1.
Carl Van Vechten
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Carl Van Vechten was an American writer and artistic photographer who was a patron of the Harlem Renaissance and the literary executor of Gertrude Stein. Born in Cedar Rapids, Iowa, he was the youngest child of Charles and he graduated from Washington High School in 1898, and later the University of Chicago in 1903. In 1906, he moved to New York City and he was hired as the assistant music critic at The New York Times. His interest in opera had him take a leave of absence from the paper in 1907, while in England he married his long-time friend from Cedar Rapids, Anna Snyder. He returned to his job at the New York Times in 1909, at that time, Isadora Duncan, Anna Pavlova, and Loie Fuller were performing in New York City. The marriage to Anna Snyder ended in divorce in 1912 and he wed actress Fania Marinoff in 1914 and their marriage lasted until the end of his life, even while his relationships with men were an open secret. They continued corresponding for the remainder of Steins life, and at her death she appointed Van Vechten her literary executor, several books of Van Vechtens essays on various subjects such as music and literature were published between 1915 and 1920. Van Vechtens controversial novel Nigger Heaven was published in 1926 and his essay Negro Blues Singers was published in Vanity Fair in 1926. Biographer Edward White suggests Van Vechten was convinced that Negro culture was the essence of America, by the start of the 1930s and at age 50, Van Vechten was finished with writing and took up photography, using his apartment at 150 West 55th Street as a studio. After the 1930s Van Vechten published little writing, though he continued writing letters to many correspondents, Van Vechten died in 1964, at the age of 84, in New York City. Most of Van Vechtens personal papers are held by the Beinecke Rare Book, the Beinecke Library also holds a collection titled Living Portraits, Carl Van Vechtens Color Photographs Of African Americans, 1939–1964, a collection of 1,884 color Kodachrome slides. The Library of Congress has a collection of approximately 1,400 photographs, there is also a collection of Van Vechtens photographs in the Prentiss Taylor collection in the Smithsonians Archives of American Art, and a Van Vechten collection at Fisk University. The Museum of the City of New Yorks collection includes 2,174 of Carl Van Vechtens photographs, brandeis Universitys department of Archives & Special Collections holds 1,689 Carl Van Vechten portraits. Van Vechten also donated materials to Fisk University to form the George Gershwin Memorial Collection of Music, the album ’O, Write My Name’, American Portraits, Harlem Heroes was completed in 1983. That year, the National Endowment for the Arts transferred the Eakins Press Foundation’s prototype albums to the permanent collection of the Smithsonian American Art Museum, dust Tracks on a Road, An Autobiography. Guide to the Carl Van Vechten papers, 1833–1965, manuscripts and Archives, New York Public Library. Carl Van Vechten collection of papers, 1911–1964, berg Collection of English and American Literature, New York Public Library
2.
New York City
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The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange
3.
New York (state)
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New York is a state in the northeastern United States, and is the 27th-most extensive, fourth-most populous, and seventh-most densely populated U. S. state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south and Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Vermont to the east. With an estimated population of 8.55 million in 2015, New York City is the most populous city in the United States, the New York Metropolitan Area is one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world. New York City makes up over 40% of the population of New York State, two-thirds of the states population lives in the New York City Metropolitan Area, and nearly 40% lives on Long Island. Both the state and New York City were named for the 17th-century Duke of York, the next four most populous cities in the state are Buffalo, Rochester, Yonkers, and Syracuse, while the state capital is Albany. New York has a diverse geography and these more mountainous regions are bisected by two major river valleys—the north-south Hudson River Valley and the east-west Mohawk River Valley, which forms the core of the Erie Canal. Western New York is considered part of the Great Lakes Region and straddles Lake Ontario, between the two lakes lies Niagara Falls. The central part of the state is dominated by the Finger Lakes, New York had been inhabited by tribes of Algonquian and Iroquoian-speaking Native Americans for several hundred years by the time the earliest Europeans came to New York. The first Europeans to arrive were French colonists and Jesuit missionaries who arrived southward from settlements at Montreal for trade, the British annexed the colony from the Dutch in 1664. The borders of the British colony, the Province of New York, were similar to those of the present-day state, New York is home to the Statue of Liberty, a symbol of the United States and its ideals of freedom, democracy, and opportunity. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. On April 17,1524 Verrazanno entered New York Bay, by way of the now called the Narrows into the northern bay which he named Santa Margherita. Verrazzano described it as a vast coastline with a delta in which every kind of ship could pass and he adds. This vast sheet of water swarmed with native boats and he landed on the tip of Manhattan and possibly on the furthest point of Long Island. Verrazannos stay was interrupted by a storm which pushed him north towards Marthas Vineyard, in 1540 French traders from New France built a chateau on Castle Island, within present-day Albany, due to flooding, it was abandoned the next year. In 1614, the Dutch under the command of Hendrick Corstiaensen, rebuilt the French chateau, Fort Nassau was the first Dutch settlement in North America, and was located along the Hudson River, also within present-day Albany. The small fort served as a trading post and warehouse, located on the Hudson River flood plain, the rudimentary fort was washed away by flooding in 1617, and abandoned for good after Fort Orange was built nearby in 1623. Henry Hudsons 1609 voyage marked the beginning of European involvement with the area, sailing for the Dutch East India Company and looking for a passage to Asia, he entered the Upper New York Bay on September 11 of that year
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Dance
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Dance is a performance art form consisting of purposefully selected sequences of human movement. This movement has aesthetic and symbolic value, and is acknowledged as dance by performers and observers within a particular culture, Dance can be categorized and described by its choreography, by its repertoire of movements, or by its historical period or place of origin. Other forms of movement are sometimes said to have a dance-like quality, including martial arts, gymnastics, figure skating, synchronized swimming. Theatrical dance, also called performance or concert dance, is intended primarily as a spectacle and it often tells a story, perhaps using mime, costume and scenery, or else it may simply interpret the musical accompaniment, which is often specially composed. Examples are western ballet and modern dance, Classical Indian dance and Chinese and Japanese song, most classical forms are centred upon dance alone, but performance dance may also appear in opera and other forms of musical theatre. Such dance seldom has any narrative, a group dance and a corps de ballet, a social partner dance and a pas de deux, differ profoundly. Even a solo dance may be solely for the satisfaction of the dancer. On the other hand, some cultures lay down strict rules as to the dances in which, for example. Archeological evidence for early dance includes 9, 000-year-old paintings in India at the Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka and it has been proposed that before the invention of written languages, dance was an important part of the oral and performance methods of passing stories down from generation to generation. The use of dance in trance states and healing rituals is thought to have been another early factor in the social development of dance. References to dance can be found in very early recorded history, Greek dance is referred to by Plato, Aristotle, Plutarch, the Bible and Talmud refer to many events related to dance, and contain over 30 different dance terms. In Chinese pottery as early as the Neolithic period, groups of people are depicted dancing in a line holding hands, Dance is further described in the Lüshi Chunqiu. Primitive dance in ancient China was associated with sorcery and shamanic rituals, during the first millennium BCE in India, many texts were composed which attempted to codify aspects of daily life. Bharata Munis Natyashastra is one of the earlier texts and it mainly deals with drama, in which dance plays an important part in Indian culture. It categorizes dance into four types - secular, ritual, abstract, the text elaborates various hand-gestures and classifies movements of the various limbs, steps and so on. A strong continuous tradition of dance has since continued in India, through to modern times, where it continues to play a role in culture, ritual, and, notably, the Bollywood entertainment industry. Many other contemporary dance forms can likewise be traced back to historical, traditional, ceremonial, Dance is generally, though not exclusively, performed with the accompaniment of music and may or may not be performed in time to such music. Some dance may provide its own audible accompaniment in place of music, many early forms of music and dance were created for each other and are frequently performed together
5.
William C. deMille
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William Churchill de Mille was an American screenwriter and film director from the silent movie era through the early 1930s. He was also a noted playwright prior to moving into film, once he was established in film he specialized in adapting Broadway plays into silent films. He was the brother of the versatile Cecil B. DeMille, who altered the capitalization of his last name when he went to Hollywood, in 1903 he married Anna Angela George, the daughter of notable economist Henry George. Anna bore William two children, Agnes de Mille – named after a sister who died in childhood – who became a noted choreographer and Peggy George. In 1905 he became successful Broadway playwright, following its development in 1904 and his first play, Strongheart was eventually released as a movie by his brother as Braveheart. Two of Williams works, The Warrens of Virginia and The Woman were produced by the flamboyant impresario David Belasco, the former featured future film star Mary Pickford and Cecil, both struggling actors playing minor roles. He wrote a number of sketches including In 1999, Food, Poor Old Jim, The Squealer, The Martyrs. Cecil eventually moved to Hollywood, and William followed and his directorial debut was The Only Son. Though not as today as Cecil, he was one of the silent film eras most respected directors. And though most of his silents have been lost, those that remain, one of the writers involved in the film was Clara Beranger, whom deMille would marry in 1929. At about this time, William also met Lorna Moon, an established New York author from Scotland, who also wrote sophisticated Hollywood comedies. In 1998, Richard de Mille, who had grown up in Cecils household, revealed in the memoir My Secret Mother, Richard had been adopted by Cecil B. and Constance DeMille to avoid a family scandal. Apparently, Williams wife never knew the truth of Richards birth, in addition to his filmmaking fame, William deMille was an early member of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. With Douglas Fairbanks, he co-hosted the 1st Academy Awards in 1929 and he also served as President of the Academy briefly. DeMille helped found the USC Film School in 1929, and after his East Coast theatrical career failed to revive in the early 1930s, DeMille died in 1955 while living in Playa del Rey, California, and was interred in the Hollywood Forever Cemetery. New York, NY, E. P. Dutton, notes William C. deMille at the Internet Broadway Database William C. deMille at the Internet Movie Database William deMille profile, silentgents. com William C. deMille profile, Virtual-History. com
6.
