1.
Guadalajara International Film Festival
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The Guadalajara International Film Festival is a week-long film festival held each March in the Mexican city of Guadalajara since 1986. The festival is considered the most prestigious film festival in Latin America, the festival is the premier showcase for new work from Mexican and international independent filmmakers. The presence in Guadalajara of delegates from other important festivals from around the world has helped Mexican film to have an international presence in the last twenty years. An international jury grants the Mayahuel award to the winners in a range of categories, Guadalajara Film Market & Producers Network Iberoamerican Film Market Short Up. Digital Space Iberoamerican Coproduction Meeting Guadalajara Build Expotec Iberoamerican Film Crossing Borders Film festivals in North and Central America Official website
Guadalajara International Film Festival
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Guadalajara International Film Festival
Guadalajara International Film Festival
2.
Ixelles
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Ixelles is one of the nineteen municipalities located in the Brussels-Capital Region of Belgium. In common with all the Brussels municipalities, it is legally bilingual, Ixelles is located in the suburbs towards the south of Brussels city center and is geographically bisected by the City of Brussels municipality. It is generally considered an affluent area of the city and is noted for its communities of European. Elsene/Ixelles is located in the south of Brussels and is divided into two parts by Louisalaan / Avenue Louise, which is part of the City of Brussels municipality, the smaller west part of the municipality includes Baljuwstraat/Rue du Bailli and extends roughly from Louisalaan/Avenue Louise to Brugmannlaan/Avenue Brugmann. The Ter Kamerenbos/Bois de la Cambre is located just south of Elsene/Ixelles and it was also to be the first Haussmann-esque artery of the city of Brussels. However, fierce resistance to the project was put up by the town of Elsene/Ixelles through whose land the avenue was supposed to run. After years of negotiations, Brussels finally annexed the narrow band of land needed for the avenue plus the Ter Kamerenbos/Bois de la Cambre itself in 1864. That decision accounts for the shape of todays City of Brussels. The placename was first mentioned in 1210 as Elsela, from Old Dutch Elselo meaning alder woods, the origins of the village date from the foundation of the Abbey of La Cambre by a Benedictine nun in 1196. The abbey was located near the springs of the Maelbeek in the Sonian Forest, the abbey was consecrated by the Bishop of Cambrai soon after its foundation. Boniface of Brussels and Alice of Schaerbeek were two of its most famous residents in the 13th century, around 1300, during the reign of John II, Duke of Brabant, a hostel was built near the abbey to provide meals to the wood bearers working in the forest. Soon, a hamlet and a couple of chapels were built, including the Church of the Holy Cross, the area included several ponds, still visible today, that provided fish to the abbey and to the neighbouring hamlets. At that time, part of Ixelles was a dependence of Brussels, in 1478, the wars between Louis XI of France and Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor brought devastation to the abbey and the surrounding areas. In 1585, the Spanish burnt down most of the buildings to prevent them from being used as a refuge by the Calvinists, the abbey was restored in time for the Joyous Entry of the Archdukes Albert and Isabella in 1599. Further manors and castles were built in Ixelles in the 16th century, the purity of the pond water attracted breweries to the area, some of which survived well into the 20th century. In 1795, like many of the towns surrounding Brussels. The abbey was stripped of its religious functions, becoming among others a cotton-manufacturing plant, a farm, a school. Many of the gates of Brussels that lined what is now the inner ring road were taken down
Ixelles
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La Cambre Abbey in Ixelles.
Ixelles
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The
Abbey of La Cambre, founded in 1196.
Ixelles
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Porte de Namur in around 1900.
Ixelles
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An
Art Nouveau doorway in Ixelles, dating to 1902. Ixelles was a center of Art Nouveau architecture in the first decades of the 20th century.
3.
Cleo de 5 a 7
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Cléo from 5 to 7 is a 1962 Left Bank film by Agnès Varda. The story starts with a singer, Florence Cléo Victoire, at 5pm on June 21, as she waits until 6. The film is noted for its handling of several of the themes of existentialism, including discussions of mortality, the idea of despair, the film also has a strong feminine viewpoint belonging to French feminism and raises questions about how women are perceived, especially in French society. The role of mirrors are prevalent to symbolize self-obsession, which Cléo embodies and it was entered into the 1962 Cannes Film Festival. Cléo Victoire is having a card reading with a fortune teller, who tells her that there is a widow in Cléos life, who is completely devoted to her. The fortune teller also sees that Cléo has recently met a young man, which she confirms, claiming that she doesnt see him too often. There is also a force in Cléos life, a doctor. The fortune teller then pulls the hanged man card, meaning that Cléo is ill and she then proceeds to pull the death tarot card, and Cléo requests that the fortune teller read her palm. After examining her lifeline, the fortune teller remains silent before telling Cléo that she not read hands. While distraught from her visit to the teller, Cléo reminds herself as long as Im beautiful, Im alive. She meets her maid, Angèle, at a café and recounts the results of the reading she received from the teller, claiming that if its cancer. Cléo cries in the café, even there are people around. Cléo and Angèle proceed to go hat shopping, where Cléo only pays attention to the fur hats. The black hats all beckon her, but she picks out a black. Cléo wants to wear the hat home, but Angèle reminds her that its Tuesday and they have the shopkeeper send the hat to Cléos home, and Cléo and Angèle take a taxi home in time for Cléos rehearsal. The taxi driver is a woman, and Cleo and Angele find her to be an interesting character, kennedy of the United States, and even Édith Piafs recent surgery. Towards the end of the ride back, Cléo grows nauseous. Upon returning home, Cléo cannot breathe, and Angèle tells her to do some exercise in response, Angèle helps her change into her clothes for rehearsal while Cléo is stretching out on a pullout bar
Cleo de 5 a 7
–
Original poster
4.
La Pointe Courte
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La Pointe Courte is a 1955 French drama film directed by Agnès Varda. The film was Vardas debut, and has cited by many critics as a forerunner of the French New Wave. The film takes place in Sète, la pointe courte is a quarter of the town known as the fishermans village. A young man arrives at a station to see his wife. After four years of marriage the couple are having problems of a somewhat existential nature—the wife loves her husband, the couple discuss their lives, and become resigned to the fact that they belong together, even if their love has changed. They return to Paris, the now better understanding her husbands nature because shes seen his hometown. Varda originally went to La Pointe Courte to take pictures for a friend who could no longer visit her home. After seeing the footage she took there, she rented a camera to shoot a film about a couple from Paris who were visiting La Pointe Courte, Varda set up her own co-op and began production. The budget for the film was low budget costing $14,000, roughly one fourth the budget of other films of the era including The 400 Blows. No members of the cast or crew were paid during the production, the Paris premiere of the film was in 1956 at the Studio Parnasse. It played with Jean Vigos documentary film À propos de Nice, a history of the French new wave cinema. La Pointe Courte at AllMovie La Pointe Courte at the Internet Movie Database La Pointe Courte at the TCM Movie Database
La Pointe Courte
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La Pointe Courte
5.
Vagabond (film)
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Vagabond is a 1985 French drama film directed by Agnès Varda, featuring Sandrine Bonnaire. It describes the story of a woman, a vagabond. The film was the 36th highest-grossing film of the year with a total of 1,080,143 admissions in France, the film begins with the contorted body of the woman, covered in frost. From this image, an unseen and unheard interviewer puts the camera on the last men to see her, the action then flashes back to the woman, Mona walking along the roadside, hiding from the police and trying to get a ride. Throughout the film, Monas condition seems to become progressively worse until she finally falls where we first saw her, frozen, review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 100% of 13 critics gave the film a positive review, for an average rating of 8. 7/10. Significant events are sometimes left unshown, so that the viewer must piece the information together to gain a full picture, the original French title, Sans toit ni loi, is a play on a common French idiom, Sans foi ni loi – With neither faith nor law. Vagabond at the Internet Movie Database Vagabond at AllMovie Vagabond at Rotten Tomatoes Criterion Collection essay by Sandy Flitterman-Lewis
Vagabond (film)
–
Theatrical release poster
6.
Jacques Demy
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Jacques Demy was a French director and screenwriter. He appeared in the wake of the French New Wave alongside contemporaries like Jean-Luc Godard, Demys films are well known for their sumptuous look, drawing on Hollywood musicals, fairytales, jazz, and opera. His films are also distinguishable by their overlapping continuity, lush musical scores and themes like teenaged love, labor rights, incest, and the intersection between dreams and reality. After working with the animator Paul Grimault and the filmmaker Georges Rouquier, Demy directed his first feature film, Lola, in 1961, the Demy universe here emerges full-fledged. La Baie des Anges, starring Jeanne Moreau, took the theme of fate further, Demy is best known for his original musical, Les Parapluies de Cherbourg, with a score by Legrand. Although the subversion of established genres was a typically New Wave obsession, the whimsical concept of singing all the dialogue sets the tone for this tragedy of the everyday. The young man, Roland Cassard, from Lola reappears here, such reappearances are typical of Demys work. Demys subsequent films never quite captured audience and critical acclaim the way that Les Parapluies had, although he continued to make ambitious and original dramas and musicals. It has stunning color photography, some of the best French songs of the period, peau dÂne is a visually extravagant musical interpretation of a classic French fairytale which highlights the tales incestuous overtones, starring Deneuve, Jean Marais, and Delphine Seyrig. Lévénement le plus important depuis que lhomme a marché sur la lune is a look back at the pressures of second-wave feminism in France. After years of neglect, Demys strengths have been recognized, Demy himself appears in the film in the opening and closing sequences, and at several points throughout. He had two children with Varda, Rosalie Varda-Demy, who was the daughter of Antoine Bourseiller. Jacques Demy died from complications of AIDS on 27 October 1990 at age 59 and was interred in the Montparnasse Cemetery in Montparnasse
Jacques Demy
–
Jacques Demy
7.
Mathieu Demy
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Mathieu Demy is a French actor, film director and producer. He is the son of French film directors Agnès Varda and Jacques Demy, Demy started as a young actor in Agnès Vardas films Lune chante, lautre pas, Documenteur, Murs, murs and Kung Fu Master. Demys work as an actor ranges from comedy to drama. His breakthrough came in 1998, when he was cast as Olivier, in 1999, he started a company, Les Films de l’Autre, to produce his own short films. He produced and directed in 2000 his first film, Le Plafond, the film received the audience award at the Angers film festival Festival Premiers Plans and the Uppsala International Short film Festival, and additional awards in Pantin, Rennes, Dignes and Mamers. In 2001, Demy worked for director Benoît Cohen for the first time in the film Les Acteurs anonymes and they reunited for Nos enfants chéris, in which he played Martin, a 30-year-old who meets his great love again just as hes about to become a father. In 2001, Demy received the best actor award at the Festival de Paris for Quand on sera grand directed by Renaud Cohen. The Festival Européen Cinessone awarded him twice for acting, in 2003 for Mister V. by Émilie Deleuze, in 2005, Les Films de l’Autre produced Demy’s second short film, La Bourde, an experimental comedy. Demy reprised his role as Martin for the TV adaptation of Nos enfants chéris and he was cast by Pascal Bonitzer for Le Grand Alibi and worked twice for Philippe Barassat, in Folle de Rachid en transit sur Mars and in Lisa et le pilote d’avion. In 2009, he starred in André Téchinés La Fille du RER and in the television drama Mes chères études, directed by Emmanuelle Bercot. In 2011, Demy appeared in Céline Sciammas Tomboy and was cast as the lead in the romantic comedy LArt de séduire by Guy Mazarguil, the same year, Demy wrote, directed and produced his first feature film, Americano. Demy also stars in the film along with Salma Hayek and Geraldine Chaplin
Mathieu Demy
–
Demy in 2012
8.
French New Wave
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The New Wave is a blanket term coined by critics for a group of French filmmakers of the late 1950s and 1960s. New Wave is an example of European art cinema, using portable equipment and requiring little or no set up time, the New Wave way of filmmaking presented a documentary style. The films exhibited direct sounds on film stock that required less light, filming techniques included fragmented, discontinuous editing, and long takes. The combination of realism, subjective realism, and authorial commentary created a narrative ambiguity in the sense that questions that arise in a film are not answered in the end. This is why I would like to call this new age of cinema the age of the camera-stylo, Cahiers co-founder and theorist André Bazin was a prominent source of influence for the movement. By means of criticism and editorialization, they laid the groundwork for a set of concepts, revolutionary at the time, Cahiers du cinéma writers critiqued the classic Tradition of Quality style of French Cinema. Notable among these was François Truffaut in his manifesto-like article Une Certaine tendance du cinéma français, Bazin and Henri Langlois, founder and curator of the Cinémathèque Française, were the dual father figures of the movement. These men of cinema valued the expression of the personal vision in both the films style and script. The auteur theory holds that the director is the author of his movies, the beginning of the New Wave was to some extent an exercise by the Cahiers writers in applying this philosophy to the world by directing movies themselves. Apart from the role that films by Jean Rouch have played in the movement, part of their technique was to portray characters not readily labeled as protagonists in the classic sense of audience identification. The auteurs of this era owe their popularity to the support they received with their youthful audience, most of these directors were born in the 1930s and grew up in Paris, relating to how their viewers might be experiencing life. With high concentration in fashion, urban life, and all-night parties. The French New Wave was popular roughly between 1958 and 1964, although New Wave work existed as late as 1973, the socio-economic forces at play shortly after World War II strongly influenced the movement. Politically and financially drained, France tended to back on the old popular pre-war traditions. One such tradition was straight narrative cinema, specifically classical French film, the movement has its roots in rebellion against the reliance on past forms, criticizing in particular the way these forms could force the audience to submit to a dictatorial plot-line. They were especially against the French cinema of quality, the type of high-minded, literary period films held in esteem at French film festivals, New Wave critics and directors studied the work of western classics and applied new avant garde stylistic direction. The low-budget approach helped filmmakers get at the art form and find what was, to them. French New Wave is influenced by Italian Neorealism and classical Hollywood cinema, many of these directors, such as Edmond Agabra and Henri Zaphiratos, were not as successful or enduring at the well-known members of the New Wave and today would not be considered part of it
French New Wave
–
Jean-Luc Godard 's New Wave film
À bout de souffle / Breathless (1960)
9.
