Precinct of Amun-Re took place during the 18th dynasty when Thebes became the capital of the unified ancient Egypt. Construction of the Hypostyle Hall may have begun during the 18th dynasty, though most building was undertaken under Seti I. Merenptah commemorated his victories over the Sea Peoples on the walls of the Cachette Court and this Great Inscription shows the kings campaigns and eventual return with booty and prisoners. Next to this inscription is the Victory Stela, which is largely a copy of the more famous Israel Stela found in the complex of Merenptah on the west bank of the Nile in Thebes. Merenptahs son Seti II added 2 small obelisks in front of the Second Pylon, and this was constructed of sandstone, with a chapel to Amun flanked by those of Mut and Khonsu. The last major change to the Precinct of Amun-Res layout was the addition of the first pylon, the local patron deity of Thebes, Amun, therefore became nationally important. The pharaohs of that new dynasty attributed all their enterprises to Amun. The victory accomplished by pharaohs who worshipped Amun against the rulers, brought him to be seen as a champion of the less fortunate
31.
Universal Zulu Nation
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The Universal Zulu Nation is an international hip hop awareness group formed and formerly headed by hip hop artist Afrika Bambaataa. They strongly promote that Hip-Hop was created to provide peace, love, unity and having fun for those in the ghetto, and eventually onward to all those supportive of the culture. Originally known simply as the Organization, it arose in the 1970s as the reformed New York City gang the Black Spades, a street gang from South Bronx. While the Black Spades were the base of the organization, other reformed gangs contributed additional members, notably the Savage Nomads, Seven Immortals, and Savage Skulls, among others. Members began to organize events for youths, combining local dance. In many interviews, Afrika Bambaataa has spoken of the name Zulu as being inspired by the 1964 film of the same name, the imagery of the Zulu Nation has varied at times as well. Since the early 1980s, the Zulu Nation has since established branches in Japan, France, the UK, Australia, Canada, South Korea, in the mid 1990s some members began to break off starting their own projects or organizations such as Ill Crew Universal. Afrika Bambaataa stood down as head of the Zulu Nation in May 2016 after allegations of abusing several young men and children in the organization. Ronald Savage was the first of men to speak up about Bambaataa’s alleged sexual abuse publicy. The Zulu movement was introduced to France in the early 1980s by Afrika Bambaataa, the Zulu Nation was centred suburban Paris since most African immigrants lived beyond the city limits. Since 1987, the Zulu Nations ties to the French hip hop community have waned, since Afrika Bambaataas tour of France in 2008 and a Zulu Nation reunion in Paris, new movements of the Universal Zulu Nation have emerged in different cites in France. According to Veronique Henelon, French rap specifically has been an expression of ties with Africa. The first hip-hop television show appeared in France. It was called H. I. P. -H. O. P. and was aired by the TF1 channel, official website Universal Zulu Nation Holland Universal Zulu Nation Australia Universal Zulu Nation Malta Zulu Nation, From Gang To Glory, by Davey D
32.
Jamaicans
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Jamaicans are the citizens of Jamaica and their descendants in the Jamaican diaspora. Most Jamaicans are of African descent, with minorities of Europeans, East Indians, Chinese, Mixed-Race. The bulk of the Jamaican diaspora resides in Canada, United States, according to the official Jamaica Population Census of 1970, ethnic origins categories in Jamaica include Negro or Black, East Indian, Chinese, Syrian or Lebanese, White, Mixed, and Other races. Negro or Black workers made up 89. 4% of the working population and those of mixed race were the second most prominent labour category, making up 6% of the working population. Within the Caribbean, there are an estimated 30,000 Jamaicans living in the Dominican Republic, an equal number reside in other CARICOM members states, including the Bahamas, Cuba, Antigua & Barbuda, Barbados and Trinidad & Tobago. Demographics of Jamaica Jamaican British Jamaican American Jamaican Canadian Jamaican Australian Jamaicans in Ethiopia
33.
Barbadians
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Barbadians or Bajans are the people who are identified with the country of Barbados, be it the citizens of the country or their descendants in the Barbadian diaspora. This connection may be residential, legal, historical, or cultural, for most Barbadians, several of these connections exist and are collectively the source of their identity. Barbadians are a multi-ethnic and multicultural society of various different ethnic, religious, in addition to Anglophone countries other groups of Barbadians have moved to Latin countries including, Brazil, Cuba and Panama. See, List of famous Barbadian people Barbados nationality law Demographics of Barbados Afro-Barbadian Barbadian American Barbadian Brazilian Barbadian British Barbadian Canadian
34.