Cecil B. DeMille
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Cecil Blount DeMille was an American filmmaker. Between 1913 and 1956, he made a total of 70 features and he is acknowledged as a founding father of the cinema of the United States and the most commercially successful producer-director in film history. His films were distinguished by their scale and by his cinematic showmanship. He made silent films of every genre, social dramas, comedies, Westerns, farces, morality plays, DeMille began his career as a stage actor in 1900. He later moved to writing and directing stage productions, some with Jesse Lasky, DeMilles first film, The Squaw Man, was also the first feature film shot in Hollywood. Its interracial love story made it a hit and it put Hollywood on the map. The continued success of his productions led to the founding of Paramount Pictures with Lasky and his first biblical epic, The Ten Commandments, was both a critical and financial success, it held the Paramount revenue record for twenty-five years. In 1927 he directed The King of Kings, a biography of Jesus of Nazareth, the Sign of the Cross was the first sound film to integrate all aspects of cinematic technique. Cleopatra was his first film to be nominated for the Academy Award for Best Picture, after more than thirty years in film production, DeMille reached the pinnacle of his career with Samson and Delilah, a biblical epic which did an all-time record business. Along with biblical and historical narratives, he directed films oriented toward neo-naturalism. He went on to receive his first nomination for the Academy Award for Best Director for his circus drama The Greatest Show on Earth and his last and most famous film, The Ten Commandments, is currently the sixth-highest-grossing film of all time, adjusted for inflation. He was also the first recipient of the Golden Globe Cecil B, DeMille Award, which was later named in his honor. There are several variants of DeMilles surname and his familys Dutch surname was originally spelled de Mil and then became de Mille. As an adult, he adopted the spelling DeMille for professional purposes, the family name de Mille was used by his children Cecilia, John, Richard, and Katherine. DeMilles brother William and his daughters, Margaret and Agnes, as well as DeMilles granddaughter, Cecilia de Mille Presley, Cecil Blount DeMille was born in Ashfield, Massachusetts, while his parents were vacationing there, and grew up in Washington, North Carolina. His father, Henry Churchill de Mille, was a North Carolina-born dramatist and lay reader in the Episcopal Church and his mother was Matilda Beatrice DeMille, whose parents were both of German Jewish heritage. She emigrated from England with her parents in 1871 when she was 18, Beatrice grew up in a middle-class English household. DeMilles mother was related to British politician Herbert Louis Samuel, DeMilles parents met as members of a music and literary society in New York
7.
Henry George
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Henry George was an American political economist, journalist, and philosopher. His most famous work, Progress and Poverty, sold millions of copies worldwide, George was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, to a lower-middle-class family, the second of ten children of Richard S. H. George and Catharine Pratt George. His father was a publisher of religious texts and a devout Episcopalian, George chafed at his religious upbringing and left the academy without graduating. Instead he convinced his father to hire a tutor and supplemented this with avid reading and attending lectures at the Franklin institute. His formal education ended at age 14 and he went to sea as a foremast boy at age 15 in April 1855 on the Hindoo, bound for Melbourne and Calcutta. He ended up in the West in 1858 and briefly considered prospecting for gold, in California, George fell in love with Annie Corsina Fox, an eighteen-year-old girl from Sydney who had been orphaned and was living with an uncle. The uncle, a prosperous, strong-minded man, was opposed to his nieces impoverished suitor, but the couple, defying him, eloped and married in late 1861, with Henry dressed in a borrowed suit and Annie bringing only a packet of books. The marriage was a one and four children were born to them. Foxs mother was Irish Catholic, and while George remained an Evangelical Protestant, on November 3,1862 Annie gave birth to future United States Representative from New York, Henry George, Jr. Early on, even with the birth of future sculptor, Richard F. George, which remained required reading in California schools for decades. George climbed the ranks of the Times, eventually becoming managing editor in the summer of 1867, George worked for several papers, including four years as editor of his own newspaper San Francisco Daily Evening Post and time running the Reporter, a Democratic anti-monopoly publication. The George family struggled but Georges increasing reputation and involvement in the newspaper industry lifted them from poverty, Georges other two children were both daughters. The first was Jennie George, later to become Jennie George Atkinson, Georges other daughter was Anna Angela George, who would become mother of both future dancer and choreographer, Agnes de Mille and future actress Peggy George. George began as a Lincoln Republican, but then became a Democrat and he was a strong critic of railroad and mining interests, corrupt politicians, land speculators, and labor contractors. He first articulated his views in an 1868 article entitled What the Railroad Will Bring Us and this had led to him earning the enmity of the Central Pacific Railroads executives, who helped defeat his bid for election to the California State Assembly. One day in 1871 George went for a ride and stopped to rest while overlooking San Francisco Bay. He later wrote of the revelation that he had, I asked a passing teamster, for want of something better to say, what land was worth there. He pointed to some cows grazing so far off that they looked like mice, and said, I dont know exactly, like a flash it came over me that there was the reason of advancing poverty with advancing wealth
8.
Henry Churchill de Mille
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Henry Churchill de Mille was born on a farm at Washington, North Carolina. He was the son of businessman and politician William Edward de Mille and he received his BA and AM degrees from Columbia College in 1875 and 1879. He began in theater and later as an actor with A. M. Palmers organization before returning to teaching at the American Academy of Dramatic Arts. By 1882 de Mille was employed at the Madison Square Theatre reviewing and later revising submitted plays, during which he became acquainted with the playwrights Steele MacKaye and David Belasco. On December 10,1883, de Milles first original play, John Delmers Daughters, or Duty, opened at Madison Square Theatre and closed a week later. Three years later, on September 18,1886, Main Line, or Rawsons Y, the play, a love story set at a remote railroad way station and telegraph office, received warm opening night reviews. A short while later de Mille would join forces with David Belasco in an effort that would prove to have a greater box-office appeal with the theatergoing public. Their first production was The Wife, a drama that premiered at the Lyceum Theatre on November 1,1887. The play was received and at its close both authors were called upon to make their curtain call. The following season the two produced Men and Women at the Proctors Twenty-third Street Theatre, the drama opened on October 20,1890, and starred Maude Adams in a tale about business and politics in America. Belasco and de Mille chose to go their ways by 1891. Later that October de Mille produced The Lost Paradise, his adaptation of the Ludwig Fulda play Das Verlorene Paradies, the production by Charles Frohmans company proved to be another success and was considered to be de Milles best work to date. As he was finishing The lost Paradise, de Mille read Henry Georges famous treatise Progress and Poverty, in 1876 de Mille married Matilda Beatrice Bebe Samuel, a native of Liverpool who had come to America with her parents when she was about eighteen. Their son William was born in 1878, Cecil in 1881, while at home in Pompton, New Jersey, de Mille contracted pneumonia and died there after a brief struggle on February 10,1893. He was survived by his wife and children, though his daughter would fall victim to spinal meningitis just two years later. Today de Milles legacy probably lies more with what influence he had over his sons, within a decade or so of his death, de Milles style of play writing went out of vogue and his works were largely forgotten. His demise at thirty-nine denied him the opportunity to evolve with the times and possibly be as well known today as a few of his contemporaries
9.
Hollywood
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Hollywood is an ethnically diverse, densely populated neighborhood in the central region of Los Angeles, California. It is notable as the home of the U. S. film industry, including several of its studios, and its name has come to be a shorthand reference for the industry. Hollywood was a community in 1870 and was incorporated as a municipality in 1903. It was consolidated with the city of Los Angeles in 1910, in 1853, one adobe hut stood in Nopalera, named for the Mexican Nopal cactus indigenous to the area. By 1870, an agricultural community flourished, the area was known as the Cahuenga Valley, after the pass in the Santa Monica Mountains immediately to the north. According to the diary of H. J. Whitley, known as the Father of Hollywood, along came a Chinese man in a wagon carrying wood. The man got out of the wagon and bowed, the Chinese man was asked what he was doing and replied, I holly-wood, meaning hauling wood. H. J. Whitley had an epiphany and decided to name his new town Hollywood, Holly would represent England and wood would represent his Scottish heritage. Whitley had already started over 100 towns across the western United States, Whitley arranged to buy the 500-acre E. C. Hurd ranch and disclosed to him his plans for the land. They agreed on a price and Hurd agreed to sell at a later date, before Whitley got off the ground with Hollywood, plans for the new town had spread to General Harrison Gray Otis, Hurds wife, eastern adjacent ranch co-owner Daeida Wilcox, and others. Daeida Wilcox may have learned of the name Hollywood from Ivar Weid, her neighbor in Holly Canyon and she recommended the same name to her husband, Harvey. In August 1887, Wilcox filed with the Los Angeles County Recorders office a deed and parcel map of property he had sold named Hollywood, Wilcox wanted to be the first to record it on a deed. The early real-estate boom busted that year, yet Hollywood began its slow growth. By 1900, the region had a post office, newspaper, hotel, Los Angeles, with a population of 102,479 lay 10 miles east through the vineyards, barley fields, and citrus groves. A single-track streetcar line ran down the middle of Prospect Avenue from it, but service was infrequent, the old citrus fruit-packing house was converted into a livery stable, improving transportation for the inhabitants of Hollywood. The Hollywood Hotel was opened in 1902 by H. J. Whitley who was a president of the Los Pacific Boulevard, having finally acquired the Hurd ranch and subdivided it, Whitley built the hotel to attract land buyers. Flanking the west side of Highland Avenue, the structure fronted on Prospect Avenue, the hotel was to become internationally known and was the center of the civic and social life and home of the stars for many years. Whitleys company developed and sold one of the residential areas
10.
Cleopatra (1934 film)
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Cleopatra is a 1934 epic film directed by Cecil B. DeMille and distributed by Paramount Pictures, which retells the story of Cleopatra VII of Egypt and it was written by Waldemar Young, Vincent Lawrence and Bartlett Cormack, and produced and directed by Cecil B. Claudette Colbert stars as Cleopatra, Warren William as Julius Caesar, in 48 BC, Cleopatra vies with her brother Ptolemy for control of Egypt. Pothinos kidnaps her and Apollodorus and strands them in the desert, when Pothinos informs Julius Caesar that the queen has fled the country, Caesar is ready to sign an agreement with Ptolemy when Apollodorus appears, bearing a gift carpet for the Roman. When Apollodorus unrolls it, Cleopatra emerges, much to Pothinos surprise and he tries to deny who she is. However Caesar sees through the deception and Cleopatra soon beguiles Caesar with the prospect of the riches of not only Egypt, but also India. Later, when they are alone, she spots a sandal peeking out from underneath a curtain and thrusts a spear into the hidden Pothinos. Caesar makes Cleopatra the sole ruler of Egypt, and begins an affair with her, Caesar eventually returns to Rome with Cleopatra to the cheers of the masses, but Roman unease is directed at Cleopatra. Cassius, Casca, Brutus and other powerful Romans become disgruntled, rightly suspecting that he intends to abolish the Roman Republic and make himself emperor, with Cleopatra as his empress. Ignoring the forebodings of Calpurnia, Cleopatra, and a soothsayer who warns him about the Ides of March, before he can do so, he is assassinated. Cleopatra is heartbroken at the news, at first, she wants to go to him, but Apollodorus tells her that Caesar did not love her, only her power and wealth, and that Egypt needs her. Bitter rivals Marc Antony and Octavian are named co-rulers of Rome, Antony, disdainful of women, invites Cleopatra to meet with him in Tarsus, intending to bring her back to Rome as a captive. Enobarbus, his friend, warns Antony against meeting Cleopatra. She entices him to her barge and throws a party with many animals and beautiful dancers. King Herod, who has allied himself with Octavian, visits the lovers. He informs Cleopatra privately that Rome and Octavian can be appeased if Antony were to be poisoned, Herod also tells Antony the same thing, with the roles reversed. Antony laughs off his suggestion, but a reluctant Cleopatra, reminded of her duty to Egypt by Apollodorus, before Antony can drink the fatal wine, however, they receive news that Octavian has declared war. Antony orders his generals and legions to gather, but Enobarbus informs him that they have all deserted out of loyalty to Rome, Enobarbus tells his comrade that he can wrest control of Rome away from Octavian by having Cleopatra killed, but Antony refuses to consider it
11.