Location shooting
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Location shooting is the practice of filming in the actual setting in which a story takes place rather than on a sound stage or back lot. In filmmaking, a location is any place where a crew will be filming actors. A location where dialog is not recorded may be considered as a second unit photography site, filmmakers often choose to shoot on location because they believe that greater realism can be achieved in a real place, however location shooting is also often motivated by the films budget. However, many films shoot interior scenes on a sound stage and it is often mistakenly believed that filming on location takes place in a location where the story is set, but this is not necessarily the case. In certain situations it may be cheaper to shoot in a studio, in these situations lower budget films often shoot more in a studio. Before filming, the locations are generally surveyed in pre-production, also known as recce, canadian locations such as Vancouver and Toronto are known for this. It sometimes allows frozen currency to be used, the 1968 movie Kellys Heroes was filmed in Yugoslavia using profits that had been made on movie exhibitions in that country but could not be exported. Its disadvantages include, Lack of control over the environment — lighting, passing aircraft, traffic, pedestrians, bad weather, city regulations, cast and crew heavily rely upon local facilities such as catering, transportation, and accommodations. A film that becomes a blockbuster hit can introduce movie audiences around the world to a visually breathtaking location that they were unaware of. This can boost tourism for years or even decades, Location shooting usually requires a location manager, and locations are usually chosen by a location scout. In many cases a second unit is dispatched to film on location, with a unit director. Filming location Location manager, the responsible for the locations department Location scouting Location library Filmmaking
Location shooting
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Mike Chin on location in Chinatown's Portsmouth Square in San Francisco, California filming a low budget movie in 1983
Location shooting
–
Between shoots for
The Sorcerer's Apprentice at
Bowling Green in New York City, lighting equipment was parked on Broadway.
Location shooting
–
The Mayor's Office of Film, Theatre and Broadcasting in New York City helps keep cars from parking near shooting locations
10.
Asia Minor
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Anatolia, in geography known as Asia Minor, Asian Turkey, Anatolian peninsula, or Anatolian plateau, is the westernmost protrusion of Asia, which makes up the majority of modern-day Turkey. The region is bounded by the Black Sea to the north, the Mediterranean Sea to the south, the Sea of Marmara forms a connection between the Black and Aegean Seas through the Bosphorus and Dardanelles straits and separates Anatolia from Thrace on the European mainland. Traditionally, Anatolia is considered to extend in the east to a line between the Gulf of Alexandretta and the Black Sea to the Armenian Highlands, thus, traditionally Anatolia is the territory that comprises approximately the western two-thirds of the Asian part of Turkey. The Turkification of Anatolia began under the Seljuk Empire in the late 11th century, however, various non-Turkic languages continue to be spoken by minorities in Anatolia today, including Kurdish, Assyrian, Armenian, Arabic, Laz, Georgian, and Greek. Traditionally, Anatolia is considered to extend in the east to a line running from the Gulf of Alexandretta to the Black Sea. This traditional geographical definition is used, for example, in the latest edition of Merriam-Websters Geographical Dictionary, under this definition, Anatolia is bounded to the east by the Armenian Highlands, and the Euphrates before that river bends to the southeast to enter Mesopotamia. To the southeast, it is bounded by the ranges that separate it from the Orontes valley in Syria, the first name the Greeks used for the Anatolian peninsula was Ἀσία, presumably after the name of the Assuwa league in western Anatolia. As the name of Asia came to be extended to areas east of the Mediterranean. The name Anatolia derives from the Greek ἀνατολή meaning “the East” or more literally “sunrise”, the precise reference of this term has varied over time, perhaps originally referring to the Aeolian, Ionian and Dorian colonies on the west coast of Asia Minor. In the Byzantine Empire, the Anatolic Theme was a theme covering the western, the modern Turkish form of Anatolia is Anadolu, which again derives from the Greek name Aνατολή. The Russian male name Anatoly and the French Anatole share the same linguistic origin, in English the name of Turkey for ancient Anatolia first appeared c. It is derived from the Medieval Latin Turchia, which was used by the Europeans to define the Seljuk controlled parts of Anatolia after the Battle of Manzikert. Human habitation in Anatolia dates back to the Paleolithic, neolithic Anatolia has been proposed as the homeland of the Indo-European language family, although linguists tend to favour a later origin in the steppes north of the Black Sea. However, it is clear that the Anatolian languages, the oldest branch of Indo-European, have spoken in Anatolia since at least the 19th century BC. The earliest historical records of Anatolia stem from the southeast of the region and are from the Mesopotamian-based Akkadian Empire during the reign of Sargon of Akkad in the 24th century BC, scholars generally believe the earliest indigenous populations of Anatolia were the Hattians and Hurrians. The region was famous for exporting raw materials, and areas of Hattian-, one of the numerous cuneiform records dated circa 20th century BC, found in Anatolia at the Assyrian colony of Kanesh, uses an advanced system of trading computations and credit lines. They were speakers of an Indo-European language, the Hittite language, originating from Nesa, they conquered Hattusa in the 18th century BC, imposing themselves over Hattian- and Hurrian-speaking populations. According to the most widely accepted Kurgan theory on the Proto-Indo-European homeland, however, the Hittites adopted the cuneiform script, invented in Mesopotamia
Asia Minor
–
The traditional definition of Anatolia within modern Turkey
Asia Minor
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The location of
Turkey (within the rectangle) in reference to the
European continent. Anatolia roughly corresponds to the
Asian part of Turkey, except the eastern parts historically known as the
Armenian Highlands
Asia Minor
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1907 map of Asia Minor, showing the local ancient kingdoms
Asia Minor
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Mural of
aurochs, a
deer, and humans in
Çatalhöyük, which is the largest and best-preserved Neolithic site found to date. It was registered as a
UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2012.
11.
Los Angeles County Museum of Art
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The Los Angeles County Museum of Art is an art museum located on Wilshire Boulevard in the Miracle Mile vicinity of Los Angeles. LACMA is on Museum Row, adjacent to the La Brea Tar Pits, LACMA is the largest art museum in the western United States. It attracts nearly a million visitors annually and it holds more than 150,000 works spanning the history of art from ancient times to the present. In addition to art exhibits, the museum features film and concert series, the Los Angeles County Museum of Art was established as a museum in 1961. Prior to this, LACMA was part of the Los Angeles Museum of History, Science and Art, howard F. Ahmanson, Sr. Anna Bing Arnold and Bart Lytton were the first principal patrons of the museum. Ahmanson made the donation of $2 million, convincing the museum board that sufficient funds could be raised to establish the new museum. In 1965 the museum moved to a new Wilshire Boulevard complex as an independent, art-focused institution, the largest new museum to be built in the United States after the National Gallery of Art. The museum, built in a similar to Lincoln Center. The board selected LA architect William Pereira over the recommendation of Ludwig Mies van der Rohe for the buildings. According to a 1965 Los Angeles Times story, the total cost of the three buildings was $11.5 million, at the time, the Los Angeles Music Center and LACMA were concurrent large civic projects which vied for attention and donors in Los Angeles. When the museum opened, the buildings were surrounded by reflecting pools, in the far-reaching expansion, museum-goers henceforth entered through the new partially roofed central court, nearly an acre of space bounded by the museums four buildings. The museums Pavilion for Japanese Art, designed by maverick architect Bruce Goff, opened in 1988, gerald Cantor Sculpture Garden of Rodin bronzes. In 1999, the Hancock Park Improvement Project was complete, kohlhaas edged out French architect Jean Nouvel, who would have added a major building while renovating the older facilities. The list of candidates had narrowed to five in May 2001, Koolhaas, Nouvel, Steven Holl, Daniel Libeskind. However, the project stalled after the museum failed to secure funding. In 2004 LACMAs Board of Trustees unanimously approved plans to transform the museum, the planned transformation consisted of three phases. Phase I started in 2004 and was completed in February 2008, the renovations required demolishing the parking structure on Ogden Avenue and with it LACMA-commissioned graffiti art by street artists Margaret Kilgallen and Barry McGee. The entry pavilion is a key point in architect Renzo Pianos plan to unify LACMAs sprawling, the BP Grand Entrance and the adjacent Broad Contemporary Art Museum comprise the $191 million first phase of the three-part expansion and renovation campaign
Los Angeles County Museum of Art
–
Los Angeles County Museum of Art (LACMA)
Los Angeles County Museum of Art
–
Wilshire Boulevard and the Art Museum in 1965.
Los Angeles County Museum of Art
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LACMA West, the
former May Company building on the corner of
Wilshire Boulevard and
Fairfax Avenue, future home of
The Academy Museum of Motion Pictures
Los Angeles County Museum of Art
–
Former
LACMA parking garage mural by
Barry McGee
12.
Left Bank Cinema
–
The New Wave is a blanket term coined by critics for a group of French filmmakers of the late 1950s and 1960s. New Wave is an example of European art cinema, using portable equipment and requiring little or no set up time, the New Wave way of filmmaking presented a documentary style. The films exhibited direct sounds on film stock that required less light, filming techniques included fragmented, discontinuous editing, and long takes. The combination of realism, subjective realism, and authorial commentary created a narrative ambiguity in the sense that questions that arise in a film are not answered in the end. This is why I would like to call this new age of cinema the age of the camera-stylo, Cahiers co-founder and theorist André Bazin was a prominent source of influence for the movement. By means of criticism and editorialization, they laid the groundwork for a set of concepts, revolutionary at the time, Cahiers du cinéma writers critiqued the classic Tradition of Quality style of French Cinema. Notable among these was François Truffaut in his manifesto-like article Une Certaine tendance du cinéma français, Bazin and Henri Langlois, founder and curator of the Cinémathèque Française, were the dual father figures of the movement. These men of cinema valued the expression of the personal vision in both the films style and script. The auteur theory holds that the director is the author of his movies, the beginning of the New Wave was to some extent an exercise by the Cahiers writers in applying this philosophy to the world by directing movies themselves. Apart from the role that films by Jean Rouch have played in the movement, part of their technique was to portray characters not readily labeled as protagonists in the classic sense of audience identification. The auteurs of this era owe their popularity to the support they received with their youthful audience, most of these directors were born in the 1930s and grew up in Paris, relating to how their viewers might be experiencing life. With high concentration in fashion, urban life, and all-night parties. The French New Wave was popular roughly between 1958 and 1964, although New Wave work existed as late as 1973, the socio-economic forces at play shortly after World War II strongly influenced the movement. Politically and financially drained, France tended to back on the old popular pre-war traditions. One such tradition was straight narrative cinema, specifically classical French film, the movement has its roots in rebellion against the reliance on past forms, criticizing in particular the way these forms could force the audience to submit to a dictatorial plot-line. They were especially against the French cinema of quality, the type of high-minded, literary period films held in esteem at French film festivals, New Wave critics and directors studied the work of western classics and applied new avant garde stylistic direction. The low-budget approach helped filmmakers get at the art form and find what was, to them. French New Wave is influenced by Italian Neorealism and classical Hollywood cinema, many of these directors, such as Edmond Agabra and Henri Zaphiratos, were not as successful or enduring at the well-known members of the New Wave and today would not be considered part of it
Left Bank Cinema
–
Jean-Luc Godard 's New Wave film
À bout de souffle / Breathless (1960)
13.
Chris Marker
–
Chris Marker was a French writer, photographer, documentary film director, multimedia artist and film essayist. His best known films are La Jetée, Le Joli Mai, A Grin Without a Cat, Marker is often associated with the Left Bank Cinema movement that occurred in the late 1950s and included such other filmmakers as Alain Resnais, Agnès Varda, Henri Colpi and Armand Gatti. His friend and sometime collaborator Alain Resnais called him the prototype of the twenty-first-century man, Marker was born Christian François Bouche-Villeneuve. He was always elusive about his past and known to refuse interviews and not allow photographs to be taken of him, some sources and Marker himself claim that he was born in Ulan Bator, Mongolia. Other sources say he was born in Belleville, Paris, and others, the 1949 edition of Le Cœur Net specifies his birthday as 22 July. Film critic David Thomson has stated, Marker told me himself that Mongolia is correct, I have since concluded that Belleville is correct – but that does not spoil the spiritual truth of Ulan Bator. When asked about his nature, Marker has said My films are enough for them. Marker was a student in France prior to World War II. During the German occupation of France, he joined the Maquis, at some point during the war he left France and joined the United States Air Force as a paratrooper, although some sources claim that this is not true. After the war, he began a career as a journalist, first writing for the journal Esprit, at Esprit, Marker wrote political commentaries, poems, short stories, and film reviews. He would later become a contributor to Bazins Cahiers du cinéma. During this time period, Marker began to travel around the world as a journalist and photographer and he was hired by the French publishing company Éditions du Seuil as editor of the series Petite Planète. This collection devoted one edition to each country and included information, in 1949 Marker published his first novel, Le Coeur net, which was about aviation. In 1952 Marker published an essay on French writer Jean Giraudoux, Giraudoux Par Lui-Même. During his early career, Marker became increasingly interested in filmmaking. This group is associated with the French New Wave directors who came to prominence during the same time period. Many of Markers earliest films were produced by Anatole Dauman, in 1952 Marker made his first film, Olympia 52, a 16mm feature documentary about the 1952 Helsinki Olympic Games. In 1953 Marker collaborated with Resnais on the documentary Statues Also Die, the film examines traditional African art such as sculptures and masks, and its decline with coming of Western colonialism
Chris Marker
–
Chris Marker
14.