Bronx River Houses
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Bronx River Houses is a low income public housing project in the Soundview section of The Bronx, New York City, New York. It consists of nine, 14-story buildings with 1,260 apartments, completed February 28,1951, the 13. 94-acre Bronx development is bordered by East 174th Street, Harrod, and Bronx River Avenues. Bronx River Houses is home to 3,025 residents, the project is patrolled by P. S. A. 8 located at 2794 Randall Avenue in the Throgs Neck section of the Bronx, Bronx River Addition comprises two senior only buildings,6 and 12-stories tall with 225 apartments. Completed February 28,1966, the 1. 43-acre Bronx development is bordered by East 172nd and East 174th Streets and Manor, Bronx River Addition is home to 234 residents. Bronx River Houses was built to provide housing to working-class families. After a few years, crime and urban decay began to plague the development as more and more poor families moved in. This eventually had an effect on the community and led to White flight. Violent crime remains a problem in the Bronx River Houses. Until the late 1990s, the Bronx River Houses served as the ground zero for Hip-Hop culture. In the mid-1990s, the Giuliani administration used the NYPD to drive the drug out of the houses. DJ Red Alert also got his start in the Bronx River Houses, tenants are almost entirely African American and Puerto Rican. New York City Housing Authority List of New York City Housing Authority properties
35.
Gang
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Some criminal gang members are jumped in or have to prove their loyalty by committing acts such as theft or violence. A member of a gang may be called a gangster or a thug, in early usage, the word gang referred to a group of workmen. In the United Kingdom, the word is often used in this sense. In current usage, it denotes a criminal organization or else a criminal affiliation. The word gang often carries a connotation, however, within a gang which defines itself in opposition to mainstream norms. The word gang derives from the past participle of Old English gan and it is cognate with Old Norse gangster, meaning journey. In discussing banditry in American history Barrington Moore, Jr, according to some estimates the Thuggee gangs in India murdered 1 million people between 1740 and 1840. The 17th century saw London terrorized by a series of organized gangs, some of known as the Mims, Hectors, Bugles. These gangs often came into conflict with each other, the members dressed with colored ribbons to distinguish the different factions. Chicago had over 1,000 gangs in the 1920s, Gang involvement in drug trafficking increased during the 1970s and 1980s, but some gangs continue to have minimal involvement in the trade. In the United States, the history of gangs began on the East Coast in 1783 following the American Revolution, the emergence of the gangs was largely attributed to the vast rural population immigration to the urban areas. The first street-gang in the United States, the 40 Thieves, the gangs in Washington D. C. had control of what is now Federal Triangle, in a region then known as Murder Bay. In 2007, there were approximately 785,000 active street gang members in the United States, approximately 230,000 gang members were in U. S. prisons or jails in 2011. According to the Chicago Crime Commission publication, The Gang Book 2012, traditionally Los Angeles County has been considered the Gang Capital of America, with an estimated 120,000 gang members. There were at least 30,000 gangs and 800,000 gang members active across the USA in 2007, about 900,000 gang members lived within local communities across the country, and about 147,000 were in U. S. prisons or jails in 2009. By 1999, Hispanics accounted for 47% of all members, Blacks 31%, Whites 13%. A December 13,2009 The New York Times article about growing gang violence on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation estimated that there were 39 gangs with 5,000 members on that reservation alone. There are between 25,000 and 50,000 gang members in Central Americas El Salvador, more than 1,800 gangs were known to be operating in the UK in 2011
36.
Zulu (1964 film)
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Zulu is a 1964 epic war film depicting the Battle of Rorkes Drift between the British Army and the Zulus in January 1879, during the Anglo-Zulu War. It depicts 150 British soldiers, many of whom were sick and wounded patients in a field hospital, the film was directed by American screenwriter Cy Endfield and produced by Stanley Baker and Endfield, with Joseph E. Levine as executive producer. The screenplay is by John Prebble and Endfield, based on an article by Prebble, future South African political leader Mangosuthu Buthelezi played Zulu King Cetshwayo kaMpande, his great grandfather. The opening and closing narration is spoken by Richard Burton, the film was first shown on the 85th anniversary of the actual battle,22 January 1964 at the Plaza Theatre in the West End of London. In 1879, a communiqué from Lord Chelmsford to the Secretary of State for War in London details the crushing defeat of a British force at the hands of the Zulus at the Battle of Isandlwana. In the aftermath of the battle, the victorious Zulus walk amongst the bodies of dead British soldiers. At a mass Zulu marriage ceremony witnessed by missionary Otto Witt and his daughter, a company of the British Armys 24th Regiment of Foot is using the missionary station of Rorkes Drift in Natal as a supply depot and hospital for their invasion force across the border in Zululand. Lieutenant Gonville Bromhead, an officer, is rather put out to find himself subordinate to an engineer due to the latters slightly earlier commission. Witt becomes drunk and demoralises the men with his dire predictions, Chard