LeRoy Prinz
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He was nominated three times for the Academy Award for Best Dance Direction in the 1930s, and won the Golden Globe in 1958. Among the films whose dances he choreographed were Show Boat, Yankee Doodle Dandy, Rhapsody in Blue, LeRoy Jerome Prinz was born in St. Joseph, Missouri. His grandfather was a master, and his father taught ballroom dancing etiquette to young men and women at Prinzs Academy in St. Joseph. According to one account, he was sent to school after chasing his stepmother with a carving knife. Later that year, he told interviewers, he went on a ship to Europe as a boy, jumped ship. In Marseilles he joined the French Foreign Legion, serving as a bugler in Algiers and he also represented a rubber company in St. Louis and Kansas City. After the outbreak of World War I, he returned to France, was trained as a pilot and he was with the 94th from November 1917 to June 1918, when he switched to the 27th Aero Squadron, where he stayed until November 1918. At the 27th his duties included working at the Aircraft Acceptance Park test facility at Orly, according to his obituary in the Los Angeles Times, Prinz returned to the U. S. in 1919 and studied theater at Northwestern University. After graduation from Northwestern, the reported, Prinz returned to France. A November 1919 St. Louis Post-Dispatch report states that Prinz was employed in the portion of an American Legion show, also featuring actor William S. Hart. The newspaper gives Prinzs rank as captain and states that he was a partner of Quentin Roosevelt. A Wisconsin newspaper reported in 1921 that Prinz, which it said had danced with Al Jolson, was teaching dance at a camp for wounded veterans. The newspaper said that Prinz himself had fallen 3000 feet but had recovered and he told interviewers that he worked for gangster Jim Colosimos restaurant in Chicago, and that he produced stage shows for Al Capone. He claimed in a 1945 New York Times profile that Capone hired him to book entertainment, Prinz left Chicago and worked as a dance director in New York, Florida, Mexico and Cuba. His employers included Earl Carroll, Broadways Shubert family, Tex Guinan and he choreographed Earl Carrolls Vanities of 1930 and other Broadway shows between 1929 and 1933. His first employment in films was in 1931 by director Cecil B, deMille, who employed him as dance director. While filming Cleopatra, Prinz clashed with DeMilles niece Agnes de Mille, according to Agnes de Milles biographer, her uncle always deferred to the reliable but pedestrian Prinz, even after agreeing to his nieces flamboyant dances in advance. Agnes de Mille left the film and he worked in over 150 films, mainly as a choreographer, among them The Desert Song, Tea for Two, and The Jazz Singer, a remake of the first sound movie
12.
University of California, Los Angeles
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The University of California, Los Angeles is a public research university in the Westwood district of Los Angeles, California, United States. It became the Southern Branch of the University of California in 1919 and it offers 337 undergraduate and graduate degree programs in a wide range of disciplines. UCLA enrolls about 31,000 undergraduate and 13,000 graduate students, and had 119,000 applicants for Fall 2016, including transfer applicants, the university is organized into six undergraduate colleges, seven professional schools, and four professional health science schools. Fourteen Nobel laureates, three Fields Medalists, two Chief Scientists of the U. S. Air Force and three Turing Award winners have been faculty, researchers, or alumni, the university was elected to the Association of American Universities in 1974. The Times Higher Education World University Rankings for 2015–2016 ranked UCLA 16th in the world for academics, in 2015-2016, UCLA ranked 12th in the world by the Academic Ranking of World Universities and 31st in the 2016/17 QS World University Rankings. UCLA student-athletes compete as the Bruins in the Pac-12 Conference, the Bruins won 126 national championships, including 113 NCAA team championships, more than any other university. UCLA student-athletes, coaches and staff won 251 Olympic medals,126 gold,65 silver and 60 bronze, UCLA student-athletes competed in every Olympics since 1920 with one exception, and won a gold medal in every Olympics that the United States participated in since 1932. The State Normal School at Los Angeles opened on August 29,1882, the facility included an elementary school where teachers-in-training could practice their technique with children. That elementary school is related to the present day version, UCLA Lab School, in 1887, the school became known as the Los Angeles State Normal School. In 1914, the moved to a new campus on Vermont Avenue in East Hollywood. However, David Prescott Barrows, the new President of the University of California, the same legislation added its general undergraduate program, the College of Letters and Science. After the athletic teams entered the Pacific Coast conference in 1926, the Southern Branch student council adopted the nickname Bruins, in 1927, the Regents renamed the Southern Branch the University of California at Los Angeles. In the same year, the state broke ground in Westwood on land sold for $1 million, less than one-third its value, by real estate developers Edwin and Harold Janss, the campus in Westwood opened to students in 1929. The original four buildings were the College Library, Royce Hall, the Physics-Biology Building, the first undergraduate classes on the new campus were held in 1929 with 5,500 students. A timeline of the history can be found on its website, during its first 32 years, UCLA was treated as an off-site department of UC. As such, its presiding officer was called a provost, in 1951, UCLA was formally elevated to co-equal status with UC Berkeley, and its presiding officer Raymond B. Allen was the first chief executive to be granted the title of chancellor. The appointment of Franklin David Murphy to the position of Chancellor in 1960 helped spark an era of growth of facilities. By the end of the decade, UCLA had achieved distinction in a range of subjects
13.
Kappa Alpha Theta
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Kappa Alpha Theta, also known simply as Theta, is an international sorority founded on Jan. 27,1870 at DePauw University, formerly Indiana Asbury, Kappa Alpha Theta was the first Greek-letter fraternity for women. The organization currently has more than 145 chapters at colleges and universities in the United States, Thetas total living initiated membership as of January 23,2017, totals more than 211,000. There are more than 200 alumnae chapters and circles worldwide, Kappa Alpha Theta is a member of the National Panhellenic Conference. Kappa Alpha Theta was founded in 1870 to give women a support group in the mostly male college world at Indiana Asbury. Indiana Asbury officially opened its doors to women in 1867, thirty years after the college was first established, Locke had many friends in FIJI, and when the members asked her to wear their badge she asked if it meant she was a member of their fraternity. They informed her, no it would be simply as a mascot or token of her friendship and she said she could not wear it as she did not know the secrets and purposes the badge represented. The brothers of FIJI took a vote to whether to admit. They decided they wished to remain a fraternity, and gave Locke a silver fruit basket instead as a symbol of their special relationship with her. At the suggestion of her father, a professor at Indiana Asbury, discovering that only literary societies for women existed at the time, Locke decided to begin her own Greek letter fraternity for women, and Kappa Alpha Theta was conceived. Locke and her friend Alice Allen together wrote a constitution, planned ceremonies, designed a badge, along with Hannah Fitch and Bettie Tipton, they were initiated in secret on Jan. 27,1870, creating the Alpha Chapter of Kappa Alpha Theta, in 1887, Theta became an international organization with the establishment of the Sigma Chapter at The University of Toronto. This became the first Canadian sorority, since its founding, the organization has been associated with a number of firsts, The first women admitted to the Phi Beta Kappa Society were Thetas. Kappa Alpha Theta was the first womens organization to use Greek letters in its name, nancy Kassebaum, who was a member, was the first woman elected to the U. S. Senate who had not succeeded her husband or first been appointed to fill an unexpired term. G. William Domhoff, writing in Who Rules America, listed Kappa Alpha Theta as one of the four or five sororities with nationwide prestige in the mid-1960s. Kappa Alpha Thetas colors are black and gold, the official symbols are both the kite and twin stars, while the official flower is the black and gold pansy. ΚΑΘ does not have an official stone, Kappa Alpha Theta has more than 135 active college chapters and more than 180 alumnae chapters across the United States and Canada. Alumnae chapters are alumnae groups that have been granted charters from Grand Council, the following is a list of the chapters of Kappa Alpha Theta, Theta Kappa Alpha Theta Foundation, founded in 1960, is the philanthropic arm of the organization
14.
London
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London /ˈlʌndən/ is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom. Standing on the River Thames in the south east of the island of Great Britain and it was founded by the Romans, who named it Londinium. Londons ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its 1. 12-square-mile medieval boundaries. London is a global city in the arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism. It is crowned as the worlds largest financial centre and has the fifth- or sixth-largest metropolitan area GDP in the world, London is a world cultural capital. It is the worlds most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the worlds largest city airport system measured by passenger traffic, London is the worlds leading investment destination, hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city. Londons universities form the largest concentration of education institutes in Europe. In 2012, London became the first city to have hosted the modern Summer Olympic Games three times, London has a diverse range of people and cultures, and more than 300 languages are spoken in the region. Its estimated mid-2015 municipal population was 8,673,713, the largest of any city in the European Union, Londons urban area is the second most populous in the EU, after Paris, with 9,787,426 inhabitants at the 2011 census. The citys metropolitan area is the most populous in the EU with 13,879,757 inhabitants, the city-region therefore has a similar land area and population to that of the New York metropolitan area. London was the worlds most populous city from around 1831 to 1925, Other famous landmarks include Buckingham Palace, the London Eye, Piccadilly Circus, St Pauls Cathedral, Tower Bridge, Trafalgar Square, and The Shard. The London Underground is the oldest underground railway network in the world, the etymology of London is uncertain. It is an ancient name, found in sources from the 2nd century and it is recorded c.121 as Londinium, which points to Romano-British origin, and hand-written Roman tablets recovered in the city originating from AD 65/70-80 include the word Londinio. The earliest attempted explanation, now disregarded, is attributed to Geoffrey of Monmouth in Historia Regum Britanniae and this had it that the name originated from a supposed King Lud, who had allegedly taken over the city and named it Kaerlud. From 1898, it was accepted that the name was of Celtic origin and meant place belonging to a man called *Londinos. The ultimate difficulty lies in reconciling the Latin form Londinium with the modern Welsh Llundain, which should demand a form *lōndinion, from earlier *loundiniom. The possibility cannot be ruled out that the Welsh name was borrowed back in from English at a later date, and thus cannot be used as a basis from which to reconstruct the original name. Until 1889, the name London officially applied only to the City of London, two recent discoveries indicate probable very early settlements near the Thames in the London area
15.