Alain Resnais
–
Alain Resnais was a French film director and screenwriter whose career extended over more than six decades. After training as an editor in the mid-1940s, he went on to direct a number of short films which included Night and Fog. These films were contemporary with, and associated with, the French New Wave and he had closer links to the Left Bank group of authors and filmmakers who shared a commitment to modernism and an interest in left-wing politics. This led to adaptations of plays by Alan Ayckbourn, Henri Bernstein and Jean Anouilh. His films frequently explore the relationship between consciousness, memory, and the imagination, and he was noted for devising innovative formal structures for his narratives, throughout his career, he won many awards from international film festivals and academies. Resnais was born in 1922 at Vannes in Brittany, where his father was a pharmacist, an only child, he was often ill with asthma in childhood, which led to his being withdrawn from school and educated at home. He was a reader, in a range that extended from classics to comic books. For his twelfth birthday his parents gave him a Kodak 8mm camera with which he began to make his own short films, around the age of 14, he discovered surrealism and through that an interest in the works of André Breton. Visits to the theatre in Paris gave Resnais the desire to be an actor, from 1940 to 1942 he studied acting in the Cours René-Simon, but he then decided in 1943 to apply to the newly formed film school IDHEC to study film editing. The film-maker Jean Grémillon was one of the teachers who had the most influence on him at that period and he returned to Paris in 1946 to start his career as a film editor, but also began making short films of his own. Finding himself to be a neighbour of the actor Gérard Philipe, he persuaded him to appear in a 16mm surrealist short, a more ambitious feature-length work, Ouvert pour cause dinventaire, has also vanished without trace. He filmed it at first in 16mm, but when the producer Pierre Braunberger saw the results, van Gogh received a prize at the Venice Biennale in 1948, and also won an Oscar for Best 2-reel Short in 1949. Nuit et Brouillard was one of the first documentaries about the Nazi concentration camps, the accompanying narration was intentionally understated to add to the distancing effect. Although the film encountered problems with the French government, its impact was immense. In 1958 Resnais undertook a commission from the Pechiney company to make short film, in colour and wide-screen, extolling the merits of plastics, poetry was brought to the project, literally, by Raymond Queneau who wrote the narration for the film in rhyming couplets. Similar collaborations underpinned his work in feature films. Resnaiss first feature film was Hiroshima mon amour, in the film, the themes of memory and forgetting are explored via new narrative techniques which balance images with narrated text and ignore conventional notions of plot and story development. The film was shown at the 1959 Cannes Film Festival, alongside Truffauts Les Quatre Cents Coups, Resnaiss next film was LAnnée dernière à Marienbad, which he made in collaboration with the novelist Alain Robbe-Grillet
Alain Resnais
15.
Marguerite Duras
–
Marguerite Donnadieu, known as Marguerite Duras, was a French novelist, playwright, scriptwriter, essayist and experimental filmmaker. She is best known for writing the 1959 film Hiroshima mon amour, Duras was born in Gia-Dinh, Cochinchina, French Indochina, after her parents responded to a campaign by the French government encouraging French people to settle in the colony. Marguerites father fell ill soon after their arrival, and returned to France, after his death, her mother, a teacher, remained in Indochina with her three children. The family lived in poverty after her mother made a bad investment in an isolated property. The difficult life that the family experienced during this period was influential on Marguerites later work. An affair between the teenaged Marguerite and Huynh Thuy Le, the son of a rich Sa Dec merchant, was to be treated several times in her subsequent memoirs and she also reported being beaten by both her mother and her older brother during this period. At 17, Marguerite went to France, her parents native country and this she soon abandoned to concentrate on political science, and then law. After completing her studies, she became a member of the PCF. In the late 1930s she worked for the French government office representing the colony of Indochina. During the war, from 1942 to 1944, she worked for the Vichy government in an office that allocated paper quotas to publishers and her first husband, Robert Antelme, was deported to Buchenwald in 1944 for his involvement in the Resistance, and barely survived the experience. She nursed him back to health, but they divorced once he recovered his health. In 1943, for her first published novel Les Impudents, she decided to use as pen name the surname of Duras, a village in the Lot-et-Garonne département and this text won the Goncourt prize in 1984. The story of her also appears in three other forms, The Sea Wall, Eden Cinema and The North China Lover. A film version of The Lover, produced by Claude Berri, the Sea Wall was first adapted into the 1958 film This Angry Age by René Clément, and again in 2008 by Cambodian director Rithy Panh as The Sea Wall. She was also the screenwriter of the 1959 French film Hiroshima mon amour, Durass early novels were fairly conventional in form, however, with Moderato Cantabile she became more experimental, paring down her texts to give ever-increasing importance to what was not said. She was associated with the Nouveau roman French literary movement, although she did not belong definitively to any group, many of her works, such as Le Ravissement de Lol V. Stein and LHomme assis dans le couloir deal with human sexuality. Despite her success as a writer, Durass adult life was marked by personal challenges. Duras died of cancer in Paris, aged 81
Marguerite Duras
–
Marguerite Duras
16.
Alain Robbe-Grillet
–
Alain Robbe-Grillet was a French writer and filmmaker. He was one of the figures most associated with the Nouveau Roman trend of the 1960s, along with Nathalie Sarraute, Michel Butor, Alain Robbe-Grillet was elected a member of the Académie française on 25 March 2004, succeeding Maurice Rheims at seat No.32. He was married to Catherine Robbe-Grillet, Alain Robbe-Grillet was born in Brest to a family of engineers and scientists. He was trained as an agricultural engineer, during the years 1943 and 1944, Robbe-Grillet participated in compulsory labor in Nuremberg, where he worked as a machinist. In 1945, Robbe-Grillet completed his diploma at the National Institute of Agronomy, later, his work as an agronomist took him to Martinique, French Guinea, Guadeloupe, and Morocco. He died in Caen after succumbing to heart problems, Robbe-Grillets first published novel was The Erasers, which was issued by Les Éditions de Minuit in 1953. After that, he dedicated himself full-time to his new occupation and his early work was praised by eminent critics, such as Roland Barthes and Maurice Blanchot. Around the time of his novel, he became a literary advisor for Les Éditions de Minuit. After publishing four novels, in 1961, he worked with Alain Resnais, writing the script for Last Year in Marienbad, in 1963, Robbe-Grillet published For a New Novel, a collection of previously-published theoretical writings concerning the novel. From 1966 to 1968, he was a member of the High Committee for the Defense, in addition, Robbe-Grillet also led the Centre for Sociology of Literature at the Université Libre de Bruxelles from 1980 to 1988. From 1971 to 1995, Robbe-Grillet was a professor at New York University, although Robbe-Grillet was elected to the Académie française in 2004, in his eighties, he never was formally received by the Académie because of disputes regarding the Académies reception procedures. His writing style has been described as realist or phenomenological or a theory of pure surface, methodical, geometric, and often repetitive descriptions of objects replace the psychology and interiority of the character. Timelines and plots are fractured, and the novel resembles the literary equivalent of a cubist painting. Yet his work is characterized by its ability to mean many things to many different people. His second novel, The Erasers, superficially resembles a detective novel, the detective is seeking the assassin in a murder that has not yet occurred, only to discover that it is his destiny to become that assassin. His next and most acclaimed novel is The Voyeur, first published in French in 1955, the Voyeur relates the story of Mathias, a traveling watch salesman who returns to the island of his youth with a desperate objective. Importantly, the murder, if such a thing exists, is absent from the text. The narration contains little dialogue, and a timeline of events
Alain Robbe-Grillet
–
Alain Robbe-Grillet
17.
Nouveau roman
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The Nouveau Roman is a type of 1950s French novel that diverged from classical literary genres. Most of the authors were published by Les Éditions de Minuit with the strong support of Jérôme Lindon. Rejecting many of the features of the novel to date, Robbe-Grillet regarded many earlier novelists as old-fashioned in their focus on plot, action, narrative, ideas. Despite the assertions of nouveauté, this vision of the novel can be construed as developing from earlier writers suggestions, Alain Robbe-Grillet became an elected member of the Académie française on 25 March 2004, succeeding Maurice Rheims at seat No.32. Claude Simon is often identified with the nouveau roman movement, he is the 1985 Nobel Laureate in Literature, jean Ricardou is the theorist of the nouveau roman literary movement. The Nouveau Roman style also left its mark on screen as writers Marguerite Duras and their collaboration with director Alain Resnais resulted in critical successes such as Hiroshima mon amour and Last Year in Marienbad. They would later go on to direct their own films, French literature Francophone literature List of French language authors Antinovel Bernard Luscans, La représentation dans le nouveau nouveau roman, Chapel Hill, Université de Caroline du Nord,2008
Nouveau roman
–
Alain Robbe-Grillet
Nouveau roman
–
Seminar with
Jean Ricardou and
Claude Simon, Cerisy (France)
18.
Left-wing politics
–
Left-wing politics supports social equality and egalitarianism, often in opposition to social hierarchy and social inequality. The term left wing can also refer to the radical, reforming, use of the term Left became more prominent after the restoration of the French monarchy in 1815 when it was applied to the Independents. The word wing was appended to Left and Right in the late 19th century, usually with disparaging intent, throughout the 19th century in France, the main line dividing left and right was between supporters of the French Republic and those of the Monarchy. The June Days Uprising during the Second Republic was an attempt by the Left to assert itself after the 1848 Revolution, in the mid-19th century, nationalism, socialism, democracy, and anti-clericalism became features of the French Left. After Napoleon IIIs 1851 coup and the subsequent establishment of the Second Empire, Marxism began to rival radical republicanism, the influential Communist Manifesto by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, published in 1848, asserted that all human history is the history of class struggle. They predicted that a revolution would eventually overthrow bourgeois capitalism and create a classless, stateless. It was in period that the word wing was appended to both Left and Right. Following a split between supporters of Marx and Mikhail Bakunin, anarchists formed the International Workers Association, the Second International became divided over the issue of World War I. Those who opposed the war, such as Vladimir Lenin and Rosa Luxemburg, in the United States after Reconstruction, the phrase the Left was used to describe those who supported trade unions, the civil rights movement and the anti-war movement. More recently in the United States, left-wing and right-wing have often used as synonyms for Democratic and Republican. Since the Right was populist, both in the Western and the Eastern Bloc, anything viewed as art was called leftist in all Europe. The following positions are typically associated with left-wing politics, during the industrial revolution, leftists supported trade unions. At the beginning of the 20th century, many leftists advocated strong government intervention in the economy, leftists continue to criticize what they perceive as the exploitative nature of globalization, the race to the bottom, and unjust lay-offs. Other leftists believe in Marxian economics, which are based on the theories of Karl Marx. Marxian economics does not exclusively rely upon Marx, it draws from a range of Marxist and non-Marxist sources, the political relevance of farmers has divided the left. In Das Kapital, Marx scarcely mentioned the subject, Mao Zedong believed that it would be rural peasants, not urban workers, who would bring about the proletarian revolution. Both Karl Marx and the early socialist William Morris arguably had a concern for environmental matters, according to Marx, Even an entire society, a nation, or all simultaneously existing societies taken together. Are not owners of the earth and they are simply its possessors, its beneficiaries, and have to bequeath it in an improved state to succeeding generations
Left-wing politics
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5 May 1789: Opening of the Estates-General in Versailles
Left-wing politics
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Labour union demonstrators at the 1912
Lawrence textile strike.
19.
Surrealism
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Surrealism is a cultural movement that began in the early 1920s, and is best known for its visual artworks and writings. The aim was to resolve the previously contradictory conditions of dream, leader André Breton was explicit in his assertion that Surrealism was, above all, a revolutionary movement. Surrealism developed out of the Dada activities during World War I, the word surrealist was coined by Guillaume Apollinaire and first appeared in the preface to his play Les Mamelles de Tirésias, which was written in 1903 and first performed in 1917. The Dadaists protested with anti-art gatherings, performances, writings and art works, after the war, when they returned to Paris, the Dada activities continued. Meeting the young writer Jacques Vaché, Breton felt that Vaché was the son of writer. He admired the young writers anti-social attitude and disdain for established artistic tradition, later Breton wrote, In literature, I was successively taken with Rimbaud, with Jarry, with Apollinaire, with Nouveau, with Lautréamont, but it is Jacques Vaché to whom I owe the most. Back in Paris, Breton joined in Dada activities and started the literary journal Littérature along with Louis Aragon and they began experimenting with automatic writing—spontaneously writing without censoring their thoughts—and published the writings, as well as accounts of dreams, in the magazine. Breton and Soupault delved deeper into automatism and wrote The Magnetic Fields, continuing to write, they came to believe that automatism was a better tactic for societal change than the Dada form of attack on prevailing values. They also looked to the Marxist dialectic and the work of such theorists as Walter Benjamin, freuds work with free association, dream analysis, and the unconscious was of utmost importance to the Surrealists in developing methods to liberate imagination. They embraced idiosyncrasy, while rejecting the idea of an underlying madness, as Salvador Dalí later proclaimed, There is only one difference between a madman and me. Beside the use of analysis, they emphasized that one could combine inside the same frame, elements not normally found together to produce illogical. The more the relationship between the two juxtaposed realities is distant and true, the stronger the image will be−the greater its emotional power, the group aimed to revolutionize human experience, in its personal, cultural, social, and political aspects. They wanted to people from false rationality, and restrictive customs. Breton proclaimed that the aim of Surrealism was long live the social revolution. To this goal, at various times Surrealists aligned with communism and anarchism, in 1924 two Surrealist factions declared their philosophy in two separate Surrealist Manifestos. That same year the Bureau of Surrealist Research was established, leading up to 1924, two rival surrealist groups had formed. Each group claimed to be successors of a revolution launched by Guillaume Apollinaire, the other group, led by Breton, included Louis Aragon, Robert Desnos, Paul Éluard, Jacques Baron, Jacques-André Boiffard, Jean Carrive, René Crevel and Georges Malkine, among others. Goll and Breton clashed openly, at one point literally fighting, at the Comédie des Champs-Élysées, in the end, Breton won the battle through tactical and numerical superiority
Surrealism
–
Max Ernst,
The Elephant Celebes (1921),
Tate, London
Surrealism
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Cover of the first issue of
La Révolution surréaliste, December 1924.