orders Witt to be locked in a supply room. As the Zulu impis approach, a contingent of Boer horsemen arrives and they advise Chard that defending the station is hopeless. They retreat in haste, despite Chards desperate pleas for them to stay, the Zulu army approach and then charge. The British open fire, but Adendorff informs them that the Zulus are only testing the British firepower, Witt again predicts the soldiers inevitable fate, before escaping the battle with his daughter. Chard is concerned that the perimeter wall is undermanned and realises that the attack will come from all sides. The defenders are surprised when the Zulu warriors open fire on the station with rifles, throughout the day and night, wave after wave of Zulu attackers are repelled. The Zulus succeed in setting fire to the hospital, leading to fighting between British patients and Zulu warriors as the former try to escape the flames. Private Henry Hook takes charge and successfully leads the patients to safety, the next morning, the Zulus approach to within several hundred yards and begin singing a war chant, the British respond by singing Men of Harlech. In the final assault, just as it seems the Zulus will finally overwhelm the tired defenders, with a reserve of soldiers hidden within the redoubt, they form into three ranks and fire volley after volley, inflicting heavy casualties, the Zulus withdraw. After a pause of three hours, the defenders are still recovering when the Zulus re-form again on the Oscarberg, resigned to another assault, the British are astonished when the Zulus instead sing a song to honour the bravery of the defenders before departing
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Zulu people
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The Zulu are a Bantu ethnic group of Southern Africa and the largest ethnic group in South Africa, with an estimated 10–11 million people living mainly in the province of KwaZulu-Natal. Small numbers also live in Zimbabwe, Zambia, Tanzania and Mozambique, the Zulu were originally a major clan in what is today Northern KwaZulu-Natal, founded ca.1709 by Zulu kaMalandela. In the Nguni languages, iZulu means heaven, or weather, at that time, the area was occupied by many large Nguni communities and clans. Nguni communities had migrated down Africas east coast over centuries, as part of the Bantu migrations probably arriving in what is now South Africa in about the 9th century, the Zulu formed a powerful state in 1818 under the leader Shaka. Shaka, as the Zulu King, gained an amount of power over the tribe. On 11 December 1878, agents of the British delivered an ultimatum to 11 chiefs representing Cetshwayo, the terms forced upon Cetshwayo required him to disband his army and accept British authority. Cetshwayo refused, and war followed January 12,1879, during the war, the Zulus defeated the British at the Battle of Isandlwana on 22 January. The British managed to get the hand after the Battle at Rorkes Drift. After Cetshwayos capture a month following his defeat, the British divided the Zulu Empire into 13 kinglets, the sub-kingdoms fought amongst each other until 1883 when Cetshwayo was reinstated as king over Zululand. This still did not stop the fighting and the Zulu monarch was forced to flee his realm by Zibhebhu, one of the 13 kinglets, Cetshwayo died in February 1884, killed by Zibhebhus regime, leaving his son, the 15-year-old Dinuzulu, to inherit the throne. In-fighting between the Zulu continued for years, until Zululand was absorbed fully into the British colony of Natal, under apartheid, the homeland of KwaZulu was created for Zulu people. In 1970, the Bantu Homeland Citizenship Act provided that all Zulus would become citizens of KwaZulu, KwaZulu consisted of a large number of disconnected pieces of land, in what is now KwaZulu-Natal. By 1993, approximately 5.2 million Zulu people lived in KwaZulu, the Chief Minister of KwaZulu, from its creation in 1970 was Chief Mangosuthu Buthelezi. In 1994, KwaZulu was joined with the province of Natal, Inkatha YeSizwe means the crown of the nation. In 1975, Buthelezi revived the Inkatha YaKwaZulu, predecessor of the Inkatha Freedom Party and this organization was nominally a protest movement against apartheid, but held more conservative views than the ANC. For example, Inkatha was opposed to the struggle. Inkatha was initially on good terms with the ANC, but the two came into increasing conflict beginning in 1976 in the aftermath of the Soweto Uprising. The modern Zulu population is evenly distributed in both urban and rural areas
38.
Bhambatha
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For other articles named Bhambatha, see Bhambatha. Bambata or Bambatha kaMancinza, also known as Mbata Bhambatha, was a Zulu chief of the clan in the Colony of Natal. He is famous for his role in a rebellion in 1906 when the poll tax was raised from a tax per hut to per head increasing hardship during a severe economic depression. Bhambatha claims that he was told to lead a rebellion by the de facto Zulu King Dinizulu. Dinizulu disputed this account and no convincing evidence for either story is available, bamatha was born in 1865 or 1866 in Mpanza near the town of Greytown, Natal Colony. Bhambatha is famous for his role in a rebellion in 1906 when the poll tax was raised from a tax per hut to per head increasing hardship during a severe economic depression. The Natal Police believed Bhambatha was going to resist the tax with force, instead the police were ambushed and four policemen killed. Thousands of colonial troops were sent after him, including cavalry and heavy artillery. Bhambatha himself reportedly was killed in the Battle of Mome Gorge and he is often credited as an inspiration to native South African resistance and as a precursor of the anti-apartheid movement
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