Marie Rambert
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Dame Marie Rambert, Mrs Dukes DBE was a Polish-born dancer and pedagogue who exerted great influence on British ballet, both as a dancer and teacher. Born to a Jewish father from Warsaw, Congress Poland, and her father and his siblings had to later change their last names for specific political reasons. Her father changed his to Ramberg, one of his brothers went to Rambert, and she changed her name to Myriam Ramberg, and finally left it as Marie Rambert. In later years Marie was known to friends and dancers as Mim and she met her husband Ashley Dukes, a soldier on leave, at a dinner party in 1917. In Ramberts autobiography she says after four days of personal meetings and this was done partly as a joke so that Dukes could get four weeks of extended leave instead of two days. Their marriage lasted 41 years, until he died in 1959, the poet, Aidan Andrew Dun, is her grandson. Rambert began her training in her schooling early on. Subjects like foreign languages and history seemed to come easy, however she was a restless child, at one point in her early training her dance instructor stated that In her, was the true spirit of dance. She attended a party where she danced a mazurka and danced it with such liveliness that there was applause afterwards, this was her first performance, whether she thought it or not. She met Raymond Duncan, brother of Isadora, at this party, who congratulated her on a wonderful performance. She studied with Madame Rat from the Paris Opera, and later studied with Émile Jaques-Dalcroze, one day at the Dalcroze College, Sergei Diaghilev, watched a class and then asked her to come back to Berlin and study with him in the Ballets Russes. There, Rambert aided them with figuring out Igor Stravinskys The Rite of Spring with Vaslav Nijinsky and she hesitantly accepted and collaborated with the Ballets Russes led by Diaghilev from 1912–1913. In Ballet Russes she was in the corps de ballet for ballet performances such as Swan Lake, Giselle, after a tour with Nijinsky and Ballet Russes, Ramberts contract was not continued and she decided it was time for a new chapter. In 1914 she moved to the United Kingdom, and studied under Enrico Cecchetti, after studying with Cecchetti, she went back to study with Madame Rat at the Paris Opera, and took her studies quite seriously. She began teaching more ballet classes in 1919 and later founded her own school in Bedford Gardens. In 1926 she created her own company, originally named Ballet Club and it has been through many name changes, much like Rambert herself. The company began performing at night revues in London, the first informal show was performed in Riverside Nights at the Lyric Theatre, and continued with the nightly revues for a while. She began finding new and promising dancers and choreographers in numerous places, such as Frederick Ashton, to be a part of her company, from Marie Rambert Dancers, the company changed to Ballet Rambert and is now called Rambert Dance Company, a modern dance company
16.
Rambert Dance Company
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Rambert Dance Company is a leading British dance company. It has previously known as the Ballet Club, and the Ballet Rambert. Dame Marie Rambert, founder of Rambert Dance Company, was born in Warsaw and she went to Paris and after an early career as a recital artist and teacher she was engaged by Serge Diaghilevs Ballets Russes as assistant to the choreographer Vaslav Nijinsky on The Rite of Spring. She also taught Dalcroze Eurythmics to the company, during her year with the Ballets Russes her appreciation of classical ballet developed thus combining a love for traditional and new dance forms. During the First World War she settled in England where she met and her association with Diaghilev led her to study ballet with the renowned Italian ballet master Enrico Cecchetti, after which she joined the company as a dancer in the corps de ballet. In 1919 Rambert established a school in Notting Hill Gate, London, teaching Checchettis methods and in 1920. The school would become the foundation of todays Rambert Dance Company, in 1926, Rambert formed a dance troupe using students from her school. Known as the Rambert Dancers, they performed in revues at various London venues, in 1930, the troupe was re-established as the Ballet Club at the Mercury Theatre in London, which was owned by Ramberts husband. The Ballet Club was formed using the finest dance talent that Rambert could find, the present day Rambert Dance Company is the UKs oldest established dance company. Such as Ghost Dances Whilst developing a strong culture in Britain and insisting on solid classical training. The Ballet Rambert was recognised as one of the most innovative companies of the 20th century. In the 1960s, the Ballet Rambert moved completely from classical ballet, the company has since developed a worldwide reputation in this field, becoming known as the Rambert Dance Company in 1987. In 2013, Dance Company was dropped from its title, to become simply Rambert, Rambert tours Britain annually, accompanied by its own Rambert Orchestra. It is commonly associated with such theatres as Sadlers Wells the Theatre Royal, Brighton and The Lowry in Salford, in November 2013, Rambert moved from Chiswick, London, to new, purpose built headquarters on Londons South Bank. The Company was given a plot of land by Coin Street Community Builders, for the first time in its history, Rambert’s new home will allow the public greater access to its extensive archive material in a purpose built resource centre. Her Majesty The Queen, accompanied by His Royal Highness The Duke of Edinburgh, notable members of the Company have included, Frederick Ashton, Antony Tudor, Diana Gould, Maude Lloyd, Sally Gilmour, Beryl Goldwyn, Lucette Aldous, Christopher Bruce and Norman Morrice. The current artistic director is Mark Baldwin, and the director is Nadia Stern. In 2005, the Institute of Physics commissioned the Rambert Dance Company to produce a dance commemorating the centenary of Albert Einsteins groundbreaking scientific ideas of 1905, the piece, choreographed by Mark Baldwin, was called Constant Speed
17.
Antony Tudor
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Antony Tudor was an English ballet choreographer, teacher and dancer. Tudor was born William Cook in London and he began dancing professionally with Marie Rambert in 1928, becoming general assistant for her Ballet Club the next year. In 1938, he founded the London Ballet with Rambert members, including his future partner, Hugh Laing, Andrée Howard, Agnes de Mille, Peggy van Praagh, Maude Lloyd. With the onset of World War II, in 1940 he was invited with them to New York, joining Richard Pleasants, Chases company was later to become the American Ballet Theatre, with which Tudor was closely associated for the rest of his life. He choreographed three works for the New York City Ballet, with Laing, he continued seasonal residence in Laguna Beach, California. Tudor was awarded a creative arts medal by Brandeis University, the Dance Magazine and Capezio awards, New York Citys Handel Medallion, Tudor was inducted into the Mr. & Mrs. Cornelius Vanderbilt Whitney Hall of Fame at the National Museum of Dance in 1988. Tudor is generally accepted as of the originals of modern dance forms. Along with George Balanchine, he is seen as a transformer of ballet into a modern art. His work is considered as modern “psychological” expression, but — like their creator - of austerity, elegance and nobility. Mikhail Baryshnikov said, We do Tudors ballets because we must, a disciplined Zen Buddhist, Tudor died on Easter Sunday in his residence at the First Zen Institute of America, aged 79. Thirty of Tudors dances have been documented in Labanotation by the Dance Notation Bureau, the scores introductory material contains history of the dances, cast lists, stylistic notes, background on Tudor, and information needed to stage the works. The Ballets of Antony Tudor, Studies in Psyche and Satire, shadowplay, The Life of Antony Tudor. Zen Notes obituary issue,34,5, includes Tudor Dies by Mary Farkas, Notes on Tudor by Clara Gibson Maxwell and Suzanne Ames. Clara Gibson Maxwell, Dancing Tudors Cereus, Zen Notes,28,10,6 Entry of Antony Tudors Dances on the Dance Notation Bureaus On-line Theatrical Dances Catalog. Archival footage of Johan Renvall and Madeleine Onne performing in Antony Tudors Little Improvisations in 1983 at Jacob’s Pillow Dance Festival
18.
American Ballet Theatre
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American Ballet Theatre is a classical ballet company based in New York City. It has an annual season at the Metropolitan Opera House in the spring and a shorter season at the David H. Koch Theater in the fall. ABT was founded in 1939 by Lucia Chase and Richard Pleasant and is recognized as one of the leading classical ballet companies. ABT is also the parent company of the American Ballet Theatre Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis School, in 1939, Pleasant and Chase developed big ideas to create a large scale company with an eclectic repertory. They and a group from Mordorkin Ballet formed Ballet Theatre. During this period, American Ballet Theatre shifted its focus to recruiting ballet stars, in 1977, the company began its spring season at the Metropolitan Opera House, its new official venue, then in 1980 Mikhail Baryshnikov became Artistic Director for American Ballet Theatre. Baryshnikov staged, restaged, and refurbished numerous classical ballets and, according to the company, Baryshnikov was replaced by Jane Hermann and Oliver Smith in 1989, and the pair remained as Artistic Directors until in 1992 Kevin McKenzie was appointed. McKenzie satisfied the demands of the traditional ballet audience by prioritizing full-length narrative ballets as well as succeeding in keeping the company afloat during financially unstable times and they are, Apprentice, Corps de Ballet, Soloist and Principal. The American Ballet Theatres current Corps de Ballet includes, The American Ballet Theatres current apprentices includes
19.