Surrealism
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Yvan Goll, Surréalisme, Manifeste du surréalisme, Volume 1, Number 1, October 1, 1924, cover by
Robert Delaunay
Surrealism
–
André Masson. Automatic Drawing. 1924. Ink on paper, 23.5 x 20.6 cm.
Museum of Modern Art, New York.
20.
Franz Kafka
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Franz Kafka was a Prague German-language novelist and short story writer, widely regarded as one of the major figures of 20th-century literature. His best known works include Die Verwandlung, Der Process, the term Kafkaesque has entered the English language to describe situations like those in his writing. Kafka was born into a middle-class, German-speaking Jewish family in Prague and he trained as a lawyer, and after completing his legal education he was employed with an insurance company, forcing him to relegate writing to his spare time. Over the course of his life, Kafka wrote hundreds of letters to family and close friends, including his father, with whom he had a strained and he became engaged to several women but never married. He died in 1924 at the age of 40 from tuberculosis and his work went on to influence a vast range of writers, critics, artists, and philosophers during the 20th century. Kafka was born near the Old Town Square in Prague, then part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire and his family were middle-class Ashkenazi Jews. His father, Hermann Kafka, was the child of Jakob Kafka, a shochet or ritual slaughterer in Osek. Hermann brought the Kafka family to Prague, after working as a travelling sales representative, he eventually became a fancy goods and clothing retailer who employed up to 15 people and used the image of a jackdaw as his business logo. Kafkas mother, Julie, was the daughter of Jakob Löwy, a retail merchant in Poděbrady. Hermann and Julie had six children, of whom Franz was the eldest, franzs two brothers, Georg and Heinrich, died in infancy before Franz was seven, his three sisters were Gabriele, Valerie and Ottilie. They all died during the Holocaust of World War II, Valli was deported to the Łódź Ghetto in Poland in 1942, but that is the last documentation of her. On business days, both parents were absent from the home, with Julie Kafka working as many as 12 hours each day helping to manage the family business, consequently, Kafkas childhood was somewhat lonely, and the children were reared largely by a series of governesses and servants. The dominating figure of Kafkas father had a significant influence on Kafkas writing, the Kafka family had a servant girl living with them in a cramped apartment. In November 1913 the family moved into an apartment, although Ellie. In early August 1914, just after World War I began, both Ellie and Valli also had children. Franz at age 31 moved into Vallis former apartment, quiet by contrast, from 1889 to 1893, Kafka attended the Deutsche Knabenschule German boys elementary school at the Masný trh/Fleischmarkt, now known as Masná Street. His Jewish education ended with his Bar Mitzvah celebration at the age of 13, Kafka never enjoyed attending the synagogue and went with his father only on four high holidays a year. German was the language of instruction, but Kafka also spoke and he studied the latter at the gymnasium for eight years, achieving good grades
Franz Kafka
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Franz Kafka in 1906
Franz Kafka
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Plaque marking the birthplace of Franz Kafka in Prague.
Franz Kafka
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Kinský Palace where Kafka attended gymnasium and his father owned a shop
Franz Kafka
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Former home of the Worker's Accident Insurance Institute.
21.
Nathalie Sarraute
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Nathalie Sarraute was a French lawyer and writer. Sarraute was born Natalia Ilinichna Tcherniak in Ivanovo,300 km north-east of Moscow in 1900 and she was the daughter of Pauline, a writer, and Ilya Tcherniak, a chemist. She was of Russian Jewish origin, following the divorce of her parents, she spent her childhood shuttled between France and Russia. In 1909 she moved to Paris with her father, in 1925, she married Raymond Sarraute, a fellow lawyer, with whom she would have three daughters. In 1932 she wrote her first book, Tropismes, a series of sketches and memories that set the tone for her entire oeuvre. The novel was first published in 1939, although the impact of World War II stunted its popularity, in 1941, Sarraute, who was Jewish, was barred from working as a lawyer as a result of the Vichy regimes anti-Jewish laws. During this time, she went into hiding and made arrangements to divorce her husband in an effort to protect him, Sarraute died at the age of 99 in Paris, France. Her daughter, the journalist Claude Sarraute, was married to French Academician Jean-François Revel, despite such high critical praise, however, the work only drew notice from literary insiders, as did her follow-up, Martereau. Sarrautes essay The Age of Suspicion served as a manifesto for the nouveau roman literary movement. Sarraute was awarded the Prix international de littérature for her novel The Golden Fruits in 1963 and that same year, Sarraute also began working as a dramatist, authoring a total of seven plays, including Le Silence, Le Mensonge and Elle est là. As a result of Sarrautes growing popularity and public profile, she was invited to speak at a number of events both in her native country of France and abroad. Sarrautes work, including the novels Between Life and Death, The Use of Speech and her work has often been referred to as difficult, as a result of her experimental style and abandonment of traditional literary conventions. The constantly shifting perspectives and points of view in Sarrautes work serve to undermine the authors hand, in contrast to the relative difficulty of Sarrautes novels, her memoir Childhood is considered an easier read. Penned when she was over eighty years old, Sarrautes autobiography is hardly a straightforward memoir, in the 1980s, the autobiography was adapted into a one-act Broadway play starring Glenn Close. Agnès Varda dedicated her 1985 film Sans toit ni loi to her, nathalie Sarraute, The Art of Fiction No.115. Brief biography Critical bibliography Spotlight on
Nathalie Sarraute
–
Enfance (Childhood). The cover of Sarraute's autobiography, published in 1983.
Nathalie Sarraute
–
Nathalie Sarraute
Nathalie Sarraute
–
Le planétarium (The Planetarium). The cover of Sarraute's 1959 novel.
22.
Silvia Monfort
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Silvia Monfort was a French actress and theatre director. She was the daughter of the sculptor Charles Favre-Bertin and wife of Pierre Gruneberg and she was named Knight of the Legion of Honor in 1973, Officer of Arts and Letters in 1979 and then Commander of Arts and Letters in 1983. She is buried in Père Lachaise Cemetery, Monfort was born in the neighborhood of Le Marais, on Rue Elzévir, a short distance away from Rue de Thorigny, where she would set up her first theatre much later. Her family had lived in this Parisian neighborhood for seven generations and she lost her mother very early and her father put her in a boarding school. She undertook her secondary studies first at lycée Victor Hugo and then at lycée Victor Duruy and she obtained her baccalauréat at 14 with special permission. Her father had intended for her career to be spent at the Gobelin manufactory but she preferred the theatre and took classes with Jean Hervé, in 1939, aged 16, she met Maurice Clavel, who directed the Resistance network in Eure-et-Loir. Under the pseudonym Sinclair, she participated in the liberation of Nogent-le-Rotrou and she was one of the notables who welcomed General De Gaulle on the square in front of the Cathedral of Chartres. Once the war ended, she married Maurice Clavel and she was decorated with the Croix de guerre by General De Gaulle and with the Bronze Star by General Patton. In 1945, she attracted notice for her acting in a play by Federico García Lorca and her personality drew the attention of Edwige Feuillère, whose reader she became in LAigle à deux têtes by Jean Cocteau. The play was first presented in 1946 at the Royal Theatre of the Galeries Royales of Saint-Hubert in Brussels, after performances in Lyon, the play had its Parisian premiere at the Théâtre Hébertot, followed by performances at La Fenice in Venice. Through Clavel, she met Jean Vilar in 1947 and participated in the Théâtre National Populaire and she took part in the first festival dAvignon, with The Story of Tobias and Sarah. Alongside Gérard Philipe, she played Chimène in Le Cid, then performed at Chaillot, next, she played with Vilar in Cinna and in The Marriage of Figaro. Monfort made her debut in Les Anges du péché. Director Robert Bresson had hired her without knowing that she was an actress, in 1948, she played the role of Édith de Berg in the cinematic adaptation of LAigle à deux têtes by Cocteau with Feuillère and Jean Marais. In 1955, Agnès Varda, then a photographer at the TNP, directed her first film, Varda remembers Silvia Monfort in La Pointe Courte, Curious and a pioneer by nature, she threw herself into the project with delight and discipline. I really think she was happy to fight for a cinema of the future, separated from Maurice Clavel, Silvia Monfort shared her life with and participated in the films of director Jean-Paul Le Chanois. Despite her having an arm in a plaster cast, he insisted that she play a Polish prisoner with François Périer and Pierre Fresnay in an inspired by a true story. This film concluded her career and her relationship with Le Chanois in 1962
Silvia Monfort
–
Silvia Monfort
Silvia Monfort
–
Bajazet - Original programme, 1985
Silvia Monfort
–
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23.
Philippe Noiret
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Philippe Noiret was a French film actor. Noiret was born in Lille, France, the son of Lucy and Pierre Noiret and he was an indifferent scholar and attended several prestigious Paris schools, including the Lycée Janson de Sailly. He failed several times to pass his exams, so he decided to study theater. He trained at the Centre Dramatique de lOuest and toured with the Théâtre National Populaire for seven years, where he met Monique Chaumette, whom he married in 1962. During that time he developed a career as a comedian in a duo act with Jean-Pierre Darras. In these roles they satirized the politics of Charles de Gaulle, noirets screen debut was an uncredited role in Gigi. In 1955 he appeared in La Pointe Courte directed by Agnès Varda and she said later - I discovered in him a breadth of talent rare in a young actor. Sporting a pudding-basin haircut, Noiret played a youth in the southern fishing port of Sète. He later admitted, I was scared stiff, and fumbled my way through the part - I am totally absent in the film and he was not cast again until 1960 in Zazie dans le Métro. For actors of my generation—all the men of 50 or 60 now in French movies—all of us were thinking of being stage actors, even people like Jean-Paul Belmondo, all of us, we never thought wed become movie stars. So, at the beginning, I was just doing it for the money, but after two or three years of working on movies, I started to enjoy it, and to be very interested in it. And Im still very interested in it, because Ive never really understood how it works, I mean, what is acting for the movies. Noiret won his first César Award for his role in Vieux Fusil in 1976 and his second César came in 1990 for his role in Life and Nothing But. Noiret appeared in Hollywood-financed films by Alfred Hitchcock, George Cukor, Ted Kotcheff, Peter Yates, but he may be best known for his roles as Alfredo in Cinema Paradiso, Pablo Neruda in Il Postino, and Major Dellaplane in Bertrand Taverniers Life and Nothing But. By the time of his death from cancer in Paris in 2006, aged 76 and he often joked with interviewers about his virtually non-stop work schedule, telling Joe Leydon in 1989, You never know what will be the success of a film. And its always comfortable to be making another film when youre reading terrible notices for your last film and you can say, Well, thats a pity, but Im already working on another job. You see, if youre only making one film a year, or one every year. Because when its a failure, what do you do
Philippe Noiret
–
Noiret in 2003.
24.
Gleaning
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On one of the two occasions that this is stated in Leviticus, it adds that in vineyards, some grapes should be left ungathered, a statement also found in Deuteronomy. These verses additionally command that olive trees should not be beaten on multiple occasions, according to Leviticus, these things should be left for the poor and for strangers, and Deuteronomy commands that it should be left for widows, strangers, and paternal orphans. The Book of Ruth tells of gleaning by the widow Ruth to provide for herself and her mother-in-law, Naomi, jesus and his disciples practiced a form of gleaning as they walked through grain fields breaking off heads of wheat to eat. In 18th century England, gleaning was a right for cottagers. In a small village the sexton would often ring a bell at eight oclock in the morning and again at seven in the evening to tell the gleaners when to begin. This legal right effectively ended after the Steel v Houghton decision in 1788, the Shulchan Aruch argues that Jewish farmers are no longer obliged to obey the biblical rule. Nevertheless, in modern Israel, rabbis of Orthodox Judaism insist that Jews allow gleanings to be consumed by the poor and by strangers, during Sabbatical years. There are a number of organizations that practice gleaning to resolve issues of societal hunger, Gleaning was a popular subject in art, especially in the nineteenth century. Vincent van Goghs sketch of a Peasant Woman Gleaning in Nuenen, Andrew How to glean from abandoned fruit trees Goglean. org Senior Gleaners Inc. Gleaning Stories Stories of Gleaning and Gleaners Volunteer Gleaning foodshuttle. org
Gleaning
–
The Gleaners,
Jean-François Millet, 1857
Gleaning
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Gleaning by
Arthur Hughes.
Gleaning
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Alawite woman gleaning in 1938
Gleaning
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The Gleaners (
Léon Augustin Lhermitte, 1898)
25.
California
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California is the most populous state in the United States and the third most extensive by area. Located on the western coast of the U. S, California is bordered by the other U. S. states of Oregon, Nevada, and Arizona and shares an international border with the Mexican state of Baja California. Los Angeles is Californias most populous city, and the second largest after New York City. The Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nations second- and fifth-most populous urban regions, California also has the nations most populous county, Los Angeles County, and its largest county by area, San Bernardino County. The Central Valley, an agricultural area, dominates the states center. What is now California was first settled by various Native American tribes before being explored by a number of European expeditions during the 16th and 17th centuries, the Spanish Empire then claimed it as part of Alta California in their New Spain colony. The area became a part of Mexico in 1821 following its war for independence. The western portion of Alta California then was organized as the State of California, the California Gold Rush starting in 1848 led to dramatic social and demographic changes, with large-scale emigration from the east and abroad with an accompanying economic boom. If it were a country, California would be the 6th largest economy in the world, fifty-eight percent of the states economy is centered on finance, government, real estate services, technology, and professional, scientific and technical business services. Although it accounts for only 1.5 percent of the states economy, the story of Calafia is recorded in a 1510 work The Adventures of Esplandián, written as a sequel to Amadis de Gaula by Spanish adventure writer Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo. The kingdom of Queen Calafia, according to Montalvo, was said to be a land inhabited by griffins and other strange beasts. This conventional wisdom that California was an island, with maps drawn to reflect this belief, shortened forms of the states name include CA, Cal. Calif. and US-CA. Settled by successive waves of arrivals during the last 10,000 years, various estimates of the native population range from 100,000 to 300,000. The Indigenous peoples of California included more than 70 distinct groups of Native Americans, ranging from large, settled populations living on the coast to groups in the interior. California groups also were diverse in their organization with bands, tribes, villages. Trade, intermarriage and military alliances fostered many social and economic relationships among the diverse groups, the first European effort to explore the coast as far north as the Russian River was a Spanish sailing expedition, led by Portuguese captain Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, in 1542. Some 37 years later English explorer Francis Drake also explored and claimed a portion of the California coast in 1579. Spanish traders made unintended visits with the Manila galleons on their trips from the Philippines beginning in 1565
California
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A forest of redwood trees in
Redwood National Park
California
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Flag
California
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Mount Shasta
California
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Aerial view of the
California Central Valley
26.
France
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France, officially the French Republic, is a country with territory in western Europe and several overseas regions and territories. The European, or metropolitan, area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, Overseas France include French Guiana on the South American continent and several island territories in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans. France spans 643,801 square kilometres and had a population of almost 67 million people as of January 2017. It is a unitary republic with the capital in Paris. Other major urban centres include Marseille, Lyon, Lille, Nice, Toulouse, during the Iron Age, what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls, a Celtic people. The area was annexed in 51 BC by Rome, which held Gaul until 486, France emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages, with its victory in the Hundred Years War strengthening state-building and political centralisation. During the Renaissance, French culture flourished and a colonial empire was established. The 16th century was dominated by civil wars between Catholics and Protestants. France became Europes dominant cultural, political, and military power under Louis XIV, in the 19th century Napoleon took power and established the First French Empire, whose subsequent Napoleonic Wars shaped the course of continental Europe. Following the collapse of the Empire, France endured a succession of governments culminating with the establishment of the French Third Republic in 1870. Following liberation in 1944, a Fourth Republic was established and later dissolved in the course of the Algerian War, the Fifth Republic, led by Charles de Gaulle, was formed in 1958 and remains to this day. Algeria and nearly all the colonies became independent in the 1960s with minimal controversy and typically retained close economic. France has long been a centre of art, science. It hosts Europes fourth-largest number of cultural UNESCO World Heritage Sites and receives around 83 million foreign tourists annually, France is a developed country with the worlds sixth-largest economy by nominal GDP and ninth-largest by purchasing power parity. In terms of household wealth, it ranks fourth in the world. France performs well in international rankings of education, health care, life expectancy, France remains a great power in the world, being one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council with the power to veto and an official nuclear-weapon state. It is a member state of the European Union and the Eurozone. It is also a member of the Group of 7, North Atlantic Treaty Organization, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, the World Trade Organization, originally applied to the whole Frankish Empire, the name France comes from the Latin Francia, or country of the Franks
France
–
One of the
Lascaux paintings: a horse –
Dordogne, approximately 18,000 BC
France
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Flag
France
–
The
Maison Carrée was a temple of the
Gallo-Roman city of Nemausus (present-day
Nîmes) and is one of the best preserved vestiges of the
Roman Empire.
France
–
With
Clovis ' conversion to Catholicism in 498, the
Frankish monarchy,
elective and
secular until then, became
hereditary and of
divine right.
27.
Jim Morrison
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James Douglas Jim Morrison was an American singer, songwriter, and poet, best remembered as the lead singer of the Doors. Morrison co-founded the Doors in the summer of 1965 in Venice, the band spent two years in obscurity until shooting to prominence with the #1 single in the USA, Light My Fire, taken from their self-titled first album. Morrison recorded a total of six albums with the Doors, all of which sold well. Though the Doors recorded two albums after his death, the loss of Morrison was crippling to the band. In 1993, Morrison, as a member of the Doors, was inducted into the Rock, since his death, his fame has endured as one of the popular cultures most rebellious and oft-displayed icons, representing the generation gap and youth counterculture. He was also known for improvising spoken word poetry passages while the band played live. Morrison was ranked number 47 on Rolling Stones list of the 100 Greatest Singers of All Time, Ray Manzarek, who co-founded The Doors with him, said Morrison embodied hippie counterculture rebellion. Morrison was sometimes referred to by nicknames, such as Lizard King, Mr. Mojo Risin. Morrison developed an alcohol dependency during the 1960s, which at times affected his performances on stage and he died at the age of 27 in Paris. As no autopsy was performed, the cause of Morrisons death is not known. Morrison is interred at Père Lachaise Cemetery in eastern Paris, Morrison had a sister, Anne Robin, who was born in 1947 in Albuquerque, New Mexico, and a brother, Andrew Lee Morrison, who was born in 1948 in Los Altos, California. His ancestors were Scottish, Irish, and English, in 1947, Morrison, then four years old, allegedly witnessed a car accident in the desert, in which a family of Native Americans were injured and possibly killed. Morrison believed this incident to be the most formative event of his life, and made repeated references to it in the imagery in his songs, poems and his family does not recall this incident happening in the way he told it. According to the Morrison biography No One Here Gets Out Alive, Morrisons family did drive past a car accident on an Indian reservation when he was a child, and he was very upset by it. The book The Doors, written by the members of the Doors. This book quotes his father as saying, We went by several Indians and it did make an impression on him. He always thought about that crying Indian and this is contrasted sharply with Morrisons tale of Indians scattered all over the highway, bleeding to death. In the same book, his sister is quoted as saying, He enjoyed telling that story and he said he saw a dead Indian by the side of the road, and I dont even know if thats true
Jim Morrison
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Promotional photo of Jim Morrison, 1967
Jim Morrison
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Morrison was arrested in Tallahassee after pulling a prank while drunk at a football game
Jim Morrison
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Promotional photo of the Doors in late 1966
Jim Morrison
–
Performing with the Doors, 1967
28.
Golden Lion
–
The Golden Lion is the highest prize given to a film at the Venice Film Festival. The prize was introduced in 1949 by the committee and is now regarded as one of the film industrys most distinguished prizes. In 1970, a second Golden Lion was introduced, this is an award for people who have made an important contribution to cinema. The prize was introduced in 1949 as the Golden Lion of Saint Mark, previously, the equivalent prize was the Gran Premio Internazionale di Venezia, awarded in 1947 and 1948. Before that, from 1934 until 1942, the highest awards were the Coppa Mussolini for Best Italian Film, no Golden Lions were awarded between 1969 and 1979. Sixty-eight produced a dramatic fracture with the past,14 French films have been awarded the Golden Lion, more than that of any other nation. However, there is considerable diversity in the winners. Five American filmmakers have won the Golden Lion, with awards for John Cassavetes and Robert Altman, as well as Ang Lee, Darren Aronofsky and Sofia Coppola. The Golden Lion, by contrast, has awarded to ten Asians during the same time period. Ang Lee won the Golden Lion twice within three years during the 2000s, once for an American film and once for a Chinese-language film, zhang Yimou has also won twice. Other Asians to win the Golden Lion since 1980 include Jia Zhangke, Hou Hsiao-Hsien, Tsai Ming-liang, Trần Anh Hùng, Takeshi Kitano, Kim Ki-duk, Jafar Panahi, Mira Nair, and Lav Diaz. Russian filmmakers have won the Golden Lion several times, including since the end of the USSR. Still, to date 33 of the 54 winners were European men, since 1949 only four women have ever won the Golden Lion for directing, Mira Nair, Sofia Coppola, German Margarethe von Trotta and Belgiums Agnès Varda. In comparison to the other major Western European festivals, the Berlinales Golden Bear has also awarded to four women. In the history of Cannes, only one woman filmmaker has been awarded the Palme dOr
Golden Lion
–
The Golden Lion won by
New German Cinema director
Margarethe von Trotta for her 1981 film
Marianne and Juliane
29.
Venice Film Festival
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The film festival is part of the Venice Biennale, which was founded by the Venetian City Council in 1895. The film festival has taken place in late August or early September on the island of the Lido, Venice. Screenings take place in the historic Palazzo del Cinema on the Lungomare Marconi, since its inception the Venice Film Festival has grown into one of the most prestigious film festivals in the world. The 74th Venice International Film Festival is scheduled to be held from 30 August to 9 September 2017, the first edition of the Venice Film Festival was carried out from the 6 to the 21 of August in 1932. The festival began with an idea of the president of the Venice Biennale Count Giuseppe Volpi di Misurata and Luciano De Feo, with good reason, the festival was considered the first international event of its type, receiving strong support from authorities. This first edition was held on the terrace of the Hotel Excelsior on the Venice Lido, and at that stage it was not a competitive event. The very first film to be shown in the history of the Festival was Rouben Mamoulians Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, the second edition was held two years later, from 1 to 20 of August in 1934. For the first time it included a competition, at least 19 countries took part with over 300 accredited journalists. The Mussolini Cup was introduced for best foreign film and best Italian film, other awards were the Great Gold Medals of the National Fascist Association for Entertainment to best actor and actress. The prize for best foreign film went to Robert J. Flahertys Man of Aran and was a confirmation of the taste of the time for auteur documentaries, starting in 1935, the Festival became a yearly event under the direction of Ottavio Croze. The actors award was renamed Volpi Cup, in 1936 an international jury was nominated for the first time and in 1937 the new Cinema Palace, designed by the architect Luigi Quagliata, was inaugurated. The 1940s represent one of the most difficult moments for the review, the conclusion of the Second World War divides the decade in two. Before 1938 political pressures distorted and ruined the festival, in addition, few countries participated and there was an absolute monopoly of institutions and directors that were members of the Rome-Berlin Axis. The festival resumed full speed in 1946, after the war, with the return of normalcy, Venice once again became a great icon of the film world. In 1947 the festival was held at the Doges Palace, a most magnificent backdrop for hosting a record 90 thousand participants, surely it can be considered one of the greatest editions in the history of the festival. For the next twenty years the festival continued its development and expansion in accordance with the plan set in motion after the war. In 1963 the winds of change blow strongly during Luigi Chiarini’s directorship of the festival, during the years of his presidency, Chiarini aspired to renew the spirit and the structures of the festival, pushing for a total reorganization of the entire system. The social and political unrest of 1968 had strong repercussions on the Venice Bienniale, from 1969 to 1979 no prizes were awarded and the festival returned to the non-competitiveness of the first edition
Venice Film Festival
–
Venice Cinema Palace in 2009
Venice Film Festival
–
Venice Film Festival
Venice Film Festival
–
The
Doge's Palace in
Piazza San Marco hosted the 1947 edition.
Venice Film Festival
–
The 65th Venice International Film Festival
30.
Cannes Film Festival
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Founded in 1946, the invitation-only festival is held annually at the Palais des Festivals et des Congrès. On 1 July 2014, co-founder and former head of French pay-TV operator Canal+ Pierre Lescure took over as President of the festival, the Board of Directors also appointed Gilles Jacob as Honorary President of the festival. The 2016 Cannes Film Festival took place between 11 and 22 May 2016, australian film director George Miller was the President of the Jury. I, Daniel Blake, directed by British director Ken Loach, in 2017, The Festival de Cannes will celebrate its 70th anniversary edition from May 17 to 28. In 1947, the festival was held as the Festival du film de Cannes, at that time the principle of equality was introduced, with a jury made up of only one representative per country. The festival is now held at the Palais des Festivals, expressly constructed for the occasion, although for its 1949 inaugural the roof was unfinished, the festival was not held in 1948 and 1950 on account of budgetary problems. Although its origins may be attributed in part to the French desire to compete with Autumns Venice Film Festival, in 1955, the Palme dOr was created, replacing the Grand Prix du Festival which had been given until that year. In 1957, Dolores del Rio was the first female member of the jury as a Sélection officielle – Member, in 1959, the Marché du Film was founded, giving the festival a commercial character and facilitating exchanges between sellers and buyers in the film industry. Today it has become the first international platform for film commerce, in 1962, the International Critics Week was born, created by the French Union of Film Critics as the first parallel section of the Cannes Film Festival. Its goal was to showcase first and second works by directors all over the world. In 1965, an hommage was paid to Jean Cocteau after his death, the next year, Olivia de Havilland was named the first female president of the festival. The 1968 festival was halted on 19 May, some directors, such as Carlos Saura and Miloš Forman, had withdrawn their films from the competition. The filmmakers achieved the reinstatement of the President, and they founded the Film Directors Society that same year, during the 1970s, important changes occurred in the Festival. In 1972, Robert Favre Le Bret was named the new President and he immediately introduced an important change in the selection of the participating films. Until that date, the different countries chose which films would represent them in the festival, Bessy created one committee to select French films, and another for foreign films. In 1978, Gilles Jacob assumed the President position, introducing the Caméra dOr award, in 1983, a new, much bigger Palais des Festivals et des Congrès was built to host the Festival. It was nicknamed The Bunker and provoked many reactions against it, in 1984, Pierre Viot replaced Robert Favre Le Bret as President of the Festival. It was not until 1995 that Gilles Jacob created the last section of the Official Selection and its aim was to support the creation of works of cinema in the world and to contribute to the entry of the new scenario writers in the circle of the celebrities
Cannes Film Festival
Cannes Film Festival
–
Cannes Film Festival
Cannes Film Festival
–
Stars posing for photographers are a part of Cannes folklore.