Aaron Copland
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Aaron Copland was an American composer, composition teacher, writer, and later a conductor of his own and other American music. Copland was referred to by his peers and critics as the Dean of American Composers, the open, slowly changing harmonies in much of his music are typical of what many people consider to be the sound of American music, evoking the vast American landscape and pioneer spirit. He is best known for the works he wrote in the 1930s and 1940s in an accessible style often referred to as populist. Works in this include the ballets Appalachian Spring, Billy the Kid and Rodeo, his Fanfare for the Common Man. In addition to his ballets and orchestral works, he produced music in other genres including chamber music, vocal works, opera. After some initial studies with composer Rubin Goldmark, Copland traveled to Paris and he studied three years with Boulanger, whose eclectic approach to music inspired his own broad taste. Determined upon his return to the U. S. to make his way as a composer, Copland gave lecture-recitals, wrote works on commission. He found composing orchestral music in the modernist style he had adapted abroad a financially contradictory approach and he shifted in the mid-1930s to a more accessible musical style which mirrored the German idea of Gebrauchsmusik, music that could serve utilitarian and artistic purposes. During the Depression years, he traveled extensively to Europe, Africa, during the late 1940s, Copland became aware that Stravinsky and other fellow composers had begun to study Arnold Schoenbergs use of twelve-tone techniques. After he had exposed to the works of French composer Pierre Boulez, he incorporated serial techniques into his Piano Quartet, Piano Fantasy, Connotations for orchestra. From the 1960s onward, Coplands activities turned more from composing to conducting and he became a frequent guest conductor of orchestras in the U. S. and the UK and made a series of recordings of his music, primarily for Columbia Records. Aaron Copland was born in Brooklyn, New York, on November 14,1900 and he was the youngest of five children in a Conservative Jewish family of Lithuanian origins. While emigrating from Russia to the United States, Coplands father, Harris Morris Copland, Copland was however unaware until late in his life that the family name had been Kaplan, and his parents never told him this. His father was a staunch Democrat, the family members were active in Congregation Baith Israel Anshei Emes, where Aaron celebrated his Bar Mitzvah. Not especially athletic, the young man became an avid reader. Coplands father had no musical interest and his mother, Sarah Mittenthal Copland, sang, played the piano, and arranged for music lessons for her children. Of his siblings, oldest brother Ralph was the most advanced musically and his sister Laurine had the strongest connection with Aaron, she gave him his first piano lessons, promoted his musical education, and supported him in his musical career. A student at the Metropolitan Opera School and a frequent opera-goer, Copland attended Boys High School and in the summer went to various camps
20.
Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo
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Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo was a ballet company created by members of the Ballets Russes in 1937 after Léonide Massine and René Blum had a falling-out with the co-founder Wassily de Basil. De Basil then renamed his rival company The Original Ballet Russe, the Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo toured chiefly in the United States after World War II began. The company introduced audiences to ballet in cities and towns across the country, the companys principal dancers performed with other companies, and founded dance schools and companies of their own across the United States and Europe. They taught the Russian ballet traditions to generations of Americans and Europeans, Blum and de Basil fell out in 1934, and their Ballet Russes partnership dissolved. At the start of Blum and Massines company, Massine ran into trouble with Col. de Basil, Massine sued Col. de Basil in London to regain the intellectual property rights to his own works. He also sued to claim the Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo name, the jury decided that Col. de Basil owned Massines ballets created between 1932 and 1937, but not those created before 1932. It also ruled that both companies could use the name Ballet Russe — but only Massine & Blums company could be called Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo. Col. de Basil finally settled on the Original Ballet Russe, the new Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo gave its first performance in 1938. British dancers Frederic Franklin and Jo Savino were also among those who joined the new company, Franklin danced with the company from 1938–1952, assuming the role of ballet master in 1944. With the company, Franklin and Alexandra Danilova created one of the legendary ballet partnerships of the twentieth century, sol Hurok, manager of de Basils company since 1934, ended up managing Blums company as well. He hoped to reunite the two companies, but he was unsuccessful. The Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo and the Original Ballet Russe often performed near each other, in 1938, both the Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo and the Original Ballet Russe performed in London within blocks of each other. Hurok continued to have the companies perform near each other, after London, Hurok booked both of the companies to perform seasons in New York, for a total of fifteen weeks, making it the longest ballet season of New York. Along with management, the two also shared dancers. He was held in the Beaune-la-Rolande camp, then in the Drancy deportation camp, on September 23,1942, he was shipped to the Auschwitz concentration camp, where he was later killed by the Nazis. With Blum gone, Serge Denham, one of the co-founders of World Art, Massine left the company in 1943. Based in New York from 1944–1948, the regular home was New York City Center. In 1968, the company went bankrupt, before then, many of its dancers had moved on to other careers, a number started their own studios and many taught ballet in larger studios, especially in New York and other major cities
21.
Rodeo
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Rodeo is a competitive sport that arose out of the working practices of cattle herding in Spain, Mexico, and later Central America, the United States, Canada, South America, Australia and New Zealand. It was based on the skills required of the vaqueros and later, cowboys, in what today is the western United States, western Canada. Today it is an event that involves horses and other livestock, designed to test the skill and speed of the cowboys. American style professional rodeos generally comprise the events, tie-down roping, team roping, steer wrestling, saddle bronc riding, bareback bronc riding, bull riding. The events are divided into two categories, the rough stock events and the timed events. Depending on sanctioning organization and region, other such as breakaway roping, goat tying. American rodeo, particularly popular today within the Canadian province of Alberta and throughout the western United States, is the state sport of Wyoming, South Dakota. The iconic silhouette image of a Bucking Horse and Rider is a federal, the Legislative Assembly of Alberta has considered making American rodeo the official sport of that province. However, enabling legislation has yet to be passed, associations also exist for Native Americans and other minority groups. Rodeo has provoked opposition from animal rights and animal welfare advocates, the American rodeo industry has made progress in improving the welfare of rodeo animals, with specific requirements for veterinary care and other regulations that protect rodeo animals. However, rodeo is opposed by a number of animal welfare organizations in the United States, some local and state governments in North America have banned or restricted rodeos, certain rodeo events, or types of equipment. Internationally, rodeo is banned in the United Kingdom and the Netherlands, the American English word rodeo is taken directly from Spanish rodeo, which roughly translates into English as round up. The yearly rodeos for separating the cattle were overseen by the Juez del Campo, the term was also used to refer to exhibitions of skills used in the working rodeo. This evolved from these yearly gatherings where festivities were held and horsemen could demonstrate their equestrian skills and it was this latter usage which was adopted into the cowboy tradition of the United States and Canada. The term rodeo was first used in English in approximately 1834 to refer to a cattle round-up, today the word is used primarily to refer to a public exhibition of cowboy skills, usually in the form of a competitive event. Many rodeo events were based on the tasks required by cattle ranching, the working cowboy developed skills to fit the needs of the terrain and climate of the American west, and there were many regional variations. The skills required to manage cattle and horses back to the Spanish traditions of the vaquero. Early rodeo-like affairs of the 1820s and 1830s were informal events in the western United States and northern Mexico with cowboys, following the American Civil War, rodeo competitions emerged, with the first held in Cheyenne, Wyoming in 1872
22.
Giovanni Boccaccio
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Giovanni Boccaccio was an Italian writer, poet, correspondent of Petrarch, and an important Renaissance humanist. Boccaccio wrote a number of works, including The Decameron. The details of Boccaccios birth are uncertain and he was born in Florence or in a village near Certaldo where his family was from. He was the son of Florentine merchant Boccaccino di Chellino and an unknown woman, Boccaccios stepmother was called Margherita de Mardoli. His father worked for the Compagnia dei Bardi and, in the 1320s, married Margherita dei Mardoli, Boccaccio may have been tutored by Giovanni Mazzuoli and received from him an early introduction to the works of Dante. In 1326, his father was appointed head of a bank, Boccaccio was an apprentice at the bank but disliked the banking profession. He persuaded his father to let him study law at the Studium and he also pursued his interest in scientific and literary studies. His father introduced him to the Neapolitan nobility and the French-influenced court of Robert the Wise in the 1330s, at this time, he fell in love with a married daughter of the king, who is portrayed as Fiammetta in many of Boccaccios prose romances, including Il Filocolo. Acciaioli later became counselor to Queen Joanna I of Naples and, eventually and it seems that Boccaccio enjoyed law no more than banking, but his studies allowed him the opportunity to study widely and make good contacts with fellow scholars. His early influences included Paolo da Perugia, humanists Barbato da Sulmona and Giovanni Barrili, in Naples, Boccaccio began what he considered his true vocation of poetry. Works produced in this period include Il Filostrato and Teseida, The Filocolo, the period featured considerable formal innovation, including possibly the introduction of the Sicilian octave, where it influenced Petrarch. Boccaccio returned to Florence in early 1341, avoiding the plague of 1340 in that city and he had left Naples due to tensions between the Angevin king and Florence. His father had returned to Florence in 1338, where he had gone bankrupt, the pastoral piece Ninfale fiesolano probably dates from this time, also. In 1343, Boccaccios father remarried to Bice del Bostichi and his children by his first marriage had all died, but he had another son named Iacopo in 1344. In Florence, the overthrow of Walter of Brienne brought about the government of popolo minuto and it diminished the influence of the nobility and the wealthier merchant classes and assisted in the relative decline of Florence. The city was further in 1348 by the Black Death. From 1347, Boccaccio spent much time in Ravenna, seeking new patronage and, despite his claims and his stepmother died during the epidemic and his father was closely associated with the government efforts as Minister of Supply in the city. His father died in 1349 and Boccaccio was forced into an active role as head of the family
23.
Lizzie Borden
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Lizzie Andrew Borden was an American woman who gained infamy in being tried and acquitted for the 1892 axe murders of her father and stepmother in Fall River, Massachusetts. The case was a cause célèbre throughout the United States, the Commonwealth of Massachusetts elected to charge no one else with the murder of Andrew and Abby Borden, speculation about the crimes still continues more than 100 years later. Borden was born in Fall River, Massachusetts and her father, Andrew Jackson Borden, grew up in very modest surroundings and struggled financially as a young man, despite being the descendant of wealthy, influential local residents. He eventually prospered through the manufacture and sales of furniture and caskets and he directed several textile mills including the Globe Yarn Mill Company, Troy Cotton, and Woolen Manufacturing Company. He also owned considerable property and was both president of the Union Savings Bank and a director of the Durfee Safe Deposit and Trust Co. At the time of his death, his estate was valued at $300,000, despite his wealth, Andrew was known for his frugality. For instance, the Borden home lacked indoor plumbing on its ground and second floors and was located near Andrews businesses, Lizzie and her older sister, Emma Lenora Borden, had a relatively religious upbringing and attended Central Congregational Church. As a young woman, Lizzie was very involved in related to her church. She was also a member of the Ladies Fruit and Flower Mission, three years after the death of Sarah Anthony Borden, Andrews first wife and mother to Lizzie and Emma, Andrew married Abby Durfee Gray. Lizzie stated, during questioning and during the inquest, that she called her stepmother Mrs. Borden. Lizzie believed that Abby was after her fathers money, during the inquest, the Bordens live-in maid Bridget Sullivan testified that Lizzie and Emma rarely ate meals with their parents. In May 1892, Andrew, believing that pigeons in the barn were attracting local children to hunt them, Lizzie had recently built a roost for the pigeons and was upset at their deaths. A family argument in July 1892 prompted both sisters to take extended vacations in New Bedford, returning to Fall River the week before the murders, Lizzie chose to stay in a Fall River rooming house for four days before returning to the family residence. Tension had been growing in the family in the months before the murders, the night before the murders, John Vinnicum Morse, the brother of Lizzie and Emmas deceased mother, visited and was invited to stay for a few days to discuss business matters with Andrew. Some writers have speculated that their conversation, particularly about property transfer, for several days before the murders, the entire household had been violently ill. A family friend later speculated that mutton left on the stove for use in meals over several days was the cause, of note, the Bordens did have an icebox and some historians believe that the hot weather at the time makes it unlikely it was not used. Abby and Andrew Borden were murdered at their home on the morning of Thursday, August 4,1892, Abby between 9,00 a. m. and 10,30 a. m. and Andrew between 10,30 a. m. and 11,10 a. m. Although cleaning the guest rooms was one of Lizzie and Emmas regular chores, John Morse had slept in the room the previous night, according to the forensic investigation, Abby was facing her killer at the time of the attack
24.