Cannes Film Festival
–
Palme d'Or awarded to
Apocalypse Now at the
1979 Cannes Film Festival
31.
Locarno Film Festival
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The Locarno Festival is an international film festival held annually in August in the city of Locarno, Switzerland since 1946. Locarno is a film festival accredited by the FIAPF, the main feature of the festival is the open-air screening area at the Piazza Grande with room for over 8,000 spectators, having one of the largest open-air screens in the world. The top prize of the Festival is the Golden Leopard awarded to the best film in the international competition, other awards include the Leopard of Honour for outstanding career achievements, and the Prix du Public UBS, the public choice award. The Locarno Film Festival is well known worldwide as a festival of discovery, throughout its history the festival has discovered new trends and launched the careers of numerous directors and actors. The Festival del film Locarno kicked off on 23 August 1946, Grand Prize of the festival, awarded by the city and region of Locarno, for the best film in the concorso internazionale, that is shared equally between the director and the producer. Prize, awarded by cities of Ascona and Losone, for the second best film in the concorso internazionale, Prize, awarded by the city and region of Locarno, for the best directed film in the concorso internazionale. Prize awarded by a jury of critics to the first works presented in the sections concorso internazionale, concorso Cineasti del presente, Fuori concorso, Signs of Life. Prize awarded to the best film of competition, which is dedicated to first or second features. Ciné+ Special Jury Prize – Cineasti del presente, the French television channel Ciné+ Club offers the broadcast rights to the winning film and guarantees the broadcast on their channel. Pardo per il miglior regista emergente, Prize for the best new director, pardo per la migliore opera prima. Prize which has been awarded fro 2006 to 2009 to the best first work screened in the concorso internazionale or concorso Cineasti del presente. Pardino doro for the Best International Short Film – SRG SSR Prize, Prize awarded to the best short film in the international short film competition Pardi di domani. Pardino doro for the Best Swiss Short Film – Swiss Life Prize, Prize awarded to the best short film in the national short film competition Pardi di domani. Pardino dargento SSR SRG for the international competition, Prize awarded to a film in the international competition Pardi di domani. Pardino dargento Swiss Life for the national competition, Prize awarded to a film in the national competition Pardi di domani. Locarno short film nominee for the European Film Awards – Pianifica Prize, the prize, which is offered by the studio Pianifica, goes to a short film made by a European director, presented in one of the two competitions. The award includes an automatic nomination in the film category of the European Film Awards. The prize provides equipment offered by Cinegrell, Visuals SA, Freestudios SA, the winning film will be subtitled in three central European languages
Locarno Film Festival
–
Locarno International Film Festival
Locarno Film Festival
–
The 63rd Festival del film Locarno by
Jannuzzi Smith
Locarno Film Festival
–
The 62nd Festival del film Locarno by
Jannuzzi Smith
Locarno Film Festival
–
The 61st Festival del film Locarno by
Jannuzzi Smith
32.
Kira Muratova
–
Kira Heorhiyivna Muratova, née Korotkova is a Ukrainian award-winning film director, screenwriter and actress, known for her unusual directorial style. Her films underwent a deal of censorship in the Soviet Union. Muratova has spent most of her career in Odessa, creating her films with local studios. Kira Korotkova was born in 1934 in Soroca, Romania to a Jewish mother and her parents were both active communists and members of the Communist Party. Her father participated in the guerilla movement in World War II and was killed in action. After the war, Kira lived in Bucharest with her mother, a gynaecologist, in 1959, Kira graduated from the Gerasimov Institute of Cinematography in Moscow, specializing in directing. Upon graduation Korotkova received a position with the Odessa Film Studio in Odessa. She directed her first professional film in 1961 and worked with the studio until a professional conflict made her to move to Leningrad in 1978, there she made one film with Lenfilm Studio, but returned to Odessa afterwards. Muratovas films came under constant criticism of the Soviet officials due to her idiosyncratic film language that did not comply with the norms of socialist realism, Film scholar Isa Willinger has compared Muratovas cinematographic form to the Soviet Avant-garde, especially to Eisensteins montage of attractions. Several times Muratova was banned from working as a director for a number of each time. Kira married her fellow Odessa studio director Oleksandr Muratov in the early 1960s, the couple had a daughter, Marianna, but soon divorced and Muratov moved to Kiev where he started work with Dovzhenko Film Studios. Kira Muratova kept her ex-husbands surname despite her marriage to Leningrad painter. In the 1990s, a productive period began for Muratova. Ever since she has been shooting a film every two or three years, often working with the same actors and crew. Two actresses Muratova has repeatedly cast are Renata Litvinova and Natalya Buzko, usually, Muratovas films are productions of Ukraine or co-productions between Ukraine and Russia, though the films are always in Russian language. Her films have been premiering at International Film Festivals in Berlin, Cannes, Moscow, Rome, Venice, next to Aleksandr Sokurov, Muratova is considered to be the most idiosyncratic contemporary Russian-language film director. Muratovas works can be seen as postmodern, employing eclecticism, parody, discontinuous editing, disrupted narration and intense visual and it was only during Perestroyka that Muratova received wide public recognition and first awards. In 1988, the International Womens Film Festival Créteil showed a first retrospective of her works and her film Among Grey Stones was screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the 1988 Cannes Film Festival
Kira Muratova
–
Kira Muratova in 2006
Kira Muratova
–
Muratova in 2010 conducting her personal master class at the
Odessa International Film Festival.
33.
European Film Academy
–
The European Film Academy is an initiative of a group of European filmmakers who came together in Berlin on the occasion of the first presentation of the European Film Awards in November 1988. The Academy—under the name of European Cinema Society—was officially founded by its first President, the European Film Awards takes place every second year in Berlin, while they are presented every other year in another European city. Two years later, the European Cinema Society was renamed European Film Academy and was registered as a non-profit association, in 1996, Wim Wenders took over the presidency from Ingmar Bergman, and the British producer Nik Powell was elected new Chairman. The decisions about political targets and contents are made by the 15 Board members of the Academy which has its seat in Berlin, due to a decision of the General Assembly, the number of members—originally limited to 99—has been continuously increasing and has now reached 3,300. The Academy is thus working in close contact with the European film industry, the presentation of the European Film Awards are financed independently from the Academy. Founded in 2006 to produce the European Film Awards Ceremony for television, for a number of years, the European Film Awards have been supported by patrons from the international film industry. Their commitment demonstrates the importance that the film industry attaches to the European Film Awards. Throughout the year, the European Film Academy initiates and participates in a series of activities dealing with politics as well as economic, artistic. The programme includes conferences, seminars and workshops, and a goal is to build a bridge between creativity and the industry. At each of these festivals, an independent jury presents one of the European short films in competition with a nomination in the film category of the European Film Awards. A Sunday in the Country Is a special weekend encounter between appr, ten young European filmmakers and some established EFA members. The private atmosphere of these gatherings guarantees an exchange of ideas, master Classes Offer valuable training opportunities for young talent, combining theoretical and practical training. The annual European Film Awards ceremony is the most visible activity of the European Film Academy, to put these ideas into practice, the Peoples Choice Awards were added as a new category in 1997. They are accompanied by big advertising campaigns in European film magazines, in addition, screenings of the nominated films were in the past years organised for the public in several European cities. The members of the European Film Academy actively participate in the selection, nomination, the European Film Awards are the first in the annual international awards calendar. Most of the nominees and winners of the European Film Awards are found in the following months among the nominees, every year, the academy organises a sidebar programme on the occasion of the European Film Awards week-end with panel discussions and conferences. Cinema of the world History of cinema World cinema Culture of Europe Official website Wim Wenders
European Film Academy
34.
Harvard Film Archive
–
The Harvard Film Archive is a film archive and cinema located in the Carpenter Center for the Visual Arts at Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts. The HFA cinematheque screens films weekly in its 188-seat theater and it also maintains a film conservation center near Central Square, Cambridge. It opened on March 16,1979 with a screening of Ernst Lubitsch’s silent film, the archives first curator was Vlada K. Petric, who expanded the collection and established the year-round regular screenings. He retired in 1995 and in 1999 Bruce Jenkins assumed the post, in January 2005, Harvard Faculty of Arts and Sciences dean William C. Kirby announced that the archive would be absorbed by the Harvard College Library and managed by the Library of Fine Arts. This caused some concern within the Harvard community about the future of the archive, Jenkins resigned soon after the announcement. In September 2006 film scholar Haden Guest became the new director of the archive and he has calmed fears that the archives absorption in the Library would affect its public film screenings. It is the largest collection of 35mm film in New England, the collection grows by an average of 15 to 20 films a year and contains some rarities, such as some of the only prints in the United States of several films by Serbian director Dusan Makavejev. It also features a collection of German cinema and the Bavarian Film Fund donates prints of any films that it finances. It is part of the Archives mission to conserve, restore, for reasons due to authenticity, archival stability and beauty, film-to-film preservation is a priority, however costs sometimes require film-to-digital transfers
Harvard Film Archive
–
The
Carpenter Center, home of the Harvard Film Archive
35.
Happiness (1965 film)
–
Le Bonheur is a 1965 French drama film directed by Agnès Varda. The film is associated with the French New Wave and won two awards at the 15th Berlin International Film Festival, including the Jury Grand Prix, the films notable colours resulted from the creation of a new colour negative because the original had faded during production. François, a carpenter working for his uncle, lives a comfortable. Émilie knows of and skeptically inquires François about his marriage to which he soothes her with charming words and continues in his infidelity. Finding himself unable to lie to his wife, François tells Thérèse the truth about his affair, left a widower, François responds with a short period of mourning followed by a continued pursuit of Émilie who gladly becomes his wife and the mother of his children. In completing his family with Émilie as a replacement for his late wife Thérèse, “Le Bonheur” was released prior to massive social unrest within the nation of France that reached its peak in 1968 and that threatened to overthrow the still new Fifth Republic. This film contains many feminist elements that reflect the movements that were taking place among women during that time
Happiness (1965 film)
–
Theatrical release poster
36.
Kung-Fu Master (film)
–
Kung Fu Master is a 1988 French drama film directed by Agnès Varda. It was entered into the 38th Berlin International Film Festival and it was retitled as Le Petit Amour in France. Mary-Jane comes across Julien during a party her teenage daughter Lucy throws at their home, Julien has drunk too much and Mary-Jane induces vomiting to help him feel better. Intrigued by him she goes to visit Lucy at school to see if she can see him again, on the pretext of seeing if hes alright Mary-Jane takes Julien to a café where he plays his favourite arcade game, Kung Fu Master. Intrigued by Julien and knowing she wants to see him again Mary-Jane goes looking for places with the game. Before she can think of another reason to see Julien however he comes to her home, at the end of the day Julien kisses Mary-Janes hand. At school Julien and Lucy must work together on a project, Mary-Jane and Julien continue to think of ways to be near one another. When Mary-Jane overhears Lucy talking about Julien missing school she visits his home to him his homework. Later he invites her out to celebrate him and takes her to a hotel where he kisses her. Mary-Jane tepidly resists but later slaps him after he begins smoking in the elevator, while working on a project with Lucy, Julien learns that Lucy is going to England with her family over the upcoming holidays. Julien manages to get Lucy to invite him along, on Easter, while she is hiding eggs, Mary-Jane is surprised by Julien. The two end up kissing and are discovered by Lucy who is horrified by the fact that her mother is kissing a 14 year old boy, on the island the two of them declare their love for one another and enjoy a close relationship. At the end of their time on the island Mary-Jane worries that shell lose Julien and hell forget about her, after their return from the island Juliens mother threatens to press charges while Mary-Jane loses custody of Lucy. Mary Jane never hears from him again, meanwhile at an arcade Julien finally wins the Kung Fu Master game. He asks an employee to call Mary-Jane and tell him that he has won but the employee gives up after he calls. Later at his new school when other boys ask if hes ever had a girlfriend he speaks disparagingly of Mary-Jane saying she was just a bored housewife he once slept with. Most of the cast were taken from Birkin and Vardas family, with Birkins real life daughters and parents playing her daughters, in 2015 both Kung Fu Master and Jane B. par Agnès V. were acquired for U. S. distribution by Cinelicious Pics. The films enjoyed a theatrical release before being streamed on the movie streaming service Fandor
Kung-Fu Master (film)
–
Film poster
37.