Oklahoma!
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Is the first musical written by the team of composer Richard Rodgers and librettist Oscar Hammerstein II. The musical is based on Lynn Riggs 1931 play, Green Grow the Lilacs, set in Oklahoma Territory outside the town of Claremore in 1906, it tells the story of cowboy Curly McLain and his romance with farm girl Laurey Williams. A secondary romance concerns cowboy Will Parker and his flirtatious fiancée, the original Broadway production opened on March 31,1943. It has long been a choice for school and community productions. Rodgers and Hammerstein won a special Pulitzer Prize for Oklahoma, features musical themes, or motifs, that recur throughout the work to connect the music and story. A fifteen-minute dream ballet reflects Laureys struggle with her feelings about two men, Curly and Jud, by the early 1940s, Rodgers and Hammerstein were each well known for creating Broadway hits with other collaborators. Rodgers, with Lorenz Hart, had produced two dozen musicals since the 1920s, including such popular successes as Babes in Arms, The Boys from Syracuse. Among other successes, Hammerstein had written the words for Rose-Marie, The Desert Song, The New Moon and Show Boat. By the early 1940s, Hart had sunk into alcoholism and emotional turmoil, in 1931, the Theatre Guild produced Lynn Riggss Green Grow the Lilacs, a play about settlers in Oklahomas Indian Territory. She contacted Richard Rodgers and Lorenz Hart, whose first successful collaboration, Rodgers wanted to work on the project and obtained the rights for himself and Hart. Rodgers had asked Oscar Hammerstein II to collaborate with him and Hart, during the tryouts of Rodgers and Harts By Jupiter in 1941, Hammerstein had assured Rodgers that if Hart was ever unable to work, he would be willing to take his place. Coincidentally in 1942, Hammerstein had thought of musicalizing Green Grow the Lilacs, but when he had approached Jerome Kern about it, Hammerstein learned that Rodgers was seeking someone to write the book, and he eagerly took the opportunity. Moreover, spiraling downward, consumed by his alcoholism, Hart no longer felt like writing. He embarked on a vacation to Mexico, advising Rodgers that Hammerstein would be a choice of a new collaborator. In Rodgerss previous collaborations with Hart, Rodgers had always written the music first, Hammersteins previous collaborators included composers Rudolf Friml, Herbert Stothart, Vincent Youmans, and Kern, who all wrote music first, for which Hammerstein then wrote lyrics. Between the world wars, roles in musicals were usually filled by actors who could sing, as a result, there were no stars in the production, another unusual step. The first title given to the work was Away We Go. which opened for out-of-town-tryouts in New Havens Shubert Theatre on March 11,1943, expectations for the show were low, Hammerstein had written six flops in a row, and the show had no star power. Producer Mike Todd walked out after the first act during the tryout and wisecracked, “No legs, no jokes, no chance. ”But Rodgers, the New Haven and Boston audiences were enthusiastic, although the reviews were only fair
25.
Marc Platt (dancer)
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Marcel Emile Gaston LePlat, known professionally as Marc Platt, was an American ballet dancer, musical theatre performer, and actor. He was best known for his portrayal of Daniel Pontipee, one of the seven brothers in the film Seven Brides for Seven Brothers. Born Marcel LePlat to a French immigrant father in Pasadena, California, he was one of the members of the Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo. While with the company, Platt choreographed Ghost Town, set to music by Richard Rodgers, Platt danced the role of Chalmers/Dream Curly in the original 1943 Broadway production of Oklahoma. Platt appeared in the 1955 film version of Oklahoma, in a dancing/speaking role as one of Curlys cowboy friends. He is the friend who buys Curlys saddle for $10 at the auction - and who also comments that. After he stopped dancing, Platt ran the Radio City Music Hall Ballet for several years, in 2000, Platt was presented with the Nijinsky Award at the Ballets Russes Reunion. He appeared in the 2005 documentary Ballets Russes, Platt was married twice and has three children. Ted Leplat, from his first marriage, is an actor, in 1951, Platt married dancer Jean Goodall who died in 1994, the couple had two children, Michael and Donna. Platt died of pneumonia at a hospice in San Rafael, California on March 29,2014, the Gay Parisian Youre in the Army Now Who Calls Tonight and Every Night Tars and Spars Down to Earth When a Girls Beautiful The Swordsman Addio Mimi. Seven Brides for Seven Brothers Oklahoma and these Wilder Years Ballets Russes Broadway, Beyond the Golden Age Jubilee Broadway Sho-Window Yokel Boy The Lady Comes Across Beat the Band Oklahoma. Kiss Me, Kate Maggie Anawalt, Sasha, the Joffrey Ballet, Robert Joffrey and the Making of an American Ballet Company. Chicago, University of Chicago Press,1996, a Celebration of Americas Most Beloved Musical
26.
Bloomer Girl
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Bloomer Girl is a 1944 Broadway musical with music by Harold Arlen, lyrics by E. Y. Harburg, and a book by Sig Herzig and Fred Saidy, based on a play by Lilith. The American Civil War is looming, and abolitionist Evelina refuses to marry suitor Jeff Calhoun until he frees his slave, a television version of the musical was shown in 1956. The original Broadway production opened at the Shubert Theatre on October 5,1944, directed by William Schorr, Agnes de Mille was the choreographer, and her contributions included a Civil War ballet. The production starred Celeste Holm as Evelina, David Brooks as Jeff Calhoun, Dooley Wilson as the slave Pompey, while successful -- it closed on April 27,1946 after 657 performances on Broadway -- it has seldom been revived. Alisa Roost directed an Off-Broadway revival, which recreated Agnes deMilles original dream ballet, at the Theatre at St. Clements in 2000, staged concert series performed it for a week in 2001. An original cast album was released on American Decca 78 RPM set DA381 during the original Broadway run of Bloomer Girl, the recording was re-released on LP in the 1950s. It then remained out of print until the recording became available on CD in the early 1990s. No Intermissions, The Life of Agnes de Mille, showtime, A History of the Broadway Musical Theater. Opening Night on Broadway, A Critical Quotebook of the Golden Era of the Musical Theatre, Bloomer Girl at the Internet Broadway Database 1947 revival at the Internet Broadway Database Bloomer Girl Guide to Musical Theatre
27.
Carousel (musical)
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Carousel is the second musical by the team of Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein II. The 1945 work was adapted from Ferenc Molnárs 1909 play Liliom, the story revolves around carousel barker Billy Bigelow, whose romance with millworker Julie Jordan comes at the price of both their jobs. He attempts a robbery to provide for Julie and their child, after it goes wrong. A secondary plot line deals with millworker Carrie Pipperidge and her romance with ambitious fisherman Enoch Snow, the show includes the well-known songs If I Loved You, June Is Bustin Out All Over and Youll Never Walk Alone. Richard Rodgers later wrote that Carousel was his favorite of all his musicals, following the spectacular success of the first Rodgers and Hammerstein musical, Oklahoma. The pair sought to collaborate on another piece, knowing that any resulting work would be compared with Oklahoma, after acquiring the rights, the team created a work with lengthy sequences of music and made the ending more hopeful. The musical required considerable modification during out-of-town tryouts, but once it opened on Broadway on April 19,1945, Carousel initially ran for 890 performances and duplicated its success in the West End in 1950. Though it has never achieved as much success as Oklahoma. The piece has been revived, and has been recorded several times. A production by Nicholas Hytner enjoyed success in 1992 in London, in 1994 in New York, in 1999, Time magazine named Carousel the best musical of the 20th century. Ferenc Molnárs Hungarian-language drama, Liliom, premiered in Budapest in 1909, the audience was puzzled by the work, and it lasted only thirty-odd performances before being withdrawn, the first shadow on Molnárs successful career as a playwright. Liliom was not presented again until after World War I, when it reappeared on the Budapest stage, it was a tremendous hit. Except for the ending, the plots of Liliom and Carousel are very similar, andreas Zavocky, a carnival barker, falls in love with Julie Zeller, a servant girl, and they begin living together. With both discharged from their jobs, Liliom is discontented and contemplates leaving Julie, but decides not to do so on learning that she is pregnant. A subplot involves Julies friend Marie, who has fallen in love with Wolf Biefeld and he dies, and his spirit is taken to heavens police court. As Ficsur suggested while the two waited to commit the crime, would-be robbers like them do not come before God Himself. Liliom is told by the magistrate that he may go back to Earth for one day to attempt to redeem the wrongs he has done to his family, on his return to Earth, Liliom encounters his daughter, Louise, who like her mother is now a factory worker. Saying that he knew her father, he tries to give her a star he stole from the heavens, when Louise refuses to take it, he strikes her
28.