Wayback Machine
–
The Internet Archive launched the Wayback Machine in October 2001. It was set up by Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat, and is maintained with content from Alexa Internet, the service enables users to see archived versions of web pages across time, which the archive calls a three dimensional index. Since 1996, the Wayback Machine has been archiving cached pages of websites onto its large cluster of Linux nodes and it revisits sites every few weeks or months and archives a new version. Sites can also be captured on the fly by visitors who enter the sites URL into a search box, the intent is to capture and archive content that otherwise would be lost whenever a site is changed or closed down. The overall vision of the machines creators is to archive the entire Internet, the name Wayback Machine was chosen as a reference to the WABAC machine, a time-traveling device used by the characters Mr. Peabody and Sherman in The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show, an animated cartoon. These crawlers also respect the robots exclusion standard for websites whose owners opt for them not to appear in search results or be cached, to overcome inconsistencies in partially cached websites, Archive-It. Information had been kept on digital tape for five years, with Kahle occasionally allowing researchers, when the archive reached its fifth anniversary, it was unveiled and opened to the public in a ceremony at the University of California, Berkeley. Snapshots usually become more than six months after they are archived or, in some cases, even later. The frequency of snapshots is variable, so not all tracked website updates are recorded, Sometimes there are intervals of several weeks or years between snapshots. After August 2008 sites had to be listed on the Open Directory in order to be included. As of 2009, the Wayback Machine contained approximately three petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of 100 terabytes each month, the growth rate reported in 2003 was 12 terabytes/month, the data is stored on PetaBox rack systems manufactured by Capricorn Technologies. In 2009, the Internet Archive migrated its customized storage architecture to Sun Open Storage, in 2011 a new, improved version of the Wayback Machine, with an updated interface and fresher index of archived content, was made available for public testing. The index driving the classic Wayback Machine only has a bit of material past 2008. In January 2013, the company announced a ground-breaking milestone of 240 billion URLs, in October 2013, the company announced the Save a Page feature which allows any Internet user to archive the contents of a URL. This became a threat of abuse by the service for hosting malicious binaries, as of December 2014, the Wayback Machine contained almost nine petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of about 20 terabytes each week. Between October 2013 and March 2015 the websites global Alexa rank changed from 162 to 208, in a 2009 case, Netbula, LLC v. Chordiant Software Inc. defendant Chordiant filed a motion to compel Netbula to disable the robots. Netbula objected to the motion on the ground that defendants were asking to alter Netbulas website, in an October 2004 case, Telewizja Polska USA, Inc. v. Echostar Satellite, No.02 C3293,65 Fed. 673, a litigant attempted to use the Wayback Machine archives as a source of admissible evidence, Telewizja Polska is the provider of TVP Polonia and EchoStar operates the Dish Network
Wayback Machine
–
Wayback Machine
38.
IMDb
–
In 1998 it became a subsidiary of Amazon Inc, who were then able to use it as an advertising resource for selling DVDs and videotapes. As of January 2017, IMDb has approximately 4.1 million titles and 7.7 million personalities in its database, the site enables registered users to submit new material and edits to existing entries. Although all data is checked before going live, the system has open to abuse. The site also featured message boards which stimulate regular debates and dialogue among authenticated users, IMDb shutdown the message boards permanently on February 20,2017. Anyone with a connection can read the movie and talent pages of IMDb. A registration process is however, to contribute info to the site. A registered user chooses a name for themselves, and is given a profile page. These badges range from total contributions made, to independent categories such as photos, trivia, bios, if a registered user or visitor happens to be in the entertainment industry, and has an IMDb page, that user/visitor can add photos to that page by enrolling in IMDbPRO. Actors, crew, and industry executives can post their own resume and this fee enrolls them in a membership called IMDbPro. PRO can be accessed by anyone willing to pay the fee, which is $19.99 USD per month, or if paid annually, $149.99, which comes to approximately $12.50 per month USD. Membership enables a user to access the rank order of each industry personality, as well as agent contact information for any actor, producer, director etc. that has an IMDb page. Enrolling in PRO for industry personnel, enables those members the ability to upload a head shot to open their page, as well as the ability to upload hundreds of photos to accompany their page. Anyone can register as a user, and contribute to the site as well as enjoy its content, however those users enrolled in PRO have greater access and privileges. IMDb originated with a Usenet posting by British film fan and computer programmer Col Needham entitled Those Eyes, others with similar interests soon responded with additions or different lists of their own. Needham subsequently started an Actors List, while Dave Knight began a Directors List, and Andy Krieg took over THE LIST from Hank Driskill, which would later be renamed the Actress List. Both lists had been restricted to people who were alive and working, the goal of the participants now was to make the lists as inclusive as possible. By late 1990, the lists included almost 10,000 movies and television series correlated with actors and actresses appearing therein. On October 17,1990, Needham developed and posted a collection of Unix shell scripts which could be used to search the four lists, at the time, it was known as the rec. arts. movies movie database
IMDb
–
Internet Movie Database (IMDb)
39.
YouTube
–
YouTube is an American video-sharing website headquartered in San Bruno, California. The service was created by three former PayPal employees—Chad Hurley, Steve Chen, and Jawed Karim—in February 2005, Google bought the site in November 2006 for US$1.65 billion, YouTube now operates as one of Googles subsidiaries. Unregistered users can watch videos on the site, while registered users are permitted to upload an unlimited number of videos. Videos deemed potentially offensive are available only to registered users affirming themselves to be at least 18 years old, YouTube earns advertising revenue from Google AdSense, a program which targets ads according to site content and audience. As of February 2017, there are more than 400 hours of content uploaded to YouTube each minute, as of April 2017, the website is ranked as the second most popular site in the world by Alexa Internet, a web traffic analysis company. YouTube was founded by Chad Hurley, Steve Chen, and Jawed Karim, Hurley had studied design at Indiana University of Pennsylvania, and Chen and Karim studied computer science together at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Karim could not easily find video clips of either event online, Hurley and Chen said that the original idea for YouTube was a video version of an online dating service, and had been influenced by the website Hot or Not. YouTube began as a venture capital-funded technology startup, primarily from an $11.5 million investment by Sequoia Capital between November 2005 and April 2006, YouTubes early headquarters were situated above a pizzeria and Japanese restaurant in San Mateo, California. The domain name www. youtube. com was activated on February 14,2005, the first YouTube video, titled Me at the zoo, shows co-founder Jawed Karim at the San Diego Zoo. The video was uploaded on April 23,2005, and can still be viewed on the site, YouTube offered the public a beta test of the site in May 2005. The first video to reach one million views was a Nike advertisement featuring Ronaldinho in November 2005. Following a $3.5 million investment from Sequoia Capital in November, the site grew rapidly, and in July 2006 the company announced that more than 65,000 new videos were being uploaded every day, and that the site was receiving 100 million video views per day. The site has 800 million unique users a month and it is estimated that in 2007 YouTube consumed as much bandwidth as the entire Internet in 2000. The choice of the name www. youtube. com led to problems for a similarly named website, the sites owner, Universal Tube & Rollform Equipment, filed a lawsuit against YouTube in November 2006 after being regularly overloaded by people looking for YouTube. Universal Tube has since changed the name of its website to www. utubeonline. com, in October 2006, Google Inc. announced that it had acquired YouTube for $1.65 billion in Google stock, and the deal was finalized on November 13,2006. In March 2010, YouTube began free streaming of certain content, according to YouTube, this was the first worldwide free online broadcast of a major sporting event. On March 31,2010, the YouTube website launched a new design, with the aim of simplifying the interface, Google product manager Shiva Rajaraman commented, We really felt like we needed to step back and remove the clutter. In May 2010, YouTube videos were watched more than two times per day
YouTube
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From left to right:
Chad Hurley,
Steve Chen, and
Jawed Karim
YouTube
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Screenshot of YouTube's homepage
YouTube
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YouTube's headquarters as of 2010 in
San Bruno, California.
40.
Kung Fu Master (film)
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Kung Fu Master is a 1988 French drama film directed by Agnès Varda. It was entered into the 38th Berlin International Film Festival and it was retitled as Le Petit Amour in France. Mary-Jane comes across Julien during a party her teenage daughter Lucy throws at their home, Julien has drunk too much and Mary-Jane induces vomiting to help him feel better. Intrigued by him she goes to visit Lucy at school to see if she can see him again, on the pretext of seeing if hes alright Mary-Jane takes Julien to a café where he plays his favourite arcade game, Kung Fu Master. Intrigued by Julien and knowing she wants to see him again Mary-Jane goes looking for places with the game. Before she can think of another reason to see Julien however he comes to her home, at the end of the day Julien kisses Mary-Janes hand. At school Julien and Lucy must work together on a project, Mary-Jane and Julien continue to think of ways to be near one another. When Mary-Jane overhears Lucy talking about Julien missing school she visits his home to him his homework. Later he invites her out to celebrate him and takes her to a hotel where he kisses her. Mary-Jane tepidly resists but later slaps him after he begins smoking in the elevator, while working on a project with Lucy, Julien learns that Lucy is going to England with her family over the upcoming holidays. Julien manages to get Lucy to invite him along, on Easter, while she is hiding eggs, Mary-Jane is surprised by Julien. The two end up kissing and are discovered by Lucy who is horrified by the fact that her mother is kissing a 14 year old boy, on the island the two of them declare their love for one another and enjoy a close relationship. At the end of their time on the island Mary-Jane worries that shell lose Julien and hell forget about her, after their return from the island Juliens mother threatens to press charges while Mary-Jane loses custody of Lucy. Mary Jane never hears from him again, meanwhile at an arcade Julien finally wins the Kung Fu Master game. He asks an employee to call Mary-Jane and tell him that he has won but the employee gives up after he calls. Later at his new school when other boys ask if hes ever had a girlfriend he speaks disparagingly of Mary-Jane saying she was just a bored housewife he once slept with. Most of the cast were taken from Birkin and Vardas family, with Birkins real life daughters and parents playing her daughters, in 2015 both Kung Fu Master and Jane B. par Agnès V. were acquired for U. S. distribution by Cinelicious Pics. The films enjoyed a theatrical release before being streamed on the movie streaming service Fandor
Kung Fu Master (film)
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Film poster
41.
Warner Bros.
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Entertainment Inc. – colloquially known as Warner Bros. or Warner Bros. It is one of the Big Six major American film studios, Warner Bros. is a member of the Motion Picture Association of America. The companys name originated from the four founding Warner brothers, Harry, Albert, Sam, Jack, the youngest, was born in London, Ontario. The three elder brothers began in the theater business, having acquired a movie projector with which they showed films in the mining towns of Pennsylvania. In the beginning, Sam and Albert Warner invested $150 to present Life of an American Fireman and they opened their first theater, the Cascade, in New Castle, Pennsylvania, in 1903. When the original building was in danger of being demolished, the modern Warner Bros. called the current building owners, the owners noted people across the country had asked them to protect it for its historical significance. In 1904, the Warners founded the Pittsburgh-based Duquesne Amusement & Supply Company, in 1912, Harry Warner hired an auditor named Paul Ashley Chase. By the time of World War I they had begun producing films, in 1918 they opened the first Warner Bros. studio on Sunset Boulevard in Hollywood. Sam and Jack produced the pictures, while Harry and Albert, along with their auditor and now controller Chase, handled finance and distribution in New York City. During World War I their first nationally syndicated film, My Four Years in Germany, on April 4,1923, with help from money loaned to Harry by his banker Motley Flint, they formally incorporated as Warner Brothers Pictures, Incorporated. The first important deal was the acquisition of the rights to Avery Hopwoods 1919 Broadway play, The Gold Diggers, however, Rin Tin Tin, a dog brought from France after World War I by an American soldier, established their reputation. Rin Tin Tin debuted in the feature Where the North Begins, the movie was so successful that Jack signed the dog to star in more films for $1,000 per week. Rin Tin Tin became the top star. Jack nicknamed him The Mortgage Lifter and the success boosted Darryl F. Zanucks career, Zanuck eventually became a top producer and between 1928 and 1933 served as Jacks right-hand man and executive producer, with responsibilities including day-to-day film production. More success came after Ernst Lubitsch was hired as head director, lubitschs film The Marriage Circle was the studios most successful film of 1924, and was on The New York Times best list for that year. Despite the success of Rin Tin Tin and Lubitsch, Warners remained a lesser studio, Sam and Jack decided to offer Broadway actor John Barrymore the lead role in Beau Brummel. The film was so successful that Harry signed Barrymore to a contract, like The Marriage Circle. By the end of 1924, Warner Bros. was arguably Hollywoods most successful independent studio, as the studio prospered, it gained backing from Wall Street, and in 1924 Goldman Sachs arranged a major loan
Warner Bros.
Warner Bros.
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Warner Bros.
Warner Bros.
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Lobby card from Open Your Eyes (1919)
Warner Bros.
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Lobby card from
The Beautiful and Damned (1922)
42.
Charlie Chaplin
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Sir Charles Spencer Charlie Chaplin, KBE was an English comic actor, filmmaker, and composer who rose to fame during the era of silent film. Chaplin became an icon through his screen persona the Tramp and is considered one of the most important figures in the history of the film industry. His career spanned more than 75 years, from childhood in the Victorian era until a year before his death in 1977, Chaplins childhood in London was one of poverty and hardship. As his father was absent and his mother struggled financially, he was sent to a workhouse twice before the age of nine, when he was 14, his mother was committed to a mental asylum. Chaplin began performing at an age, touring music halls and later working as a stage actor. At 19, he was signed to the prestigious Fred Karno company, Chaplin was scouted for the film industry and began appearing in 1914 for Keystone Studios. He soon developed the Tramp persona and formed a fan base. Chaplin directed his own films from a stage and continued to hone his craft as he moved to the Essanay, Mutual. By 1918, he was one of the figures in the world. In 1919, Chaplin co-founded the distribution company United Artists, which gave him control over his films. His first feature-length was The Kid, followed by A Woman of Paris, The Gold Rush and he refused to move to sound films in the 1930s, instead producing City Lights and Modern Times without dialogue. Chaplin became increasingly political, and his film, The Great Dictator. The 1940s were a decade marked with controversy for Chaplin, and he was accused of communist sympathies, while his involvement in a paternity suit and marriages to much younger women caused scandal. An FBI investigation was opened, and Chaplin was forced to leave the United States and he abandoned the Tramp in his later films, which include Monsieur Verdoux, Limelight, A King in New York, and A Countess from Hong Kong. Chaplin wrote, directed, produced, edited, starred in and he was a perfectionist, and his financial independence enabled him to spend years on the development and production of a picture. His films are characterised by slapstick combined with pathos, typified in the Tramps struggles against adversity, many contain social and political themes, as well as autobiographical elements. In 1972, as part of an appreciation for his work. He continues to be held in regard, with The Gold Rush, City Lights, Modern Times
Charlie Chaplin
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Publicity portrait,
circa 1920
Charlie Chaplin
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Seven-year-old Chaplin (centre) at the
Central London District School for
paupers, 1897.