Allegro (musical)
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Allegro is a musical by Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein II, their third collaboration for the stage. After the immense successes of the first two Rodgers and Hammerstein musicals, Oklahoma, and Carousel, the pair sought a subject for their next play. Hammerstein had long contemplated a work which would deal with the problems of the ordinary man in the fast-moving modern world. He and Rodgers sought to create a work which would be as innovative as their first two-stage musicals, to that end, they created a play with a large cast, including a Greek chorus. The production would have no sets, props and projections served to suggest locations, after a disastrous tryout in New Haven, Connecticut, the musical opened on Broadway to a large advance sale of tickets, and very mixed reviews. Agnes de Mille, the choreographer of Rodgers and Hammersteins previous Broadway productions, the show was viewed as too moralistic, and the Broadway run ended after nine months, it was followed by a short national tour. It had no West End production and has rarely been revived, there are two recordings of Allegro, the original cast album and a studio recording released in 2009. Oscar Hammerstein II had always wanted to write a serious drama, by early 1946, three years after his partnership with Richard Rodgers commenced, the duo had two hits on Broadway, and success as producers of musicals others had written. In March, Hammerstein approached Rodgers with the idea for a play with two men as the characters, rather than the usual boy and girl format. Over the following weeks, the two discussed it, and the concept evolved into a musical about one man, a son, which appealed to Rodgers. By September, the theme for the story had been established. Hammerstein had thought of writing a play about a man, from birth to death, however, having just killed his leading male character, Billy Bigelow, onstage in Carousel, he was reluctant to kill off another. In the end, he took his protagonist from birth to age 35 and he envisioned a simply staged work like Our Town which after its initial run would lend itself to college productions. Allegro was conceived as taking place in a space, using props. In addition to the usual singing chorus, there would be a chorus, in the manner of a Greek chorus, which would comment on the action. As background research about the profession, Hammerstein interviewed his own doctor. He wrote a few pages of the book before embarking with his wife for Australia to visit his mother-in-law, on receiving the packet, Rodgers, who generally did not compose until Hammerstein supplied him with a lyric, immediately sat down and composed three songs. Hammerstein put a deal of his own experiences into the play
29.
Brigadoon
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Brigadoon is a musical with a book and lyrics by Alan Jay Lerner, and music by Frederick Loewe. Songs from the musical, such as Almost Like Being in Love, have become standards, the story involves two American tourists who stumble upon Brigadoon, a mysterious Scottish village that appears for only one day every 100 years. Tommy, one of the tourists, falls in love with Fiona, the original production opened on Broadway in 1947 and ran for 581 performances. It starred David Brooks, Marion Bell, Pamela Britton, in 1949, Brigadoon opened at the West End theatre and ran for 685 performances, and many revivals followed. A1954 film version starred Gene Kelly and Cyd Charisse, inspired by Rodgers and Hammersteins successful collaborations Oklahoma. And Carousel, they created Brigadoon, about a village in the Scottish highlands. And Carousel, Brigadoon included a love story as the main plot. Thematically, the musical depicted the contrast between empty city life and the warmth and simplicity of the country, focusing on a theme of love transcending time, Agnes de Mille, who had previously choreographed Oklahoma. And Carousel, was hired as choreographer, and her work for Brigadoon incorporated elements of traditional Scottish folk dance, a sword dance, a chase scene. Though Lerner and Loewe originally took Brigadoon to producer Billy Rose, Lerner explained the change in producer by saying, The contract which wished us to sign negated Abraham Lincolns Emancipation Proclamation that freed the slaves. Under Loewes guidance, Ted Royal received a sole orchestrator credit for his work on the original production and his atmospheric arrangements have been frequently used for the revivals. Lerner said that in his subsequent research, he found many other legends of disappearing towns in various countries folklore, lerners name for his imaginary locale was probably based on a well-known Scottish landmark, the Brig o Doon. Other sources suggest that the villages name was constructed from the Celtic word briga, which means town and the Scottish Gaelic dùn. The name may refer to the Celtic goddess Brigid. However, the simplest explanation remains the most likely, act I New Yorkers Tommy Albright and Jeff Douglas have traveled to the Scottish Highlands on a game-hunting vacation, but they get lost on their first night out. They begin to hear music coming from a village that does not appear on their map of the area. They head over there to get back to their inn and find a fair in progress. Andrew MacLaren and his daughters arrive at the fair to purchase supplies for younger daughter Jeans wedding to Charlie Dalrymple, Harry Beaton is madly in love with Jean and is depressed at the thought of her marrying another, unable to find comfort in Maggie Andersons devotion to him
30.
Gentlemen Prefer Blondes (musical)
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Gentlemen Prefer Blondes is a musical with a book by Joseph Fields and Anita Loos, lyrics by Leo Robin, and music by Jule Styne, based on the best-selling novel of the same name by Loos. The story involves an American womans voyage to Paris to perform in a nightclub, the musical opened on Broadway in 1949, a London production was mounted in 1962, and there was a Broadway revival in 1995. An adaptation called Lorelei played on Broadway in 1974 and it was made into a film of the same name in 1953, starring Jane Russell and Marilyn Monroe. The popular songs Bye Bye Baby and Diamonds Are a Girls Best Friend were introduced in this musical. Act I In the 1920s, Lorelei Lee, a blonde from Little Rock, Arkansas, Lorelei and her boyfriend, Gus Esmond, are parting for a while, Gus is going to Little Rock, and Dorothy is Loreleis chaperone. On the ship, Lorelei has many admirers, including the rich Philadelphian Henry Spofford III, Lorelei is worried that Gus will find out about an old secret of hers and break off their engagement, and she is afraid to open a wire that she receives from him. Meanwhile, Dorothy flirts with a group of olympic sportsmen, Lorelei disapproves of this as the olympians are poor, she is sure that Gus has broken up with her and tells Dorothy that they need to find some rich men. Lorelei chooses the zipper king, Josephus Gage, for Dorothy she chooses Henry Spofford. Lady Beekman is trying to sell her tiara to an American, Lorelei wishes to buy it, but does not have the money, so she decides to persuade Sir Francis to lend her the money. On arrival in Paris, Dorothy and Henry are becoming attracted to each other, two French detectives, Robert and Louie Lemanteur, are looking for Lorelei, trying to recover Lady Beekman’s tiara. They dont speak much English, but they fall for the charms of the girls, Josephus Gage arrives with Lorelei, wearing the first French dress to use a zipper. It is suggested that everyone have cocktails, to Mrs Spofford’s delight, Henry, left alone with Dorothy, proposes marriage, but she says that she is not good enough for him. Gus arrives suddenly and discovers that Lorelei is dating Josephus and his father has always disapproved of Lorelei. Gus retaliates by dating Gloria Stark, a dancer, promising to make her a star, act II Everyone is at a Paris club. Lady Beekman and the two detectives are still trying to recover her tiara, Sir Francis is there with two ladies. Lorelei and Dorothy are there with Josephus and Henry, Gus arrives and nearly comes to blows with Josephus. The floor show includes performances by Gloria and Coquette, Gus tells Lorelei that he loves her so much that he would leave his fathers business for her sake. She admits that she shot a man in Little Rock, but it was in self-defense, so she was acquitted, the Americans miss the United States and go home
31.
Paint Your Wagon (musical)
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Paint Your Wagon is a Broadway musical comedy, with book and lyrics by Alan J. Lerner and music by Frederick Loewe. The story centers on a miner and his daughter and follows the lives and loves of the people in a camp in Gold Rush-era California. Popular songs from the show included Wandrin Star, I Talk to the Trees, the musical ran on Broadway in 1951 and in the West End in 1953. In 1969 the film also titled Paint Your Wagon was released. It had a revised plot and some new songs composed by Lerner. Act I In the California Wilderness in May 1853, a crusty old miner, meanwhile, his 16-year-old daughter Jennifer discovers gold dust. Ben claims the land, and prospectors start flocking to the new town of Rumson. Two months later Rumson has a population of 400, all of whom are men except for Jennifer, prospector Jake Whippany is waiting to save enough money to send for Cherry and her Fandango girls, while Jennifer senses the tension building in town. Julio Valveras, a young miner forced to live and work outside of town because he is Mexican, comes to town with dirty laundry and runs into Jennifer. They also talk to each other, Steve Bulmarck and the other men ponder the lonely nomadic life they lead in the song They Call the Wind Maria. Two months later the men want Ben to send Jennifer away, Jennifer is in love with Julio, and when Ben sees Jennifer dancing with Julios clothes, he decides to send her East on the next stage. Jacob Woodling, a Mormon man with two wives, Sarah and Elizabeth, arrives in Rumson where the men demand Jacob sell one of his wives, to his surprise, Ben finds himself wooing Elizabeth and wins her for $800. Jennifer is disgusted by her fathers actions and runs away, telling Julio that she will be reunited with him in a years time, Cherry and her Fandango girls arrive. Julio learns his claim is running dry which means he has to move on to make a living, act II A year later in October, the miners celebrate the high times in Rumson now that the Fandango girls are around. Edgar Crocker, a miner who has saved his money, falls for Elizabeth and she responds, another miner, Mike Mooney, tells Julio about a lake that has gold dust on the bottom and he considers looking for it. Jennifer returns in December, having learned civilized ways back East, Ben tells his daughter that he will soon be moving on since he was not meant to stay in one place for long. The next day as Cherry and the girls are packing to leave they tell her about Julio leaving to find the lake with a bottom of gold, Raymond Janney offers to buy Elizabeth from Ben for $3,000, but she runs off with Edgar Crocker. Late in April, Julio appears, a broken man, the now dying Ben welcomes him and Julio is amazed to see Jennifer is there
32.
Goldilocks (musical)
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Goldilocks is a musical with a book by Jean and Walter Kerr, music by Leroy Anderson, and lyrics by the Kerrs and Joan Ford. The two battle and slapstick situations ensue as the movie evolves into an epic about Ancient Egypt, the cast included Elaine Stritch, Don Ameche, Russell Nype, Margaret Hamilton, Pat Stanley, and Patricia Birch. Presented the musical in concert in June 2000 in New York City, 42nd Street Moon, San Francisco, California presented the show in staged concert in 2001. An original cast recording, orchestrated by composer Anderson and Philip J. Lang, was released by Columbia Records. Jean Kerr later recounted the trials and tribulations of creating a new musical in her books Please Dont Eat The Daisies, The Snake Has All the Lines, and Penny Candy. com
33.
110 in the Shade
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110 in the Shade is a musical with a book by N. Richard Nash, lyrics by Tom Jones, and music by Harvey Schmidt. Nashs book is faithful to his play, although all the interior scenes were moved outdoors to allow for the addition of townspeople for ensemble numbers. Many of Jones lyrics come directly from Nashs play, following the success of The Fantasticks, the project was the composing teams first for Broadway. After two previews, the production, directed by Joseph Anthony and choreographed by Agnes de Mille, opened on October 24,1963, at the Broadhurst Theatre, where it ran for 330 performances. The cast included Robert Horton as Starbuck, Inga Swenson as Lizzie, and Stephen Douglass as File, with Will Geer, Lesley Ann Warren, the sets were by Oliver Smith and costumes by Motley. The show received four Tony Award nominations but won none, RCA Victor released an original Broadway cast recording of this production on November 3,1963, one recording in stereo, one in mono. Both recordings were identical, each having 16 tracks, RCA Victor also released the recording on Compact Disc on June 12,1990, with one track--Overture not heard on the previous LP recordings. A1992 New York City Opera production, directed by Scott Ellis and choreographed by Susan Stroman, the score was heard to particular advantage here, as the opera company orchestra was appreciably larger than the conventional Broadway pit orchestra. A 2-CD studio recording released by Jay Records on October 21,1997, features Ziemba, Walter Charles, Ron Raines, Kristin Chenoweth, the recording was based on the 1992 New York City Opera production, and includes five bonus tracks from the New York City Opera production. In 1999, a version was staged at the Fortune Theatre in London by Ian Marshall Fisher for the Discovering Lost Musicals Charitable Trust. For this production only a piano accompaniment was used, and the cast was unmiked. The Roundabout Theater Company presented a new production of the show, which opened on May 9,2007, at Studio 54, the production team was headed by director Lonny Price and designer Santo Loquasto. The cast featured Audra McDonald as Lizzie, Steve Kazee as Bill Starbuck, McDonald won the Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Actress in a Musical and was nominated for a Tony Award for her performance. The revival also garnered four additional Tony nominations, but failed to win any, in June 2010, McDonald reprised her Tony-nominated role in a two-week fundraising production of the show for the Hale Center Theater in Orem, Utah. A recording of this production was released on June 12,2007 and it drops the Overture but adds two tracks of dialogue. Elsewhere in town, on the ranch of widower H. C, Curry, the air is also charged with anticipation, due to the imminent arrival of H. C. s daughter, whos been off visiting friends of the family in. The trip was designed to find Lizzie a husband, but to no avail, as at home, her intelligence, sharp wit, and insecurities proved her undoing. H. C. and his sons, Jim and Noah, hatch a plan to invite Sheriff File to the picnic lunch
34.
Oklahoma! (1955 film)
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Is a 1955 musical film based on the 1943 stage musical Oklahoma. The production was the musical directed by Fred Zinnemann. Was the first feature photographed in the Todd-AO70 mm widescreen process. The film received a review from The New York Times. Was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being culturally, historically, Curly rides his horse through the cornfield. He arrives at Aunt Ellers farm, Laurey Williams, is Aunt Ellers niece, with whom Curly is in love. Laurey clearly feels the way, but is loath to admit it. Curly has come to ask her to a party that night, to make him jealous, she agrees to go with Jud, Aunt Ellers surly hired hand, though she is afraid of him. Aunt Eller meets roving cowboy Will Parker at the station, who has just returned from Kansas City, meanwhile, Laurey meets up with Ado Annie, who is with another man, a traveling salesman named Ali Hakim. Laurey reminds her that Will Parker is returning from Kansas, Ado Annie is in a dilemma, unable to decide between Will and Ali. She explains to Laurey that she can never resist a romantic man, will is reunited with Ado Annie, and meets Ali Hakim, unaware that he has been spending time with Ado Annie. He reminds Ado Annie that her father has agreed to let him marry her in exchange for $50 and he has managed to earn $50 – but has spent it all on presents for Ado Annie. She initially tries to resist, but Will wins her over, several local families arrive at Aunt Ellers ranch to prepare for the party that night. When Gertie flirts with Curly, he is uninterested, but uses the flirtation to make Laurey jealous, Laurey is hurt, but, as she and the other girls freshen up for the party, she tries to convince them, and herself, that she doesnt care. Ado Annies father learns that Will has spent all his money, in the orchard, Laurey tells Curly to keep his distance, but Curly is quick to point out that she is as much to blame for the rumours as he is. Curly asks Laurey if she will go to the party with him instead, in anger, Curly goes to confront Jud about his feelings for Laurey. At first, things seem harmless enough, Curly teases Jud about his reputation, and Jud joins in. But Jud deduces why Curly has come to see him, as the party draws near, Laurey is miserable
35.
Brigadoon (film)
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Brigadoon is a 1954 MGM musical feature film made in CinemaScope and Ansco Color based on the Broadway musical of the same name by Alan Jay Lerner and Frederick Loewe. The film was directed by Vincente Minnelli and stars Gene Kelly, Van Johnson, Brigadoon has been broadcast on American television and is available in VHS and DVD formats. The 1954 film is not to be confused with the 1966 television film of the same title, the 1966 film was directed by Fielder Cook and stars Robert Goulet, Peter Falk, and Sally Ann Howes. It won five Primetime Emmy Awards, americans Tommy Albright and Jeff Douglas are on a hunting trip in Scotland and become lost in the woodlands. They happen upon Brigadoon, a miraculously blessed village that rises out of the mists every hundred years for only a day, Tommy falls in love with village lass Fiona Campbell, whose younger sister Jean, is about to be married to Charlie Dalrymple. That evening, Mr. Lundie officiates at the wedding of Jean and Charlie, interrupting the wedding, the jealous Harry Beaton announces he is leaving Brigadoon to make everything disappear, since the girl he loves, Jean, is marrying another man. Harrys words cause mass chaos among the townspeople and they all rush to stop him, Harry almost crosses the bridge but is stopped short by Tommy, who is knocked unconscious. With men closing in on him, Harry climbs up a tree to hide but is shot accidentally by Jeff. Harry falls dead to the ground and is found by the men. Fiona frantically searches to find Tommy, confessing their love for each other, they decide to marry, allowing Tommy to stay in Brigadoon for good. But while Fiona goes off to find Mr. Lundie, Tommy tells Jeff about his plan, Jeff, drunk and remorseful of accidentally killing Harry, tells Tommy he cant just leave everything in the real world behind for this girl hes only known a day. Fiona returns with Mr. Lundie, but Tommy confesses that he cannot stay, Fiona says she understands but is heartbroken and they say good-bye before Brigadoon completely disappears. Tommy and Jeff cross the bridge and walk away, back in New York City, Tommy can think only of Fiona. Unable even to talk with his fiancee, Tommy ends his relationship with her and calls Jeff and he and Jeff return to the same spot where they were lost, though Jeff reminds him again the village will not be there. But suddenly Tommy sees lights start to appear through the mist, Brigadoon reappears and Tommy gets to the foot of the bridge to see Mr. Lundie half-awake on the other side saying, Tommy, lad, you. My, my, you must really love her, Tommy seems stunned that Brigadoon has been brought back, but Mr. Lundie reminds him, I told ye, if you love someone deeply enough, anything is possible. Tommy then runs across the bridge and reunites with Fiona as the village fades back into the mist, according to the press, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer paid a fortune for the rights, and Gene Kelly and Kathryn Grayson were named in the leads a month later. By the time they were cast, a script was not written yet, furthermore, Alec Guinness was also set for a role and David Wayne, Moira Shearer and Donald OConnor were under consideration for one
36.
Carousel (film)
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Carousel is a 1956 film adaptation of the 1945 Rodgers and Hammerstein stage musical of the same name which, in turn, was based on Ferenc Molnárs non-musical play Liliom. The 1956 Carousel film stars Gordon MacRae and Shirley Jones, and was directed by Henry King. Billy and Julie marry and go to live at the spa of her cousin Nettie, but Billy becomes bitter because he is unable to find work. Mrs. Mullin, the carousel owner who is infatuated with him, hears of this and goes to Netties to offer Billy his old job back. Billy seems to be considering the idea when Julie asks to talk privately, Julie, fearing he will be enraged, timidly tells him she is pregnant. But Billy is overjoyed and now firmly refuses Mrs. Mullins offer, during a clambake, held on a nearby island, Billy and Jigger sneak to the mainland to commit the robbery, but Bascombe, who is usually unarmed, carries a gun and the robbery is foiled. While Bascombe is momentarily distracted, Jigger flees and leaves Billy at the mercy of the police, cornered, but trying to escape, Billy climbs atop a pile of crates, whereupon the pile collapses and Billy accidentally falls on his own knife. The others return from the clambake, and Julie sees the mortally wounded Billy and she rushes over to him and he dies after saying his last words to her. Julie is devastated because she loved him, even though she never had the courage to say it out loud. 15 years later, in the world, Billy is told that he can return to Earth for one day to make amends. Billy returns to find his daughter Louise emotionally scarred because she is taunted over the fact that her father tried to commit a robbery. Billy, not telling her who he is, makes himself visible, tries to cheer her up, Louise refuses it, frightened, and Billy, in desperation, slaps her hand. She rushes inside the house and informs Julie of what happened, saying that she did not feel a slap, but a kiss. Billy tries to make himself invisible before Julie can see him, but she has glimpsed him for just a split second and it was played on a separate machine synchronized with the picture. All of the prints of the film were composite prints. In the show, he stabs himself while standing on the pile of crates. The recitative singing in the scene, leading directly into the song If I Loved You, is turned into spoken dialogue. The recitative singing that leads directly into the song June Is Bustin Out All Over is eliminated
37.
Omnibus (U.S. TV series)
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Omnibus is an American, commercially sponsored, educational television series. Omnibus was created by the Ford Foundation, which sought to increase the level of the American public. The show was conceived by James Webb Young who hired Robert Saudek as producer, Saudek believed that Omnibus could raise the level of American taste with educational entertainment. The show was broadcast live, primarily on Sunday afternoons at 4, 00pm EST, Omnibus originally aired on CBS, and later on Sunday evenings on ABC. The show was never commercially viable on its own, and sources of funding dwindled after the Ford Foundation ended its sponsorship in 1957. That year, the moved to NBC, where it was irregularly scheduled until 1961. The shows first season had an audience of 4 million. ABC aired a brief revival of the series in 1981, the series won more than 65 awards, including eight Emmy Awards and two Peabody Awards. The series is held at The Library of Congress and Global ImageWorks, the Bernstein Omnibus programs were released in a 4-DVD set for Region 1 and Region 2 in 2010. The show, hosted by Alistair Cooke in his American television debut, featured programming about science, the arts. A heavily abridged version of Shakespeares King Lear starring Orson Welles, Leonard Bernstein and Jonathan Winters made their first television appearances in the series. Bernstein gave his first televised music lectures on the program, hans Conried was featured in the 1958 episode What Makes Opera Grand. An analysis by Leonard Bernstein showing the effect of music in opera. Conreid played Marcello in a dramatization of Act III of Puccinis La Bohème. The program demonstrated the effect of the music in La Bohème by having actors speak portions of the libretto in English, followed by opera singers singing the same lines in the original Italian
Media related to Agnes de Mille at Wikimedia Commons