Charlie Chaplin
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A teenage Chaplin in the play
Sherlock Holmes, which he appeared in between 1903 and 1906
Charlie Chaplin
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Advertisement from Chaplin's American tour with the
Fred Karno comedy company, 1913
43.
Walt Disney
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Walter Elias Walt Disney was an American entrepreneur, animator, voice actor and film producer. A pioneer of the American animation industry, he introduced several developments in the production of cartoons, as a film producer, Disney holds the record for most Academy Awards earned by an individual, having won 22 Oscars from 59 nominations. He was presented with two Golden Globe Special Achievement Awards and an Emmy Award, among other honors, several of his films are included in the National Film Registry by the Library of Congress. Born in Chicago in 1901, Disney developed an early interest in drawing and he took art classes as a boy and got a job as a commercial illustrator at the age of 18. He moved to California in the early 1920s and set up the Disney Brothers Studio with his brother Roy, with Ub Iwerks, Walt developed the character Mickey Mouse in 1928, his first highly popular success, he also provided the voice for his creation in the early years. As the studio grew, Disney became more adventurous, introducing synchronized sound, full-color three-strip Technicolor, feature-length cartoons, the results, seen in features such as Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, Fantasia, Pinocchio, Dumbo and Bambi, furthered the development of animated film. New animated and live-action films followed after World War II, including the critically successful Cinderella and Mary Poppins, in the 1950s, Disney expanded into the amusement park industry, and in 1955 he opened Disneyland. In 1965, he began development of theme park, Disney World, the heart of which was to be a new type of city. Disney was a smoker throughout his life, and died of lung cancer in December 1966 before either the park or the EPCOT project were completed. Disney was a shy, self-deprecating and insecure man in private and he had high standards and high expectations of those with whom he worked. Although there have been accusations that he was racist or anti-semitic and his reputation changed in the years after his death, from a purveyor of homely patriotic values to a representative of American imperialism. Nevertheless, Disney is considered an icon, particularly in the United States. Walt Disney was born on December 5,1901, at 1249 Tripp Avenue and he was the fourth son of Elias Disney—born in the Province of Canada, to Irish parents—and Flora, an American of German and English descent. Aside from Disney, Elias and Calls sons were Herbert, Raymond and Roy, in 1906, when Disney was four, the family moved to a farm in Marceline, Missouri, where his uncle Robert had just purchased land. In Marceline, Disney developed his interest in drawing when he was paid to draw the horse of a neighborhood doctor. Elias was a subscriber to the Appeal to Reason newspaper, Disney also began to develop an ability to work with watercolors and crayons. He lived near the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway line and he and his younger sister Ruth started school at the same time at the Park School in Marceline in late 1909. In 1911, the Disneys moved to Kansas City, Missouri, before long, he was spending more time at the Pfeiffers house than at home
Walt Disney
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Disney in 1946
Walt Disney
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Walt's parents, Elias and Flora (Call) Disney
Walt Disney
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10-year-old Walt Disney (center right) at a gathering of Kansas City newsboys in 1912.
Walt Disney
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Disney as an
ambulance driver immediately after World War I
44.
Shirley Temple
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Shirley Temple Black was an American actress, singer, dancer, businesswoman and diplomat who was most notable as Hollywoods number one box-office star from 1935 to 1938. As an adult, she was named United States ambassador to Ghana and to Czechoslovakia, Shirley Temple began her film career in 1932 at age 3. In 1934, she found fame in Bright Eyes, a feature film designed specifically for her talents. Licensed merchandise that capitalized on her image included dolls, dishes. Her box-office popularity waned as she reached adolescence and she appeared in a few films of varying quality in her mid-to-late teens, and retired from films in 1950 at the age of 22. Temple returned to business in 1958 with a two-season television anthology series of fairy tale adaptations. She made guest appearances on shows in the early 1960s. She sat on the boards of corporations and organizations including The Walt Disney Company, Del Monte Foods, in 1988, she published her autobiography, Child Star. Temple was the recipient of awards and honors, including the Kennedy Center Honors. She is 18th on the American Film Institutes list of the greatest female American screen legends of Classic Hollywood cinema, Shirley Temple was born on April 23,1928, in Santa Monica, California. She was the child of Gertrude Amelia Temple, a homemaker, and George Francis Temple. The family was of English, German, and Dutch ancestry and she had two brothers, George Francis, Jr. and John Stanley. The family moved to Brentwood, Los Angeles and her mother supported her young daughters singing, dancing, and acting talents, and in September 1931, enrolled her in Meglins Dance School in Los Angeles. About this time, her mother began styling her daughters hair in ringlets, while at Meglins, she was spotted by Charles Lamont, a casting director for Educational Pictures. Although Shirley hid behind the piano while in the studio, Lamont took a shine to her, invited her to audition, Educational Pictures were about to launch their Baby Burlesks, multiple short films satirizing recent film and political events, using preschool children in every role. Baby Burlesks was a series of one-reelers, another series of two-reelers called Frolics of Youth followed, with Shirley playing Mary Lou Rogers, to underwrite production costs at Educational, she and her child co-stars modeled for breakfast cereals and other products. She was lent to Tower Productions for a role in her first feature film in 1932 and, in 1933, to Universal, Paramount. After Educational Pictures declared bankruptcy in 1933, her father purchased her contract for $25, while walking out of the viewing of her last Frolics of Youth picture, Fox Film songwriter Jay Gorney saw the little girl dancing in the movie theater lobby
Shirley Temple
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Shirley Temple in 1944
Shirley Temple
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Shirley Temple
Shirley Temple
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In
Glad Rags to Riches, 1933
Shirley Temple
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Temple's hand and foot prints at
Grauman's Chinese Theater
45.
D. W. Griffith
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David Wark D. W. Griffith was an American director, writer, and producer who pioneered modern filmmaking techniques. Griffith is best remembered for The Birth of a Nation and Intolerance, the Birth of a Nation made use of advanced camera and narrative techniques, and its popularity set the stage for the dominance of the feature-length film in the United States. Today, it is noted for its radical technique and condemned for its inherently racist philosophy. The film was subject to boycotts by the NAACP and, after screenings of the film had caused riots at several theaters, Intolerance, his next film, was, in part, an answer to his critics. By the time of his feature, The Struggle, he had made roughly 500 films. Griffith is one of the founders of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences and he is credited with popularizing the use of the close-up shot. Griffith was born on a farm in Oldham County, Kentucky, Jacob was a Confederate Army colonel in the American Civil War and was elected as a Kentucky state legislator. He attended a one-room schoolhouse where he was taught by his older sister, after his father died when he was ten, the family struggled with poverty. When Griffith was 14, his mother abandoned the farm and moved the family to Louisville, Griffith then left high school to help support the family, taking a job in a dry goods store and later in a bookstore. Griffith began his career as an actor in touring companies. Meanwhile, he was learning how to become a playwright, but had little success—only one of his plays was accepted for a performance, Griffith then decided to become an actor, and appeared in many films as an extra. Griffith began making films in 1908, and released his first feature film, Judith of Bethulia. A few years earlier, in 1907, Griffith, still struggling as a playwright, Porter rejected Griffiths script, but gave him an acting part in Rescued from an Eagles Nest instead. Finding this attractive, Griffith began to explore a career as an actor in the picture business. At Biograph, Griffiths career in the industry would change forever. In 1908, Biographs main director Wallace McCutcheon grew ill, and his son, Wallace McCutcheon, McCutcheon, Jr. however, was not able to bring the studio any success. As a result, Biograph co-founder, Henry Harry Marvin, decided to give Griffith the position, Griffith would end up directing forty-eight shorts for the company that year. His short In Old California was the first film shot in Hollywood, four years later he produced and directed his first feature film Judith of Bethulia, one of the earliest to be produced in the United States
D. W. Griffith
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D. W. Griffith in 1922
D. W. Griffith
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Griffith (c. 1907)
D. W. Griffith
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Griffith on the set of Birth of a Nation (1915) with actor
Henry Walthall and others.
D. W. Griffith
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Left to right: Griffith, cameraman
G. W. "Billy" Bitzer (behind
Pathé camera),
Dorothy Gish watching from behind Bitzer,
Karl Brown keeping script, and
Miriam Cooper in profile, in a production still for
Intolerance (1916).
46.
The March of Time
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The March of Time is an American short film series sponsored by Time Inc. and shown in movie theaters from 1935 to 1951. It was based on a news series broadcast from 1931 to 1945. The voice of series was Westbrook Van Voorhis. Produced and written by Louis de Rochemont and his brother Richard de Rochemont, the March of Time organization also produced four feature films for theatrical release, and created documentary series for early television. Its first TV series, Crusade in Europe, received a Peabody Award, the March of Time was based on a news documentary and dramatization series, also called The March of Time, that was first broadcast on CBS Radio. Usually called a series, The March of Time was actually a monthly series of short feature films twice the length of standard newsreels. The films were didactic, with a point of view. The editors of Time described it as pictorial journalism, like its radio namesake, The March of Time included reporting, on-location shots, and dramatic reenactments. The March of Times relationship to the newsreel was compared to the weekly news magazines relationship to the daily newspaper. The March of Time was launched February 1,1935, in over 500 theaters, each entry in the series was either a two- or three-reel film. Westbrook Van Voorhis, who hosted the program, served as narrator of the film series. The series, which finally totalled close to 200 segments, was a success with audiences. Because of its high production costs—estimated at $50,000 per episode, however, it remained in production for six years beyond the cancellation of the radio show on which it was based. At its peak The March of Time was seen by 25 million U. S. moviegoers a month, for them, fascism, communism, and native demagogues seemed foreign to the American ethic, and they exposed and attacked them accordingly. … A cinematic agent provocateur, the March of Time turned over a lot of rocks, the demagogues and quacks whom they attacked in the 1930s may seem like obvious targets now, but they didnt seem so then. They were popular, powerful, frightening people, and the March of Time stood entirely alone in theatrical motion picture circles as a muckraker. In late 1936, producer Roy E. Larsen reluctantly left The March of Time to serve as publisher of Life, Larsen proposed that the new magazine be named The March of Time, but the name Life was purchased from the owners of a declining periodical. Life magazine was a success and notable influence on photojournalism throughout its 36-year history
The March of Time
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CBS sound effects chief Ora Daigle Nichols and George O'Donnell on The March of Time
The March of Time
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Sound effects specialists Ora D. Nichols, Henry Gauthiere, George O'Donnell, and Arthur Nichols on The March of Time
The March of Time
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Rehearsal for The March of Time with cast including
Ted de Corsia, William Pringle, William Adams, Marion Hopkinson and
Ray Collins
The March of Time
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Actors presenting The March of Time
47.
Edgar Bergen
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Edgar John Bergen was an American actor, comedian and radio performer, best known for his proficiency in ventriloquism and his characters Charlie McCarthy and Mortimer Snerd. He is also the father of actress Candice Bergen, Bergen was born in Chicago, Illinois, one of five children and the youngest of two sons of Swedish immigrants Nilla Svensdotter and Johan Henriksson Berggren. He lived on a farm near Decatur, Michigan until he was 4 when his family returned to Sweden where he learned the language and he taught himself ventriloquism from a pamphlet called The Wizards Manual when he was 11 after his family returned to Chicago. He attended Lake View High School, after his father died when he was just 16, he went out to work as an apprentice accountant, a furnace stoke, a player piano operator, and a projectionist in a silent-movie house. The famous ventriloquist Harry Lester was so impressed by Edgar that he gave the teenager almost daily lessons for three months in the fundamentals of ventriloquism. In the fall of 1919, Edgar paid Chicago woodcarver Theodore Mack $36 to sculpt a likeness of a rascally red-headed Irish newspaperboy he knew, the head went on a dummy named Charlie McCarthy, which became Bergens lifelong sidekick. He had created the body himself, using a length of broomstick for the backbone. For college he attended Northwestern University where he was enrolled in the program to please his mother. He switched to Speech & Drama but never completed his degree and he gave his first public performance at Waveland Avenue Congregational Church located on the northeast corner of Waveland and Janssen. He lived across the street from the church and he cut out an R and a G from his family name and went from Berggren to Bergen on the showbills. Between June 1922 and August 1925, he performed every summer on the professional Chautauqua circuit, Bergen had an interest in aviation, becoming a private pilot. His first performances were in vaudeville, at which point he changed his last name to the easier-to-pronounce Bergen. He worked in one-reel movie shorts, but his success was on the radio. He and Charlie were seen at a New York party by Elsa Maxwell for Noël Coward and it was there that two producers saw Bergen and Charlie perform. They then recommended them for a guest appearance on Rudy Vallées program and their initial appearance was so successful that the following year they were given regular cast rolls as part of The Chase and Sanborn Hour. Under various sponsors, they were on the air from May 9,1937 to July 1,1956, the popularity of a ventriloquist on radio, when one could see neither the dummies nor his skill, surprised and puzzled many critics, then and now. Even knowing that Bergen provided the voice, listeners perceived Charlie as a genuine person, thus, in 1947, Sam Berman caricatured Bergen and McCarthy for the networks glossy promotional book, NBC Parade of Stars, As Heard Over Your Favorite NBC Station. Bergens skill as an entertainer, especially his characterization of Charlie, Bergens success on radio was paralleled in the United Kingdom by Peter Brough and his dummy Archie Andrews
Edgar Bergen
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Bergen with his ventriloquist dummy Charlie McCarthy in
Stage Door Canteen (1943)
Edgar Bergen
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Sam Berman 's caricature of Charlie McCarthy and Edgar Bergen for NBC's 1947 promotion book
Edgar Bergen
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Bergen and Charlie with an NBC-produced comic book On the Air, 1947.
Edgar Bergen
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In the film
Stage Door Canteen (1943) with Mortimer Snerd
